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    Reservoir Simulation: Hiwa Sidiq

    Uploaded by

    Sayaf Salman
    The document discusses how to create grid systems for reservoir simulation from structural maps by digitizing contour lines using software like Surfer to generate 3D grids, with regular grids being either dip-normal or block-centered, and how coarsening grids can be done by extracting data at certain intervals to reduce computation needs while still representing reservoir properties.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Reservoir Simulation: Hiwa Sidiq

    Uploaded by

    Sayaf Salman
    10 views24 pages
    The document discusses how to create grid systems for reservoir simulation from structural maps by digitizing contour lines using software like Surfer to generate 3D grids, with regular grids being either dip-normal or block-centered, and how coarsening grids can be done by extracting data at certain intervals to reduce computation needs while still representing reservoir properties.

    Original Title

    PTE4370_SY20#56

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    The document discusses how to create grid systems for reservoir simulation from structural maps by digitizing contour lines using software like Surfer to generate 3D grids, with regular grids being either dip-normal or block-centered, and how coarsening grids can be done by extracting data at certain intervals to reduce computation needs while still representing reservoir properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views24 pages

    Reservoir Simulation: Hiwa Sidiq

    Uploaded by

    Sayaf Salman
    The document discusses how to create grid systems for reservoir simulation from structural maps by digitizing contour lines using software like Surfer to generate 3D grids, with regular grids being either dip-normal or block-centered, and how coarsening grids can be done by extracting data at certain intervals to reduce computation needs while still representing reservoir properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    Reservoir Simulation

    PTE 4370

    Hiwa Sidiq
    Reservoir Simulation

    Lectures 3&4
    How to create a grid system
    - Introduction to conventional simulation
    - Developing grids from structural map
    - Digitizing the grids using surfer software
    - Regular cartesian grids (Dip-normaland block-centre
    geometry)
    Introduction

    • Petroleum reservoirs and aquifers consist of a


    subsurface body of sedimentary rock having sufficient
    porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids
    • In this lecture, an overview will be provided on how
    such rocks are modelled as part of a simulation model
    • We start from simple examples of rock models to
    geologically complex reservoir.
    Outcrops Data
    • Sedimentary rocks have a layered structure with different
    mixtures of rock types with varying grain size, mineral types, and
    clay content
    Multiscale Model
    • Reservoirs rock are typically heterogeneous at all length scales,
    from the micrometre to full reservoir formation.
    Grids and FD
    • The grid size affects the simulation output
    • With bigger grid size an accurate value for the grid cannot be
    captured
    • Reservoir simulation grid usually capture variation at mesoscopic
    level. However core level available at some simulation packages.

    F(x)
    𝑛
    𝑑𝑘 𝑓
    𝑘
    = ෍ 𝑐𝑖𝑘 × 𝑓(𝑥)
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑖=0

    ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
    x
    The structural model
    • Modelling Challenges:
    – Correct representation of the
    faults geometries
    – Correct representation of the
    Stratigraphy
    – 3D gridding
    Structural Model
    A new structural modelling approach:

    𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
    Horizon modelling concepts
    Basic concepts in the horizon modelling algorithm.
    • Horizons defined and modelled per fault blocks
    • Horizon modelling is working in 3D

    Fault Blocks
    Faults
    F1
    FW F2,
    F2
    Fault block approach
    HW F1
    makes it possible to
    display and model
    FW F1 HW F2, reverse faults and
    Rule: F2: FW F1 HW F1 repeat sections.

    Fault truncation
    rules to define the
    fault blocks The fault block definition is
    very important for horizon
    modelling.
    What is a structural map?

    • A structural map can be represent as a


    contour map that shows the shape of the
    structure
    Contour Interval

    • A contour interval is the difference in elevation between


    two contour lines that are parallel.
    • Contour interval is not the distance between the two
    lines – to obtain the distance on the map the map scale is
    required.
    Contour lines
     Contour lines are lines that connect points that are of the
    same elevation.
     They show the exact
    elevation, the shape of the
    land, and the steepness of
    the land’s slope.
     Contour lines never touch or
    cross.
    Contour interval
    • If the contour lines are close together, indicates the area
    has a steep slope, vice versa.
    Geological Map

    Symbols found on geologic maps:


    Horizontal and Vertical Strata
    Dome and Basin
    Folds and Faults
    Method for constructing a geologic cross section
    Digitizing and Gridding

    Steps:
    1- Read elevation at each grid
    node
    2- Insert the X,Y and elevation
    Z points in an excel sheet
    3- Import the data to Surfer
    4- Create a grid for the
    coordinates
    5- Check the equality of
    gridded map with the original
    structure map
    An Overview of Surfer

    Steps:
    1- Create three dimensional grid by clicking

    2- Check the grid wireline and see if it match with the original top
    layer reservoir map?

    3- There are other forms of map…


    An Overview of Surfer

    Coarsening of the grids using filter


    Click on the Grid tab, scroll-down then click on Extract select
    **.grd file then below dialog box will appear

    Read every three, then compare the grid data


    An Overview of Surfer

    Which one is the coarsened grid?


    An Overview of Surfer

    Do some math calculation: Below is the same grid as the


    previous one but z has been modified with an equation
    An Overview of Surfer

    Create properties map from the calculated logs and equation


    using Surfer
    Red contour line is K

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