Reservoir Simulation
PTE 4370
Hiwa Sidiq
Reservoir Simulation
Lectures 3&4
How to create a grid system
- Introduction to conventional simulation
- Developing grids from structural map
- Digitizing the grids using surfer software
- Regular cartesian grids (Dip-normaland block-centre
geometry)
Introduction
• Petroleum reservoirs and aquifers consist of a
subsurface body of sedimentary rock having sufficient
porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids
• In this lecture, an overview will be provided on how
such rocks are modelled as part of a simulation model
• We start from simple examples of rock models to
geologically complex reservoir.
Outcrops Data
• Sedimentary rocks have a layered structure with different
mixtures of rock types with varying grain size, mineral types, and
clay content
Multiscale Model
• Reservoirs rock are typically heterogeneous at all length scales,
from the micrometre to full reservoir formation.
Grids and FD
• The grid size affects the simulation output
• With bigger grid size an accurate value for the grid cannot be
captured
• Reservoir simulation grid usually capture variation at mesoscopic
level. However core level available at some simulation packages.
F(x)
𝑛
𝑑𝑘 𝑓
𝑘
= 𝑐𝑖𝑘 × 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑖=0
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
x
The structural model
• Modelling Challenges:
– Correct representation of the
faults geometries
– Correct representation of the
Stratigraphy
– 3D gridding
Structural Model
A new structural modelling approach:
𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
Horizon modelling concepts
Basic concepts in the horizon modelling algorithm.
• Horizons defined and modelled per fault blocks
• Horizon modelling is working in 3D
Fault Blocks
Faults
F1
FW F2,
F2
Fault block approach
HW F1
makes it possible to
display and model
FW F1 HW F2, reverse faults and
Rule: F2: FW F1 HW F1 repeat sections.
Fault truncation
rules to define the
fault blocks The fault block definition is
very important for horizon
modelling.
What is a structural map?
• A structural map can be represent as a
contour map that shows the shape of the
structure
Contour Interval
• A contour interval is the difference in elevation between
two contour lines that are parallel.
• Contour interval is not the distance between the two
lines – to obtain the distance on the map the map scale is
required.
Contour lines
Contour lines are lines that connect points that are of the
same elevation.
They show the exact
elevation, the shape of the
land, and the steepness of
the land’s slope.
Contour lines never touch or
cross.
Contour interval
• If the contour lines are close together, indicates the area
has a steep slope, vice versa.
Geological Map
Symbols found on geologic maps:
Horizontal and Vertical Strata
Dome and Basin
Folds and Faults
Method for constructing a geologic cross section
Digitizing and Gridding
Steps:
1- Read elevation at each grid
node
2- Insert the X,Y and elevation
Z points in an excel sheet
3- Import the data to Surfer
4- Create a grid for the
coordinates
5- Check the equality of
gridded map with the original
structure map
An Overview of Surfer
Steps:
1- Create three dimensional grid by clicking
2- Check the grid wireline and see if it match with the original top
layer reservoir map?
3- There are other forms of map…
An Overview of Surfer
Coarsening of the grids using filter
Click on the Grid tab, scroll-down then click on Extract select
**.grd file then below dialog box will appear
Read every three, then compare the grid data
An Overview of Surfer
Which one is the coarsened grid?
An Overview of Surfer
Do some math calculation: Below is the same grid as the
previous one but z has been modified with an equation
An Overview of Surfer
Create properties map from the calculated logs and equation
using Surfer
Red contour line is K
