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Multiple Steady States in A CSTR

Multiple steady states can occur in a CSTR under certain conditions. The energy balance and mole balance equations were presented. The heat removal and heat generation terms, R(T) and G(T), were defined and shown to depend on factors like the heat transfer coefficient, activation energy, and contact time. Multiple intersections of R(T) and G(T) are possible, indicating multiple steady state temperature and conversion values can exist for a given volume. This phenomenon depends on the specific functional forms of R(T) and G(T).

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Hari Madhavan Krishna Kumar
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227 views10 pages

Multiple Steady States in A CSTR

Multiple steady states can occur in a CSTR under certain conditions. The energy balance and mole balance equations were presented. The heat removal and heat generation terms, R(T) and G(T), were defined and shown to depend on factors like the heat transfer coefficient, activation energy, and contact time. Multiple intersections of R(T) and G(T) are possible, indicating multiple steady state temperature and conversion values can exist for a given volume. This phenomenon depends on the specific functional forms of R(T) and G(T).

Uploaded by

Hari Madhavan Krishna Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multiple steady states in a CSTR

CHE331A
2019-2020 2nd semester
CSTR with heat effects
Steady state energy balance equation for single reaction:
· ·
Q - W - FAO å q i C pi (T - Tio ) - ( Dhrxn (TR ) + DC p (T - TR )) FAO X EB = 0
with D hrxn (T R ) + D C p (T - TR ) = D hrxn (T ) and W = O
·
Q - FAO å q i C pi (T - Tio ) - (Dhrxn (T )) FAO X EB = 0

Steady state mole balance equation: FAO X MB = (-rA )V

To
CSTR with jacketed FAO
Heating/Cooling
Ta1 and Ta2 are inlet Ta1
Ta2
and outlet temperatures mc
mc
of heating/cooling medium T
• In last class it was shown that for large flow rates of
heating/cooling medium Ta1 = Ta2 = Ta and Q = UA (Ta-T)
and UA
(T - Ta ) + å q i CPi (T - To )
FAO
X EB =
- Dhrxn (T )

Rearranging the energy balance equation with Cpo = SqiCpi


æ UA ö æ UA ö
C po ç ÷Ta + C poTo - C po ç + 1÷T - Dhrxn (T ) X EB = 0
çF C ÷ çF C ÷
è AO po ø è AO po ø

æ UA ö kTa + To
with k = ç ÷ and Tc = and eliminating Ta and To
çF C ÷ 1+ k
è AO po ø
- Dhrxn (T ) X EB = C po (1 + k )(T - Tc )
and C po (1 + k )(T - Tc ) - Dhrxn (T ) X
X EB = or T = Tc +
- Dhrxn (T ) C po (1 + k )

• Which can be solved with the mol balance equation


above, when 2 of T, V and X are known.
• For example (example 8-8 of Fogler) where V is
known 1
0.9
X(MB)
0.8
X(EB)
0.7
X(MB) or X(EB)

Multiple intersection
0.6
0.5
points are
0.4
possible, which depend
0.3 on X vs T curves!
0.2
0.1
0
520 540 560 580 600 620 640
T (oR)
Analysis of the multiple intersection points or
Multiple Steady states can be done by further
analysis of the EB equation

- Dhrxn (T ) X EB = C po (1 + k )(T - Tc )

RHS is the heat removal by flow and heat exchange, R(T)


R (T ) = C po (1 + k )(T - Tc )

LHS is heat generated , G(T)


G (T ) = - Dhrxn (T ) X EB
Heat removal R(T) dependents on k and Tc
æ UA ö kTa + To
with k = ç ÷ and Tc =
çF C ÷ 1+ k
è AO po ø
R (T ) = C po (1 + k )(T - Tc )

To increasing

R(T)
R(T)

k increasing
(Ta < To)

500 550 T (oR)


T (oR) 600 650 700 500 550 600 650 700
Heat Generated, G(T)
æ - rAV ö
G (T ) = -Dhrxn (T ) X EB = çç ÷÷(- Dhrxn (T ))
è FAO ø
kt
For X= (rate expression is given)
1 + kt

æ æ æ E öö ö
ç kot expç - ç ÷÷ ÷
æ kt ö ç è è RT ø ø ÷
G (T ) = ç ÷( -Dhrxn (T )) = ç ÷ (-Dhrxn )
è 1 + kt ø æ æ E öö
çç 1 + kot expç - ç ÷ ÷ ÷÷
è è è RT ø ø ø
Generation term, G(T) also depends on
different factors

INCREASING
DECREASING CONTACT TIME

G(T)
G(T)

ACTIVATION ENERGY

500 550 600 650 700 500 550 600 650 700
T
Multiple steady states can be seen
depending on the factors involved in
R(T) and G(T) 5 6
2
G(T) or R(T)

3
1

450 500 550 T 600 650 700

•Intersection at one (6), two (1,2) or three (3,4,5) points


- same volume can give rise to more than one X,T values
Some recommended sites
• LearnChemE – decent site for a lot of ChE
courses.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2NmgT1
onuU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLvUXZa
_Xag

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