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Entropy

1) Entropy is a measure of disorder or irreversibility in a thermodynamic system. 2) The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases and approaches a maximum value in equilibrium. 3) A reversible adiabatic process is isentropic (entropy remains constant) whereas an irreversible adiabatic process results in entropy generation and an increase in system entropy.

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83 views4 pages

Entropy

1) Entropy is a measure of disorder or irreversibility in a thermodynamic system. 2) The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases and approaches a maximum value in equilibrium. 3) A reversible adiabatic process is isentropic (entropy remains constant) whereas an irreversible adiabatic process results in entropy generation and an increase in system entropy.

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Rajesh Panda
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ENTROPY

The first law of thermodynamics was stated in terms of cycles first and it was shown that the cyclic
integral of heat is equal to cyclic integral of heat and work.
If 1st law leads to internal energy than second law may be stated in terms or entropy.
In fact thermodynamics is the study of three’s E’s mamely Energy, Equilibrium and Entropy.
dQ
 T R  0   ds  0
dQR
 T  S
2
 Q R 
1 T  S2  S1

2 2 2
 Q   Q   Q 
1 A  T 1  1 B  T 2 1 a  T 3 S2  S1
Q Q
 T  ??  T  ?? (What is value) For irreversible Process.
Given by clausius inequadity.

Clausius Inequality
dQ (dQ) Q
 T  T R   T  0
2 2 2
 Q   Q   Q 
        
1 T A 1  T B 1  T C
irrev. irrev. irrev. It is not a Point function.
 Q   Q  Q
  T    T R   T  S
2 2 2
 Q   Q  Q
        S2  S1
1 T  1  T R 1 T

As show in figure.
 Q   Q   Q 
  T 1A 2    T 1B2    T 1C2
But maximum of these value will be less than the unique value of reversible process i.e. 1-A-2, 1-B-2, 1-
C-2. (Which is define as change in entropy.
Here
 Q 
 T   ( S)gen  dS
 irrev
Clausis statement proof
 dQ 
  T irr
0
WR = Q1R – Q2R To proof
W = Q1 – Q2
By Second Law
Q
  1 2
Q1 R  irr.
Q2R Q Q2R
1  1 2 R  1 
Q1R Q1 Q1R
Q2 Q2R
irr. irrv.
Q1 Q1R
,
Q1 Q1R
 
Q2 Q2R  rev  irrev
Q1 T1 Q T
  1R  1
Q2 T2 Q2R T2
Q1 Q 2
 0
T1 T2
(Proved)
Now
 Q 
S   
T R
A reversible adiabatic process
 Q  R  0
 Q 
( S)    T R
0

S = 0
S = constant
 Reversible adiabatic process is isentropic.
Now
 Q  (Q)R
  T irrev   T
We can show the

2 1
 Q   Q 
1 R A  T   2 RB  T   0
……………….(1)

2 1
 Q   Q 
1 RA  T   2 RB  T   0
irrev ………….(2)
From (1) & (2)
1 1
 Q   Q 
  RB   B T   0

2  T  2  
1 1
 Q   Q 
 B    RB  
2  T irrev 2  T  (Proved)
 Q 
    s
 T irrev
We can say
Q
S  
T
Q
 S    (S)gen.
T
 ( S)  ( S)C  (S)gen.
  ( S)i Change of entropy due
Change of entropy to int urnal irreversibility
due to external
irreversibility

For a reversible process Si  0


Q
S  Se  
T
For an irreversible adiabatic process Se  0 .
But Si  0
For reversible adiabatic process Se  0 Si  0
S  0
S = constant  Reversible adiabatic process is isentropic.
Now

Q
 dS
If process is reversible T
Q  TdS
2

Q   TdS
1
Concept of an isolated system
Isolated  Q  0
System  W  0
( S)  0 (isolated system)
Q
( S)   T
 ( S)gen.

 ( S)isolated system  ( S)iuniversal  0


This is known as principle incuse of entropy.

Area under T-S curve give heat addition or heat rejections.


NOTE:
 Entropy or an isolated system can never decreases it always increases and remains constant only
when process is reversible. This is known as the principle of increase of entropy. It is quantitative general
statement of second law.
 Entropy may decreases locally at some region within the isolated system but it must be compensated
by greater increase of entropy some where within the system. So net effect of an irreversible process is
an entropy increases of the whole system.
 The entropy increases of an isolated system is the measure of the extent of irreversibility of the
process undergone by the system.
 The entropy of an isolated system always increases and become maximum at the state of equilibrium.
 A reversible adiabatic process is always isentropic. But
Isentropic process need not be reversible adiabatic.
 Entropy generation is degradation of energy or disorderness. If it once created then never recovers.
Adiabatic process
Reversible Irreversible
6
Q
6
 Q 
dS   ( S)i0 dS     ( S)i
T  T  irrev

dS = 0 dS  ( S)i
S = constant dS > 0.
S1 = S2 = S Isentropic.

 An adiabatic process can be isentropic and non isentropic. If adiabatic process is isensentropic it must
be reversible. If adiabatic process is non-isentropic it must be irreversible.
 Althrough entropy is a point function.
Entropy generation is a path function.
 A process with more irrecersibity has more entropy generation.
 The entropy increase due to internal irreversibility is also called “Entropy generation”
 Entropy transfer only associated with heat not with work transfer.
Combine 1st and 2nd law
We know
dQ = dU + Pdv, dQ = Tds
TdS = dU + Pdv  It is valid for any process reversible or irreversible but close sys. Because it connect
various properties.

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