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Introduction WMC PDF

This document discusses the introduction and evolution of wireless and mobile computing. It covers the following key points: 1. It defines computer networks and classifies them by area (LAN, MAN, WAN) and medium (wired, wireless). Wireless networks transmit data via radio waves without wires. 2. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of wireless networks, including flexibility, mobility, scalability, and lower bandwidth compared to wired networks. 3. It traces the evolution of wireless technology from the first generation analog networks to current digital standards like 3G, and the integration of wireless LANs into local area networks.

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ROB JAMES
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79 views35 pages

Introduction WMC PDF

This document discusses the introduction and evolution of wireless and mobile computing. It covers the following key points: 1. It defines computer networks and classifies them by area (LAN, MAN, WAN) and medium (wired, wireless). Wireless networks transmit data via radio waves without wires. 2. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of wireless networks, including flexibility, mobility, scalability, and lower bandwidth compared to wired networks. 3. It traces the evolution of wireless technology from the first generation analog networks to current digital standards like 3G, and the integration of wireless LANs into local area networks.

Uploaded by

ROB JAMES
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Wireless & Mobile

Computing
Computer Network
• A computer network is collection of several
homogeneous/heterogeneous system, commonly used for
resource sharing.
• Computer networks can be classified in many ways:
• Area wise:
• LAN
• MAN
• WAN
• As per medium used:

• Wired Computer Network


• Wireless Computer Network
Wireless Computer Network

• Which works without wires.

• System transmit data through radio waves.

• Users are mobile, They can access information within the


range

• E.g. Wireless LAN i.e. “Wi-Fi” (Wireless Fidelity)


Advantages of Wireless Network
• Flexible: Radio waves can penetrate the obstacles. Sender
and receiver can be placed any where.
• Mobility: Data can be access from any location.
• Robustness : Can survive in disaster (Earthquake, military
operations)
• Scalable: Can be configured in variety of topologies.
• Easy Installation
• Less Cost
• Usage of ISM band: ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical)
band (2.40GHz to 2.484 GHz, 5.725 GHz to 5.850 GHz) is
available for use by anyone.
• No Planning: Only Wireless Adhoc not required any
planning.
Disadvantages of Wireless Network
• Quality of Service:
• Lower Bandwidth
• Lower Data Transmission Rate
• High Error Rates
• Interference (noise)
• Higher Delay
• Restrictions: License-free frequency bands are not same
worldwide.

• Safety and Security: Interference from other devices


• (e.g. Hospital. Eavesdropping is possible).
Mobility Of Bits And Bytes
• In the last two centuries, mobility has been
redefined.

• Both physical and virtual objects are now mobile.


• Mobility of physical objects relate to movement
of matters.
• Whereas movements of virtual objects relate to
movements of bits and bytes.
Mobility Of Bits And Bytes

• This laid the foundation of packet switched data


networks.

• The important ones are TCP /IP and X.25.


• TCP/IP was driven by education and defense in
the USA
• Whereas X.25 was driven by European
telecommunication industry and Governments.
• Defined by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee in 1976, X.25 had the
original purpose of carrying voice signals over analog
Wireless-the Beginning
• In 1947 researchers in AT&T Bell Labs conceived
the idea of cellular phones.

• They realized that by using small service areas or


cells they can reuse the frequency.

• AT&T requested the Federal Communication


Commission (FCC) to allocate a large number of
radio-spectrum frequencies so that widespread
mobile telephone service would become feasible.
Evolution of Wireless LAN Cont

• On October 4, 1957 the USSR (Union of Soviet


Socialist Republic now mainly Russia) launched
the satellite.
• It was the first artificial earth satellite launched
from Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.

• In response to this, the US formed the Advanced


Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the
Department of Defense (DoD).
Evolution of Wireless LAN
• The first wireless network was commissioned in Germany in
1958.

– It was called A-Netz and used analog technology at 160


MHz.

– Only outgoing calls were possible in this network.

– That is to say that connection set-up was possible from the


mobile station only.

• In late 1980s, vendors started offering wireless products


Wireless (Local Area Network) products.

• The idea was to use a wireless local area network to avoid the
cost of installing LAN cabling
Evolution of Wireless LAN Cont
• B-Netz operating at the same 160 MHz.
– It was possible to receive an incoming call from a fixed
telephone network, provided that location of the mobile
station was known.

• The question of interoperability between different


wireless LAN products became critical.

• IEEE standard committee took the responsibility


to form the standard for WLAN.

• As a result IEEE 802.11 series of standards


emerged.
Evolution of Wireless LAN Cont.
• In 1968, in USA, the FCC reconsidered its position on
Cellular network concept.
– FCC agreed to allocate a larger frequency
– AT&T and Bell Labs proposed a cellular system
• WLAN uses the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and
Medical (ISM) band.

• That different products can use as long as they comply


with certain regulatory rules

• WLAN is also known as Wireless Fidelity or WiFi in short

• There are many products which use these unlicensed


bands along with WLAN.
Evolution of Wireless LAN Cont.

• Examples could be cordless telephone, microwave oven etc.

• There are 3 bands within the ISM bands.

– These are 900-MHz ISM band, which ranges from 902 to


928 MHz;

– 2.4-GHz ISM band, which ranges from 2.4 to 2.4853


GHz; and

– the 5.4 GHz band, which range from 5.275 to 5.85 GHz.

• WLAN uses 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz bands.

• WLAN works both in infrastructure mode and ad hoc mode


Evolution of Wireless Data
• Like the computers, the evolution of wireless technology has also been
defined in generations.

• The first generation (1G) of wireless technology uses the analog


technology.
• It uses FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) technology for
modulation; for example, AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) in
US.

• The second generation or 2G technology uses digitized


technology.
• It uses a combination of TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and
FDMA technologies.
• An example is GSM.
Evolution of Wireless Data Cont.

• In 2G technology, voice is digitized over a circuit.

• In 1G and 2G networks, data is transacted over circuits.

• This technology is called Circuit Switched Data or CSD in


short.

• Using modems, a data connection is established between


the device and the network.
Evolution of Wireless Data Cont.

• The next phase in the evolution is 2.5G.


• In 2.5G technology, voice is digitized over a circuit.
• However, data in 2.5G is packetized.
• 2.5G uses the same encoding techniques as 2G does.
• GPRS networks is an example of 2.5G.
Evolution of Wireless Data Cont.

• The Third Generation or 3G wireless technology


makes a quantum leap from a technology point of
view.
• 3G uses Spread Spectrum techniques for media access
and encoding.
• In 3G networks, both data and voice use packets.
• UMTS and CDMA2000 are examples of 3G networks.
Evolution of Wireless Data Cont.

• With the success of wireless telephony and messaging


services like paging, wireless communication is beginning to
be applied to the realm of personal and business computing
in the domain of local area networks.
• Wireless LAN s are being deployed in homes, campuses, and
commercial establishments.
Evolution of Wireless Data Cont.

• The domain of wireless data networks today comprises of


Wireless PAN (Bluetooth, Infrared), Wireless LAN (IEEE
802.11 family) and Wireless WAN (Wide Area Networks),
(GSM, GPRS, 3G)

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