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Modulul Unui Numar Real: N N N 1 M N n+1 N n+1 N 1 N N N 1 n+1 N N N

The document contains definitions and properties related to absolute value, real numbers, arithmetic and geometric progressions, vectors, trigonometry, and functions. Some key points include: - The absolute value of a number is non-negative and equals the number if positive, its opposite if negative, or zero if the number is zero. - Properties of absolute value include |xy| = |x|·|y|, |x|^2 = x^2, and |x| = |-x|. - An arithmetic progression is defined by an = a1 + (n-1)r and has common difference r. A geometric progression is defined by bn = b1·q^(n-1) and

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
80 views8 pages

Modulul Unui Numar Real: N N N 1 M N n+1 N n+1 N 1 N N N 1 n+1 N N N

The document contains definitions and properties related to absolute value, real numbers, arithmetic and geometric progressions, vectors, trigonometry, and functions. Some key points include: - The absolute value of a number is non-negative and equals the number if positive, its opposite if negative, or zero if the number is zero. - Properties of absolute value include |xy| = |x|·|y|, |x|^2 = x^2, and |x| = |-x|. - An arithmetic progression is defined by an = a1 + (n-1)r and has common difference r. A geometric progression is defined by bn = b1·q^(n-1) and

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dia
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Modulul unui numar real

1)|x|= {−xx , ,xx>0≤ 0


2)|x|≥ 0 , ( ∀ ) x ∈ R .
3)|x|=0 ,≤¿ x=0.
4)|x|=a , a>0≤¿ x=± a
5)|x|=| y|≤¿ x=± y , ( ∀ ) x , y ∈ R .
6)|x|=|−x| ( ∀ ) x ∈ R .
7)|x|<a ,a> 0≤¿−a< x< a
8)|x|>a ,a> 0≤¿ x <−a sau x> a
9)|x|∙| y|=|xy|,( ∀ ) x , y ∈ R .
2
10)|x| =x 2 , ( ∀ ) x ∈ R .

11) | xy|=||xy|| ( ∀ ) x , y ∈ R .
,

Progresii aritmetice; Progresii geometrice


1)a n=a1 + ( n−1 ) r , ( ∀ ) n ∈ N . 1)b n=b1 ∙ qn−1 , ( ∀ ) n ∈ N ¿ .
¿

2)a m=a n+ ( m−n ) r ,( ∀ ) m, n ∈ N . 2)b m=b n ∙ q m−n , ( ∀ ) m, n ∈ N ¿ .


¿

bn +1
3)a n−an −1 =r , ( ∀ ) n ∈ N .
¿
=q , ( ∀ ) n ∈ N .
¿
3)
bn
4)a n+1 +an−1=2a n , ( ∀ ) n ∈ N 4) b 22=b1 ∙b 3 ( ∀ ) , n ∈ N ¿ .
¿

5)a 1+ a3=2 a2 5) b 2n=bn −1 ∙ bn+1 , ( ∀ ) n ∈ N ¿ .


n qn −1
6) Sn= [ 2 a1+ ( n−1 ) r ],( ∀ ) n ∈ N ¿ 6) Sn=b1 ∙
2 q−1
n
7) Sn= ∙ ( a1 +an ) , ( ∀ ) n∈ N .
¿
2
Vectori
ELEMENTE CE CARACTERIZEAZA UN VECTOR:
 DIRECTIE
 SENS
 MODUL
1 ¿⃗
B A=−⃗AB
2) AB+ BC =⃗
⃗ ⃗ AC
AB+ ⃗
⃗ AD=⃗AC (regula paralelogramului, AC=diagonala paralelogramului )

3)
AB=⃗
⃗ CD≤¿ a A , B ,C , D coliniare [ AB ] ≡ [ CD ] , ⃗
{ AB si ⃗
CD au acelasi sens ¿ b ¿ AB ‖CD , [ AB ] ≡ [ CD ] , ⃗
AB si ⃗
CD au ac
¿
4) ⃗AB si ⃗ CD sunt coliniari ¿> ( ∃ ) αϵ R¿ a.i.⃗ AB=α ∙ ⃗ CD
5)O ( 0,0 ), M ( x0 , y 0 ) , OM =x 0 i+ y 0 j .
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
6) A ( x 1 , y 1 ), B ( x2 , y 2 ) , ⃗
AB=( x 2−x 1 ) ⃗i+( y 2− y1 ) ⃗j.
a1 b1
7) u⃗ =a1 ⃗i+b 1 ⃗j , ⃗v =a2 ⃗i+b 2 ⃗j , u⃗ , ⃗v coliniari⇒ =
a2 b2
2 2
8) u⃗ =a ⃗i+b ⃗j, |u⃗|=√ a +b
9) i⃗ ∙ ⃗j =0, i⃗ ∙ i⃗ =1, ⃗j ∙ ⃗j=1
10)⃗ AB ∙ ⃗CD=|⃗ AB|∙|⃗CD|∙ cos ( ∝ ) , ∝=¿unghiul dintre AB si CD
11)u⃗ =a1 ⃗i+b 1 ⃗j , ⃗v =a2 ⃗i+b 2 ⃗j , u⃗ ∙ ⃗v =a1 ∙ a2 +b 1 ∙ b2.
1
AM = (⃗
12)⃗ AB +⃗
AC ) (mediana)
2
1 ⃗ −k ⃗
13)⃗MB=k ⃗ MC ⇒ ⃗ AM = AB+ AC
1−k 1−k
14)u⃗ =a1 ⃗i+b 1 ⃗j , ⃗v =a2 ⃗i+b 2 ⃗j , u⃗ =⃗v ¿>a 1=a2 si b1=b2.
15)u⃗ =a1 ⃗i+b 1 ⃗j , ⃗v =a2 ⃗i+b 2 ⃗j , u⃗ ⊥ ⃗v ≤¿ u⃗ ∙ ⃗v =0.
O 1 H =⃗
16) ⃗ O 1 A+⃗ O 1 B+⃗ O 1 C , O 1=centrul cercului circumscris.

TRIGONOMETRIE

1)sin2 x+ cos2 x=1


2)sin ( a ± b )=sina∙ cosb ±cosa ∙ sinb 3)cos ( a± b )=cosa ∙ cosb ∓ sina∙ sinb
4)sin 2 x=2 sinx ∙ cosx 5)cos 2 x=cos 2 x−sin 2 x
6)sin ( π−x )=sinx , π radiani=180 ° 7)cos ( π− x ) =−cosx

8)sin ( π2 −x)=cosx 9)cos ( π2 −x )=sinx


10)sin ( x+ 2 kπ )=sinx , k ∈ Z . 11)cos ( x +2 kπ ) =cosx , k ∈ Z .
12)sin ( x−2 kπ ) =sinx , k ∈ Z . 13)cos ( x−2 kπ )=cosx , k ∈ Z .
tg ( x −kπ )=tgx , k ∈ Z . tg ( x +kπ )=tgx , k ∈ Z .
14)sin (−x )=−sinx 15)cos (−x )=cosx
sinx cosx
16)tg x = 17)ctg x=
cosx sinx
tga+tgb 2 tga
18)tg ( a+b ) = 19)tg (2 a )=
1−tgatgb 1−tg 2 a
x x
2 tg 1−tg 2
2 2
20) sinx= 21)cosx=
x x
1+tg 2 1+ tg2
2 2
π π π π 3π
22)30 °= , 60 °= , 45 °= , 90 °= ,180 °=π , 270 °= , sin 0=0, cos 0=1.
6 3 4 2 2
π 1 π √3 π 3 π 1 π 2 π 2
23)sin = , cos = , sin = √ , cos = , sin = √ , cos = √
6 2 6 2 3 2 3 2 4 2 4 2
π π
24)sin =1, cos =0 , sinπ=0, cosπ =−1.
2 2
1 π
arcsin = , arccos √3 = π , arcsin √ 3 = π , arccos 1 = π , arcsin √ 2 = π , arccos √2 = π
2 6 2 6 2 3 2 3 2 4 2 4
π π
arcsin 1= , arccos 0= , arcsin 0=0, arccos−1=π , arccos ⁡(−x)=π −arccos x .
2 2
arcsin (−x ) =−arcsinx .
25) sinx=a ,−1 ≤ a≤ 1 ⇒ x ∈ {(−1 )k arcsin a+ kπ|k ∈ Z }
26)cosx =a ,−1 ≤ a ≤1 ⇒ x ∈ { ± arccos a+2 kπ|k ∈ Z }
27)tgx =a , a ∈ R ⇒ x ∈ { arctg a+ kπ|k ∈ Z }
a+b a−b a−b a+b
28) sina+ sinb=2 sin cos 29) sina−sinb=2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
a+b a−b a+b a−b
30)cosa +cosb=2 cos cos 31)cosa−cosb=−2sin sin
2 2 2 2

APLICATII ALE TRIGONOMETRIEI IN GEOMETRIE


a b c BC AC AB
1) = = =2 R , = = =2 R .
sinA sinB sinC sinA sinB sinC
b∙h AB∙ AC ∙ sinA AB ∙ BC ∙ sinB AC ∙ BC ∙ sinC
2) A ABC = , A ABC = , A ABC = , A ABC = .
2 2 2 2
a+ b+c abc
3) A ABC = p ∙ r , p= , A ABC = √ p ( p−a )( p−b ) ( p−c ) 4) A ABC = .
2 4R
b 2+ c 2−a2 a2 +c 2−b2 a 2+b 2−c 2
5)cosA = ,cosB= , cosC=
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab
6) BC 2= AB 2 + AC 2−2 AB ∙ AC ∙ cosA , AC 2= AB 2 + BC 2−2 AB ∙ BC ∙ cosB
AB 2= AC 2 +BC 2−2 AC ∙ BC ∙ cosC

FUNCTII GENERALITATI f : A → B
1)G f ={ ( x , y )|( ∃ ) x ∈ A a . i. y=f ( x ) } graficul functiei f .
2)G f ={( x , f ( x ) )|x ∈ A }
3) A ( x 0 , y 0 ) ∈G f ≤¿ f ( x 0 )= y 0
4)OX ={ ( x ; 0 )|x ∈ R } OY ={ ( 0 ; x )|x ∈ R }
5) G f ∩OX : f ( x )=0
6)G f ∩OY =B(0 ; f ( 0 ) )
7)G f ∩G g: f ( x )=g ( x )
8) ℑf ={ y ∈ B|( ∃ ) x ∈ A a . i. y=f ( x ) }
9) ℑf ={ f ( x ) ∈ B|x ∈ A }
10) f ( y 0 )={ x 0 ∈ A|f ( x 0 )= y 0 }
−1

11) f ( M )= { x 0 ∈ A|f ( x 0 ) ∈ M } , M ⊂ B
−1

12)( f ° g ) ( x ) =f ( g ( x ) ) ( g° f ) ( x ) =g ( f ( x ) )
13) f strict crescătoare pe A⊂ R dacă ( ∀ ) x1 , x2 ∈ A , x 1< x2 ⇒ f ( x 1 ) < f ( x2 ) .
14) f strict descrescătoare pe A⊂ R dacă ( ∀ ) x1 , x2 ∈ A , x 1< x2 ⇒ f ( x 1 ) > f ( x2 ) .
15) f : R → R , f ( x )=ax+ b , a≠ 0
f strict crescătoare pe R dacă a ¿ 0.
f strict descrescătoare pe R dacă a< 0.
16) M ⊂ R , M este simetrica daca din x ∈ M ⇒−x ∈ M .
f : M → R , M este multime simetrica.
f este para daca f (−x )=f ( x ),( ∀ ) x ∈ M .
f este impara daca f (−x )=−f ( x ),( ∀ ) x ∈ M .
17)1 A : A → A ,1 A ( x )=x ( functia identic ă pe A ) .
18) f : R → R , f ( x ) =ax+ b , f constanta ⇔ a=0.
19) Semnul functiei de gradul I
f : R → R , f ( x ) =ax+ b , a ≠ 0.

x −b
−∞ +∞
a
f (x) semn contrar lui a 0 semnul lui a

Semnul functiei logaritmice

x 0 1 +∞
f (x) - daca a>1 0 + daca a>1
+ daca a<1 - daca a<1

FUNCTIA DE GRADUL II

1) f : R → R , f ( x ) =a x 2+bx + c, a ≠ 0
−∆ −∆
a> 0=¿ minim= iar pentru a<0=¿ maxim=
4a 4a
−b −∆
2) f : R → R , f ( x ) =a x 2+bx + c ,V ,(
2a 4 a )
−b
3) f : R → R , f ( x ) =a x 2+bx + c , x= axa de simetrie
2a
4)G f ∩OX : f ( x )=0 ⇒ a x 2 +bx+ c=0 ,∆ =b 2−4 ac
 ∆ <0 ⇒ G f ∩OX =∅
 ∆=0 ⇒ G f ∩ OX= { V } , G f tangent la axa OX in V.
−b ± √∆
 ∆ >0 ⇒G f ∩OX = { A , B }, A ( x 1 , 0 ) , B ( x2 , 0 ) , x1,2 = .
2a
G f ∩OY :C ( 0 , f ( 0 ) )
−b c
S= x1 + x 2= , P=x 1 ∙ x 2= . x 2−Sx+ P=0.
a a
2 2 2
x 1 + x 2 =S −2 P
x 13+ x 23=S3 −3 PS
a x 2+ bx+ c=a ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x 2 ) .
−∆
(
5) ℑf = −∞ ;
4a ]
, a<0.
−∆
ℑf = [ 4a
;+∞ , a> 0.)
−b −b
6) f strict crescatoare pe −∞ ;
2a (, a<0. ]
f strict descrescatoare pe
2a
;+ ∞ , a<0. [ )
−b −b
f strict descrescatoare pe −∞ ;
2a ( ]
, a>0, f strict crescatoare pe
2a
;+ ∞ , a>0. [ )
∆<0
7) f : R → R , f ( x ) =a x 2+bx + c, f ( x ) >0 , ( ∀ ) x ∈ R≤¿ {a>0
f ( x ) <0 , ( ∀ ) x ∈ R≤¿ {∆<0
a<0
f ( x ) ≥0 , ( ∀ ) x ∈ R≤¿ {∆ ≤ 0
a>0
f ( x ) ≤0 , ( ∀ ) x ∈ R≤¿ ∆ ≤ 0
a<0 {
∆ >0
x −∞ x1 x2 +∞
f (x) semnul lui a 0 semn contrar lui a 0 semnul lui a

∆=0
x −∞ x 1= x 2 +∞
f (x) semnul lui a 0 semnul lui a

∆ <0
x −∞ +∞
f (x) semnul lui a

NUMERE COMPLEXE
C={ a+ bi|a , b∈ R }
i ,n=4 k +1 , k ∈ Z
2
i =−1 , i = −1
n

{
, n=4 k +2 , k ∈ Z
−i ,n=4 k +3 , k ∈ Z

Re z=a, Im z=b
1 ,n=4 k , k ∈ Z

z=bi numar pur imaginar


1) z 1=a1 +i b1 , z 2=a2+ ib 2 , z 1=z 2≤¿ a1=a2 si b1=b 2
2) z=a+ ib ⇒ ź=a−ib
3) z=a+ ib ,|z|= √ a 2+ b2
2 −b ± i √ −∆
4)ax +bx +c=0 , a , b , c ∈ R , a ≠ 0 , ∆<0 ⇒ x 1,2=
2a
5)|z 1 z 2|=|z 1||z 2|( ∀ ) z 1 , z 2 ∈C .
n
6)|z n|=|z| ( ∀ ) , z ∈ C .
z 1 |z 1|
7)
|| = ( ∀ ) z1 , z2 ∈ C .
z 2 |z 2|
b
8)z=|z|( cosφ+isinφ ) ,tgφ=
a
0 , M ( a , b) ∈ I
b
a {
φ=arctg +kπ , k = 1, M ( a , b ) ∈ II ∪ III
2 , M ( a , b ) ∈ IV
φ+2 kπ φ+2 kπ
n n
9) z =z 1 ⇒ zk =√|z| cos( n
+isin
n )
, k =0 ; n−1
´

ANALIZA COMBINATORICA
1) Pn=n! =1∙ 2∙ 3 … ∙n , 0 !=1
k n!
2) An = submultimi ordonate de k elemente
( n−k ) !
k n!
3) C n= submultimi de k elemente
k ! ( n−k ) !
4) C 0n+ C 1n +C 2n+ C 3n +…+ Cn−1 n n
n +C n=2
5) C 0n+ C2n +C 4n +C 6n+ …=2n−1
6) C 1n+ C 3n +C 5n+ …=2n−1
7)T k+1=C kn an−k bk
0 1 2 n ( n−1 )
8)C n=1 ,C n=n ,C n=
2
n
n k n−k
9)C kn=C kn−1+C k−1
n−1 10)C kn=C n−k
n 11)( a+ b ) =∑ Cn a bk
k =0

ECUATIA CARTEZIANA A DREPTEI


1)d= {( x ; y ) ∈ R × R|ax+ by+ c=0 , a2 +b 2 ≠ 0 }
x−x 1 y − y 1
2) = , x ≠ x , y ≠ y (ecuatia dreptei oblice care trece prin doua puncte distincte)
x2 −x1 y 2− y 1 1 2 1 2
x y 1

| |
3) x 2 y 2 1 =0 (ecuatia dreptei care trece prin 2 puncte distincte)
x3 y3 1
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1

| |
4) x 2
x3
y2 1
y3 1
=0 (coliniaritatea a 3 puncte) ;

y 2− y 1
| | ∆= x 2 y 2 1 A= |∆|.
x3 y3 1
1
2

5) A ( x 1 , y 1 ), B ( x2 , y 2 ) m AB = (panta dreptei AB)


x 2−x 1
6) A ( x 1 , y 1 ), B ( x2 , y 2 ) ,C ( x3 , y 3 ) m AB =m BC ⇒ A , B , C sunt coliniare .
−a
7)d :ax +by +c=0 , m= , b ≠ 0(panta dreptei d)
b
8) A ( x 0 , y 0 ) , y− y 0=m ( x −x0 ) (ecuatia dreptei care trece prin punctul A si are panta m)
2 2
9¿ A ( x 1 , y 1 ), B ( x2 , y 2 )),| AB|= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y 1 )

( x +2 x ; y +2 y )
10) A ( x 1 , y 1 ), B ( x2 , y 2 ) M 1 2 1 2
(coordonatele mijlocului unui segment)

x +x +x y + y + y
11¿ A ( x , y ) B ( x , y ) ,C ( x , y ) G (
1 1 , 2 2 3 ;
3
1
) 2 3 1 2 3
(coordonatele centrului de greutate al
3 3
triunghiului)
12) d 1 :a1 x +b 1 y +c 1=0 ,d 2 :a2 x +b 2 y +c 2=0
d 1‖d 2 <=>m 1=m 2
13) d 1 :a1 x +b 1 y +c 1=0 ,d 2 :a2 x +b 2 y +c 2=0
d 1 ⊥d 2<=>m 1 ∙ m 2=−1
a1 x+ b1 y+ c 1=0
14)d 1 ∩d 2 : {
a2 x+ b2 y+ c 2=0
|a x 0 +b y 0 +c|
15) A ( x 0 , y 0 ) , g :ax +by +c=0 ⇒ d ( A , g )=
√ a2 +b 2
LOGARITMI
C.E. a>0, a≠ 1b>0
log a b=x <=>a x =b .
n 1
1)log a 1=0 , log a a=1 , log a a =n , log a =−1
a
A
2)log a A−log a B=log a 3¿ log a A+ log a B=log a ( AB) 4)log a An =n log a A
B
log c b
5)a log x =x , 6 ¿ a ¿ log c =c log a
a b b
7)log a b=
log c a
1
8)log b a=
log a b
9) x 1 , x 2 ∈ ( 0 ;+∞ ) , x 1 < x 2 ⇒ log a x 1 < log a x 2 ,a> 1.
10 ¿ x1 , x 2 ∈ ( 0 ;+ ∞ ) , x ¿1< x2 ⇒ log a x 1> log a x 2 , a ∈ ( 0 ; 1 ) .

Puteri si radicali
a n=a⏟
∙ a ∙ …. ∙ a, n ∈ N ¿ .
den ori a
a =1 , a≠ 0. a 1=a .
0
1n=1
(−1 )n= −1 , n impar
n m
{
+1 , n par
m +n
a ∙ a =a
n
a m : an=a m−n ( am ) =am ∙ n ( a ∙ b )n=an ∙b n
a n an
()
b
= n
b
1 bn
−1 −n
1 a b a
a−1=
a
−n
a = ()
an b
=
a ()
b
=
an
1
n,
√ a=a ¿
n

1
√ a=a 2 , a ≥ 0.
m
n
daca n este impar , √ am=a n , a ∈ R .
m

{
n m n
daca n este par m este impar=¿ √ a =am , a ≥ 0.
n
meste par=¿ √ am =|a| n , a∈ R .
1
√ a=a 2
a+c a−c
√ a ± √b= √ √
2
±
2
, c= √ a 2−b.

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