Harvard Referencing: Guide

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Harvard is a style of referencing, primarily used by university students, to cite

information sources.

Two types of citations are included:

1. In-text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing a source.

They are located in the body of the work and contain a fragment of the full
citation.

Depending on the source type, some Harvard Reference in-text citations may
look something like this:

"After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…"
(Fitzgerald, 2004).

2. Reference Lists are located at the end of the work and display full citations
for sources used in the assignment.

Here is an example of a full citation for a book found in a Harvard Reference

list:

Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby.New York: Scribner.

Harvard Reference List Overview

Reference lists are created to allow readers to locate original sources themselves.
Each citation in a reference list includes various pieces of information including the:

1. Name of the author(s)

2. Year published
3. Title
4. City published
5. Publisher
6. Pages used

Generally, Harvard Reference List citations follow this format:

• Last name, First Initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).
Citations are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Books with One Author

The structure for a Harvard Reference List citation for books with one author
includes the following:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the
edition if it is not the first edition) City published: Publisher, Page(s).

If the edition isn’t listed, it is safe to assume that it is the first addition, and does not
need to be included in the citation.

Example: One author AND first edition:

• Patterson, J. (2005). Maximum ride. New York: Little, Brown.

Example: One author AND NOT the first edition

• Dahl, R. (2004). Charlie and the chocolate factory. 6th ed. New York: Knopf.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Books with Two or More Authors

When creating a citation that has more than one author, place the names in the
order in which they appear on the source. Use the word “and” to separate the
names.

• Last name, First initial. and Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title.
City: Publisher, Page(s).

Example:

• Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India:

Dorling Kindersley, p.156.
• Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014).
Discovering computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.
• Daniels, K., Patterson, G. and Dunston, Y. (2014). The ultimate student
teaching guide. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, pp.145-151.

* remember, when citing a book, only include the edition if it is NOT the first edition!

Harvard Reference List Citations for Chapters in Edited Books

When citing a chapter in an edited book, use the following format:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Chapter title. In: First initial. Last
name, ed., Book Title, 1st ed.* City: Publisher, Page(s).
 • Bressler, L. (2010). My girl, Kylie. In: L. Matheson, ed., The Dogs That We
Love, 1st ed. Boston: Jacobson Ltd., pp. 78-92.

* When citing a chapter in an edited book, the edition is displayed, even when it is
the first edition.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Multiple Works By The Same Author

When there are multiple works by the same author, place the citations in order by
year. When sources are published in the same year, place them in alphabetical order
by the title.

Example:

• Brown, D. (1998). Digital fortress. New York: St. Martin's Press.

• Brown, D. (2003). Deception point. New York: Atria Books.
• Brown, D. (2003). The Da Vinci code. New York: Doubleday.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Journal Articles

The standard structure of a print journal citation includes the following components:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal, Volume (Issue),
Page(s).

Examples:

• Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s

Aesthetic Theory. Philosophy Today, 59(2), pp. 269-290.
• Dismuke, C. and Egede, L. (2015). The Impact of Cognitive, Social and
Physical Limitations on Income in Community Dwelling Adults With Chronic
Medical and Mental Disorders. Global Journal of Health Science, 7(5), pp.
183-195.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Journal Articles Found on a

Database or on a Website

When citing journal articles found on a database or through a website, include all of
the components found in a citation of a print journal, but also include the medium
([online]), the website URL, and the date that the article was accessed.

Structure:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article Title. Journal, [online] Volume
(Issue), pages. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
Example:

• Raina, S. (2015). Establishing Correlation Between Genetics and

Nonresponse. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, [online] Volume 61(2), p.
148. Available at: http://www.proquest.com/products-services/ProQuest-
Research-Library.html [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Newspaper Articles

When citing a newspaper, use the following structure:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, Page(s).

Example:

• Weisman, J. (2015). Deal Reached on Fast-Track Authority for Obama on

Trade Accord. The New York Times, p.A1.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Newspaper Articles Found on a

Database or a Website

To cite a newspaper found either on a database or a website, use the following

structure:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, [online]
pages. Available at: url [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:

• Harris, E. (2015). For Special-Needs Students, Custom Furniture Out of

Schoolhouse Scraps. New York Times, [online] p.A20. Available at:
http://go.galegroup.com [Accessed 17 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Magazines

When citing magazines, use the following structure:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Magazine, (Volume),
Page(s).
Example:

• Davidson, J. (2008). Speak her language. Men’s Health, (23), pp.104-106.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Websites

When citing a website, use the following structure:

• Last name, First initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name.
Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

When no author is listed, use the following structure:

• Website name, (Year published). Page title. [online] Available at: URL
[Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:

• Messer, L. (2015). 'Fancy Nancy' Optioned by Disney Junior. [online] ABC

News. Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/fancy-nancy-
optioned-disney-junior-2017/story?id=29942496#.VRWbWJwmbs0.twitter
[Accessed 31 Mar. 2015].
• Mms.com, (2015). M&M'S Official Website. [online] Available at:
http://www.mms.com/ [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for eBooks and PDFs

When citing eBooks and PDFs, include the edition, even if it’s the first edition, and
follow it with the type of resource in brackets (either [ebook] or [pdf]). Include the url
at the end of the citation with the date it was accessed in brackets.

Use the following structure:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. [format] City:
Publisher, page(s). Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

• Zusack, M. (2015). The Book Thief. 1st ed. [ebook] New York: Knopf.
Available at: http://ebooks.nypl.org/ [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015].
• Robin, J. (2014). A handbook for professional learning: research, resources,
and strategies for implementation. 1st ed. [pdf] New York: NYC Department of
Education. Available at http://schools.nyc.gov/ [Accessed 14 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Archive Material

Archival materials are information sources that are used to provide evidence of past
events. Archival materials are generally collected and housed by organizations, such
as universities, libraries, repositories, or historical societies. Examples can include
manuscripts, letters, diaries, or any other artifact that the organization decides to
collect and house.

The structure for archival materials includes:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title of the material. [format] Name
of the university, library, organization, Collection name, code, or number. City.

Examples:

• Pearson, J. (1962). Letter to James Martin. [letter] The Jackson Historical

Society, Civil Rights Collection. Jackson.
• Marshall, S. and Peete, L. (1882). Events Along the Canal. [program] Afton
Library, Yardley History. Yardley.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Blogs

Blogs are regularly updated webpages that are generally run by an individual.

When citing a blog post, use the following format:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Post title. [Blog] Blog name.
Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:

• Cohen, M. (2013). Re-election Is Likely for McConnell, but Not Guaranteed.

[Blog] FiveThirtyEight. Available at:
http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/re-election-is-likely-for-
mcconnell-but-not-guaranteed/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Broadcasts

To cite a radio or tv broadcast, use the following structure:

• Series title, (Year published). [Type of Programme] Channel number:

Broadcaster.

Examples:

• Modern Family, (2010). [TV programme] 6: Abc.

• The Preston and Steve Morning Show (2012). [Radio Programme] 93.3:
WMMR.
Harvard Reference List Citations for Conference Proceedings

Conference proceedings are academic papers or presentations that are created or

used for the purpose of a meeting or conference.

Use the following structure to cite a conference proceeding:

If published online:

• Last name, First initial. (Conference Year). Title of Paper or Proceedings. In:
Name or Title of Conference. [online] City: Publisher of the Proceedings,
pages. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

If not published online:

• Last name, First initial. (Conference Year). Title of Paper or Proceedings. In:
Name or Title of Conference. City: Publisher of the Proceedings, pages.

Examples:

• Palmer, L., Gover, E. and Doublet, K. (2013). Advocating for Your Tech
Program. In: National Conference for Technology Teachers. [online] New
York: NCTT, pp. 33-34. Available at:
http://www.nctt.com/2013conference/advocatingforyourtechprogram/
[Accessed 11 Jan. 2014].
• Fox, R. (2014). Technological Advances in Banking. In: American Finance
Association Northeast Regional Conference. Hartford: AFA, p. 24.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Court Cases

To cite a court case, use the following format:

• Case name [Year published]Report abbreviation Volume number (Name or

abbreviation of court); First page of court case.

Example:

• Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc. [2015]12-1226 (Supreme Court of the

United States); 1.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Dissertations

A dissertation is a lengthy paper or project, generally created as a requirement to

obtain a doctoral degree.
Use the following structure to create a citation for a dissertation:

• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Dissertation title. Academic Level of
the Author. Name of University, College, or Institution.

Example:

• Shaver, W. (2013). Effects of Remediation on High-Stakes Standardized

Testing. PhD. Yeshiva University.

Harvard Reference List Citations for DVD, Video, and Film

When citing a DVD, Video, or Film, use the following format:

• Film title. (Year published). [Format] Place of origin: Film maker.

**The place of origin refers to the place where the dvd, film, or video was made. Eg:
Hollywood
**The film maker can be the director, studio, or main producer.

Example:

• Girls Just Want To Have Fun. (1985). [film] Chicago: Alan Metter.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Emails

Email citations use the following format:

• Sender’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Subject Line of Email.
[email].

Example:

• Niles, A. (2013). Update on my health. [email].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Encyclopedia Articles

An encyclopaedia is a book, or set of books, used to find information on a variety of

subjects. Most encyclopaedias are organized in alphabetical order.

Use this format to cite an encyclopaedia:

 • Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. In: Encyclopedia title,
Edition. City published: Publisher, page(s).

Example:

• Harding, E. (2010). Anteaters. In: The International Encyclopedia of Animals,

3rd ed. New York: Reference World, p. 39.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Government Publications

Government publications consist of documents that are issued by local, state, or

federal governments, offices, or subdivisions.

Use the following format to cite the government publications:

• Government Agency OR Last name, First Initial., (Year published). Title of

Document or Article. City published: Publisher, Page(s).

Examples:

• Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, (2012). BicyclePA Routes.

Harrisburg: PENNDOT, p.1.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Interviews

When citing an interview, use the following format:

• Last name of Interviewer, First initial. and Last name of Interviewee, First
initial. (Year of Interview). Title or Description of Interview.

Example

• Booker, C. and Lopez, J. (2014). Getting to know J. Lo.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Music or Recordings

To cite a music piece or recording, use the following format:

• Performer or Writer’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Recording title.
[Medium] City published: Music Label.

When citing a music piece or recording found online, use the following structure:
 • Performer or Writer’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Recording title.
[Online] City published: Music Label. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo.
Year].

Examples:

• Jackson, M. (1982). Thriller. [CD] West Hollywood: Epic.

• Kaskade, (2015). Never Sleep Alone. [Online] Burbank: Warner Bros/Arkade.
Available at: https://soundcloud.com/kaskade/kaskade-never-sleep-alone
[Accessed 7 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Online Images or Videos

To cite an image or video found electronically, use the following structure:

• Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author. (Year published).

Title/description. [format] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Examples:

• Williams, A. (2013). DJ Gear. [image] Available at: https://flic.kr/p/fbPZyV

[Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].
• 7UP (2015). 7UP Team Up Tiesto. [video]. Available at:
https://youtu.be/TMZqgEgy_Xg [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Presentations and Lectures

To cite a presentation or lecture, use the following structure:

• Last name, First initial. (Year) Presentation Title.

Example:

• Valenza, J. (2014). Librarians and Social Capital.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Press Releases

When citing a press release in print, use the following format:

• Corporate Author, (Year published). Title.

If found online, use the following format:

• Corporate Author, (Year published). Title. [online] Available at: URL

[Accessed Day Mo. Year].
Examples:

• Imagine Easy Solutions, (2015). ResearchReady Jr. Now Available For

Elementary Age Students.
• EBSCO, (2014). EBSCO adds EasyBib Citation Integration. [online] Available
at: http://campustechnology.com [Accessed 11 Jan. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Reports

When citing a report, use the following format:

• Last name, First Initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published). Title. [online]
City published: Publisher, Pages used. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo.
Year].

Example:

• Certify, (2015). First Quarter, 2015 Business Expense Trends. [online]

Portland: Certify, p.2. Available at:
http://www.certify.com/CertifySpendSmartReport.aspx [Accessed 8 Apr.
2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Software

When citing software, use the following format:

• Title or Name of Software. (Year Published). Place or city where the software
was written: Company or publisher.

Example:

• Espanol. (2010). Arlington: Rosetta Stone.

Harvard In-Text Citations Overview

Students use in-text citations to indicate the specific parts of their paper that were
paraphrased or quoted directly from a source.

Each in-text citation generally displays the last name of the author and the year the
source was published.
The in-text citation is usually located at the end of the quoted or paraphrased
sentence.

In-Text Citations for One Author

The author’s last name and the year that the source was published are placed in the
parentheses.

Example:

• Gatsby’s infatuation with Daisy is often revealed in the story, often in simple
phrases such as, “... he turned toward her with a rush of emotion” (Fitzgerald,
2004).

If the author’s name is already used in the body of the text, then students should
exclude it from the in-text citation.

Example:

• Fitzgerald’s use of “old sport” throughout the novel suggests that Gatsby
considered Nick Carraway a close friend (2004).

In-Text Citations for Two or Three Authors

When a source has two authors, place both authors’ names in the order in which
they appear on the source, with the word and separating them.

Examples:

• “A range of values can express emotion, too. Stark, high-contrast drawings

may carry a strong emotional charge” (Lazzari and Schleiser, 2011).
• “Rather than constantly seeking approval from others, try to seek approval
from the person who matters the most - yourself” (Bardes, Shelley and
Schmidt, 2011).

In-Text Citations for Four or More Authors

Only use the first listed author’s name in the in-text citation, followed by “et al.” and
the publishing year.

Example:

• It can be said that “knowledge of the stages of growth and development helps
predict the patient’s response to the present illness or the threat of future
illness” (Potter et al., 2013).

Example:
 • Potter et al. (2013) go on to explain that “among the most Catholic Filipinos,
parents keep the newborn inside the home until after the baptism to ensure
the baby’s health and protection.”

In-Text Citations for Corporate Authors

Use the name of the organization in place of the author.

Example:

• “Dr. Scharschmidt completed her residency in 2012, joined the Leaders

Society in 2013, and became a new volunteer this year to encourage other
young dermatologists in her area to join her in leadership giving”
(Dermatology Foundation, 2014).

If the name of the organization is used in the text, place only the year in
parentheses.

Example:

• The Dermatology Foundation (2013) stated in their report that “industry also
played an important role in the success of the highly rated annual DF Clinical
Symposia—Advances in Dermatology.”

In-Text Citations for No Author

When an author’s name cannot be found, place the title of the text in the
parentheses, followed by the publishing year.

Example:

• Lisa wasn’t scared; she was simply shocked and caught off guard to notice
her father in such a peculiar place (Lost Spaces, 2014).

In-Text Citations With No Date

When a date is not included in a source, simply omit that information from the in-text
citation.

Example:

• “Her hair was the color of lilac blossoms, while a peculiar color, it fit her quite
well” (Montalvo)