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Cutting Tool Materials and Cutting Fluids

The document discusses important factors in machining operations including selecting the proper cutting tool material, which must be harder than the workpiece material and able to withstand heat from cutting. Cutting tools must possess hardness, toughness, wear resistance, and chemical stability. Common cutting tool materials include carbon/alloy steels, high-speed steel, cobalt alloys, carbides, coated tools, ceramics, cubic boron nitride, and diamond. Cutting fluids are also discussed, noting their purposes of reducing friction/wear, forces/energy, cooling the cutting zone, washing away chips, and protecting surfaces from corrosion. Common types of cutting fluids include oils, emulsions, semi-synthetics, and synthetics.

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Omed Othman
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58 views

Cutting Tool Materials and Cutting Fluids

The document discusses important factors in machining operations including selecting the proper cutting tool material, which must be harder than the workpiece material and able to withstand heat from cutting. Cutting tools must possess hardness, toughness, wear resistance, and chemical stability. Common cutting tool materials include carbon/alloy steels, high-speed steel, cobalt alloys, carbides, coated tools, ceramics, cubic boron nitride, and diamond. Cutting fluids are also discussed, noting their purposes of reducing friction/wear, forces/energy, cooling the cutting zone, washing away chips, and protecting surfaces from corrosion. Common types of cutting fluids include oils, emulsions, semi-synthetics, and synthetics.

Uploaded by

Omed Othman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 21 p.

589

Cutting tool materials and cutting fluids


The selection of cutting materials for a particular application in among
the most important factors in machining operation,

Cutting tool must be made of a material harder than the material which is
to be cut, and the tools must be able to withstand the heat generated in the
metal cutting process.

Cutting tools is subjected to the following:

i. High temperature.
ii. Contact stress.
iii. Sliding chip.

Cutting tool must possess the following characteristics:

a) Hardness particularly at elevated temperature (hot hardness).

Fig. 21.1 the hardness of various cutting tools materials


b) Toughness: impact forces on the tool.

c) Wear resistance: so that an acceptable tool life is obtained.


d) Chemical stability with respect to work piece.

Tool materials are usually divided into the following general categories:-

1) Carbon and medium alloy steel.


2) High speed steel (HSS).

3) Cast – Cobalt alloys.


4) Carbides.

5) Coated tools.
6) Alumina – based ceramics.
7) Cubic boron nitride (Polycrystalline).
8) Silicon –nitride – base ceramics.

9) Diamond.
10) Whisker – reinforced materials.
Cutting fluids p.605

Also called lubricants and coolants, cutting fluids are used extensively in
machining as well as abrasive machining processes to obtain the
following results:-

1) Reduce friction and wear, thus improve tool life and surface finish.
2) Reduce forces and energy consumption.
3) Cool the cutting zone, thus reducing work piece temperature and
thermal distortion.
4) Wash away the chips.
5) Protect the machined surfaces from environmental corrosion.
Types of cutting fluids

Four generally types of cutting fluids are commonly used in machining


operations:

a) Oils
b) Emulsions
c) Semi synthetics
d) Synthetics

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