CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter contains about the review of related literature that is based on the

studies which is “the effect of chili pepper (capsicum annum) as a feasible pesticide for

crop production”. It includes the different studies and articles related to the study of the

researchers.

2.1 Related Literature

2.1.1 Foreign Literature

Insecticidal activity of NK-17 was evaluated both in laboratory and in field. It was

found that the toxicity of NK-17 against S. exigua was 1.93 times and 2.69 times those

of hexaflumuron and chlorfluazuron respectively, and the toxicity of NK-17 against P.

xylostella was 1.36 times and 1.90 times those of hexaflumuron and chlorfluazuron

respectively, and the toxicity of NK-17 against M. separate was 18.24 times those of

hexaflumuron in laboratory, and 5% NK-17 EC at 60 g a.i ha−1 can control S.

exigua and P. xylostella with the best control efficiency of about 89% and over 88%

respectively in Changsha and Tianjin in field. The insecticidal mechanism of NK-17 was

explored for the first time by utilizing the fluorescence polarization method. NK-17 could

bind to sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) of B. germanica with stronger affinity comparing to

diflubenzuron and glibenclamide, which suggested that NK-17 may also act on the site

of SUR to inhibit the chitin synthesis in insect body and the result can well explain
that NK-17 exhibited stronger toxicity against B. germanica than diflubenzuron and

glibenclamide in vivo. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?

id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066251

A new study by the U.S. Geological Survey, published today in the Journal of

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, found high concentrations of commonly

used insecticides in streams running through the highly urbanized portion of Clackamas

County. The levels found in streams flowing through the greater Portland metropolitan

area during a September 2013 storm were above U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency benchmarks to protect aquatic-life. The active ingredients of the insecticides

detected included the chemicals bifenthrin, fipronil, malathion, breakdown products of

DDT, and others. The chemical appearing to cause the most toxicity was bifenthrin, a

broad-spectrum insecticide used to kill insect pests around homes and businesses.

Bifenthrin attaches tightly to sediments contained in stormwater, traveling from the

areas where it was applied through storm drainage systems to streams. When even

small amounts of this chemical are mobilized, beneficial insects may be affected when

the sediments and associated chemical settle out in streams. “Because aquatic insects

provide food for fish, birds and other wildlife, it is critical to better understand the full

impact from this insecticide, including whether it is entering the food chain,” said Kurt

Carpenter, USGS hydrologist and co-lead on the study. “The strong negative effect of

bifenthrin on aquatic invertebrates seen in our study is consistent with national USGS

findings that in urban streams, of the many contaminants examined, bifenthrin in bed

sediments was the single best predictor of observed toxicity.” More than 600 products

contain bifenthrin; its high use and persistence in the environment result in its frequent
detection. Bifenthrin was detected in all five stormwater outfalls sampled, and 73

percent of streams sampled during the storm, sometimes at levels well above EPA

benchmarks. Seventy-one percent of streams contained bifenthrin in streambed

sediments at levels likely to affect aquatic insects. Streams with no or low levels of

bifenthrin in their sediment had significantly more aquatic insects such as mayflies,

caddisflies and stoneflies than streams with high concentrations of bifenthrin. Streams

with high sediment levels contained mostly pollution-tolerant organisms, primarily non-

insects. https://www.usgs.gov/news/usgs-studies-impact-insecticides-northwestern-

clackamas-county-streams

Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used for control of insect pests around the

world and are especially pervasive in agricultural pest management. There is a growing

body of evidence indicating that the broad-scale and prophylactic uses of

neonicotinoids pose serious risks of harm to beneficial organisms and their ecological

function. This provides the impetus for exploring alternatives to neonicotinoid

insecticides for controlling insect pests. We draw from examples of alternative pest

control options in Italian maize production and Canadian forestry to illustrate the

principles of applying alternatives to neonicotinoids under an integrated pest

management (IPM) strategy. An IPM approach considers all relevant and available

information to make informed management decisions, providing pest control options

based on actual need. We explore the benefits and challenges of several options for

management of three insect pests in maize crops and an invasive insect pest in

forests, including diversifying crop rotations, altering the timing of planting, tillage and

irrigation, using less sensitive crops in infested areas, applying biological control
agents, and turning to alternative reduced risk insecticides. Continued research into

alternatives is warranted, but equally pressing is the need for information transfer and

training for farmers and pest managers and the need for policies and regulations to

encourage the adoption of IPM strategies and their alternative pest control options.

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3628-7

A new study of male honeybees shows that two insecticides, banned in some

European nations but still used in the United States, can significantly reduce the bees’

ability to reproduce. The study, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, the

leading biological research journal of the Royal Society, found that thiamethoxam and

clothianidin, two chemicals from the neonicotinoid family of insecticides, reduce living

sperm in male honeybees, called drones, by almost 40 percent. “We’ve been able to

show for the first time that neonicotinoid pesticides are capable of having an effect on

the male reproductive system,” said Lars Straub, a doctoral student at the University of

Bern in Switzerland and the lead author of the study. The effects of pesticides on

honeybee populations are considered one culprit among several factors causing

periodic declines. Neonicotinoids have been shown by other studies to harm the health

of individual bees and the reproductive ability of female insects. The new study

expanded on the dangers of the pesticides for males, finding that bees subjected to the

two chemicals had 39 percent fewer living sperm on average than bees that had not

been exposed. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/29/science/neonicotinoid-insecticide-

bee-sperm.html

A pair of new studies published Wednesday in Nature are disturbing when taken

separately, but so much more chilling when laid out next to each other: The first
provides new evidence that neonicotinoid insecticides can have a negative effect on

bees, adding weight to the theory that these chemicals could contribute to colony

collapse disorder and endanger our food supply. In the second study, another group of

researchers found that bees don't avoid these harmful pesticides. They may actually

seek them out and get addicted to them. “We don’t know for sure that pesticides are

killing the bees. But we know enough to worry.” Recent years have seen bee

populations on the decline. That's bad news for us, as Whole Foods recently highlighted

by removing every product that relies on healthy pollinators from one of their salad bars.

While the jury is far from out, some researchers point to neonicotinoids, which have

been banned in Britain for two years but are still widely used in the United States, as a

potential culprit. These nicotine-related insecticides are favored for their relative safety

to humans, because they target specific nerve receptors in invertebrates. But while

they're safe for humans in the short term, some studies have argued that they're killing

off bees on a scale so large that our food security is threatened.

https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/94267790/overseas-studies-on-insecticides-

mixed-local-growers-say-go-without

2.2.2 Local Literature

Organic Insecticides are environment friendly and cheap. Hence, the researchers

explored the insecticidal testing of Sansevieria trifasciata as applied to Phaseolus

vulgaris. This investigation determined: a) the percentages of string beans germinated

after soaking the seeds in different insecticides and the plants and leaves damaged by

insects b) the significant differences between and among the percentage of plants and

leaves damaged by insects c) the growth of the string beans after sprayed with
Sansevieria trifasciata and the significant differences between and among the efficacy

of the insecticides on the growth of string beans. This study used Randomized

Complete Block Design with four treatments and three blocks. Percentage was used on

germination of seeds and plants and leaves damaged by insects/worms. Mean and

standard deviation were used to determine the growth of string beans and analysis of

variance was used to determine the significant differences in the efficacy of insecticides.

The least significant difference was used to determine which insecticides were

significantly different. Results showed that Sansevieria trifasciata insecticides are as

effective as the commercial one. Researchers recommend that farmers/researchers

should use Sansevieria trifasciata. Studies should be conducted on the insecticidal

properties of the plant using other concentrations. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?

id=512

A research study found bio-pesticides or organic pesticides effective in managing

rice pests and diseases. Often, bio-pesticides are used in vegetables. But the study

titled Bio-pesticides: Pest management in rice conducted by PhilRice Isabela, and DA-

Northern Cagayan Experiment Station (NCES) proved that they can also be effective in

managing rice pests. Bio-pesticides are compounds derived from plants, animals, and

microorganisms that contain natural deterrents and anti-microbial properties that help

ensure good plant growth. They also inhibit the growth, feeding, and development or

reproduction of a pest or pathogen. “Infestation in rice causes 20-50% loss due to pests

and 10-30% due to diseases,” said Gracia B. Amar, study team lead and senior science

research specialist from PhilRice Isabela. Amar’s team used PSB Rc72H (Mestiso 1) as

the test variety in an irrigated lowland area of 3,000 meter squared. They chose the
following bio-pesticides in conducting the study: effective microorganism (EM),

lactobacilli (lactic) acid, fermented fruit juice (FPJ), biodegradable soap plus water, and

metarizhium. http://www.philrice.gov.ph/bio-pesticides-help-manage-rice-pests-

diseases-study/

As the trend towards healthier lifestyle continues to grow, the interest in organic

farming in the Philippines is also expeditiously gaining ground

In fact, the government has mandated the Department of Agriculture to allot at least

PHP1 billion (US$23.70 million) this year to exclusively promote the organic agriculture

programs in the country. President Benigno Aquino III believes that organic agriculture

is the way of the future not only to address hunger but also to sustain health and

environment.  According to the local organic group Organic Producers Trade

Association (OPTA), the risk of consuming non-organic food is becoming more perilous

to human health as high-yielding agri-produce or the so-called “green revolution crops”

developed in the province of Los Banos—one of the country’s major agricultural

research hubs—have been identified as one of the causes of brain damage particularly

resulting to impaired intellect to people in poor or third world countries. According to

OPTA, these crops that are produced under modern agriculture techniques that use

large doses of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers are decreasing brain size, thus

slowing down one’s intelligence capabilities. OPTA also tells that international studies

have likewise shown that chemical-infused crops have resulted in cancer, hormone

disruption, neurological disorders and other life-threatening illnesses. As chemical

farming destroys the environment, OPTA says beneficial micronutrients in the soil that

are needed by a human body are also killed such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc,
copper, selenium, manganese and many others. The absence of these essential health

elements in the planting grounds may cause malnutrition as the soil can no longer

produce foods that are adequately supplied with important nutrients. On the other hand,

OPTA reveals that livestock and aquaculture grown in chemical-industrial animal

farming systems are also huge health hazards. These animals are fed and injected with

synthetic chemicals to force them to grow fast and survive the pathogenic

microorganisms such as antibiotics, growth hormones, steroids, synthetic vitamins and

minerals. The danger of these chemicals has been proven to be so grave that it

compelled the European Union to ban the use of antibiotics and growth hormones in

their livestock. Although the Philippines has not resorted to completely ban the use of

synthetic chemicals in animal farming, the country is set to go all natural in agriculture

through Republic Act 10068 that aims to strengthen the state’s policy to promote,

propagate, develop further and implement the practice of organic agriculture. Through

the law, the farming community are hoped to ensure and cumulatively condition and

enrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm productivity, reduce pollution and destruction

of the environment, prevent depletion of natural resources and protect the health of the

farmers and of the general public. Moreover, going organic agriculture is an opportunity

for the country for the organically grown commodities in the world market which would

cost US$40 billion to US$70 billion in 2012.

http://www.fareasternagriculture.com/crops/agriculture/organic-farming-the-future-of-

philippine-agriculture

Pesticides and agrochemicals, in general, became an important component of

worldwide agriculture systems during the last century, allowing for a noticeable increase
in crop yields and food production (Alexandratos and Bruinsma 2012). Notwithstanding,

the exponentially growing human population further stresses the need for enhancing

food production. This need is aggravated by conflicts that paralyze food production and

dislocate millions of refugees and, together with the effects of climate changes on

agriculture, worsen scarcity of food in many regions and call for renewed efforts in food

production (UN 2015).

At the same time, during the last decades we realized that agrochemical residues did

spread in the environment, causing significant contamination of terrestrial ecosystems

and poisoning human foods (Carson 1962; EEA 2013). In addition, contamination of

aquatic systems by pesticide residues around the world – illustrated herein with case

studies in tropical coastal ecosystems – repeatedly compromised also aquatic food

resources, fisheries, and aquaculture.

Paths, alternative to the intensive use of crop protection chemicals, are open to trial and

assessment. However, the selection of future paths for enhanced food production shall

be made through wise and science-based decision-making processes. Scientific

research for developing food production and enhancing food safety, as well as

environmental protection, is thus a necessary part of this process.

This article reviews the main issues related to pesticide residues, their environmental

fate, and effects and discusses pathways for enhanced food safety.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fes3.108/full

An organic fertilizer produced and sold in the Philippines can be easily turned

into a safe, low-cost pesticide by adding fermented garlic and chili, the inventor said.

Microbiologist Dr. Ronaldo Sumaoang, the developer of a liquid organic fertilizer called
Durabloom, said that he discovered a mixture of garlic and chili served as an effective

pesticide when added to the fertilizer, which is derived from fish extracts. Sumaoang

uses his own formulation on his small commercial vegetable farm, which produces

tomatoes, pechay, eggplant and other vegetables sold mainly at the small market in his

village in Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac. Sumaoang explained that his original Durabloom fertilizer

was intended primarily to enhance growth of vegetables and many other crops, and its

somewhat sticky consistency prevents it from being easily washed away by irrigation or

rain. The downside of the formula, however, is that it is not effective in discouraging

insect pests in its original form, Sumaoang explained. After some experimentation,

Sumaoang developed a fermented concoction of garlic, chili peppers, and molasses

that, when added to the Durabloom fertilizer, makes it an effective pesticide. “The garlic

and chili increases the acidity of the mixture to five to six percent, compared to the

original four percent of the Durabloom by itself,” he explained. “This is enough to make

the fertilizer work as a pesticide.” To prepare the pesticide mixture, Sumaoang said, add

one-half kilogram of peeled and crushed garlic, one kilo of ripe hot chili peppers, and

one liter of molasses to nine liters of clean water in a disposable plastic pail. Cover the

mixture with a cheese cloth or other thin cloth that allows air passage, and store the

container in a cool, dry place for 20 to 30 days to allow it to ferment (Sumaoang warned

that the mixture, when fully fermented, smells terrible). To finish the recipe, strain the

liquid through a cloth or other strainer to remove the solid particles, and then add one

liter of Durabloom liquid fertilizer, Sumaoang said. The resulting mixture should then be

stored in airtight containers, he added. To use the combined fertilizer-pesticide, it is

mixed in a ratio of 100 milliliters (about 10 tablespoons) to 16 liters of clean water, then
sprayed liberally on the leaves of growing plants. The treatment can be used once a

week. Sumaoang said that his mixture costs about one-tenth the cost of comparable

chemical pesticides. He also said that the garlic and chili concoction could be used in

diluted form by itself to repel insect pests, but would of course not have the fertilizer

properties of the Durabloom liquid. http://www.manilatimes.net/garlic-chili-turn-bio-

fertilizer-pesticide/317642/

2.2 Related Studies

2.2.1 Foreign Studies

Repels house flies and mosquitoes. Plant basil in containers by your house doors

and in outdoor areas where you like to relax or entertain. Basil is delicious in salads, in

many pork and chicken recipes and with a variety of soups. Basil also improves the

flavors of certain vegetables, include tomatoes, peppers and asparagus. You also can

use fresh basil to make an insect repellent spray. A simple recipe calls for pouring 4

ounces of boiling water into a container holding 4 to 6 ounces of clean, fresh basil

leaves (stems can be attached), letting the leaves steep for several hours, removing the

leaves and squeezing all of the leaves’ moisture into the mixture. Then thoroughly mix 4

ounces of (cheap!) vodka with the basil-water mixture. Store in the refrigerator and

apply as a spray when going outdoors. Be sure to keep the spray away from your eyes,

nose and mouth. https://www.mnn.com/your-home/organic-farming-

gardening/stories/12-plants-that-repel-unwanted-insects

Chemical triggers that make plants defend themselves against insects could

replace pesticides, causing less damage to the environment. New research published

plants to fend off a common pest – the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera

Pesticides are used around the world to control insects that destroy crops. However, in

recent years their use has been criticized, because of the detrimental effect they can

have on ecosystems, ravaging food chains and damaging the environment. One of the

problems with many pesticides is that they kill indiscriminately. For rice plants, this

means pesticides kill the natural enemies of one of their biggest pests, the white-backed

planthopper Sogatella furcifera. This pest attacks rice, leading to yellowing or “hopper

burn,” which causes the plants to wilt and can damage the grains. It also transmits a

virus disease called, southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus, which stunts the plants’

growth and stops them from “heading,” which is when pollination occurs. Left untreated,

many of the insects’ eggs would be eaten, but when pesticides are used these hatch,

leading to even more insects on the plants. What’s more, in some areas as many as a

third of the planthoppers are resistant to pesticides. “The extensive application of

chemical insecticides not only causes severe environmental and farm produce pollution

but also damages the ecosystem,” explained Dr. Jun Wu, one of the authors of the

study and professor at Zhejiang Universityin China. “Therefore, developing safe and

effective methods to control insect pests is highly desired; this is why we decided to

investigate these chemicals.” Because of the problems of using pesticides, it’s vital to

find new solutions to help protect rice plants from infestation. Plants have natural self-

defense mechanisms that kick in when they are infested with pests like the planthopper.

This defense mechanism can be switched on using chemicals that do not harm the

environment and are not toxic to the insects or their natural enemies. In the new study,
researchers from Zhejiang Universityin China developed a new way of identifying these

chemicals. Using a specially designed screening system, they determined to what

extent different chemicals switched on the plants’ defense mechanism. The team

designed and synthesized 29 phenoxyalkanoic acid derivatives. Of these, they identified

five that could be effective at triggering the rice plants to defend themselves. The

researchers used bioassays to show that these chemicals could trigger the plant

defense mechanism and repel the white-backed planthopper. This suggests that these

chemicals have the potential to be used in insect pest management. “We demonstrate

for the first time that some phenoxyalkanoic acid derivatives have the potential to

become such plant protection agents against the rice white-backed planthopper,” said

Dr. Yonggen Lou, one of the authors of the study and professor at Zhejiang Universityin

China. “This new approach to pest management could help protect the ecosystem while

defending important crops against attack.” The next step for the research will be to

explore how effective the chemicals are at boosting the plants’ defenses and controlling

planthoppers in the field. https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-

journals/chemicals-that-make-plants-defend-themselves-could-replace-pesticides

I'm an organic coconut farmer living in Brazil. Here on our farm, we use a natural

pesticide made from the leaves of the neem trees which grow here. Today, I would like

to show you how we do this. For those of you who aren't familiar with the neem tree

(Azadirachta indica), it is an evergreen tree which is found in tropical and sub-tropical

areas. The neem tree has many uses including medicinal, culinary, and as we use it on

our farm, as a deterrent to pests. It is related to the curry tree but where a curry leaf tree

is called a sweet neem, this neem is considered bitter. The tree grows rapidly about 10
feet a year and the seeds are encased in a skin which holds a juice. Some of the birds

we have here will suck the juice out of the berry and others swallow it whole. The

monkeys love them as well and can often be seen sitting in the trees eating them. The

bats take the berry and fly off with it causing young neem trees to be scattered around

bases of many of our trees here. The juice that surrounds the seed, is okay for the

animals but I have tried it and it is rather bitter and unpleasant. The neem trees are

used a lot in Brazil in city centers for their mosquito repellent properties and because

they are a fast growing tree. The dark green serrated leaves are also attractive and are

excellent as a dense shade tree. https://dengarden.com/gardening/Neem-Natural-

Pesticide

Garlic is well-known for its pungent aroma, which is delectable to some and yet

repellent to others, and it is this strong scent that comes into play when used as a

natural insecticide. Actually, it's not really clear if garlic spray and chile spray (below)

are actually insecticides or are more likely insect repellents, but either way, these

common kitchen ingredients can be used to knock down, or even knock out, insect

infestations in the garden. To make a basic garlic spray, take 2 whole bulbs (not just 2

cloves) and puree them in a blender or food processor with a small amount of water.

quart of water. Let the mixture sit overnight, then strain it into a quart jar, adding 1/2 cup

of vegetable oil (optional), 1 teaspoon of mild liquid soap, and enough water to fill the

jar. To use this homemade insecticide, use 1 cup of mixture with 1 quart of water and

spray liberally on infested plants. https://www.treehugger.com/lawn-garden/8-natural-

homemade-insecticides-save-your-garden-without-killing-earth.html
 Although plant essential oils have long been recognized to possess insecticidal

and/or insect repellent actions, commercialization of pesticides based on common plant

essential oils dates back less than two decades. In large part commercialization of such

pesticides in the U.S.A. was facilitated by exemption of certain oils from regulatory

requirements, but other pesticides based on essential oils are beginning to reach the

marketplace in the European Union, India and China. Unlike conventional pesticides

based on synthetic chemicals, bioactivity of an essential oil in a pest insect cannot

always be attributable to the major constituent(s); in some well-documented cases there

is internal synergy among constituents of a particular essential oil, with putatively non

(or less)-toxic constituents facilitating or enhancing the putatively toxic (active)

principles. In addition to chemical considerations, there are a number of practical

considerations in commercialization of pesticides based on plant essential oils. These

include regulatory requirements and costs thereof (in some jurisdictions), commodity

prices of oils used as active ingredients, ongoing availability of oils in large volumes,

and chemical consistency of oils. Commercial challenges for essential oil-based

pesticides include stability of active ingredient oils in storage and transport, residual

action of active ingredients after application, and phytotoxicity on crop and ornamental

plants. These considerations and challenges are addressed in this chapter.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2016-1218.ch002
2.2.2 Local Studies

Reports said that 62 percent of pesticides sold in the Philippines

are insecticides. Of these, 46 percent are applied to rice and 20 percent to vegetables.

Insecticides had become one of the major expenses of farmers that account for about

40 percent of total production cost. But lately, the harmful effects of inorganic pesticides

to the environment, humans, and livestock prompted various countries worldwide to ban

the use of these pesticides and look for alternative replacements that are more

environment-friendly and less harmful.The shift from chemical pesticides to botanical

pesticides is now gaining popularity. It promotes balanced and self-regulated

agricultural systems. It is also less harmful to the environment, humans, and livestock

and cost less to the farmers. Researchers at the University of the Philippines in the

Visayas, West Visayas State University, and Panay State Polytechnic University jointly

implemented a project to develop product concepts for pest control using

ethnobotanicals. The products will be produced commercially and sold to farmers at

affordable price. The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources

Research and Development, an agency of the Department of Science and Technology

is funded the project. Potential plants for the project were selected based on availability,

high bioactivity, and endemicity. Selection was also based on the plants; active

ingredients already known and whether such ingredients can be extracted as soluble in

water. Roots of tubli (Derris spp.), vines of makabuhay/manunggal (Tinospora

rumphii), and tubers of kayos(Dioscorea hispida) were used for the development of the

natural pesticides. The plant materials were collected from Mamburao in Capiz, and

Miag-ao town in Iloilo.Most of compounds isolated from tubli are isoflavonoids. The

elliptone, deguelin, malacol, d-toxicarol, tephrosin, dehydroguelin, and dehydrotoxicarol.

Rotenone is in use as an insecticide even before the advent of organosynthetic

insecticides.The tubers of D. hispida contain a poisonous alkaloid called dioscorine that

paralyzes the nervous system. It also has diosgenin, which generally occurs in

combined form as glycoside (saponin). It is present as rhamno-rhamno-glucoside called

dioscin. Diosgenin is a rich source of steroids. T. rumphii contains a bitter principle

colombine, traces of alkaloid, and a glucoside, amorphous bitter principle picroretine,

and traces of berberine. The bitter principle is glucosidal in nature. The

two alkaloids present are tinosporine and tinosporidine.Powder and

liquid formulations from the potential plants were developed. The stability and shelf life

of the formulated products were determined based on acidity or pH, moisture content,

color, and smell. It was observed that changes in pH and MC were slight while no

changes were noted in color and smell. Initial toxicity tests revealed that tubli is as

effective as commercial insecticides (Sevin).Tests on the cytotoxicity and antifeedant

properties of powder formulations also revealed that tubli is the most promising natural

pesticide followed by makabuhay. Kayos is the least effective.

http://www.pinoybisnes.com/agri-business/indigenous-plants-as-natural-pesticides/

“Kakawate” or “madre de cacao” is so common that no one seems to pay

attention to it. But the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said that its leaves

contain coumarin, which can be converted into an anticoagulant “discoumerol” found to

be an efficient rat killer. “Anticoagulants are an efficient natural method of pest control

because they reduce the protein prothrombin, a clotting agent secreted in the liver, and
eventually cause death from internal bleeding,” the FAO noted. Tests have shown that

while the toxin produced by “kakawate” does not act rapidly, repeated doses lead to

fatal hemorrhaging within a few days. “Unlike many other poisons, anticoagulants do not

produce bait shyness, which rodents tend to acquire as soon as the first victims of other

poisons are taken,” the United Nations agency said. In Science City of Muñoz, organic

rice reportedly farmers spray their crops with fermented leaves and twigs of “kakawate”

and neem trees to control pests and diseases. Some farmers find it convenient and

effective, too, to just allow the “kakawate” leaves to drift to their farm when they irrigate.

In Baguio, a botanical pesticide prepared from kakawate leaves and other herbals are

used to kill worms that attack cabbage and broccoli like cabbage butterflies,

diamondback moths, leafminers, and inchworms. In Ilocos region, a study made by the

Mariano Marcos State University found that kakawate leaves are effective in controlling

diseases that attack garlic like purple blotch and bulb rot. http://edgedavao.net/agri-

trends/2017/04/20/agritrends-botanical-pesticides-pests-diseases/

“One of the best ways to eradicate the insects is by using tobacco spray,” said

Serapion Madera, a farmer in Bansalan, Davao del Sur. Here’s what he did. He boiled

250 grams of dried tobacco leaves and stems in four liters of water for 20 minutes. After

that, he allowed the water to cool and then filtered it through layered cotton cloth. He

added four more liters of water to the solution and 50 grams of bar soap. He then

poured the solution into corn funnels to kill stalk borer. Madera had undergone training

at the Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center, a non-government organization. The MBRLC

technicians said the tobacco solution can also be applied as a soil drench around plants

to kill cutworms. It can be used to spray beans to prevent rust disease and also to
control aphids, beetles, cabbage worms, caterpillars, grain weevils, leaf miners, mites,

stem borers and thrips. The tobacco solution, MBRLC technicians claimed, is especially

effective against biting or sucking insects. When applied weekly with a brush, it is

effective against ticks and fleas in cattle. The Educational Concerns for Hunger

Organization (ECHO) has developed another kind of tobacco spray. One kilogram of

crushed or bruised tobacco stalks and leaves are soaked in 15 liters of water for 24

hours. The solution is then filtered; and three to five tablespoons of liquid soap is added.

It is sprayed immediately to plants. “Use tobacco sprays in the evening to allow them to

work in the night,” the Florida-based ECHO reminds. “And in general, do not spray

potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, eggplant or any plant in the Solanaceae family in order to

prevent the spread of viruses.” Another warning: “Do not let people or animals drink the

solution, and when spraying, wear protective clothing – especially a mask, or apply

solutions with a watering can only. Do not eat vegetables within four days of application

and wash them carefully when you do.” Tobacco is also no match against golden apple

snail. To get rid of the pesky snails, finely chopped tobacco wastes can be strewn over

the rice paddies a day after the rice seedlings are transplanted. Credited for discovering

the technique was Merlita James of the National Tobacco Administration’s research

center based in Batac, Ilocos Norte.

She said that 200 kilograms of finely chopped dried tobacco wastes is sufficient

to destroy snails infesting a one-hectare area. Aside from botanical pesticides, a farmer

can resort to other means of pest control, according to Alimoane. These include tilling

(which exposes pests that live in the soil and increases soil aeration), crop rotation (it

stops the build-up of microorganisms around plant roots), crop combination, and
companion planting. http://edgedavao.net/agri-trends/2017/04/20/agritrends-botanical-

pesticides-pests-diseases/

Researchers from the Central Luzon State University (CLSU) have found six

plants possessing botanical pesticide or biopesticide properties, which can be an

alternative to commercial pesticides. Botanical pesticide or biopesticide is a substance

derived from plants capable of protecting selected crops against certain diseases and

pests. The team of researchers, led by its program leader, Dr. Paz-Alberto of the

Institute of Climate Change and Environmental Management (ICCEM), has developed

six biopesticides from plants collected in Region 3-Nueva Ecija, Bataan, and Aurora.

These biopesticides have to be further studied, field tested, and patented prior to its

promotion to the farmers. Plant samples were collected from the forests in identified

sites. These samples were screened to determine whether they have potential as

biopesticide and later on processed into liquid biopesticide. Dr. Ronaldo Alberto, the

focal person of the project, explained that the biopesticides extracted can be applied to

crops as a preventive or curative measure. However, the preventive approach is more

effective based on their microplot trials on selected crops like tomato, pepper, bitter

gourd, and onion.The screening of indigenous plants as sources of biopesticides for

vegetables, such as lettuce, cabbage, tomato, and sugarcane, is being done in Region

10. So far, 11 plant species with pesticidal properties have been collected and are

undergoing tests to find out which can be used as biopesticides. The biopesticides were

developed under the Biodiversity Industry Strategic S&T Program (ISP) of the Philippine

Council of Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development of

the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-PCAARRD). It hopes to address the

diversity for ecosystem services and development of biodiversity-based products such

as biopesticides, nutraceuticals, food, and novel products.These biopesticides, along

with the Council’s leading R&D initiatives in the agriculture, aquatic, and natural

resources sectors, will be featured during the Super National Science and Technology

Week (NSTW) on July 25-29 at the Council’s complex. This year’s NSTW adopts the

theme, Juan Science, One Nation. The Council will also celebrate its fifth anniversary

on July 28, 2016. This will highlight the conduct of the National Symposium on

Agriculture and Aquatic Resources Research and Development (NSAARRD) in the

morning and awarding of papers in the afternoon. The NSAARRD showcases the most

outstanding contributions of individuals and institutions in improving the state of the

agriculture, aquatic, and natural resources sectors through research and

development. http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/portal/index.php/quick-information-

dispatch/2728-six-botanical-pesticides-developed-as-alternative-to-commercial-

pesticides

Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) or kadyos is a high-value crop with its nutritional and

medicinal properties that could augment food security. Pigeon pea is prone to pests

attack that could affect its yield, thus, this study is conceived.  This study aimed to

evaluate the effect of botanical pesticides in controlling insect pests of three pigeon pea

varieties. Specifically, it sought to: 1) determine which of the botanical pesticides can

effectively control insect pests of pigeon pea; 2) find out which among the pigeon pea

varieties has the least damage by insect pests; and 3) identify and recommend the best-

botanical pesticides to control insect pests of pigeon peas. The experiment was laid out
in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design. Data gathered were analyzed using

the Analysis of Variance. Significant differences among treatment means were analyzed

using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results implied that the botanical extract

applied to the pigeon pea plants exhibited a significant effect in terms of controlling the

pests. The results of the study conclude that the application of botanical extracts is

comparably effective in controlling pests of pigeon pea. The study recommends that

B1(Neem Leaf Extract), B2 (Yellow Ginger Extract) and B3 (Hot Pepper Extract) can be

used to control insect pests of pigeon peas; V2 (ICPL 87119) is recommended for

production due to its resistance to pests.

http://philair.ph/publication/index.php/jpair/article/view/270

2.3 Synthesis

Based on the article and related studies about the study, it provides a lot of

knowledge or information that the researchers’ need to come up with their study. It only

says that there are so many alternatives for commercial insecticides that may use for

eliminating pests, crop production, and especially it helps to improve the economy in

terms of agriculture.