This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D93 − 19

Designation: 34/99

Standard Test Methods for

Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D93; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

This flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heating
to be able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials. There
are flash point test methods with slower heating rates available, such as Test Method D3941 (for
paints, resins, and related products, and high viscosity products in the range of 0 °C to 110 °C), where
the test conditions are closer to equilibrium.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.

1. Scope* 1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids
point of petroleum products in the temperature range from with solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film
40 °C to 370 °C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kine-
apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup matic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the
apparatus, and the determination of the flash point of biodiesel stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
in the temperature range of 60 °C to 190 °C by an automated 1.4 Procedure C is applicable to biodiesel (B100). Since a
Pensky-Martens closed cup apparatus. flash point of residual alcohol in biodiesel is difficult to observe
by manual flash point techniques, automated apparatus with
NOTE 1—Flash point determinations above 250 °C can be performed,
however, the precision has not been determined above this temperature. electronic flash point detection have been found suitable.
For residual fuels, precision has not been determined for flash points 1.5 These test methods are applicable for the detection of
above 100 °C. The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not been
determined. Some specifications state a D93 minimum flash point below contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable ma-
40 °C, however, the precision has not been determined below this terials with volatile or flammable materials.
temperature.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, standard.
biodiesel blends, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new and 1.6.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for
in-use lubricating oils, and other homogeneous petroleum information only.
liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B or Procedure
C. NOTE 2—It has been common practice in flash point standards for many
decades to alternately use a C-scale or an F-scale thermometer for
temperature measurement. Although the scales are close in increments,
they are not equivalent. Because the F-scale thermometer used in this
1
These test methods are under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on procedure is graduated in 5 °F increments, it is not possible to read it to
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility the 2 °C equivalent increment of 3.6 °F. Therefore, for the purposes of
of Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, these test methods are under the application of the procedure of the test method for the separate tempera-
jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. ture scale thermometers, different increments must be used. In this test
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published November 2019. Originally method, the following protocol has been adopted: When a temperature is
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D93 – 18. DOI: intended to be a converted equivalent, it will appear in parentheses
10.1520/D0093-19. following the SI unit, for example 370 °C (698 °F). When a temperature

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 D93 − 19
is intended to be a rationalized unit for the alternate scale, it will appear 3.1.4 equilibrium, n—in petroleum products—in petroleum
after “or,” for example, 2 °C or 5 °F. product flash point test methods—the condition where the
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the vapor above the test specimen and the test specimen are at the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the same temperature at the time the ignition source is applied.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.4.1 Discussion—This condition may not be fully
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- achieved in practice, since the temperature may not be uniform
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. throughout the test specimen, and the test cover and shutter on
For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 9.3, 9.4, 11.1.2, the apparatus can be cooler.
11.1.4, 11.1.8, 11.2.2, and 12.1.2.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1.5 flash point, n—in flash point test methods, the lowest
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- temperature of the test specimen, adjusted to account for
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the variations in atmospheric pressure from 101.3 kPa, at which
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- application of an ignition source causes the vapors of the test
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical sample to ignite under specified conditions of test.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 A brass test cup of specified dimensions, filled to the
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 inside mark with test specimen and fitted with a cover of
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester specified dimensions, is heated and the specimen stirred at
D3941 Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium specified rates, using one of three defined procedures (A, B, or
Method With a Closed-Cup Apparatus C). An ignition source is directed into the test cup at regular
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and intervals with simultaneous interruption of the stirring, until a
Petroleum Products flash is detected (see 11.1.8). The flash point is reported as
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and defined in 3.1.5.
Petroleum Products
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers 5. Significance and Use
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
E502 Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Stan- 5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the
dards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture
by Closed Cup Methods with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one
2.2 ISO Standards3 of a number of properties which must be considered in
Guide 34 General requirements for the competence of refer- assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
ence material producers 5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to
Guide 35 Reference material—General and statistical prin- define flammable and combustible materials. One should con-
ciples for certification sult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of
3. Terminology these classifications.

3.1 Definitions: 5.3 These test methods should be used to measure and
3.1.1 biodiesel, n—a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in
long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal response to heat and an ignition source under controlled
fats, designated B100. laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or
appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or
3.1.2 biodiesel blends, n—a blend of biodiesel fuel with
assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of
petroleum-based diesel fuel.
these test methods may be used as elements of a fire risk
3.1.3 dynamic, adj—in petroleum products—in petroleum assessment which takes into account all of the factors which
product flash point test methods—the condition where the are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular
vapor above the test specimen and the test specimen are not in end use.
temperature equilibrium at the time that the ignition source is
applied. 5.4 These test methods provide the only closed cup flash
3.1.3.1 Discussion—This is primarily caused by the heating point test procedures for temperatures up to 370 °C (698 °F).
of the test specimen at the constant prescribed rate with the
vapor temperature lagging behind the test specimen tempera- 6. Apparatus
ture. 6.1 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Apparatus (manual)
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—This apparatus consists of the test cup, test cover and shutter,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or stirring device, heating source, ignition source device, air bath,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM and top plate described in detail in Annex A1. The assembled
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
manual apparatus, test cup, test cup cover, and test cup
the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., assembly are illustrated in Figs. A1.1-A1.4, respectively. Di-
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. mensions are listed respectively.

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 D93 − 19
6.2 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Apparatus (Automated)4— 95 % full. For other types of samples, the size of the container
This apparatus is an automated flash point instrument that is shall be chosen such that the container is not more than 85 %
capable of performing the test in accordance with Section 11 full or less than 50 % full prior to any sample aliquot being
(Procedure A), Section 12 (Procedure B), and 13 (Procedure C) taken. For biodiesel (B100) samples, a typical one liter
of these test methods. The apparatus shall use the test cup, test container filled to 85 % volume is recommended.
cover and shutter, stirring device, heating source, and ignition
8.3 Successive test specimens can be taken from the same
source device described in detail in Annex A1.
sample container. Repeat tests have been shown to be within
6.3 Temperature Measuring Device—Thermometer having the precisions of the method when the second specimen is
a range as shown in Table 1 and conforming to the require- taken with the sample container at least 50 % filled. The results
ments prescribed in Specification E1 or in Annex A3, or an of flash point determinations can be affected if the sample
electronic temperature measuring device, such as resistance volume is less than 50 % of sample container capacity.
thermometers or thermocouples. The device shall exhibit the
same temperature response as the mercury thermometers. 8.4 Erroneously high flash points may be obtained if pre-
cautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material. Do
6.4 Ignition Source—Natural gas flame, bottled gas flame, not open containers unnecessarily, to prevent loss of volatile
and electric ignitors (hot wire) have been found acceptable for material or possible introduction of moisture, or both. Avoid
use as the ignition source. The gas flame device described in storage of samples at temperatures in excess of 35 °C or 95 °F.
detailed in Fig. A1.4 requires the use of the pilot flame Samples for storage shall be capped tightly with inner seals. Do
described in A1.1.2.3. The electric ignitors shall be of the not make a transfer unless the sample temperature is at least the
hot-wire type and shall position the heated section of the equivalent of 18 °C or 32 °F below the expected flash point.
ignitor in the aperture of the test cover in the same manner as
the gas flame device. (Warning—Gas pressure supplied to the 8.5 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers, since
apparatus should not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of volatile material may diffuse through the walls of the enclo-
water pressure.) sure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a source
6.5 Barometer—With accuracy of 60.5 kPa. of valid results.
NOTE 3—The barometric pressure used in this calculation is the ambient 8.6 Samples of very viscous materials shall be heated in
pressure for the laboratory at the time of the test. Many aneroid their containers, with lid/cap slightly loosened to avoid buildup
barometers, such as those used at weather stations and airports, are
precorrected to give sea level readings and would not give the correct of dangerous pressure, at the lowest temperature adequate to
reading for this test. liquefy any solids, not exceeding 28 °C or 50 °F below the
expected flash point, for 30 min. If the sample is then not
7. Reagents and Materials completely liquefied, extend the heating period for additional
7.1 Cleaning Solvents—Use suitable solvent capable of 30 min periods as necessary. Then gently agitate the sample to
cleaning out the specimen from the test cup and drying the test provide mixing, such as orbiting the container horizontally,
cup and cover. Some commonly used solvents are toluene and before transferring to the specimen cup. No sample shall be
acetone. (Warning—Toluene, acetone, and many solvents are heated and transferred unless its temperatures is more than
flammable and a health hazard. Dispose of solvents and waste 18 °C or 32 °F below its expected flash point. When the sample
material in accordance with local regulations.) has been heated above this temperature, allow the sample to
cool until its temperature is at least 18 °C or 32 °F below the
8. Sampling expected flash point before transferring.
8.1 Obtain a sample in accordance with instructions given in NOTE 4—Volatile vapors can escape during heating when the sample
Practices D4057, D4177, or E300. container is not properly sealed.
8.2 Ensure at least 75 mL of sample is available so there is NOTE 5—Some viscous samples may not completely liquefy even after
sufficient material for the test. When obtaining a sample of prolonged periods of heating. Care should be exercised when increasing
the heating temperature to avoid unnecessary loss of volatile vapors, or
residual fuel oil, the sample container shall be from 85 % to heating the sample too close to the flash point.
8.7 Samples containing dissolved or free water may be
4
Supporting data regarding a variant of the cover locking mechanism have been dehydrated with calcium chloride or by filtering through a
filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting
qualitative filter paper or a loose plug of dry absorbent cotton.
Research Report RR:D02-1706. Contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. Warming the sample is permitted, but it shall not be heated for

TABLE 1 Temperature Measuring Device

Temperature Range Thermometer Number Temperature Range Thermometer Number
ASTM IP
−5 °C to 110 °C 9C (9F) −5 °C to 110 °C 15C
(20 °F to 230 °F)
+10 °C to 200 °C 88C (88F) +20 °C to 150 °C 101C
(50 °F to 392 °F)
+90 °C to 370 °C 10C (10F) +90 °C to 370 °C 16C
(200 °F to 700 °F)

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 D93 − 19
prolonged periods or greater than a temperature of 18 °C or 10.5 When the flash point obtained is not within the limits
32 °F below its expected flash point. stated in 10.3 or 10.4, check the condition and operation of the
apparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in Annex
NOTE 6—If the sample is suspected of containing volatile contaminants,
the treatment described in 8.6 and 8.7 should be omitted. A1, especially with regard to tightness of the lid (A1.1.2.2), the
action of the shutter, the position of the ignition source
9. Preparation of Apparatus (A1.1.2.3), and the angle and position of the temperature
measuring device (A1.1.2.4). After any adjustment, repeat the
9.1 Support the manual or automated apparatus on a level
test in 10.3 using a fresh test specimen, with special attention
steady surface, such as a table.
to the procedural details prescribed in these test methods.
9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room or
compartment. 10.6 The numerical values obtained during the verification
check (10.3) shall not be used to provide a bias statement, nor
NOTE 7—A shield, of the approximate dimensions 460 mm (18 in.) shall they be used to make any correction to the flash points
square and 610 mm (24 in.) high, or other suitable dimensions, and having subsequently determined using the apparatus.
an open front is recommended to prevent drafts from disturbing the vapors
above the test cup.
NOTE 8—With some samples whose vapors or products of pyrolysis are
objectionable, it is permissible to place the apparatus along with a draft
PROCEDURE A
shield in a ventilation hood, the draft of which is adjustable so that vapors
can be withdrawn without causing air currents over the test cup during the 11. Procedure
ignition source application period.
11.1 Manual Apparatus:
9.3 Prepare the manual apparatus or the automated appara-
11.1.1 Ensure that the sample container is filled to the
tus for operation in accordance with the manufacturer’s in-
structions for calibrating, checking, and operating the equip- volume capacity requirement specified in 8.2. Fill the test cup
ment. (Warning—Gas pressure should not be allowed to with the test specimen to the filling mark inside of the test cup.
exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure. ) The temperature of the test cup and test specimen shall be at
least 18 °C or 32 °F below the expected flash point. If too much
9.4 Thoroughly clean and dry all parts of the test cup and its test specimen has been added to the test cup, remove the excess
accessories before starting the test, to ensure the removal of using a syringe or similar device for withdrawal of fluid. Place
any solvent which had been used to clean the apparatus. Use the test cover on the test cup and place the assembly into the
suitable solvent capable of removing all of the specimen from apparatus. Be sure the locating or locking device is properly
the test cup and drying the test cup and cover. Some commonly engaged. If the temperature measuring device is not already in
used solvents are toluene and acetone. (Warning—Toluene, place, insert the device into its holder.
acetone, and many solvents are flammable. Health hazard.
Dispose of solvents and waste material in accordance with 11.1.2 Light the test flame, and adjust it to a diameter of
local regulations.) 3.2 mm to 4.8 mm (0.126 in. to 0.189 in.), or switch on the
electric igniter and adjust the intensity in accordance with the
10. Verification of Apparatus manufacturer’s instructions. (Warning—Gas pressure should
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not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.)

10.1 Adjust the automated flash point detection system (Warning—Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it
(when used) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc- should be extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test
tions. cup, and the gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor
10.2 Verify that the temperature measuring device is in space can influence the result.) (Warning—The operator
accordance with 6.3. should exercise and take appropriate safety precautions during
the initial application of the ignition source, since test speci-
10.3 Verify the performance of the manual apparatus or the
mens containing low-flash material can give an abnormally
automated apparatus at least once per year by determining the
flash point of a certified reference material (CRM) such as strong flash when the ignition source is first applied.)
those listed in Annex A4, which is reasonably close to the (Warning—The operator should exercise and take appropriate
expected temperature range of the samples to be tested. The safety precautions during the performance of these test meth-
material shall be tested according to Procedure A of these test ods. The temperatures attained during these test methods, up to
methods and the observed flash point obtained in 11.1.8 or 370 °C (698 °F), are considered hazardous.) (Warning—As a
11.2.2 shall be corrected for barometric pressure (see Section safety practice, when using automated or manual apparatus, it
14). The flash point obtained shall be within the limits stated in is strongly advised, before heating the test cup and specimen,
Table A4.1 for the identified CRM or within the limits to dip the ignitor to check for the presence of unexpected
calculated for an unlisted CRM (see Annex A4). volatile material.)
11.1.3 Apply the heat at such a rate that the temperature, as
10.4 Once the performance of the apparatus has been
indicated by the temperature measuring device, increases 5 °C
verified, the flash point of secondary working standards
to 6 °C (9 °F to 11 °F) ⁄min.
(SWSs) can be determined along with their control limits.
These secondary materials can then be utilized for more NOTE 9—In practice the rate is not achieved immediately after
frequent performance checks (see Annex A4). application of the heat due to the thermal inertia in the apparatus.

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11.1.4 Turn the stirring device at 90 r ⁄min to 120 r ⁄min, ride or trichloroethylene, no distinct flash, as defined, is
stirring in a downward direction. (Warning—Meticulous at- observed. Instead a significant enlargement of the test flame
tention to all details relating to the ignition source, size of test (not halo effect) and change in color of the test flame from blue
flame or intensity of the electric ignitor, rate of temperature to yellowish-orange occurs. Continued heating and testing of
increase, and rate of dipping the ignition source into the vapor these samples above ambient temperature can result in signifi-
of the test specimen is desirable for good results.) cant burning of vapors outside the test cup, and can be a
11.1.5 Application of Ignition Source: potential fire hazard. See Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 for
11.1.5.1 If the test specimen is expected to have a flash point more information.)
of 110 °C or 230 °F or below, apply the ignition source when 11.1.9 When the ignition source is a test flame, the appli-
the temperature of the test specimen is 23 °C 6 5 °C or 41 °F cation of the test flame can cause a blue halo or an enlarged
6 9 °F below the expected flash point and each time thereafter flame prior to the actual flash point. This is not a flash and shall
at a temperature reading that is a multiple of 1 °C or 2 °F. be ignored.
Discontinue the stirring of the test specimen and apply the 11.1.10 When a flash point is detected on the first
ignition source by operating the mechanism on the test cover application, the test shall be discontinued, the result discarded,
which controls the shutter so that the ignition source is lowered and the test repeated with a fresh test specimen. The first
into the vapor space of the test cup in 0.5 s, left in its lowered application of the ignition source with the fresh test specimen
position for 1 s, and quickly raised to its upward position. shall be 23 °C 6 5 °C or 41 °F 6 9 °F below the temperature
11.1.5.2 If the test specimen is expected to have a flash point at which a flash point was detected on the first application.
above 110 °C or 230 °F, apply the ignition source in the 11.1.11 When a flash point is detected at a temperature
manner described in 11.1.5.1 at each temperature increase of which is greater than 28 °C or 50 °F above the temperature of
2 °C or 5 °F, beginning at a temperature of 23 °C 6 5 °C or the first application of the ignition source, or when a flash point
41 °F 6 9 °F below the expected flash point. (Warning—As a is detected at a temperature which is less than 18 °C or 32 °F
safety practice, when using automated or manual apparatus, it above the temperature of the first application of the ignition
is strongly advised that, for an expected flash point above source, the result shall be considered approximate, and the test
130 °C, to dip the ignitor every 10 °C throughout the test until repeated with a fresh test specimen. Adjust the expected flash
the sample temperature reaches 28 °C below the expected flash point for this next test to the temperature of the approximate
point and then follow the prescribed dipping procedure. This result. The first application of the ignition source with the fresh
practice has been shown to reduce the possibility of a fire, and, test specimen shall be 23 °C 6 5 °C or 41 °F 6 9 °F below the
on average, not to significantly affect the result. A limited temperature at which the approximate result was found.
study5 has shown that this dipping practice has no observable 11.1.12 When the apparatus has cooled down to a safe
effect on test method repeatability.) handling temperature, less than 55 °C (130 °F), remove the test
11.1.6 When testing materials to determine if volatile ma- cover and the test cup and clean the apparatus as recommended
terial contamination is present, it is not necessary to adhere to by the manufacturer.
the temperature limits for initial ignition source application as NOTE 11—Exercise care when cleaning and positioning the lid assem-
stated in 11.1.5. bly so not to damage or dislocate the flash detection system or temperature
11.1.7 When testing materials where the expected flash measuring device. See the manufacturer’s instructions for proper care and
point temperature is not known, bring the material to be tested maintenance.
and the tester to a temperature of 15 °C 6 5 °C or 60 °F 6 11.2 Automated Apparatus:
10 °F. When the material is known to be very viscous at this 11.2.1 The automated apparatus shall be capable of per-
temperature, heat the specimen to a starting temperature as forming the procedure as described in 11.1, including control
described in 8.6. Apply the ignition source, in the manner of the heating rate, stirring of the test specimen, application of
described in 11.1.5.1, beginning at least 5 °C or 10 °F higher the ignition source, detection of the flash point, and recording
than the starting temperature. the flash point.
NOTE 10—Flash Point results determined in an “unknown expected 11.2.2 Start the automated apparatus in accordance with the
flash point mode” should be considered approximate. This value can be manufacturer’s instructions. (Warning—Failure to install the
used as the expected flash point when a fresh specimen is tested in the sample temperature measuring device correctly, when using
standard mode of operation. automated apparatus, can result in uncontrolled heating of the
11.1.8 Record as the observed flash point the reading on the test portion and potentially a fire. Some automated apparatus
temperature measuring device at the time ignition source include provisions to avoid this occurrence.) The apparatus
application causes a distinct flash in the interior of the test cup. shall follow the procedural details described in 11.1.3 through
The sample is deemed to have flashed when a large flame 11.1.8.
appears and instantaneously propagates itself over the entire
surface of the test specimen. (Warning—For certain mixtures PROCEDURE B
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containing halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, methylene chlo- 12. Procedure

12.1 Manual Apparatus:
5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
12.1.1 Ensure that the sample container is filled to the
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1652. Contact ASTM Customer volume capacity requirement specified in 8.2. Fill the test cup
Service at [email protected]. with the test specimen to the filling mark inside of the test cup.

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The temperature of the test cup and test specimen shall be at the test cover on the test cup and place the assembly into the
least 18 °C or 32 °F below the expected flash point. If too much apparatus. Be sure the locating or locking device is properly
test specimen has been added to the test cup, remove the excess engaged. If the temperature measuring device is not already in
using a syringe or similar device for withdrawal of fluid. Place place, insert the device into its holder.
the test cover on the test cup and place the assembly into the 13.3 Light the test flame, and adjust it to a diameter of
apparatus. Be sure the locating or locking device is properly 3.2 mm to 4.8 mm (0.126 in. to 0.189 in.) or switch on the
engaged. If the temperature measuring device is not already in electric igniter and adjust the intensity in accordance with the
place, insert the device into its holder. manufacturer’s instructions. (Warning—Gas pressure should
12.1.2 Light the test flame and adjust it to a diameter of not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in. of water pressure.)
3.2 mm to 4.8 mm (0.126 in. to 0.189 in.), or switch on the (Warning—Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it
electric igniter and adjust the intensity in accordance with the should be extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test
manufacturer’s instructions. (Warning—Gas pressure should cup, and the gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor
not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.) space can influence the result.) (Warning—The operator
(Warning—Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it should exercise and take appropriate safety precautions during
should be extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test the initial application of the ignition source, since test speci-
cup and the gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor mens containing low-flash material can give an abnormally
space can influence the result.) (Warning—The operator strong flash when the ignition source is first applied.)
should exercise and take appropriate safety precautions during (Warning—The operator should exercise and take appropriate
the initial application of the ignition source, since test speci- safety precautions during the performance of these test meth-
mens containing low-flash material may give an abnormally ods. The temperatures attained during these test methods, up to
strong flash when the ignition source is first applied.) 370 °C (698 °F), are considered hazardous.)
(Warning—The operator should exercise and take appropriate
safety precautions during the performance of these test meth- 13.4 Apply the heat at such a rate that the temperature as
ods. The temperatures attained during these test methods, up to indicated by the temperature measuring device increases
370 °C (698 °F), are considered hazardous.) 3.0 °C ⁄min 6 0.5 °C ⁄min.
12.1.3 Turn the stirring device at 250 r ⁄min 6 10 r ⁄min, NOTE 13—In practice the rate is not achieved immediately after
stirring in a downward direction. application of the heat due to the thermal inertia in the apparatus.
12.1.4 Apply the heat at such a rate that the temperature as 13.5 Turn the stirring device at 90 r ⁄min to 120 r ⁄min,
indicated by the temperature measuring device increases 1 °C stirring in a downward direction. (Warning—Meticulous at-
to 1.6 °C (2 °F to 3 °F) ⁄min. tention to all details relating to the ignition source, size of test
NOTE 12—In practice the rate is not achieved immediately after flame, rate of temperature increase, and rate of dipping the
application of the heat due to the thermal inertia in the apparatus. ignition source into the vapor of the test specimen is desirable
12.1.5 Proceed as prescribed in Section 11, with the excep- for good results.)
tion of the preceding requirements for rates of stirring and 13.6 Application of Ignition Source—The first test on the
heating. sample shall use an expected flash point of 100 °C.
12.2 Automated Apparatus: 13.7 Apply the ignition source when the temperature of the
12.2.1 The automated apparatus shall be capable of per- test specimen is approximately 24 °C below the expected flash
forming the procedure as described in 12.1, including control point and each time thereafter at a temperature reading that is
of the heating rate, stirring of the test specimen, application of a multiple of 2 °C. Discontinue the stirring of the test specimen
the ignition source, detection of the flash point, and recording and apply the ignition source by operating the mechanism on
the flash point. the test cover which controls the shutter so that the ignition
12.2.2 Start the automated apparatus in accordance with the source is lowered into the vapor space of the test cup in 0.5 s,
manufacturer’s instructions. The apparatus shall follow the left in its lowered position for 1 s, and quickly raised to its
procedural details in accordance with 12.1.3 through 12.1.5. upward position.
--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Procedure C 13.8 Record as the flash point the reading on the tempera-
ture measuring device at the time the ignition source applica-
13. Procedure tion causes a distinct flash in the interior of the test cup which
13.1 Automated Apparatus—Ensure that the apparatus is is detected by the electronic device.
equipped with an electronic measuring system for the detection 13.9 The application of the test flame can cause a blue halo
of the flash point. or an enlarged flame prior to the actual flash point. This is not
13.2 Ensure that the sample container is filled to the volume a flash and shall be ignored.
capacity requirement specified in 8.2. Fill the test cup with the 13.10 When a flash point is detected on the first application,
test specimen to the filling mark inside of the test cup. The the test shall be discontinued, the result discarded, and the test
temperature of the test cup and test specimen shall be at least repeated with a fresh test specimen. The first application of the
24 °C below the expected flash point. If too much test ignition source with the fresh test specimen shall be approxi-
specimen has been added to the test cup, remove the excess mately 24 °C below the temperature at which a flash point was
using a syringe or similar device for withdrawal of fluid. Place detected on the first application.

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13.11 When a flash point is detected at a temperature which X 5 mean result in °C, and
is greater than 30 °C above the temperature of the first
application of the ignition source, or when a flash point is r 5 repeatability.
detected at a temperature which is less than 16 °C above the 16.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
temperature of the first application of the ignition source, the and independent results, obtained by different operators work-
result shall be considered approximate, and the test repeated ing in different laboratories on identical material, would in the
with a fresh test specimen. Adjust the expected flash point for long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
this next test to the temperature of the approximate result. The method, exceed the following values only in 1 case in 20.
first application of the ignition source with the fresh test
R 5 BX, (5)
specimen shall be approximately 24 °C below the temperature
at which the approximate result was found. B 5 0.071,
13.12 When the apparatus has cooled down to a safe
X 5 mean result in °C, and
handling temperature, less than 55 °C, remove the test cover
and the test cup and clean the apparatus as recommended by R 5 reproducibility.
the manufacturer.
16.1.3 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
NOTE 14—Exercise care when cleaning and positioning the lid assem- suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these test
bly so not to damage or dislocate the flash detection system or temperature
measuring device. See the manufacturer’s instructions for proper care and methods, bias has not been determined.
maintenance. 16.1.4 Relative Bias—Statistical evaluation of the data did
not detect any significant difference between the reproducibil-
PRECISION, CALCULATION, AND REPORT FOR ity variances of manual and automated Pensky-Martens flash
PROCEDURES A, B, OR C point results for the samples studied. Evaluation of the data did
not detect any significant difference between averages of
14. Calculation manual and automated Pensky-Martens flash point for the
14.1 Observe and record the ambient barometric pressure samples studied with the exception of cycle oil and fuel oil
(see Note 3) at the time of the test. When the pressure differs which showed some bias. In any case of dispute, the manual
from 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg), correct the flash point as procedure shall be considered the referee test.
follows: NOTE 15—The precision statements were derived on clear liquids only.
Corrected flash point 5 C10.25 ~ 101.3 2 K ! (1) Refer to the research report6 for information regarding relative bias and
types of samples. Additional studies are in progress concerning relative
Corrected flash point 5 F10.06 ~ 760 2 P ! (2) bias.
Corrected flash point 5 C10.033 ~ 760 2 P ! (3) 16.1.5 The precision data were developed from a combined
where: 1991 ASTM cooperative test program6 using 5 samples of fuel
and lubricating oils (Twelve laboratories participated with the
C = observed flash point, °C,
F = observed flash point, °F, manual apparatus and 21 laboratories participated with the
P = ambient barometric pressure, mm Hg, and automated equipment) and a 1994 IP cooperative test program
K = ambient barometric pressure, kPa. using 12 fuel samples and 4 pure chemicals. (Twenty-six
laboratories participated with manual and automated equip-
14.2 After correction for barometric pressure, round the ment. The apparatus used either a gas test flame or an electric
temperature to the nearest 0.5 °C (1 °F) and record. resistance (hot wire) device for the ignition source. Information
on the type of samples and their average flash point are in the
15. Report research report.6
15.1 Report the corrected flash point as the ASTM D93,
17. Precision and Bias (Procedure B)
Procedure A or Procedure B or Procedure C Pensky-Martens
Closed Cup Flash Point of the test specimen. 17.1 Precision—The precision of this procedure, as deter-
mined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test
16. Precision and Bias (Procedure A) results, is as follows:
17.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
16.1 Precision—The precision of this procedure as deter-
results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

mined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test

under constant operating conditions on identical test materials
results, is as follows:
would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
16.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
the test method, exceed the following value in 1 case in 20:
results, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
Residual fuel oil 2 °C
under constant operating conditions on identical test material, Other types 5 °C
would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
the test method, exceed the following values in 1 case in 20.
6
Supporting data (the results of the 1991 interlaboratory cooperative test
r 5 AX, (4) program) have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained
by requesting Research Report RR:S15-1008. Contact ASTM Customer Service at
A 5 0.029, [email protected].

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17.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single 18.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
and independent results obtained by different operators work- results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
ing in different laboratories on identical material would, in the under constant operating conditions on identical test materials
long run, exceed the following value only in 1 case in 20: would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
Residual fuel oil 6 °C the test method, exceed the following value in 1 case in 20:
Other types 10 °C
8.4 °C
NOTE 16—The precisions of these standards were derived from inter-
laboratory studies conducted in degrees Celsius. 18.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
17.1.3 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material and independent results obtained by different operators work-
suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these test ing in different laboratories on identical material would, in the
methods, bias has not been determined. long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
17.1.4 The precision data for residual fuel oils were devel- method, exceed the following value only in 1 case in 20:
oped in a 1996 cooperative test program conducted by the IP 14.7 °C
using 12 samples of residual fuel and 40 laboratories world- NOTE 18—The precisions of these standards were derived from inter-
wide using both the manual and automated apparatus. Infor- laboratory studies conducted in degrees Celsius.
mation on the type of samples and their average flash point are 18.1.3 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
in the research report. suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these test
17.1.5 The precision data for other sample types in Proce- methods, bias has not been determined.
dure B is not known to have been developed in accordance 18.1.4 The precision data for biodiesel were developed in a
with RR:D02-1007. 2008 cooperative interlaboratory test program7 using 9 samples
NOTE 17—Procedure B was not tested in the 1991 interlaboratory
of biodiesel (B100) of various source and 17 samples of the
program. same biodiesel dosed with concentrations of alcohol from
0.1 % to 0.3 %. Various automated apparatus in 11 laboratories
18. Precision and Bias (Procedure C)7 participated. The precision was calculated on the flash point
18.1 Precision—The precision of this procedure, as deter- range from 60 °C to 190 °C. The alcohol concentrations were
mined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test verified in separate laboratories using EN 14110. Information
results, is as follows: on the type of samples and their average flash point are in the
research report.
19. Keywords
7
Supporting data (the results of the 2008 interlaboratory cooperative test
program) have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained
19.1 automated flash point; automated Pensky-Martens
by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1683. Contact ASTM Customer Service at closed cup; flammability; flash point; Pensky-Martens closed
[email protected]. cup

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS4

--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

A1.1 A typical assembly of the apparatus, gas heated, is both, engaging with a corresponding device on the cup. The
shown in Fig. A1.1. The apparatus shall consist of a test cup, upper edge of the cup shall be in close contact with the inner
cover, and stove conforming to the following requirements: face of the cover throughout its circumference.
A1.1.1 Cup—The cup shall be of brass, or other nonrusting A1.1.2.2 Shutter—The cover shall be equipped with a brass
metal of equivalent heat conductivity, and shall conform to the shutter (Fig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.4), approximately 2.4 mm
dimensional requirements in Fig. A1.2. The flange shall be (3⁄32 in.) thick, operating on the plane of the upper surface of
equipped with devices for locating the position of the cup in the the cover. The shutter shall be so shaped and mounted that it
stove. A handle attached to the flange of the cup is a desirable rotates on the axis of the horizontal center of the cover between
accessory. The handle shall not be so heavy as to tip over the two stops, so placed, that when in one extreme position, the
empty cup. openings A, B, and C in the cover are completely closed, and
A1.1.2 Cover: when in the other extreme position, these openings are com-
A1.1.2.1 Cover Proper—The cover shown in Fig. A1.3 shall pletely opened. The mechanism operating the shutter should be
be of brass (A1.1.1) and shall have a rim projecting downward of the spring type and constructed so that when at rest the
almost to the flange of the cup. The rim shall fit the outside of shutter shall exactly close the three openings. When operated
the cup with a clearance not exceeding 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) on to the other extreme, the three cover openings shall be exactly
the diameter. There shall be a locating or locking device, or open and the tip of the exposure tube shall be fully depressed.

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 D93 − 19

NOTE 1—Lid assembly can be positioned either right or left-handed.

FIG. A1.1 Pensky-Martens Closed Flash Tester

A1.1.2.3 Flame-Ignition Device—The flame-ignition device through the center of the larger opening A (Fig. A1.3). An
(Fig. A1.4) shall have a tip with an opening 0.69 mm to electric ignitor is also suitable. The electric ignitors shall be of
0.79 mm (0.027 in. to 0.031 in.) in diameter. This tip shall be the electric resistance (hot-wire) type and shall position the
made preferably of stainless steel, although it may be fabri- heated section of the ignitor in the aperture of the test cover in
cated of other suitable metals. The flame-exposure device shall the same manner as the gas flame device.
be equipped with an operating mechanism which, when the A1.1.2.4 Pilot Flame—A pilot flame shall be provided for
shutter is in the open position, depresses the tip so that the automatic relighting of the exposure flame. A bead 4 mm
center of the orifice is between the planes of the under and (5⁄32 n.) in diameter can be mounted on the cover so that the
upper surfaces of the cover proper at a point on a radius passing size of the test flame can be regulated by comparison. The tip

--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 D93 − 19

mm (in.)
min max (min) (max)
D 12.7 13.5 (0.50) (0.53)
E 4.8 5.6 (0.19) (0.22)
mm (in.) F 13.5 14.3 (0.53) (0.56)
min max (min) (max) G 23.8 24.6 (0.94) (0.97)
H 1.2 2.0 (0.05) (0.08)
A 79.0 79.8 (3.11) (3.14) I 7.9 ... (0.31) (...)
B 1.0 ... (0.04) (...) J 12.00 12.32 (0.472) (0.485)
C 2.8 3.6 (0.11) (0.14) K 16.38 17.00 (0.645) (0.669)
D 21.72 21.84 (0.855) (0.860) L 18.65 19.45 (0.734) (0.766)
E 45.47 45.72 (1.790) (1.800)
F 50.72 50.85 (1.997) (2.002)
FIG. A1.3 Cover Proper
G 55.75 56.00 (2.195) (2.205)
H 3.8 4.0 (0.15) (0.16)
I 53.90 54.02 (2.122) (2.127)
J 2.29 2.54 (0.090) (0.100) The stove shall consist of an air bath and a top plate on which
the flange of the cup rests.
FIG. A1.2 Test Cup
A1.1.2.7 Air Bath—The air bath shall have a cylindrical
interior and shall conform to the dimensional requirements in
of the pilot flame shall have an opening the same size as the tip Fig. A1.1. The air bath may be either a flame or electrically
of the flame exposure device (0.69 mm to 0.79 mm (0.027 in. heated metal casting (A1.1.2.8), or an electric-resistance ele-
to 0.031 in.) in diameter). ment (A1.1.2.9). In either case, the air bath must be suitable for
A1.1.2.5 Stirring Device—The cover shall be equipped with use at the temperatures to which it will be subjected without
--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

a stirring device (Fig. A1.4) mounted in the center of the cover deformation.
and carrying two 2-bladed metal propellers. In Fig. A1.4 lower A1.1.2.8 Heater, Flame or Electric—If the heating element
propeller is designated by the letters L, M, and N. This is a flame or an electric heater, it shall be so designed and used
propeller shall measure approximately 38 mm from tip to tip, that the temperatures of the bottom and the walls are approxi-
with each of its two blades 8 mm in width with a pitch of 45°. mately the same. In order that the air bath internal surfaces
The upper propeller is designated by the letters A, C, and G. should be at a uniform temperature, it should not be less than
This propeller measures approximately 19 mm, tip to tip, each 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.) in thickness unless the heating element is
of its two blades is also 8 mm in width with a pitch of 45°. Both designed to give equal heat flux densities over all the wall and
propellers are located on the stirrer shaft in such a manner that, bottom surfaces.
when viewed from the bottom of the stirrer, the blades of one A1.1.2.9 Heater, Electric Resistance—If the heater is of the
propeller are at 0° and 180° while the blades of the other electric resistance type, it shall be constructed so that all parts
propeller are at 90° and 270°. A stirrer shaft may be coupled to of the interior surface are heated uniformly. The wall and
the motor by a flexible shaft or a suitable arrangement of bottom of the air bath shall not be less than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.) in
pulleys. thickness unless the resistance heating elements are distributed
A1.1.2.6 Stove—Heat shall be supplied to the cup by means over at least 80 % of the wall and all the bottom of the air bath.
of a properly designed stove which is equivalent to an air bath. A heater having such a distribution shall have the heating

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 D93 − 19

mm (in.)
min max (min) (max)
A 18.3 19.8 (0.72) (0.78)
B 2.38 3.18 (0.094) (0.125)
C 7.6 8.4 (0.30) (0.33)
D 2.0 2.8 (0.08) (0.11)
E 0.69 0.79 (0.027) (0.031)
--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

F 2.0 2.8 (0.08) (0.11)

G 6.4 10.4 (0.25) (0.41)
H 9.6 11.2 (0.38) (0.44)
IA 43.0 46.0 (1.69) (1.81)
J 50.0 51.6 (1.97) (2.03)
K ... 0.36 (...) (0.014)
L 1.22 2.06 (0.048) (0.08)
M 31.8 44.4 (1.25) (1.75)
N 7.6 8.4 (0.30) (0.33)
A
Includes tolerance for length of thermometer given in Specification E1.

FIG. A1.4 Test Cup and Cover Assembly

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 D93 − 19
elements positioned at least 4.0 mm (5⁄32 in.) away from the A1.1.2.10 Top Plate—The top plate shall be of metal, and
internal surface of the air bath in conjunction with a minimum shall be mounted with an air gap between it and the air bath. It
thickness of 1.58 mm (1⁄16 in.) for the wall and bottom of the air may be attached to the air bath by means of three screws and
bath. spacing bushings. The bushings should be of proper thickness
to define an air gap of 4.8 mm (3⁄16 in.), and they shall be not
more than 9.5 mm (3⁄8 in.) in diameter.

A2. MANUFACTURING STANDARDIZATION OF THERMOMETER AND FERRULE

A2.1 The low-range thermometer, which conforms also to A2.2 Dimensional requirements are shown in Fig. A2.1.
the specification for the cup thermometer in the tag closed Conformity to these requirements is not mandatory, but is
tester (Test Method D56) and which frequently is fitted with a desirable to users as well as suppliers of Pensky-Martens
metal ferrule intended to fit the collar on the cover of the tag testers.
flash tester, can be supplemented by an adapter (Fig. A2.1) to
be used in the larger diameter collar of the Pensky-Martens
apparatus. Differences in dimensions of these collars, which do

--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
not affect test results, are a source of unnecessary trouble to
manufacturers and suppliers of instruments, as well as to users.

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 D93 − 19

mm (in.)
min max (min) (max)
A 6.20 6.50 (0.244) (0.256)
B 17.0 18.0 (0.67) (0.71)
C 9.80 9.85 (0.386) (0.388)
D 11.92 12.24 (0.469) (0.482)
E 1.40 1.65 (0.055) (0.065)
F 8.56 8.61 (0.337) (0.339)
G 12.4 13.0 (0.49) (0.57)
H 8.56 8.61 (0.337) (0.339)
I 8.1 8.6 (0.32) (0.34)
J 9.9 10.7 (0.39) (0.42)
K 8.64 8.69 (0.340) (0.342)
L 5.1 5.6 (0.20) (0.22)
M 17.0 17.5 (0.67) (0.69)
N 27.4 28.2 (1.08) (1.11)
O 7.11 7.16 (0.280) (0.282)
P 9.73 9.78 (0.383) (0.385)

FIG. A2.1 Dimensions for Thermometer Adapter, Ferrule, and Packing Ring

A3. THERMOMETER SPECIFICATIONS

A3.1 See Fig. A3.1 and Tables A3.1-A3.4.

--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 D93 − 19

FIG. A3.1 Test Gage for Checking Enlargements on Thermometers

TABLE A3.1 IP Thermometer Specifications

NOTE 1—The stem shall be made with an enlargement having a diameter of 1.5 mm to 2.0 mm greater than the stem and a length of 3 mm to 5 mm,
the bottom of the enlargement being 64 mm to 66 mm from the bottom of the bulb. These dimensions shall be measured with the test gage shown in Fig.
A3.1.
IP 15C IP 16C IP 101C
Name
Pensky-Martens Low Pensky-Martens High Pensky-Martens Medium
Range −5 °C to + 110 °C 90 °C to 370 °C 20 °C to 150 °C
Graduation 0.5 °C 2 °C 1 °C
Immersion, mm 57 57 57
Overall length ±5 mm 290 280 ± 10 290
Stem diameter, mm 6.0 to 7.0 6.0 to 7.0 6.0 to 7.0
Bulb shape cylindrical cylindrical cylindrical
Bulb length, mm 9 to 13 7 to 10 9 to 13
Bulb diameter, mm not less than 5.5 and not less than 4.5 and not less than 5.5 and
not greater than not greater than not greater than
stem stem stem
Length of graduated portion, 140 to 175 143 to 180 140 to 175
mm
Distance bottom of bulb to, 0 °C 90 °C 20 °C
mm 85 to 95 80 to 90 85 to 95
Longer lines at each 1 °C and 5 °C 10 °C and 20 °C 5 °C
Figured at each 5 °C 20 °C 5 °C
Expansion chamber required required required
Top finish ring ring ring
Scale error not to exceed ± 0.5 °C 1 °C to 260 °C 1 °C
2 °C above 260 °C
See notes 1 and Table A3.2 for 1 and Table A3.2 for 1 and Table A3.2 for
emergent stem emergent stem emergent stem
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temperatures temperatures temperatures

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 TABLE A3.2 Specifications for ASTM Thermometers

Copyright ASTM International

All dimensions are in millimetres.
See Table A3.3 for Standardization Temperature.

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Expan-

--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
sion Ice Point Contraction
Graduations Bulb Scale Location Stem Enlargement
Cham- Scale Chamber
ber
ASTM
For Im- Scale Special Total Bot- Bot- Bot-
Number Stem Dis-
Range Test mer- Error, Inscrip- Length tom tom tom Dis- Dis-
and Long Num- OD tance
at sion max tion Permit ±5 of of of tance tance
Name Sub- Lines ber Dis- to
Heat- Length OD Bulb Distance Bulb Range Bulb to OD Length to
divisions at at tance Bot-
ing to to to to Top, Bot-
Each Each tom,
Line Line Ice max tom
min
at at Point
B C D E F G H I J K L M
9C-62 –5 °C to 57 0.5 °C 1 °C 5 °C 0.5 °C ASTM 160 °C 287 6.0 9.0 not 0 °C 85 100 °C 221 7.5 2.5 64

15
greater
than
Pensky- +110 °C 9C or to to stem to to to to to
9F
D93 − 19

A
Martens 57 mm 7.0 13 98 237 8.5 5.0 66
Low- IMM 32 °F 212 °F
Range
Tag (20 °F to 1 °F 5 °F 10 °F 1 °F 320 °F
Closed
Tester 230°F)

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9F-62

B C
10C-62 90 °C to 57 2 °C 10 °C 20 °C ASTM 287 6.0 8.0 4.5 110 °C 86 360 °C 227 7.5 2.5 64
Pensky- 370°C 10C or to to to to to to to to
Martens, 10F 7.0 10.0 6.0 99 245 8.5 5.0A 66
D

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High- (200 °F 5 °F 25 °F 50 °F 57 mm 230 °F 680 °F
Range to
10F-62 700°F) IMM

A
The length of the enlargement, and the distance from the bottom of the enlargement to the bottom of the bulb shall be measured with the test gage shown in Fig. A3.1.
B
Scale error: 1 °C up to 260 °C; 2 °C over 260 °C.
C
An expansion chamber is provided for relief of gas pressure to avoid distortion of the bulb at higher temperatures. It is not for the purpose of joining mercury separations; and under no circumstances should the
thermometer be heated above the highest temperature reading.
D
Scale error: 2.5 °F up to 500 °F; 3.5 °F over 500 °F.
 D93 − 19
TABLE A3.3 Standardization Temperatures
NOTE 1—The emergent column temperatures are those attained when using the thermometers in the test equipment for which the thermometers were
originally designed. In some cases these temperatures are markedly different from those realized during standardization.
Average Average Average Average
Tempera- Tempera- Tempera- Tempera-
Tempera- Tempera- Tempera- Tempera-
ture of ture of ture of ture of
ture ture ture ture
Emergent Emergent Emergent Emergent
Column Column Column Column
Thermometer 9C Thermometer 9F Thermometer 10C Thermometer 10F
(−5 °C to + 100 °C) (20 °F to 230 °F) (90 °C to 370 °C) (200 °F to 700 °F)
0 °C 19 °C 32 °F 66 °F 100 °C 61 °C 212 °F 141 °F
35 °C 28 °C 100 °F 86 °F 200 °C 71 °C 390 °F 159 °F
70 °C 40 °C 160 °F 106 °F 300 °C 87 °C 570 °F 180 °F
105 °C 50 °C 220 °F 123 °F 370 °C 104 °C 700 °F 220 °F
IP 15C (−7 °C to 110 °C) IP 15F (20 °F to 230 °F) IP 16C (90 °C to 370 °C) IP 16F (20 °F to 700 °F)
0 °C 19 °C 32 °F 66 °F 100 °C 61 °C 200 °F 140 °F
20 °C 20 °C 70 °F 70 °F 150 °C 65 °C 300 °F 149 °F
40 °C 31 °C 100 °F 86 °F 200 °C 71 °C 400 °F 160 °F
70 °C 40 °C 150 °F 104 °F 250 °C 78 °C 500 °F 175 °F
100 °C 48 °C 212 °F 118 °F 300 °C 87 °C 600 °F 195 °F
350 °C 99 °C 700 °F 220 °F

TABLE A3.4 Specifications for Medium-Range Pensky-Martens

ASTM No. 88F (88C) Vegetable Oil Flash Thermometer
Name Medium-Range Pensky-Martens

--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Reference Fig. No. 5
Range 10 °C–200 °C 50 °F–392 °F
For test at
A Immersion, mm 57
Graduations:
Subdivisions 1 °C 2 °F
Long lines at each 5 °C 10 °F
Numbers at each 10 °C 20 °F
Scale error, max 1 °C 2 °F
Special inscription ASTM
88F (88C)
57 mm IMM
Expansion chamber:
Permit heating to 250 °C 490 °F
B Total length, mm 282 to 292
C Stem OD, mm 6.0 to 7.0
D Bulb length, mm 9
E Bulb OD, mm >stem
Scale location:
Bottom of bulb to line at 10 °C 50 °F
F Distance, mm 75 to 90
G Length of graduated portion, mm 143 to 177
Ice-point scale:
Range
H Bottom of bulb to ice-point, mm
Contraction chamber:
I Distance to bottom, min, mm
J Distance to top, max, mm
Stem enlargement:
K OD, mm 7.5 to 8.5
L Length, mm 2.5 to 5.0A
M Distance to bottom, mm 64 to 66
A
Bulb OD shall be greater than 4.5 mm and less than the outside diameter of the stem (C).

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 D93 − 19

A4. VERIFICATION OF APPARATUS PERFORMANCE

A4.1 Certified Reference Material (CRM)—CRM is a TABLE A4.1 D93 Typical Flash Point Values and Typical Limits
stable, pure (99 + mole % purity) hydrocarbon or other stable for CRM
petroleum product with a method-specific flash point estab- NOTE 1—Supporting data for the interlaboratory study to generate the
lished by a method-specific interlaboratory study following flash point in Table A4.1 can be found in research report RR:S15-1010.8
ASTM RR:D02-1007 guidelines or ISO Guide 34 and 35. Tolerance Limits
Hydrocarbon Purity, mole % Flash Point,°C (0.7R),
A4.1.1 Values of the flash point corrected for barometric °C
pressure for some reference materials and their typical limits n–decane 99 + 52.8 2.6
are given in Table A4.18 (see Note A4.1). Suppliers of CRMs n–undecane 99 + 68.7 3.4
n–tetradecane 99 + 109.3 5.4
will provide certificates stating the method-specific flash point n–hexadecane 99 + 133.9 6.7
for each material of the current production batch. Calculation
of the limits for these other CRMs can be determined from the
reproducibility value of these test methods multiplied by 0.7. materials should be consulted before use, as the flashpoint value will vary
This value provides a nominal coverage of at least 90 % with dependent on the composition of each CRM batch.
95 % confidence. A4.2 Secondary Working Standard (SWS)—SWS is a
NOTE A4.1—Materials, purities, flash point values, and limits stated in stable, pure (99 + mole % purity) hydrocarbon, or other petro-
Table A4.1 were developed in an ASTM interlaboratory program to leum product whose composition is known to remain appre-
determine suitability of use for verification fluids in flash point test ciably stable.
methods. Other materials, purities, flash point values, and limits can be
suitable when produced according to the practices of ASTM RR:D02- A4.2.1 Establish the mean flash point and the statistical
1007 or ISO Guides 34 and 35. Certificates of performance of such control limits (3σ) for the SWS using standard statistical
techniques. (See ASTM MNL 7).9
8
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
9
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:S15-1010. Contact ASTM Customer Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis, ASTM MNL, 6th
Service at [email protected]. ed., ASTM International, W. Conshohocken, 1990.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. FLASH POINT MASKING PHENOMENON

X1.1 A condition during flash point testing can occur with test flame from blue to yellow-orange laminar flame is ob-
certain mixtures whereby the nonflammable component of the served.
sample tends to inert the vapor space above the liquid, thus
preventing a flash. Under this condition, the flash point of the X1.4 Under this condition, continued heating and testing for
material is masked resulting in the reporting of incorrect high flash point at temperatures above ambient temperature, have
--``,,```,````,`,,,,`,,``,```,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

flash point or no flash point. resulted in significant burning of the ignitable vapor outside the
test cup, often above the test flame. This can be a potential fire
X1.2 This flash point masking phenomenon most frequently hazard if not recognized.
occurs with ignitable liquids that contain certain halogenated
hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane (methylene chloride) X1.5 It is recommended that if this condition is encountered
and trichloroethylene. during the flash point testing of these type of materials, testing
should be discontinued.
X1.3 Under this condition, no distinct flash as defined in
3.1.5 of these test methods is observed. Instead a significant X1.6 Further commentaries regarding flash point test and
enlargement of the test flame and a change in the color of the flammability of mixtures can be found in Test Method E502.

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X2. FLASH POINT TEST AND FLAMMABILITY OF MIXTURES

X2.1 While the flash point can be used to indicate the flammable vapors under certain conditions and yet will not
flammability of liquid materials for certain end uses, flash point exhibit a close-cup flash point. This phenomenon is noted
does not represent the minimum temperature at which a when a nonflammable component is sufficiently volatile and
material can evolve flammable vapors. present in sufficient quantity to inert the vapor space of the
X2.2 There are instances with pure materials where the closed cup, thus preventing a flash. In addition, there are
absence of a flash point does not ensure freedom from certain instances where an appreciable quantity of the nonflam-
flammability. Included in this category are materials that mable component will be present in the vapor, and the material
require large diameters for flash propagation, such as trichlo- will exhibit no flash point.
roethylene. This material will not propagate a flame in appa-
ratus the size of a flash point tester, however, its vapors are X2.4 Liquids containing a highly volatile nonflammable
flammable and will burn when ignited in apparatus of adequate component or impurity, which exhibit no flash point because of
size. the influence of the nonflammable material, may form flam-
mable mixtures if totally flash vaporized in air in the proper
X2.3 When a liquid contains flammable and nonflammable proportions.
components, there are cases where this liquid can evolve

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D93 – 18) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2019.)

(1) Minor update to include a note regarding ramp rate estab-

lishment.

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D93 – 16a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2018.)

(1) Revised subsection 9.2, removing the statement on reliabil-

ity of tests made in a laboratory hood.

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