REPORT

ON

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
Item: main factory
Stage: first phase for construction design

Reported by:
P.E. TRAN VAN VIET

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 TEXT

I INTRODUCTION 5
II OUTLINE OF NATURAL CONDITION 5

II.1 Location & Topographic Condition 5

II.2 Regional Climate Condition 5
II.3 Regional Geology Condition
II.4 Regional Earthquake Condition 9

III RESULT OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION 12

III.1 Boring and Sampling 12
III.2 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 12
III.3 Menard Pressuremeter Test (PMT) 13
III.4 Criterion for Soil & Rock Classification 14
III.5 Soil & Rock Description & Layers Division 15
III.6 Engineering Properties of Soil & Rock Layers 18
III.7 Groundwater 24
III.8 Embankment Material 25

IV GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION 26
IV.1 Earth Resistivity Sounding Method (RSM) 26
IV.2 Seismic Down-hole Sounding Method (SDM) 27

V GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 30

V.1 Principal Matters for Geotechnical Analysis 30
V.2 Analysis of Shallow Foundation 30
V.3 Analysis of Pile Foundation 33
V.4 Analysis of Liquefaction of Ground due to Seismic 40

VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 45

REFFERENCE DOCUMENTS 47

APPENDICES
Appendix 1 - Plan of Location of Boreholes
Appendix 2 - Geotechnical Cross-Sections
Appendix 3 - Record of Boring Logs

VOLUME 2

Appendix 4 - Synthesis Table of Laboratory Test on Soil & Rock

Appendix 5 - Tables on Chemical Analysis for Groundwater and Soil
Appendix 6 - Tables and Graphics of Pressuremeter Test
Appendix 7 - Report on Earth Resistivity Sounding Method
Appendix 8 - Report on Seismic Down-hole Sounding Method
Appendix 9 - Graphics and Tables of Laboratory Test on Soil
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 INTRODUCTION

This report presents the result on Geotechnical Investigation for Construction Design
Stage of the Main Plant ….. The purposes of geotechnical investigation are:
- To clarify, as detail as possible, sub ground condition of the project items.
- To make zoning of various subsurface areas with the same sub ground condition for
recommendation of the foundation design.
- To analyze various foundation types and geotechnical process for suggestions in
foundation design study based on the comprehensive professional knowledge and local
experiences.

The Geotechnical Investigation was carried out on the bases of:

- Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Outline for Construction Design Stage, which

is prepared by Consultant Designer.
- Program of Geotechnical Investigation Work prepared by Subsurface Investigation
Contractor (USCo).
- Economical Contract No……..: Order …………. ), dated November ….th, 2009,
between the ………………………………………………………………. and the Union of Survey
Companies (USCo-Vietnam).
- Appropriate actual Vietnamese Standards in combination with the developed countries
standards (ASTM, JIS, BSI,CHINA, NF...), which are suggested in use by Ministry Of
Construction (see Reference).
*
* *
All Site Investigation Information collected from site was analyzed, synthesized and
compiled in “Geotechnical Investigation Report” by P.E. Tran Van Viet, USCo.’s Soil &
Foundation Specialist and his assistants.

* *
The completed quantity of the soil investigation for “Preliminary Phase” for EPC
Construction Design Stage is summarized in the table 1.

Table 1: Summarized Implemented Quantity of Site Investigation

Implemented
No Work Items Method
Quantity
No. of boreholes 96
Drilling

Total drilling length Wash water rotary

1 Drilling length in Soil drilling and coring
Drilling length in Rock

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 - Grain-size distribution
- Physical Properties
- Density
- Organic matter
- Direct Shear Test.
Laboratory Test

2 - Unconfined Comp. Test

- Triaxial Compression Test UU TCVN (4195 – 4202) –
- Triaxial Compression Test CU 1995 & Appropriate
- Long term Consolidation. ASTM
- Short term Odometer
- Permeability Test in Lab.
- Test on rock cores
- Chemical Anal. of Ground water
- Chemical Analysis of Soil
- Compaction Test of backfill
3 In- Standard Penetration Test (SPT) ASTM 1586-94
situ Menard Pressuremeter Test (PMT) D10, D60, FOND 72
Earth Resistivity Measurement Ρk (ohm-m)
Geoph-
Sycal

Electrical Deep Sounding

4 Wave Velocity by Seismic Down-holes Vp & Vs

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 II OUTLINE OF NATURAL CONDITION OF PROJECT’S REGION

II.1 LOCATION & TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITION

The Mao Khe coal fired thermal power plant is located on a fairly high-land, which layout
at the middle of Dong Trieu and Mao Khe towns and distanced from National Road 18 about
5km toward Northern (see figure 1). The site of main power plant and stack area (MPF) has
been already razed-filled (see Drawing MK-KDC-00-G01-02), so it’s fairly smooth with ground
elevation may vary about +9m to +10m.
The dimension of MPF is about 454m x 454m, which is distanced to Cam River about 5
Km and distance to Mountains about 3km.

II.2 REGIONAL CLIMATE

The Quang Ninh area is located within the Red River Delta, so the climate is which is
classified in “AIII.1 Climate Zone” (after QCVN 02:2009/BXD)[13], which are characterized by
tropical climate, monsoon with 02 separated seasons:
- The rainy season (or summer season) extends from May to October with the weather
is hot, wet, heavy precipitation and usually effected by typhoon, flood and torrent. This season
is affected by South-East monsoon, so the wind-direction impacts from Tonkin Gulf. The
maximum wind speed of storm may reach to grade XII or more (33.33 m/s or more).
- The Dry season (or winter season) extends from November to April (next year); where
the weather is cool, some time coldly, less rainy and usually drizzling rain. This season is
effected by North-East monsoon (cold-air from Siberia), so the wind-direction fans from China
Continental.
According to basic data of Metheology & Hydrology of Viet Nam[13,14], the main
information of climate for region of Red-River Delta may be summarized as follows:
- Precipitation: Average annual precipitation about 1554.3mm and average evaporation
is about 928.3mm. Yearly, the precipitation is highest in July and August (average monthly 288-
318mm) and the lowest values occurred in January (average 18.6mm).
- Temperature: The average annual temperature is about 23.50C. The highest
temperature occurred in Mai & June (annual average 280C, Max. 40.80C, Min. 210C; Max.
Maximum 42.80C). The lowest temperature occurred in January (annual average 160C; Min.
2.70C; Max. 33.10C).
- Humidity varies monthly in the years with and annual average about is 83-84%. The
highest humidity encountered in March & April & August (average 86 - 87%) and lowest
humidity encountered in November & December (average 81%)
- Wind speed: varies monthly in the years with the highest values occurred from May to
September (annual average is about 28 – 31m/s) and the lowest values occurred from January
to March (annual average is 15m/s).

II.3 REGIONAL GEOLOGY CONDITION

According to Geology & Mineralogical Map, (scale 1/200 000), Sheet of Quảng Ninh, the
sedimentation of this area is characterized by following typical formations.

II.4 REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE CONDITION

According to the “Report of seismic hazard in Quang-Ninh Area”, prepared by Prof. Dr.
Nguyen Dinh Xuyen (Institute of Physical Globe), the scenario of earthquake in the Dong Trieu -
Quang Ninh area (included Mao Khe thermal power plant) is follows:
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II.4.1 Tectonic Structure

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 II.4.2 Tectonic Faults

II.4.3 Seismicity in Project Area

II.4.4 Selection of Seismic Parameters for Geotechnical Analysis

Based on analysis result of sub-ground condition of the project area and according to
TCXDVN – 375 – 2006, the anti-seismic design parameters may be summarized and presented
in the Table 2.

Table 2: Summarise parameters for anti-seismic design from project area

Intensity, Imax (MSK) Grade VII (After Seismic Zoning Map of Intensity)
Grade VII (After correlation in Appendix K
from TCXDVN – 375 – 2006)
Ground acceleration (PGA), 0.1118
Amax (g) (After TCXDVN – 375 – 2006 )
Magnitude M, (Richter Max. 5.9
degree) (After Viet Nam Institute of Physical Globe - VIPG )
Soil type symbol, S C
Dense to medium dense Sand and Gravel or stiff Clay with
ten to hundred meters
(According to TCXDVN – 375 – 2006 - Table 3.1; Page 30)
⎡ T ⎤
Sc = Ag . S . ⎢1 + ⋅ (η ⋅ 2 , 5 − 1) ⎥ ⇒ 0 ≤ T ≤ T B
⎣ T B ⎦
Response spectrum Sc = Ag . S .η ⋅ 2 ,5 ⇒ T B ≤ T ≤ T C
horizontal
⎡T ⎤
Sc (T) Sc = Ag . S .η ⋅ 2 ,5 ⋅ ⎢ C ⎥ ⇒ T C ≤ T ≤ T D
⎣T ⎦
⎡ T C .T D ⎤
Sc = Ag . S .η ⋅ 2 ,5 ⋅ ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⇒ TD ≤ T ≤ 4s
⎣ T ⎦
Response spectrum of elastic 2
⎡ T ⎤
displacement S DC = Sc(T ) ⋅ ⎢
SDc (T) ⎣ 2.π ⎥⎦
TR (s) 0.15
Period TC (s) 0.50
TD (s) 2.0

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 III RESULT OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

Summarized data of boring, sampling, in-situ test

and laboratory test for the Main Power Plant area (MPF),
the synthesis of result shall be presented as follows:

III.1 BORING AND SAMPLING

According to boreholes plan layout for MPF area,

96 boreholes have been disposed by Kadi Consortium for
the “first phase” of geotechnical investigation. All drilling
and sampling methods are in accordance to Vietnamese
Standards in combination with the relevant developed
Ameriacano-Erropean’s countries. However, the boring
depth of all boreholes has been decided by the Kadi’s
Supervisor (Chinese) at site.
Figure 3: Drilling rig Model XY1A
11 drill rigs have been mobilized at the for boring
exploration and the used are Model XY1A made in China
(see Figure 3). Based on equipment
characteristics, the rotary drilling
method is appropriate for this sub-ground
condition, with the function in sampling all
type of soil & rock samples and pre-
boreholes for in-situ tests (SPT,
Pressuremeter and Groundwater…)
Single or double tube core barrels
fitted with diamond or tungsten tipped
Figure 4: Standard open sampler
core bits shall be selected at site
depe
nding of the rock type and weathering-jointing degree. The
conventional tube core barrel consists of a tube in diameter
varies from 76mm to 127mm with 1,5m to 2.0m in length.
Basically, drilling and boring method is according to TCVN
2683-1991 & 22TCN 259-2000 and reference to ASTM D
1452 -80 and BS 5390-1999.
Sampling of soil and rock samples in using of
equipment and procedure is in accordance to 22TCN 259-
2000 and referenced to standards: ASTM D 1587-00 or BS
5930-1999. Generally, the undisturbed samples are
recovered by open-samples, thin-walled sampler (see
Figure 4) and for hard residual soil and weathered rock; the
samples are taken form core in single or double barrel
samplers (see Figure 5). The disturbed samples shall be
taken in SPT’s split-spoon sampler or rest soil from
undisturbed sampling and coring.
Figure 5: Coring samplers

III.2 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT)

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 SPT is the most widely in-situ test for sub ground investigation carried out right in
boreholes and the equipment is attached with drilling rig. The result of SPT may provide the sol
samples for identification and classification at site and test result for soil state judgment and for
foundation analysis. Beside, dynamic resistance (illustrated by number of blows per
conventional penetration, N30), the SPT may also provide the undisturbed samples contained in
split-spoon sampler (see figure 6) for soil & rock identification, description and some
identification tests.
According Kadi Consortium’s Consultant’s requirement, the SPT needs to be carried out
in all soils and weathered soft
rock, with general spacing
varies from 2.0m-3m and in
every change of the stratum,
but total tests are illustrated
on table 1.
The equipment and
procedure shall be in
accordance to TCXD Figure 6: Split-spoon sampler from SPT
226:1999 or ASTM D 1578-
2000. The bottom of
boreholes must be well cleaned before driving test.
Three driving attempts shall be executed for every 15cm penetration and the N30 values
shall be the sum of the last two. All SPT result shall be illustrated on the Boring Logs and the
values of N30 shall be presented on Charts (see Appendices 2, 3). In case of very dense gravel-
cobble (or soft rock) encountered, if the first attempt (blows per 15cm) is more than 50 blows,
test may be finished. The recording shall be 50 blows per the real penetration (example first:
50/8cm). Otherwise, the same manner shall be dealing with the second or the third attempt.

III.3 MENARD PRESSUREMTER TEST (PMT)

Pressuremeter is an effective In-situ Test Method in Geotechnical Investigation, which is

to provide concomitantly engineering properties of soil and rock layers such (Limit pressure “PL”
and lateral modulus “EP” along borehole), which are the important parameters for foundation
engineering analysis. The PMT is very effective for
sub-ground investigation of jointed & weathered
rocks; granular soils, where they are impossible in
recovering of undisturbed samples or cores for
Laboratory Test. Pre-borehole from PMT is also
provide the soil for identification, description and
simple classification and of soil and rock.
The actual equipment used for this
geotechnical investigation is the latest version “Type
G” (see Figure 7). Testing standards and
interpretation are in accordance to the Menard’s
Notices and Technique Regles: D10 & D60; FOND.72
from LCPC-SEATRA, France’s Normes & Regles
Techniques: NF-P94-110, DTU.13.2 and F62 (Note:
There is still no Standard for PMT in Viet Nam).
03 positions of PMT have been requested by
China’s supervisors, such as CK46.PR, CK80.PR &
CK95.PR). The result is presented in form of 02
kinds of graphics (see Appendix 6):
• “Pressuremeter Test” presents the testing Figure 7: Menard Pressuremeter
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result for every depth in boreholes, which
illustrates 03 curves: curve of “standard testing on sonde”, curve of “testing on ground”
and curve of “difference time”.

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 • Pressuremeter Logs presents 02 main engineering parameters (PL & EP) in function of
depth, along soil & tock columns.

Two above parameters may be used for calculation of shallow foundation, pile
foundation and pile subjected to lateral thrust.

III.4 CRITERION OF SOIL & ROCK CLASSIFICATION

As mentioned above, based on geological map, there may identified two main zone of
stratification within project area:

1) Covering Zone is formatted by Quaternary Deposit (included backfill), which includes two
main geological formations: * Vinh Phuc Formation (ambQIII vp) consists of clayey soil,
sandy-gravely soils and organic soil. * Ha Noi Formation (apQII-III hn) consist silty-sandy
gravel and pebble.

2) Bed rock Zone is formatted mainly by Hong Gai formation of Triassic System (K2 n-r hg1,2),
which consists of interbedding of claystone (included shale or coaly shale), silty claystone,
silty sandstone, sandstone and conglomerate, and sometime quartzitic sandstone. This
bedrocks have bee suffered various degree of weathering, from residual soil (grade V-VI) to
fresh rock (grade I).

However, in combination with geotechnical investigation result and for “geotechnical

engineering purposes”, the stratification of project area site may shall be identified and
classified by following principle:

1) For Covering Zone

Based on Geological Stratification, the following strata may be identified and classified:
a) Stratum number “1” is Made Ground.
b) Stratum number “2” is cohesive soil. For “geotechnical engineering purposes”, stratum 2
shall be identified and classified into “geotechnical layers” based on its state:
• Layer “2a”: Stiff to very stiff Clay (or silty Clay). Commonly, the SPT resistance
includes: N30 = 8 – 30.
• Layer “2b”: Soft to medium stiff Clay (or silty Clay) with little or no organic matter.
Commonly, the SPT resistance includes: N30 = 2 – 7.
• In case of mud of pound or river-bed, the geotechnical layer number “2c” is
continued.
c) Stratum number 3 is intermediate soils (clayey-silty Sand, sandy Clay, Sand intercalated
clayey lenses). For “geotechnical engineering purposes”, stratum 3 shall be identified and
classified into 02 “geotechnical layers” based on its state:
• Layer “3a”: Loose to medium dense clayey Sand (with/no gravel). Commonly, the
SPT resistance includes: N30 = 5 – 25.
• Layer “3b”: Dense to very dense clayey Sand with Gravel (with/no cobble & rock
fragments). Commonly, the SPT resistance includes: N30 > 30.
d) Stratum number “4” is Sand and Sand mixed Gravel & Cobble. For “geotechnical
engineering purposes”, stratum 4 shall be identified and classified into 02 “geotechnical layers”
based on its state:
• Layer “4a”: Medium dense Sand (usually medium to coarse grains) with variable
gravel and may be with some cobble or rock fragments. Commonly, the SPT
resistance includes: N30 < 30 (13-30).
• Layer “4b”: Dense to very dense Sand (usually medium to coarse grains) mixed
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variable gravel and may be with some cobble or rock fragments. Commonly, the SPT
resistance includes: N30 > 30 (30 - >50).

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 e) Stratum number “5” is the second cohesive soil. For “geotechnical engineering purposes”,
stratum 5 shall be identified and classified into single “geotechnical layer”, which is generally
soft to medium stiff (firm) in state and with little (or no) organic matter and gravel. Commonly,
the SPT resistance includes N30 = 2 - 17.

2) For Bedrock Zone

Based on Geological Stratification, the following strata may be identified and classified:

a) Stratum number “6” is silty Claystone. For “geotechnical engineering purposes”, stratum 6
shall be identified and classified into following “geotechnical layers” based on its weathering-
jointing degree and state:
• Layer “6a” is very stiff to hard residual silty Clay, which is product of completely
weathered silty Clayestone & Claystone, becoming “clayey soil”. Conventionally the
SPT resistance taken: N30 < 70 blows.
• Layer “6b” is soft silty Claystone, which is product of highly to completely weathered
silty Clayestone & Claystone, becoming very hard “clayey soil” but very soft “clayey
rock”. Conventionally the SPT resistance taken: N30 > 70 blows.
• In cased of less weathering rock and more hard rorck encountered, the “geotechnical
layer” number “6c” (or 6d) shall be continued.

b) Stratum number “7” is silty Sandstone. For “geotechnical engineering purposes”, stratum
7 shall be identified and classified into following “geotechnical layers” based on its weathering-
jointing degree and state:
• Layer “7a” is very compact residual silty Sand, which is product of completely
weathered silty Sandstone, becoming “silty-sandy soil”. Conventionally the SPT
resistance taken: N30 < 100 blows.
• Layer “7b” is soft silty Sandstone, which is product of highly to completely weathered
silty Sandstone becoming very dense sandy soil but very weal & broken “silty-sandy
rock”. Conventionally the SPT resistance taken: N30 > 100 blows.
• In cased of less weathering rock and more hard rorck encountered, the “geotechnical
layer” number “7c” (or 7d) shall be continued.

III.5 SOIL AND ROCK DESCRIPTION & LAYERS DIVISION

Based on the site observation and soil identification in combination with the in-situ test
and laboratory test, the description of “geotechnical layers” for soils and rocks from ground
surface downward as follows:

III.5.1 Covering Zone 1 of Quaternary Deposit (Q)

Layer (1): Made ground (MG) consists of silty, sandy clay mixed gravel of rock fragments,
grayish brown to bluish grey in color spotted black, instable in compaction state. This is
backfill of “residual soil & weathered rocks” excavated from next hills and mountains.
Made ground is encountered almost area of MPF with thickness varies from 0.3m to
1.4m.

Layer 2a: Siff Clay (CL): This is cohesive soil of clay and silty clay, reddish brown-bluish grey–
grayish iellow mottled in color, stiff to very stiff in state. Top layer is cultivated soil, so it’s
usually blackish grey to bluish grey in color with little organic.
Layer 2a is usually developed just from ground surface, sometime under soft organic
clay 2b, with layer top encountered from 0.20m (CK62) to 1.3m (CK93) in depth and
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respectively thickness varies from 1.1m (CK62) to 6.5m (CK06), average about 4m.
According to geological map, layer 2a may be in Vinh Phuc Formation (amQIII vp).

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 Layer 2b: Soft to firm Clay (CL-CM): This is cohesive soil of clay and silty clay, blackish grey to
grayish brown in color, soft to firm (medium stiff) in state. Sometime contained little
organic and decay.
Layer 2b is usually developed under layer 2a (sometime overlying); with layer top
encountered from 1.7m (CK07) to 7.5m (CK64) in depth and respectively thickness
varies from 1.0m (CK71) to 3.5m (CK43). According to geological map, layer 2a may be
in Vinh Phuc Formation (abQIII vp).

Layer 3a: Clayey Sand (SW-SC): This is intermediary soil of clayey Sand, ash grey to yellowish
grey in color, loose to medium dense in state. Sometime contained some gravel.
Layer 3a is developed under stratum 2 with layer top encountered from 1.2m (CK01)
to 9.1m (CK80) in depth with variable thickness from 1.5m (CK87) to 4.0m (CK40).
According to geological map, layer 3a may be in Vinh Phuc Formation (aQIII vp).

Layer 3b: Clayey Sand mixed Gravel (SC-SG): This is intermediary soil in nature of clayey
Sand mixed Gravel, light grey to yellowish grey in color, dense to very dense in state,
contained variably gravel, some cobble and rock fragments.
Layer 3b developed jus under layer 3a, with layer top encountered from 5.0m
(CK18) to 10.0m (CK93) in depth and respectively thickness varies from 2.9m (CK18) to
12.8m (CK51). According to geological map, layer 3b may be in Vinh Phuc Formation
(aQIII vp).

Layer 4a: Medium dense Sand with Gravel (SP-SW): This is generally fine to medium Sand,
light grey to yellowish grey in color, commonly medium dense in state, sometime
contained gravel and grits.
Stratums 4 is usually developed interbeddedly with stratum 3. The top of layer 4a is
usually encountered in depth from 5.6m (CK22) to 10m (CK33) and respectively
thickness varies from 2.3m (CK59) to 7.0m (CK22). According to geological map, layer
5a may be in Ha Noi Formation (aQII-III hn).

Layer 4b: Sand mixed Gravel (SW-SG): This is medium to coarse sand, ash grey to grayish
brown in color, dense to very dense in state, contained variably gravel cobble and rock
fragments.
Layer top is encountered from 7.0m (CK65) to 12.1m (CK96) in depth and
respectively thickness varies from 1.9m (CK26) to 17.2m (CK67). According to
geological map, layer 5a may be in Ha Noi Formation (apQII-III hn).

Layer 5: Soft to firm Clay (CL-CM): This is cohesive soil clay and silty clay , blackish grey to
grayish brown in color, soft to firm (medium stiff) in state. Sometime contained little
organic and decay.
Layer 5 is usually overlying developed just upper lying bedrock with layer top
encountered from 11m (CK79) to 14m (CK49) in depth with variable thickness from
1.0m (CK49) to 5.2m (CK22). According to geological map, layer 2a may be in Vinh
Phuc Formation (bQII-III hn).

III.5.2 Bedrock Zone 2 of Triassic System (T2 n-r hg1,2)

Layer (6a): Residual silty Clay (W5,6-CMst): This is product of the completely weathered
claystone silty claystone or siltstone becoming soil of silty clay, brownish grey to grayish
yellow in color, stiff to very hard in state. Basically, residual clay (6a) may be identified
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with soft claystone by lower in soil state (30< N30 <70).

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 Layer residual (6a) is usually developed at surface of bedrock silty-claystone,
encountered at most boreholes with layer top encountered from 4.0m (CK13) to 19.5m
(CK74) in depth with variable thickness from 3m (CK46) to 34m (CK22).

Layer (6b): Soft Claystone (W4-6.Cst): This is highly to completely weathered Claystone and
silty Claystone; thickly bedded no jointed so good coring (RQD > 80%); grayish brown
spotted bluish gray in color. By its strength this material may be considered as but very
soft rock but hard soil and core may be broken by hand. Generally, this layer 6b is
identified with layer 6a by conventional N30 > 70.
Layer soft silty claystone (6b) developed almost project site and depth, usually under
residual silty clay. The layer top encountered from 14.5m (CK45) to 29.8m (CK86) in
depth with thickness tens meters.

Layer (7a): Residual silty Sand (W5,6-SMst): This is product of the completely weathered silty
sandstone and sandstone becoming residual silty sand with gravel and rock fragments;
light gray to ash grey in color, dense to very dense in state. During drilling, soil layer 7a
was been disintegrated in silty Sand mixed gravel with some stone-pieces. The
identification of residual soil (layer 7a) with broken silty sandstone (layer 7b) by
conventional SPT resistance in ranged about 30< N30 <100.
Residual soil (7a) is usually developed intercalate with layer “6a” with variation in
depths encountered and thickness.

Layer (7b): Broken silty Sandstone (W4-5.CMst): This is highly to completely weathered
sandstone and silty sandstone becoming very weak silty sandstone. The coring is
usually broken and des-integrated in silty sand mixed gravel and rock fragments. The
identification broken rock “7b” with residual soil “7a” by SPT resistance, where usually
N30 > 100 for layer “7b” and N30 < 100 for layer “7a”. This material may be considered as
very soft rock mass but very compact soil.
This broken silty sandstone is usually intercalatedly developed with layer “6b” with
variable depth encountered and thickness.

A typical cross-section along turbine hall-boiler-stack is illustrated on the figure 8.

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 Figure 8: Typical Cross-section along main “Power House & Stack”

III.6 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL AND ROCK LAYERS

The engineering properties of the geotechnical investigation for MPF are implemented
by Laboratory Test and In-situ Tests of SPT and PMT. The in-situ test result is presented in
boring logs and geotechnical cross-sections and the laboratory test result is shown in the
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appendices 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9.

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 - For Laboratory Test on soil and rock, 251 soil & rock samples and 02 filling material
were selected (by Kaidi’s Supervisor) for laboratory test. The detail testing result is shown in
Appendices 4 & 9. Summarized representative engineering properties from laboratory test are
shown in the table 3 (a & b).
- In-situ Test of SPT carried out in all boreholes and the detail result is presented boring
logs (Appendix 3), geotechnical cross-section (Appendix 2). Representative result of SPT
resistance (N30) and deducted engineering parameters are summarized in the table 3.
- Similarly, In-situ Test of PMT (Menard Pressurementer Test) was carried out in 03
boreholes within Main Power Plant (CK46.PR, CK80.PR, CK95.PR). Detail result of PMT is
presented in Appendix 6 and representative values of PL & EP, and deducted engineering
parameters for every soil and rock layer, are summarized in the table 3 (a & b).

Table 3a: Representative Engineering Properties of Soil & Rock Layers

No Soil Engineering Summarized Representative Engineering Parameters

Parameters
Layer Layer Layer Layers Layer Layer
2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b
Result of Laboratory Test
Soil Group CL CL-OL SW-SC SW-SG SW-SP SW-SG
Gravel > 4.25mm 1.0 0.5 4.7 7.0 12 No sample
1 Sand: 0.075 – 4.25 41.5 51.3 69.1 69.5 98 Requested
Finer < 0.075mm 57.5 48.2 26.2 23.5 0
Moisture, W (%) 23.3 31.7 19.4 19.1
2 Number of tests 62 16 10 7
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 2.3 0.5 1.9 1
Bulk Density, γ (kN/m3) 19.9 18.8 20.5 20.5
3 Number of tests 56 11 7 6
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.4 0.9 3 0.2
Dry Density, γd (kN/m3) 16.1 14.5 17.3 17.2
4 Number of tests 56 11 7 6
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.6 1.4 4 0.3
Spec Gravity, γs (kN/m3) 27.2 27.0 27 27.0 26.0
5 Number of tests 62 16 11 7 1
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.04 0.1 1 0.1 -
Void Ratio e 0.690 0.891 0.568 0.577
6 Number of tests 56 11 7 6
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.063 0.19 0.036 0.033
Porosity n (%) 40.7 46.4 36.2 36.5
7 Number of tests 56 11 7 6
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 2.1 5.1 1.4 1.3
Saturation Sr (%) 91.8 93.2 88.9 90.3
8 Number of tests 56 11 7 6
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 2.3 3.0 2 0.4
Liquid Limit WL (%) 44.3 43.2 31 31.5
9 Number of tests 62 16 10 7
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 2.1 4.3 5.4 2.9
Plastic Limit WP (%) 22.8 23.5 20.6 22.5
10 Number of tests 62 16 10 7
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.2
Plastic Index, IP (%) 21.6 19.7 11 9.0
11 Number of tests 62 16 10 7
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 1.9 3.5 4 3.68
[email protected]
Liquid Index IL 0.019 0.41 -0.1 -0.47
12 Number of tests 31 16 9 7
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.115 0.23 0.22 0.3

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 Organic (%) 7.16 3.6
13 Number of tests 7 1
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 3.85 -
Permeability k .10-5 (cm/s) 1.266 4.02 40.2 27.1
16
Number of tests 7 1 1 1
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.917 - - -
ϕ (deg) 15059’ 14039’ 25015’
17 Direct Shear No 18 3 1
Test (DST) STDEV 0056’ 1013’ -
C (kPa) 31.7 29.7 11
No 18 3 1
STDEV 3.3 4.4 -
Triaxial ϕ’ (deg) 13044’ 8041’ 14026’ 10023’
Compression No 23 3 3 1
18
Test STDEV 0044’ 0
0 36’ 009’ -
TCT – CD C’ (kPa) 30.2 26 26.5 31.9
No 23 3 3 1
STDEV 0044’ 2.7 3.6 -
ϕcu (deg) 13041’ 8005’ 13041’ 10002’
19 Triaxial No 23 3 3 1
Compression STDEV 0038’ 0050’ 0025’ -
Test Ccu (kPa) 29 24.8 23.6 30.4
No 23 3 3 1
TCT - CU STDEV 2.2 3 3.6 -

UCT, qu, (kPa) 85 72.5 78.5 51.4

20 Number of tests 17 5 1 1
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 7.6 11.5 - -
Pc (kPa) 120
No 3
STDEV 19
Cc 0.14
No. 3
STDEV 0.038
21 Odometer Cv (cm2/s)
Compression No.
Test STDEV
(OTC) a1-2 (m2/KN) 0.00029 0.00041 0.00027 0.00025
No. 40 8 3 1
STDEV 0.00003 0.00012 0.00002 -
E01-2 kPa) 5850 5000 5880 6060
No. 40 8 3 1
STDEV 370 900 550 -

RESULT OF SPT AND DEDUCTED ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

1 N30 (SPT) 8 - 30 2-7 5÷ 25 30 ÷ 50 13 ÷ 30 30 ÷ 50

15 4 11 39 21 44
2 ϕ (deg) deducted After 0 0 26 ÷ 35 36 ÷ 40 31 ÷ 36 36 ÷ 42
Terxaghi & Peck 30 37 34 40
3 C (kPa). Deducted 50.0 ÷ 187.5 13 ÷ 47 0 0 0 0
After Sower 93.8 27
[email protected]
4 E1-2 (kPa) deducted 4200 ÷ 14800 2400 ÷ 3900 3900 ÷ 14900 20200 ÷ 29200 17300 ÷ 29200 40000 ÷ 60000
After Anagnostapoulos 10300 3000 6000 24300 22900 54000

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 ESTIMATED BEARING CAPACITY using SPT DATA (N30)

ESTIMATED RESULT OF SHALLOW FOUNDAITON B = D

After CP 2004 – 72 (United Kingdom)
1 Allowable Resistance 80 – 300 < 70 50 – 250 300 – 500 130 – 300 300 – 600
Ru (kPa) for Fs = 3 150 110 400 210 450

ESTIMATED RESULT OF PILE FOUNDAITON

After Mayerhof, Martin, Decourt’s Experiences for Pile

Allowable Point Driven 533 - 2000 133 - 467 583 - 2917 3500 - 5833 1867 - 4000 4500 - 7500
1 Resistance, Pile 1000 267 1283 4550 2800 6600
qa (kPa) Bored 533 - 2000 133 - 467 250 - 1250 1500 - 2500 650 - 1500 1500 - 2500
with Fs = 3 Pile 1000 267 550 1950 1050 2200
Allowable Skin Driven 18 - 55 8 - 17 20 - 40 45 - 65 28 - 45 45 - 65
2 Friction, Pile 30 12 26 54 36 59
fa (kPa) Bored 8 - 30 2-7 4 - 19 23 - 38 10 - 23 23 - 38
with Fs = 2 Pile 15 4 11 29 16 41

RESULT OF PRESSUREMENTER & ESTIMATED BEARING CAPACITY

After FOND.73, Chapter 5.2 & F.62 (France)
1 Limit Pressure 440 ÷ 1010 No 370 ÷ 1090 820÷ 1230 1400÷1420
2 Representative
PL (kN/m ) 703 730 1450 1075 1410
2 Menard Modulus 3500÷9900 - 2300÷5700 9900÷13700 13600÷10500
EP (kPa) 20100 11800 12050
6700 4000
ESTIMATED RESULT OF SHALLOW FOUNDAITON
3 Allowable Resistance 147÷337 - 123÷363 273÷410 467÷473
Ra (kPa) for Fs = 3 234 243 483 358 470
ESTIMATED RESULT OF PILE FOUNDAITON
4 Allowable Point Driven 264÷606 - 456÷1344 1011÷1517 1727÷1751
Resistance, Pile 422 900 1788 1326 1739
qa (kPa) Bored 176÷404 - 148÷436 328÷492 560÷568
with Fs = 3 Pile 328 292 580 573 564
5 Allowable Skin Driven 16÷30 - 16÷41 33÷45 48÷49
Friction, Pile 23 30 49 41 49
fa (kPa) Bored 10÷30 - 9÷19 16÷19 20÷20
with Fs = 2 Pile 23 15 20 18 20

Table 3b: Representative Engineering Properties of Soil & Rock Layers (continued)

No Soil Engineering Summarized Representative Engineering Parameters

Parameters
Layer Layer Layer Layers Layer
5 6a 6b 7a 7b
Result of Laboratory Test
Soil Group CL-OL CL CL SC SC
(Re.CMst) (W4-5.CMst) Re.SMst W4-5.SMst
Gravel > 4.25mm 0.4 0.3 0 13.1 0
1 Sand: 0.075 – 4.25 46.8 36 39.5 70.4 68.5
Finer < 0.075mm 52.8 63.7 60.5 16.5 31.5
Moisture, W (%) 29.6 20.0 19.0 22.5 18.3
2 Number of tests 28 33 85 3 3
[email protected]
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 3.7 2.0 1.0 6.1 0.7
Bulk Density, γ (kN/m3) 19.0 20.4 20.5 20 20.7
3 Number of tests 25 32 83 3 3

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 Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.1
Dry Density, γd (kN/m3) 14.7 17.1 17.3 12.3 17.5
4 Number of tests 25 32 83 3 3
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2
Spec Gravity, γs (kN/m3) 27.1 27.2 27.2 26.9 27.0
5 Number of tests 28 33 85 4 3
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Void Ratio e 0.851 0.597 0.576 0.660 0.548
6 Number of tests 25 32 83 3 3
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.099 0.044 0.036 0.152 0.017
Porosity n (%) 45.7 37.2 36.5 39.2 35.4
7 Number of tests 25 32 83 3 3
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 3.0 1.6 1.4 5.2 0.7
Saturation Sr (%) 93.6 90.3 89.6 91.1 90.3
8 Number of tests 25 32 83 3 3
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 2.6 2.4 2.0 4.4 1.5
Liquid Limit WL (%) 42.6 45.7 45.0 32.4 38.6
9 Number of tests 28 33 85 3 3
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 2.7 1.6 2.1 5.4 4.4
Plastic Limit WP (%) 23.0 23.3 23.3 22.6 24
10 Number of tests 28 33 85 3 3
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.9 0.9 1.1 2.0 1.3
Plastic Index, IP (%) 19.6 22.4 21.7 9.8 14.5
11 Number of tests 28 33 85 3 3
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 3.3 1.1 1.6 4.4 5.1
Liquid Index IL 0.33 -0.14 -0.2 -0.26 -0.55
12 Number of tests 28 33 85 3 3
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.18 0.10 0.09 0.56 0.33
Organic (%) 3.21 3.3
13 Number of tests 8 1
Standard Deviation (STDEV) 0.94 -
Permeability k .10-5 (cm/s) 1.02 1.637 1.003
16
Number of tests 1 7 25
Standard Deviation (STDEV) - 1.316 0.374
ϕ (deg) 12058’ 15038’ 16000’ 16032’ 18051’
17 Direct Shear No 7 13 46 1 2
Test (DST) STDEV 2049’ 0056’ 1017’ - 3058’
C (kPa) 28.1 32.8 32.2 25.0 23.0
No 7 13 46 1 2
STDEV 3.3 1.5 2.4 - 13
Triaxial ϕ’ (deg) 12010’ 13059’ 14009’ 19007’
Compression No 13 8 9 1
18
Test STDEV 0017’ 0044’ 0041’ -
TCT – CD C’ (kPa) 29.3 31.6 33 13.1
No 13 8 9 1
STDEV 3.8 1.6 0.5 -
ϕcu (deg) 11038’ 13052’ 13041’ 18018’
19 Triaxial No 13 8 9 1
Compression STDEV 1037’ 0040’ 0041’ -
Test Ccu (kPa) 27.2 29.0 30.4 9.1
No 13 8 9 1
TCT - CU STDEV 4.1 1.5 0.6 -
[email protected]
UCT, qu, (kPa) 76.4 91.3 89.7 67.6
20 Number of tests 8 8 37 2

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 Standard Deviation (STDEV) 9.2 2.3 5 13.8
Pc (kPa) 125.8
No 4
STDEV 12.1
Cc 0.132
No. 4
STDEV 0.02
21 Cv (cm2/s) 0.952
Odometer No. 4
Compression STDEV 0.024
Test (OTC) a1-2 (m2/KN) 0.00036 0.00026 0.00026 0.00029 0.00025
No. 19 16 52 3 1
STDEV 0.00004 0.00002 0.00002 0.00006 -
E01-2 (kPa) 5400 6070 6120 5820 6190
No. 19 16 52 3 1
STDEV 540 360 340 650 -

RESULT OF SPT AND DEDUCTED ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

1 N30 (SPT) 3 ÷ 17 21 ÷ 70 16÷ 75

6 48 > 100 47 > 100
2 ϕ (deg) deducted After 0 No No No No
Terxaghi & Peck correlation correlation correlation correlation
3 C (kPa). Deducted 18.8 ÷ 106.3 No No No No
After Sower 37.5 correlation correlation correlation correlation
4 E1-2 (kPa) deducted 2700 ÷ 10900 No No No No
After Anagnostapoulos 3600 correlation correlation correlation correlation

ESTIMATED BEARING CAPACITY using SPT DATA (N30)

ESTIMATED RESULT OF SHALLOW FOUNDAITON B = D

After CP 2004 – 72 (United Kingdom)
1 Allowable Resistance 37 – 210 21 – 500 160 – 500
Ru (kPa) for Fs = 3 75 400 600 400 600

ESTIMATED RESULT OF PILE FOUNDAITON

After Mayerhof, Martin, Decourt’s Experiences for Pile

Allowable Point Driven 200 - 1133 1400 - 3333 1333 - 4167

1 Resistance, Pile 400 3200 3333 3917 4167
qa (kPa) Bored 200 - 1133 1400 - 3333 800 - 2500
with Fs = 3 Pile 400 3200 2500 2350 2500
Allowable Skin Driven 10 - 33 40 - 88 31 - 65
2 Friction, Pile 15 84 88 62 65
fa (kPa) Bored 3 - 17 21 - 50 12 - 38
with Fs = 2 Pile 6 48 50 35 38

RESULT OF PRESSUREMENTER & ESTIMATED BEARING CAPACITY

(After FOND.72, Chapitre 5.2 & Fascicule 62 - France)

1 Limit Pressure 780 - 870 1600 - 2780 No Testing 2320 – 2770

PL (kN/m2) 825 1720 2504 2473
2 Menard Modulus 5500 - 6500 16300-39500 No Testing 2330 – 38100
EP (kPa) 6000 9600 28300 29933
ESTIMATED RESULT OF SHALLOW FOUNDAITON
[email protected]
3 Allowable Resistance 260÷290 533÷927 773÷923
Ra (kPa) for Fs = 3 275 573 835 No Result 824

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 ESTIMATED RESULT OF PILE FOUNDAITON
4 Allowable Point Driven 468÷522 1333÷2317 2485÷2955
Resistance, Pile 495 1032 900 No Result 2638
qa (kPa) Bored 312 - 348 148÷436 1165 - 1385
with Fs = 3 Pile 385 688 1252 No Result 1237
5 Allowable Skin Driven 25 - 27 38÷40 60÷60
Friction, Pile 26 39 40 No Result 60
fa (kPa) Bored 25 - 27 38÷40 40÷40
with Fs = 2 Pile 26 39 40 No Result 40

III.7 GROUND WATER CONDITION

III.7.1 Groundwater Level Recording in Boreholes

Ground water level was recorded in boreholes during drilling and the result is shown in
“Record of Boring Logs” (see Appendix 3) and “Geotechnical Cross Section” (see Appendix 2).
Generally, the groundwater level measured in boreholes during drilling varies from
2.15m to 3.13m, which may be mainly contained in granular soils (layers 3a, 3b, 3c and 4a, 4b).
The accurate ground water level have been determined in boreholes CK02, CK59 and
CK81, where casing protection and wash pumping carried out for groundwater recording and
sampling. The first recording data of groundwater depth, measured at 8h 27 November 2009,
are shown: 3.76m (in CK02); 3.41m (in CK59) and 3.50m (in CK81).

III.7.2 Result of Chemical Analysis of Groundwater

02 water samples taken from Cam River and 03 groundwater samples recovered in
boreholes (CK02, CK59 and CK81) for chemical analysis in Laboratory. The detail result of
chemical components of groundwater is shown in the Appendix 5 and summarized main
corrosive components and corrosion appraisal for building material are presented in the table 4.

Table 4: Summarized Result of Chemical Analysis of Groundwater

& Judgment of Corrosion to Building Materials

Chemical Analysis Result of Main Components

Components Unity Value range Components Unity Value range
Goundwater in Boreholes
Ca2+ mg / lít 16.03 HCO3 - mgЗ / lit 0.6 – 2.4
pH 7.05 - 7.15 SO4 –2
Mg / lit 10.5 – 35
N+, K+ mg / lít 9.6 - 54.87 CL - Mg / lit 26.23
Mg 2+
mg / lít 9.73 CO2 (free) Mg / lit 13.2 - 26.4
Surface Water from Cam River
Ca2+ mg / lít 16.03 HCO3 - mgЗ / lit 1.8
pH 7.45 - 7.50 SO4 –2
mg / lit 14.0 – 15.5
N+, K+ mg / lít 15.82-16.53 CL - mg / lit 26.23
Mg 2+
mg / lít 9.73 CO2 (free) mg / lit 8.6 – 13.2
Corrosion Assessment to Building Material
No corrosive to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Rigid
According to pH > 5 Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC). Portland Blastfurnace
BS 8004-1986 Cement (PBFC).
[email protected] No Corrosive to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Rigid
2-
SO4 < 300 mg/L hardening Portland Cement (RHPC). Portland Blast furnace
Cement (PBFC).

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 pH > 6.5 No corrosive to “Normal Building Concrete”
SO42- < 300 mg/L No corrosive to “Normal Building Concrete” with Normal
According to (CL- < 1000) Portland cement (NPC), Portland-Pusoland Cement (PPC)
CHuΠ II.28.74 and Portland Cement with Slag (PCS)
(Russia) HCO3 = 0.6 < 0.7 “Moderately corrosive” with “Normal Building Concrete”.
mgЭ/L But no corrosive with “Dense Building Concrete”
CO2 (free) = 26 > “Slightly corrosive” with “Normal Building Concrete”
a[Ca2+] + b = 22.6 But no corrosive with “Dense Building Concrete”
Mg 2+ < 1000 mg/L No corrosive to “Normal Building Concrete”
(Na+ + K+) < 50 g/L No corrosive to “Normal Building Concrete”

III.8 EMBANKMENT MATERIAL

The project site is fairly high-land and the embankment is constructed for un-smooth
ground surface. The plan site has been already filled up before time of site investigation. The
filling material is residual soil extracted from next hills & mountains which consists of silty clay
mixed gravel and pebble of weathered rock fragments. The embankment was not compacted as
standard, but freely filled up, so its is denser next to ground surface and looser at
embankment’s bottom, natural soil is organic clay of cultivated soil.
Some samples of embankment material have been recovered for Soil Compaction Test
in using of 2.5 kg in ram weight, 30.48mm in falling height, 2118.8 cm3 in mould volume
(modified mould). Detail testing result of prepared sample from made ground is presented in
Appendices 4 & 9 and summarized result of soil compaction test is follows:
- Maximum Dry Density γdmax = 17.4 – 17.6 kN/m3
- Optimal Moisture Content Wopt = 16.0 – 16.7 %

Comment & Recommendation 1:

1) The values of engineering properties of clayey Sand stratum 3 (3a & 3b) as shown in “Table 3”,
are representative for “clayey soil” part only, which were recovered as undisturbed samples.
However, the principal part of stratum 3 is “sandy soil”, even mixed gravel or cobble, so no
undisturbed samples recovered unless disturbed samples taken from SPT’s sampler. Therefore,
the representative engineering properties for foundation calculation taken from In-situ Tests (SPT
& PMT) shall be more representative.
Above situation is the same applied for layers 7a and 7b.
2) The values of PMT engineering parameters presented in “Table 3” (PL, EP) from layers 2b (soft
to medium stiff Clay with little organic matter) seems to be not good compatible with SPT’s result
and it seems to be “fewer representative” for this layer. The reason may be the testing layer is too
thin (CK46.PR) while the “measurement probe”’ is long, so the “measuring sonde” may not be
really posited in “soft part of soil” and may be in stiff part. Otherwise, only 3 or 4 locations of PMT
were requested to be carried out, so the values must be “fewer representatives” for all
geotechnical layers.
3) The values of SPT’s engineering parameters presented in “Table 3” (N30 & deducted parameters)
are “more representative” for Quaternary deposit (strata 2, 3, 5 & 5), because they are quite
compatible with Laboratory Test on soil samples. However, for the “residual soils” and
“weathered soft rocks” (from strata 6 & 7), the SPT’s resistance is less compatible with
Laboratory Test result on samples. The reason may be explicable by variation in weathering
degree and in-place in deposition, which are always manifested specially characteristic in
comparing with transported deposition. In reality, both SPT and Laboratory Test for residual soil
& weathered soft rocks are “fewer representative”, so the “prudence” must be taken in
calculation. In this case the pressuremeter test seems to be more reliable.

[email protected]

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 IV GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

IV.1 EARTH RESISTIVITY SOUNDING METHOD (ERM)

IV.1.1 Principle of Sounding Method

The principle of method is simple of a system of electrodes, as illustrated in figure 9,

which used to measure the apparent resistivity of
ground. A current is passed through the ground
between ‘current electrodes’ (A, B) and the
potential drop between ‘voltage electrodes’ (M, N)
is measured. Usually all four electrodes are spaced
evenly apart and by altering of the spacing ‘L’, the
“apparent resistivity” of the ground will change,
depending of ground condition, and a plot can be
obtained of apparent resistivity against electrodes
spacing. This is then matched against standard
curves of idealized condition. However, the result
interpretation needs the skill and experience person Th¨m dß ®Þa vËt lý b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p ®iÖn tr−êng
and the reference with boring is required. This
technique may provide an inexpensive investigation Figure 9: Electric Sounding at Site
method for simple ground condition and it uses to
detect with both horizontal and vertical variation in ground condition.
There are two methods for arrangement of the electrodes, which may apply for
various investigation purposes:
C1 P2 C2
After Wenner’s :
a a a

ρa = 2 π a R (1)

A M N B

After Schlumberger’s:
l l

L
π (L − l )
2 2

ρa = xR (2)
2. l

IV.1.2 Result of Earth Resistivity Measurement

In order to determine earth receptivity within shallow depth of project, 11 survey lines
were arranged in direction E-W with singed T1 to T11 and 172 measurement points were
operated. The spacing of lines varies about 30m to 70m and the spacing of points varies about
20m t0 30m.
Equipment used is digital electrical instrument IPR-12 (made in Canada). The measuring
apparent resistivity, ρa (oh-m), were analyzed by Software RESIXIP 2DIV4 manufactured by
INTERPREX Firm (USA). Detail result is presentation in Appendix 7 and summarized result is
shown in the table 5.

Table 5: Summarized result of earth receptivity measurement

[email protected]
Depth Range of Receptivity, Soil Type
(m) ρa (oh-m)

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 From ground surface to 2m 184 – 714 Made ground & Stiff Clay

From 2m to 5m 115 - 4900 Stiff Clay

From 5m to 7m 98 – 472 Silty Clay & Silty Sand

IV.2 SEISMIC DOWN-HOLE SOUNDING METHOD (SDM)

IV.2.1 Principle of Sounding Method

The seismic down-hole method is ‘economic alternative’ to cross-hole testing (see figure
10). It needs only one borehole inside with the
receivers is placed at various depths, while the Lateral
source is at surface, 2 to 5m away. Impact
Travel-time of body waves (S or P)
between surface and receiver (s) are recorded, Geophone
and then travel-time versus depth plots are
constructed from which Vs or Vp of all layers can
be determined. Wave path
An effective and economic S-wave source
consists of a steel-jacked rigid beam weighted
down the ground and struck horizontally with the Transducer
sledge-hammer.
However, if the source is place too close
to the borehole, parasitic waves are created and
S-wave arrivals cannot be easy identified. In
reverse if it’s too far from the source, the direct
wave path may not be straight line. These Figure 10: Sketch of Seismic Down-hole
problems are largely avoided by seismic cross-
hole method (SCM).

IV.2.2 Result of Wave Velocity Measurement

The seismicity measured by down-holes were operated in 05 boreholes (CK13, CK

17CK 64, CK67 and CK72) with depths from 30m to 60m and total 200 observation points. The
sounding procedure, presentation and interpretation result are in accordance to “The Guide of
Geophysical Exploration in Suevey for Engineering and Environment” and the equipment used
is recording station of Strata Visor NZII-48 manufactured by Geometric (USA).
Detail survey result of seismic down-hole test is shown in Appendix 8. Equipment used
is Strata-Visor-NZ made in Geometrics (USA) with sample step 125 μs. The elastic properties of
soil and rock shall be determined in using wave’s velocity as follows:

G = ρ Vs2 (3)

E = 2 (1+ ν).G (4)

0 ,5 . ( V p / V s ) 2 − 1
ν = (5)
(Vp / Vs ) 2 − 1

Where: E : Elastic modulus,

[email protected] G : Shear modulus
ν : Poison coefficient,

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 ρ : Bulk density.

The seismic wave velocity and deducted engineering properties of soil and rock layers
are summarized in Table 6:

Table 6: Representative Seismic Parameters and Deducted Engineering Properties

Soil & Rock ρ Vp Vs E G ν

Layer kN/m3 m/s m/s Mpa Mpa
Covering Zone of Quanternary Deposit
Made Ground: Silty Clayey mixe 18 474 231 2574.14 960.50 0.34
rock fragements

Layer 2a: (N30 = 8 – 30/ 15) 19.9 1031 249 3627.43 1233.82 0.47
Stiff to very stiff Clay
Layer 2b: (N30 = 2 - 7/ 4) 18.8 742 177 1731.63 588.99 0.47
Sof to firm Clay.
Layer 3a: (N30 = 5 - 25/ 11) 0.47
Loose to medium dense 18.5 902 211 2421.50 823.64
clayey Sand
Layer 3b : (N30 = 30 - >50/ 39) 19
Clayey Sand mixed gravel 1277 292 4762.86 1620.02 0.47
& cobble.
Layer 4a : (N30 = 13 - 30/ 21) 19 1095 244 3325.67 1131.18 0.47
Fine to medium Sand
Layer 4b: (N30 = 30 - >50/ 44) 19 1303 296 4894.22 1664.70 0.47
Medium to coarse Sand
Layer 5: (N30 = 3 - 17/ 6) 19 948 193 2094.88 707.73 0.48
Soft to stiff Clayl.
Bedrock Zone of Weathered Silty Claystone & Silty Sandstone
Stratum 6a: (N30 = 21 – 70 / 48) 20.4 1742 440 11610.06 3949.44 0.47
Residual silty Claystone
Stratum 6b: (N30 > 100) 20.5 1921 522 16308.20 5585.92 0.46
Soft silty Clayeystone
Stratum 7a: (N30 = 26 - 75 / 47) 20.0 1595 378 8779.66 2986.28 0.47
Residual silty Sand
Stratum 7b: (N30 > 100) 20.7 1678 409 10180.40 3462.72 0.47
Broken silty Sandstone

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 a) Drilling & Sampling d) Undisturbed & Core Samples b) Standard Penetration Testing

d) Menard Pressuremeter Test e) Seismic Down-hole Sounding f) Earth-resistivity Survey

f) Groundwater Measurement Well g) Off-shore Drilling h) Filling Material Sampling

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Figure 11: Some Figures of Subground Investigation at Project Area

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 V GEOTECHNICAL & FOUNDATION ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

V.1 PRINCIPAL MATTERS FOR GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS

V.1.1 Foundation Analysis for Main Building Structures

There are various components within Main Power Plant area (MPF), from which the
most heavy and important structures are the turbine hall, boiler, stack, heavy oil storage tank…
The other shall be medium to light structures. Therefore, the foundation problems of building
structure in MPF area shall be consecutively analyzed as follows:
- Firstly is to analyze shallow foundation founded direct on natural soil for typical sub-
ground condition. Generally, different footing sizes and raft foundation are usually
taken in computation for various scales of structures.
- Secondly to analyze pile foundation penetrated to good bearing layers and from its
order, the various foundation types (driven, bored…) and sizes shall be taken in
computation.
- Finally, the appropriate foundation type & size selected for every structure scale is
implemented by principle for safe in bearing capacity for foundation supported super-
structure and acceptable for structural and foundation displacement.

V.1.2 Stability Analysis for Main Earth Structure

The most important Earth-structure in the Thermal Power Plant is Coal Yard, where
dimension of stockpile may attain: B = 20 – 35m, L = 140m, H = 10 – 20m, γ = 16 kN/m2

V.2 ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Shallow foundation founded directly on natural soil is usually applied following types:
isolated footing, continued-footing with tie-beams and raft foundation. In calculation of shallow
foundation shown that they are satisfied two main below conditions, the application of shallow
foundation shall always be the most simple and economic:
- Safety in bearing capacity of ground (qa ≥ PST), and
- Acceptable in displacement (St ≤ SghST, ΔS ≤ ΔSghST),

V.2.1 Calculation Method

a) Theoretical Soil-mechanic Method

In this sub-ground condition and superstructure, the theoretical soil-mechanic method

applied is suitable and the Caquot-Kerisel and Terxaghi’s methods are commonly used in many
design codes – included in DTU.13.1 - France [8, 2] - with the main expressions:

1 B B
Resistance: qa = ⋅[ γ .N γ + q' o .(Nq − 1) + (1 + 0.3 ).C.N c ] (6)
Fs 2(1 + B/L) L
σ .h C ci Δ σ zi + P0zi
Settlement: St = Σ i i = Σ hi log( ) (7)
E oi 1 + e 0i Pci

b) Menard Pressuremeter Method

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 PLe Log PL
Based on Menard’s theory, the calculated of
shallow foundation in using of PMT’s parameters shall be in
accordance to Menard’s regles (D.60) or FOND.72 (LPC) D
or France’s Codes F62, which are described in
“Geotechnical Engineer’s Handbook”[2], the following main
expressions shall be applied: B

kp.PLe + γD 1,5B
qp = kp. PLe qa = (8)
Fs(2 − 3)
1 D + 3a
PLe = ∫ P (z).dz
b + 3a D − b L
(9)
α
1+ ν ⎛ R ⎞ α Figure 12: Calculation of Shallow
St = q.R 0 ⎜⎜ λ 2 . ⎟⎟ + .q.λ 3 .R (10) Foundation using PMT method
3E p ⎝ R0 ⎠ 4,5.E p

V.2.2 Calculation Result

All required design parameters introduced in a computer program of “shallow foundation

calculation” as follows:
- Conventional footing dimensions: B = 2m with B/L ratio = 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and D = 2.0m.
- Conventional raft-foundation with dimension: B x L x D = 30m x 40m x 2.0m.
- Foundation base founded right on stiff clay (2a) with sub-ground condition of boreholes
CK46 & CK.46.PR and engineering parameters presented in tables 2 and 3,

a) Result of Classical Method

A Computer program used with input data as mentioned above and the calculation result
is shown in the table 7.

Table 7: Result of Shallow Foundation Analysis using Classical Method

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z
 b) Result of Pressuremeter Method

Similarly, a computer program used with input data as mentioned above and the
calculation result is shown in the table 8.

Table 8: Result of Shallow Foundation Analysis using PMT Method

Comment & Recommendation 2:

• For conventional shallow footings (B = 2m, L/B = 1, 2, 3, 5, 10) founded right upon
stiff clay layer 2a (D = 2m) may provide:
+ Allowable resistance under foundation base shall be:
qa = 190 kPa (Classical Method), and
qa = 255 kPa (Pressurementer Method).
+ Respectively, the expected settlement under net applied pressure (Pn = qa - Po)
may reach:
St = 2.8 – 3.6 cm (Classical Method), and
St = 1.6 – 2.3 cm (Pressurementer Method).

•For a conventional raft foundation (B = 30m, L = 30m) founded right upon stiff clay
layer 2a (D = 2m) may provide:
+ Allowable resistance under foundation base shall be:
qa = 292 kPa (Classical Method)
+ Respectively, the expected settlement under net applied pressure (Pn = qa - Po)
may reach:
St = 2.8 cm (Pn = 100kPa); = 5.7 cm (Pn = 200kPa); = 8.5cm (Pn =
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 V.3 ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATION

Pile foundation must be applied when the shallow foundation was not acceptable.
Depending of the sub-ground condition and superstructure, the selection of the appropriate pile
type, sizes and bearing layers for an adequate design bearing capacity are required.

V.3.1 Calculation Method for Pile Foundation

General formulas for pile foundation include:

QP QF q .A f .A
Bearing capacity of ground: Qa = + = P P + S S (11)
FS1 FS2 FS1 FS1
Bearing capacity of material: Qm = AP.f’C.αC (12)

Selected design load: Qw ≤ Min ( Qa , Qm) (13)

The determination of unit point-resistance (qp) and unit shaft friction (fs) of pile may be
calculated by following methods:

1) Meyerhof’s Method using SPT resistance (N30)

When pile founded in soils (especially coarse grains soil or highly weathered rock where
no undisturbed samples recovered) the Meyerhof’s method [5, 2] using of N30(SPT) is suitable
and commonly applicable (included in TCVN 205:1998). However, it should be in combination
with the experiences of Martin’s, Decourt’s, Shoiu-Fukui’s, Yamashita for various pile and soil
types. The main calculation expressions as follows:
Lb
qp = Kp.N30 ≤ qL (Kp.N30) (14)
n.B
fs = α + β.N30 (15)

2) Menard’s Method using Pressuremeter Data (PL , EP)

PL
For granular soil and weathered rock where the undisturbed
samples are impossibly recovered for laboratory testing, the
pressuremeter test (PMT) is the most adequate. In calculation of
shallow foundation (in using PMT) the following expressions may be D De PLe
applied in accordance to France’s norms [2, 6, 7] D60, FOND.52
Chapitre 5.2 and F60: Lb b

qp = kp. PLe (16)

3a
Where:
1 D + 3a
pLe = ∫ P (z).dz
b + 3a D − b L
(17) z

PL ⎛ PL ⎞ PL
fs = q sn . ⎜ 2 − ⎟ with ≤1 (18) Figure 13: Pile
Pn ⎝ Pn ⎠ Pn Foundation using PMT

3) Method of Pile Calculation for Rock

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There are various methods for calculation of pile foundation founded in rock. However,
the Ladanyi & Roy’s method (1974) [12, 2] may be suitable for a fairly good jointed-weathered

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 rock in using 03 parameters: compressive strength (qu), joint spacing (s), aperture (δ) and
including the socket condition (Ksp, d). The main expressions of method are follows:

Qa = qa Ap and qa = qu.Ksp.d (19)

3+ s/ B
Ksp = (20)
10. 1 + 300.δ / s

4) Method for Settlement of Pile

The settlement of single pile shall be calculated after Woodward, Gardner & Greer‘s
Method [12; 2] and pile group settlement shall be calculated in according to Skempton’s or Vesic‘s
empirical methods [12, 2]. Similarly, negative skin friction of pile uses the method described in
FOND-72 (LCPC) [6, 2].

V.3.2 Analysis of Driven Pile

Driven pile is one of the commonly used in pile foundation, which is usually effective for
moderate structure, caused by its advantages: + Facile in piling work, which is traditionally and
commonly used techniques, equipments and procedure for long time. + Quick in piling work and
it’s reasonable in cost price. + Easily in controlling of pile material and piling work and driven
pile makes densification of surrounding soil, so it’s bearing mobilization is usually over-
estimated.
However, driven pile foundation may present some its limitations: + Limited in pile sizes
and difficult in penetration through hard lenses, so the mobilization possibility of pile bearing
capacity is limited. + Difficult socket in sloping layer of hard soil or rock that is susceptible in
failure or slipping of pile, especially pile penetrated through thick soft clay overlain. + Vibration
produced during piling that may damage the surrounding structures. In overcoming of vibration
from driven piles, the compressed pile (jacked piles) is usually used within city area.

V.3.3 Analysis of Bored Pile

In dealing with important and heavy structure, cast in place bored pile is commonly used
because of advantages: + Pile diameter may be widened as required (may be reached to 2m or
more), may be deeply penetrated (down to 50/70m or more) and may be penetrated through
rock, even sound rock. + Therefore, it may mobilize high to very high bearing capacity
(thousand tons/pile or more). + Piling work shall not make vibration and may be carried out at
many site conditions.
However, bored pile may be manifested the limitations: + Complicated and sophistic in
equipments, techniques, materials and piling technology that lead to high price cost. Therefore,
bored pile is un-suitable for small projects. + Difficulty in control of piling and concreting quality,
especially flushing-out and clearance of slurry settled at holes-end before concreting and
uniformity of concrete. Some recent checking shown that the poor concrete or slurry-concrete
mixture is discovered about 0.5m to 1.5m from end of bored piles.

V.3.4 Calculation Result of Pile Foundation

Generally, the thickness of foundation-cap may vary about 2 - 3m, so foundation-cap

may be founded right on stiff clay (2a) or on sandy clay (3a) or dense sand with gravel 3b, 3c.
Because of thin soft organic clay is usually just overlying upon granular soil stratum (5) or soft
rocks, so he pile-tips must be deeply penetrated in such soft rocks (layer 6b or 7b).
A typical “soil-pile modeling” of “main power house & stack” is presented in the figure 14.
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Figure 14: Soil-structure model of pile foundation

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 1) Calculation Result of Driven Pile

a) Selection of Parameters:

• 03 sizes in section: a x b = 0.3m x 0.3m; 0.4 x 0.4m; 0.5 x 0.5m.

• Pile depth must be penetrated in dense sand mixed gravel (N ≥ = 30) and
embedded in under soft rock surface about 0.5m with conventional N30 = 50.
Therefore, the conventional depth for driven pile is 17m, but the actual depths
shall be changed from position to position due to variation of rock surface.
• Conventional borehole CK70 with its SPT resistance (N30) is selected for classical
method and boreholes CK.46.PR is selected for PMT method.

b) Computation Result of Driven Pile

A computer program for “Pile Foundation Analysis” is established for calculation. The
result of SPT method is shown in the table 9a and result of PMT method is shown in the table
9b.
Table 9a: Calculation Result of Driven Pile using SPT Method

Table 9b: Calculation Result of Driven Pile using PMT Method

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 Comment & Recommendation 3:

1) In referring to driven pile with pile-sizes: 0.3; 0.4; 0.5m and embedded about 0.5m in soft
rock (6a, 6b, 7a, 7b), the following “design bearing parameters” may be referenced for
design study:

a) Working design load of a pile:

• For SPT Method: Qw = 800 kN (Pile 0.3m); Qw = 1200 kN (Pile 0.4m); Qw =

1700 kN (Pile 0.5m).
• For PMT Method: Qw = 720 kN (Pile 0.3m); Qw = 1000 kN (Pile 0.4m); Qw =
1300 kN (Pile 0.5m).

b) Expected settlement of single pile under design load:

•
For SPT Method: Si = 3.7mm (Pile 0.3m); Si = 4.3mm (Pile 0.4m); Si = 5.0mm
(Pile 0.5m).
• For PMT Method: Si = 2.7mm (Pile 0.3m); Si = 2.7mm (Pile 0.4m); Si = 3.0mm
(Pile 0.5m).
However, the settlement of pile group is higher depending of group dimension.

2) Basically, result of pile foundation calculated by both SPT & PMT methods are quite
agreement. However, above values are typical representative for location of CK.46. The
sub-ground condition and the surface depth of soft bed-rock are varied from location to
location (about from 15m to 18m), so the actual pile depth (or length) shall be varied
accordingly.

2) Calculation Result of Bored Pile

a) Selection calculation parameters

•
Diameters of pile for computation shall be selected conventionally 03 sizes:
Ф0.8m, Ф1.0m, Ф1.2m.
• Pile penetrated in soft rocks as bearing layer (6b or 7b) with conventional 02
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embedment length: Lp1 = 5m and Lb2 = 10m.

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 • Representative location for calculation is borehole CK46 using for SPT method, on
which the N30 resistance is conventionally taken maximum 50 for both soft silty
claystone (6b) and weak silty sandstone (7b). For PMT method, the pressuremeter
log of CK.46.PR is selected for typical calculation.

b) Computation Result

A computer program for “Pile Foundation Analysis” used for calculation and the result of
SPT method is shown in the table 10a and result of PMT method is shown in the table 10b.

Table 10a: Calculation Result of Bored Pile using SPT Method

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 Table 10b: Calculation Result of Bored Pile using PMT Method

Comment & Recommendation 4:

1) In referring to bored pile with pile-diameters: Ф0.8m, Ф1.0m, Ф1.2m, embedded about
from 5m to 10m in soft silty claystone (6b) or weak silty sandstone (7b), may mobilize
following design parameters:

c) Working design load of a pile:

• For SPT Method (conventionally taken max-value of N30 = 50):

+ Embedded 5m in 6b: Qw = 2750 kN (Ф0.8m); Qw = 3840 kN (Ф1.0m); Qw =
5080 kN (Ф1.2m).
+ Embedded 10m in 6b: Qw = 3230 kN (Ф0.8m); Qw = 4430 kN (Ф1.0m); Qw =
5780 kN (Ф1.2m).

• For PMT Method:

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+ Embedded 5m in 6b: Qw = 2530 kN (Ф0.8m); Qw = 3320 kN (Ф1.0m); Qw =
4170 kN (Ф1.2m).

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 + Embedded 10m in 6b: Qw = 3030 kN (Ф0.8m); Qw = 3950 kN (Ф1.0m); Qw =
4926 kN (Ф1.2m).

d) Expected settlement of single pile under design load:

• For SPT Method:

+ Embedded 5m in layer 6b: Si = 6.6mm (Ф0.8m); Si = 9.9mm (Ф1.0m); Si =
14.9mm (Ф1.2m).
+ Embedded 10m in layer 6b: Si = 6.7mm (Ф0.8m); Si = 10.2mm (Ф1.0m); Si =
14.8mm (Ф1.2m).
• For PMT Method:
+ Embedded 5m in layer 6b: Si = 8.2mm (Ф0.8m); Si = 9.5mm (Ф1.0m); Si =
10.8mm (Ф1.2m).
+ Embedded 10m in layer 6b: Si = 9.7mm (Ф0.8m); Si = 10.7mm (Ф1.0m); Si =
11.9mm (Ф1.2m).

However, the settlement of pile group shall be higher depending of group dimension.

2) Basically, result of pile foundation calculated by both SPT & PMT methods are quite
agreement. However, above values are typical representative for location of CK.46. The
sub-ground condition and the surface depth of soft bed-rock are varied from location to
location, so the actual pile depth (or length) shall be varied accordingly.

V.4 ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFACTION OF GROUND DUE TO SEISMIC

V.4.1 Japan’s Method for Liquefaction due to Seismic

According to “Standard Specifications for Highway Bridge, Vol.- Earthquake-Proof

Design; 1996 Japan Highway Association”, liquefaction of ground due to earthquake is
presented as follows:

1) Necessary Condition: The saturated sandy soil has a possibility to occur the
liquefaction phenomenon, which the ground becomes liquid state due to the increase of pore
water pressure caused by seismic repeated shearing force and the sandy soil spouts on the
ground surface, in case of fulfilling as the following three conditions:
- Depth of ground water is in being the range between 0.0 to 20 m from ground surface,
- Fine grained content (Fc) is less than 35 %, or the plastic index (Ip) is less than 15 in
case of that Fc is more than 35%,
- Average grading size (D50) is less than 10.0 mm and the grading size of 10 % (D10) is
less than 1.0 mm.

2) Calculation Method: In the case of that the below FL-value is less than 1.0 the ground is
shall be regarded to be subjected by liquefaction:
R
FL = (21)
L

Where, FL : Liquefaction resistance rate

L : Shearing stress ratio during earthquake
R : Dynamic shearing strength ratio

- Shearing Stress Ratio during Earthquake: L

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σv
L = rd･ K h･
σ v' (22)

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 Where rd : Decrease coefficient proportional to depth
rd = 1.0 - 0.015z, in which z is depth (m)
Kh : Design horizontal seismic coefficient,
σv : Total overburden pressure (kg/cm2)
σ’v : Effective overburden pressure (kg/cm2)

- Dynamic Shearing Strength Ratio: R

Na
Na < 14 : R = 0.0882
1 .7 (23)
Na
14 < Na : R = 0.0882 + 1.6 × 10 −6･ ( Na − 14) 4.5
1.7 (24)
Where, for Sandy Soil:

Na = c1N1 + c2 (25)

1.7･N
N1 =
σ v'+0.7
⎧ 1 (0 % < Fc < 10 %)
⎪⎪
c1 = ⎨ (Fc + 40) / 50 (10 % < Fc < 60 %)
⎪
⎪⎩ Fc / 20 − 1 ( 60 % < Fc )
⎧⎪ 0 (0 % < Fc < 10 %)
c2 = ⎨
⎪⎩ (Fc − 10) / 18 ( 10 % < Fc )
for Gravely Soil:
D50
Na = N1 ･( 1 − 0.36 log 10 ) (26)
2
1.7･N
N1 =
σ v'+0.7
Where, N : N-value from standard penetration test
N1 : Corrected N-value, equal with 1.0 kg/cm2 of effective
Over-burden pressure
Na : Corrected N-value considered with fine grained content
Fc : Fine grained content (%)

2) Result of Liquefaction Determination after Japanese’s Method

Based on the result of the sub-ground condition, the following observations may be
provided:
- The stratum 3 is basically clayey sand, fine sand or sand interbedded lenses of silty clay.
Layer 3a is generally loose to medium state and no or little gravel, so the liquefaction
possibility is susceptible occurred. The other dense gravelly sand layers (3b, 4a, 4b)
may difficulty to be liquefied.
- More-ever, above loose silty fine sand is mostly under groundwater level, so the
liquefaction this more susceptible to be occurred. The groundwater depth recorded in
April 2009 (starting of rainy season) is about 1.9m. However, groundwater depth
recoreded in Dember 2009 (dry season) is about 3.2m, so the depth of 2.0m shall be
taken in calculation.

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The result of liquefaction analysis due to a “computer program” for some typical locations
within project area is shown in the table 11.

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 Table 11: Calculation Result of Liquefaction Possibility

a) Result from Soil Investigation in March 2009

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 b) Result from Soil Investigation in December 2009

Comment & Recommendation 5:

Based on liquefaction analysis from both stages (feasibility soil investigation stage for
bidding implemented in March 2009 and preliminary stage for construction design implemented
in December 2009), the following comments and recommendations may be made:
1) The liquefaction may be occurred in layer 3a (silty fine sand, clayey sand) developed
under groundwater, especially it’s susceptible occurred in loose soil (N30 < 10). Result of both
analysis methods (Japan’s standard & China’s standard) shown that the liquefaction may be
occurred with seismicity grade VII to VIII in intensity.
2) Based on “Japan Highway Bridge Design Standard”, the design parameter
(coefficient of ground reaction, skin friction of pile, and elastic modulus of ground, and so on)
shall be reduced according to FL-value, by multiplying with the following decrease parameter
(DE):

Table 12: Decrease Parameter DE

Depth Decrease coefficient

FL-value (m) DE
FL < 0.6 0 < z < 10 0
10 < z < 20 1/3
0.6 < FL < 0.8 0 < z < 10 1/3
10 < z < 20 2/3
0.8 < FL < 1.0 0 < z < 10 2/3
10 < z < 20 1

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 VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1 - Subsurface condition of project item is fairly clarified by two main geological zones (unless
made ground), which is described from ground surface as follows:

a) Quaternary System (Q) includes Vinh Phuc Formation (abQIII vp) anf Ha Noi Formation
(abQII-III hn), which consists of: Stiff to very stiff brown clay (2a), sof to firm grey silty
Clay (2b); loose to medium dense clayey sand (3a), medium dense clayey sand mixed
gravel-cobble (3b), medium dense sand with little or no gravel (4a), dense and coarse
sand mixed gravel-cobble and soft to medium stiff clay (5).
This Quaternary Zone is usually developed from ground surface to about 15-18m in
depth.
a) Weathered Rocks of Cretassic System, Hong Gai Formation (T2 n-r hg1,2) includes
claystone & silty claystone (stratum 6), silty sandstone & sandstone (stratum 7), which
may be classified by various jointing-weathering degree and strength (6a, 6b… and 7a,
7b…). Basically, these silty claystone and sandstone interbedded each other, highly to
completely weathered becoming very soft in rock state, but very hard in soil state, which
are developed to more than 60m in depth.

2 - The engineering properties of “geotechnical layers” for above soils and rocks are studied by
both in-situ test (by SPT, MPT) and laboratory test in soil and rock samples, which are
presented in the paragraph III.6 and tables 3 (q,b).

3 - The groundwater level was measured in boreholes and the result is presented in paragraph
III.7. The static water depth recorded during drilling (at 8h 27 November 2009), are shown
that: 3.76m in CK02; 3.41m in CK59 and 3.50m in CK81. This groundwater depth is
recorded in dry season, so in rainy season, groundwater level shwll be higher.
The chemical analysis of groundwater and corrosion to building material is shown in the
table 4.

4 - The geophysical exploration was carried out by earth resistivity method, seismic down-hole
sounding method. Detail result is shown in Appendices 7, 8 and summarized result is shown
in the tables 5 & 6.

5 - Shallow foundation founded right upon stiff clay (layer 2a) may mobilize allowable bearing
resistance qa ≠ 190 – 220 kPa (of footing width B = 2m width) may attained St = 3 - 5 cm ,
(under net applied pressure Pn). The design parameters may be referenced to “Comment
and Recommendation 2”, which may be suitable for light to medium heavy building
structures.

5 – Driven Pile shall be alternatively useful for moderately heavy structure, where shallow
foundation is not compatible. The pile-tip should be penetrated in dense sand (layers 3b, 4a,
4b). However, the pile tip must be penetrated through soft to firm clayey layer 5 (where it’s
encountered) and at least 0,5m in soft claystone (6b). The typical design loads of various
pile-sizes may be referenced to “Comment and Recommendation 3”.

6 – Bored Pile must be used for very heavy and important structures and the pile must be
embedded deeply in soft rocks of silty claystone (6b) and silty sandstone (7b). Detail
analysis result is described in paragraph V.3 and the typical design parameters may be
referenced to “Comment and Recommendation 4”.

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7 - The loose silty-clayey fine sand layer 3a is susceptible with liquefaction due to seismic
intensity grade VII & VIII. Analysis result presented in paragraph V.4 and “Comment &
Recommendation 5” may be referenced for design study.

Union of Survey Companies (USCo.) 40

91 Phung Hung, Ha Noi, Viet Nam - Phone: (04) 39231540, Fax: 38245708
 8 – Note: All above geotechnical analysis (on shallow, deep foundation and embankment) were
carried out at some representative locations of sub ground condition and using the
calculation methods stated in the report. The result shall be considered as “reference for
design study” only. The detail foundation design on every project structure depends of the
sub ground condition at such position, in using of appropriate engineering parameters of this
report and of the commonly used calculation methods, which are the “task and
responsibility” of the Project’s Consultant Designer.

Hanoi 30 December 2009

Geotechnical Specialist: TRAN VAN VIET

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

[1] Việt Nam Construction Engineering Standards – NXBXD, 1997. TCXDVN 375: 2006
Anti-seismic Design for Engineering Building. TCVN 205:1998 – Pile Foundation Design.
TCVN 206:1998 Bored Pile – Construction Requirement.
[2] Trần Văn Việt, 2004 – Geotechnical Engineer’s Handbook - Construction Engineering
Edition, Ha Noi
[3] Trần Văn Việt, Vũ Công Ngữ, Nguyễn Văn Túc, 2007 – Soils, Groundwater &
Foundation Engineering of Ha Noi Area and Surrounding, 2007 – Scientific research -
VUSTA, Ha Noi
[4] “Report on Soil Investigation for Project” – implemented in 2009.
[5] Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 1985 – Canadian Geotechnical Society –
Canada.
[6] FOND 72 – Document LCPC/SETRA. Ministry de la Construction, October 1972
[7] DTU 13.2 – Travaux de Fondations Profondeur pour le Batiments, 1978.
[8] F62. T5 - Regles Techniques de Conception de Calcul des Foundations de Genie Civil,
1995, Paris.
[9] M. Carter – Geotechnical Engineering Handbook, 1984 – Pentech Press, London.
[10] Earthquake Proof Design, 1996 – Japan Highway Association. Tokyo
[11] M.J. Tomlinson – Foundation Design and Construction, 1980 – Pitman, London.
[12] DAS - 1985 – Principle of Foundation Engineering Design.
[13] Nguyễn Trọng Hiệu, Trần Thanh Xuân (Chủ biên), 1989. Số liệu Khí Tượng Thủy văn
Việt Nam (Chương trình tiến bộ KHKT cấp Nhà nước 42A (Tập I – Số liệu khí hậu, do
TS. Nguyễn Trọng Hiệu chủ biên; Tập 2 – Số liệu thủy văn. TS. Trần Thanh Xuân chủ
biên).
[14] QCVN 02 : 2009/BXD - Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia số liệu điều kiện tự nhiên dùng
trong xây dựng.
[15] Geological & Mineral Resourses Map of Viet Nam, 1: 200 000. Ha Noi.
[16] Thành tựu nghiên cứu Vật lý Địa cầu 1987 - 1997; Viên Vật lý Địa cầu thuộc Trung tâm
KHTNCNQG, Hà Nội.
[17] George Gazetas, Ph.D, P.E – Foundation Vibrations. Foundation Engineering Handbook
– Hsai Yang Fang.
[18] Techniques de Menard - Regle D’Utilisation des Techniques Pressiometriques et
D’Exploitation des Reultatas Obtenus Pour le Calcul des Foundations – Notice General
D60, 1975.
[email protected]

Union of Survey Companies (USCo.) 41

91 Phung Hung, Ha Noi, Viet Nam - Phone: (04) 39231540, Fax: 38245708