Cosmic Circuits With Solutions
Cosmic Circuits With Solutions
1.
Vout(t)
R
V R
0 Vi(t) C
t
Calculate Vout(s)/Vin(s). plot Vo(t). calculate time constant and pole frequency.
Ans:
V
−t
0 Vout = V(1 − e )
τ
t
Vout 1
(s) =
Vin 2(1 + sRC)
Time constant = (R/2)C
2
Pole frequency : ωp =
RC
2.
R L
V
R
0 Vi(t)
t
In the above circuit plot iL(t), VL(t)
Ans:
V
2R
V
−t
L
iL = (1 − e τ ) τ=
2R 2R
0
t
V
−t −t
2R V
VL = V − i L .2R = V − 2R (1 − e τ ) = Ve τ
2R
0
t
3.
Rs
Rp Cp
Cs
Both circuits are equivalent. Express Rp and Cp in terms of Rs and Cs. Find ‘ω’ range
for which these both are equivalent. Assume high quality factor.
Ans:
1
Rp
1 cC p
Rs + = where s = jω
sC s 1
Rp +
sC p
On solving this equation we will get
R p = (Q 2 + 1)R s
Cs 1
Cp = where Q=
1 ωRC
(1 + )
Q2
4. A system has an SNR of 60 dB. If an uncorrelated noise of 1 mV is added in a 1V of
signal to it, then what is the SNR?
Ans: 57 dB
5.
Vo(t)
1K 8K
0.6 sin(ωt) 0.4sin(ωt)
4K 4K
2K
2K 2K
1pF
Find Vo(t) in the above circuit
Ans: If you observe the circuit carefully, you can notice that four resistors in blue in
the figure below forms a wheatstone bridge, and you can eliminate the branch with
capacitance.
Vo(t)
1K 8K
0.6 sin(ωt) 0.4sin(ωt)
4K 4K
2K
2K 2K
1pF
The resulting circuit is
Vo(t)
1K 8K
0.6 sin(ωt) 0.4sin(ωt)
4K 4K
2K
2K
Now you can solve it directly.
Vo = 0.1sin(ωt)
6.
Tcq = 1ns
Tpd = 100 ps
Tsetup = 200ps
Thold = 300 ps
Clk
Calculate the maximum clock frequency.
Ans: Tclk > Tcq + Tpd + Tsetup = 1ns + 100ps + 200ps = 1.3 ns
fmax =1/(1.3ns)
7. Plot Vout.
1K
10sin(wt)
5V 5V
Ans: This is a clipper circuit.
+5V
‐5V
8. Design a divide‐by‐3 counter using D‐flip‐flops. The duty cycle of the divided
clock should be 2/3.
S0
[1]
Present state Next Sate
o/p
Q1Q0 D1D0
00 01 1
01 10 1
S2 10 00 0
[0] S1
[1] 11 xx x
From the table
D1 = Q 0
D0 = Q 0 + Q 1
o/p = Q 1
D0 Q0 D1 Q1
O/P
Clk
9. What is the function of the following circuit?
A Ā
Ē E
A Ā
E Ē
Ans: XOR
10. Plot Vout with respect to the given input waveforms.
Vout
_ 5V
+ 3V
Vin1 1 pF Vin2
0
3V
Vin1
0
Ans:
Vout
2V
1V
t
t1
11. Plot the output Vout.
R R R
10 R
R
Ans: The given circuit is a full‐eave rectifier. Observe the gain, it is equal to 0.1.
+0. 1
0.01
t
‐ 0. 1
12. Calculate the frequency of oscillation. What is the minimum required Gm for
oscillation?
Gm Gm Gm Gm
R C R C R C R C
Ans: In the given oscillator there are four gain stages. One of them operates in
inverting mode and the remaining in non‐inverting mode. So the phase shift
provided is 180o and the remaining 180o phase shift should be provided by four the
RC‐stages, to make the feedback positive. The transfer function of each stage is
GmR
H1 (jω) =
1 + jωRC
So the phase shift provided by each RC‐stage is tan‐1 (ωRC) and should be equal to
45 o.
1
tan‐1 (ω o RC) = 45o ⇒ ω o RC = 1 ⇒ fo =
2πRC
At fo the attenuation provided by each RC‐stage is 1 2 . So for loop gain to be
greater than or equal to one, each gain stage should at least provide a gain of 2 .
2
G mR ≥ 2 ⇒ G m ≥
R
13. Calculate the output impedance.
RL = 1MΩ
ROUT
R1 = 500KΩ
Gm = 2 µA/V
Rds = 1MΩ
R2 = 500KΩ
Ans:
Apply a small voltage at the drain node and observe the current flowing. Total
current flowing into the drain (output) node is
ΔV ΔV ΔV/2
ΔI = + + + ( ΔV/2)G m
R L R ds R1
RL = 1MΩ
ΔV 1
⇒ R OUT = =
ΔI 1 1 1 ΔV
+ + + (1/2)Gm
R L R ds 2R 1
R1 = 500KΩ
Gm Rds
⇒ R OUT = R L || R ds || 2R 1 || ΔV/2
2
R2 = 500KΩ
⇒ R OUT = 1MΩ || 1MΩ || 1MΩ || 1MΩ ||= 250KΩ
14. Both transistors are biased in saturation. Calculate “VA/Vin”. Neglect the body
effect.
RD
Vin
Ans:
RD
Vin M1 M2 Vin M1
A A
1/gm2
Impedance seen looking into this node is
(1/gm2) + RD/(gm2ro2) ≈ 1/gm2
Now the simplified circuit is a source follower with a load resistance of 1/gm2. So
gain
VA g m1 1
= = assuming g m1 = g m2
Vin g m1 + g m2 2
15. Calculate the output if (i) gain Av = infinity (ii) gain Av = 10
Vin
AV Vout
1KΩ
1KΩ 1mA
Ans:
Vout = A v (Vin+ − Vin+ )
− −
V V − Vout V −1
+
in in
+ 1mA = 0 ⇒ Vin− = out
1KΩ 1KΩ 2
Solving the above two equations, we will get
A (2Vin+ + 1)
Vout = v
2 + Av
Av = ∞ ⇒ Vout = 2Vin+ + 1
5
Av = 10 ⇒ Vout = (2Vin+ + 1)
6
Interview Questions
1. In interview mainly your knowledge about RC‐circuits will be tested.
2. For me they have asked about my approach to solve the problems given in
the exam
3. About my final project
4. Some questions about oscillators (mainly Wein‐Bridge Oscillator):
a. how it works, and
b. what happens if you interchange the series‐RC and parallel‐RC
branches in Wein‐Bridge Oscillator
Ans: If you interchange series‐RC and parallel‐RC branches,
there will be more positive feedback at DC and hence the output
saturates to “+Vosat”.
***The interview will be very cool, they will help you in answering the questions!!!.
And the most important thing is there is no separate HR interview.