Lecture No.

(2) Date: / /

Two Way Edge Supported Slabs

the previous literature,

Figure ( 9 ) Two way slab on simple edge support. (a) Bending of center strip of slab. (b)
Grid model of slab

lb4
qa = 4
la

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Lecture No. (2) Date: / /

1 - For rectangular panel

3 x 6m.
wa = wb  ( 64 / 34 ) = 16 wb
wa >> wb ( 16 >> 1 )
Ma > Mb
Asa > Asb
So, it's a one way slab

2 – For square panel

la = lb
wa = wb = w/2
Mu = ( wa  l2 / 8 )
Mu = ( (w/2)  l2 / 8 )
Mu = 0.0625 wl2

(9)

Figure (10) Moments and moment variations in a uniformly loaded slab with simple
supports on four sides.

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Lecture No. (2) Date: / /

A) Direct Design Method For Two Way Slabs (Semi-empirical Method)

This method can be used for design of two way slabs supported on
beams or walls or without beams or walls support as in flat slab or flat
plate construction, and it can be used under the following conditions:
1. There shall be a minimum of three continuous spans in each
direction.
2. Panels shall be rectangular, with a ratio of longer to shorter span
center-to-center of supports within a panel not greater than 2.
3. Successive span lengths center to center of supports in each
direction shall not differ by more than one-third the longer span.
4. Offset of columns by a maximum of 10 percent of the span (in
direction of offset) from either axis between centerlines of
successive columns shall be permitted.
5. All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed
over an entire panel. The unfactored live load shall not exceed two
times the unfactored dead load.
6. For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, Eq. (13-2)
shall be satisfied for beams in the two perpendicular directions.

Where: Ecb = modulus of elasticity of beam concrete, MPa,

Ecs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete, MPa,
Ib = moment of inertia of gross section of beam about centroidal
axis, mm4.
Is = moment of inertia of gross section of slab about centroidal
axis, mm4.

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Lecture No. (2) Date: / /

Steps Required for Design by Direct Design Method

The direct design method consists of a set of rules for distributing
moments to slab and beam sections to satisfy safety requirements and
most serviceability requirements simultaneously.
Three fundamental steps are involved as follows:
(a) Determination of the total factored static moment;
(b) Distribution of the total factored static moment to negative and
positive sections;
(c) Distribution of the negative and positive factored moments to the
column and middle strips and to the beams, if any.

(a) Total factored static moment for a span

According to ACI Code,13.6.2.1, Total factored static moment,
Mo, for a span shall be determined in a strip bounded laterally by
centerline of panel on each side of centerline of supports.
According to ACI Code, 13.6.2.2, Absolute sum of positive and
average negative factored moments in each direction shall not be less than

Where ln: is length of clear span in direction that moments are being
determined. For purpose of calculating the total static moment M0 in a
panel, the clear span (ln) in the direction of moments is used. The clear
span is defined to extend from face to face of the columns, column
capitals, brackets, or walls but not to be less than (0.65 lc/c). The total
factored moment in a span (M0), given in the above equation, for a strip
bounded laterally by a centerline of the panel on each side of the
centerline of the supports.
Note: For irregular column shape, use equivalent square column.
Equivalent
ln Square

Examples of equivalent square section for supporting members.

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Lecture No. (2) Date: / /

(b) Distribution of the total static moment (Mo) to (M-ve) and (M+ve)
moment sections
i) Interior Span:
In an interior span, total static moment, Mo, shall be distributed as
follows, as shown in Figure (11):
Negative factored moment..................................0.65
Positive factored moment ...................................0.35
ii) Exterior Span:
For end span spans, the apportionment of total static moment among
the three critical moment sections (interior negative, positive, and exterior
negative, as illustrated in Figure (11)), depends upon the flexural
restrained provided for the slab by the exterior column or exterior wall.
The total static moment is distributed according to Table (2).

Fig. ( 11 ) Distribution of total static moment ( Mo ) to critical sections for positive

and negative bending

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Lecture No. (2) Date: / /

Figure (12) Conditions of Edge Restrained

Table ( 2 ) Distribution factors applied to static moment ( Mo ) for positive and

negative moments in end span

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(c) Distribution of the total negative and total positive factored

moments to the column and middle strips and beam.
It’s assumed that the moment in middle strip and the moment in the
column strip is constant unless there is a beam in the column strip,
because the beam will take larger share of moments in column strip.
The distribution of moment will depends on ratio l2/l1, α1.l2/l1,and the
degree of torsional restrained by edge beam (M-ve at exterior support)
depends on the parameter (β), as shown in Table (3).

Table (3) Column Strip moment percentage of total moment at critical section

Where:
l1 is the span in direction of moment.
l2 is the span in the other direction.
flexural stiffness of beam Ecb .I b
 
flexural stiffness of slab Ecs .I s
Ecb .C
1 
2 Ecs .I s
C=2Ib.
α1 and α2 is used to identify (α) computed in direction of (l1) (bending
span) and (l2) (transverse span).

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Fig. (13)

Fig. (13) The Portion of Slab to be Included with Beam.

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Using the interpolation charts for lateral distribution of slab

moments, shown in Fig. (14), and Table (3), the following conclusions
can be stated:
 When beam of (α1>1.0) between column centerline. The beam in
the column strip spanning in direction of (l1) is to be proportional
l
to 85% of the column strip moment when  1 2  1.0 .
l1
 When α1=0.0, (no beam or flat slab), the slab in the column strip
will take all the resisting moment.
l
 When 0.0  1 2  1.0 the resisting moment in the beam shall be
l1
determined by proportions.

Figure (14) Interpolation charts for lateral distribution of slab moments.

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Lecture No. (2) Date: / /

 Minimum Slab Thickness of Two Way Edge Supported Slabs:

For slabs with beams spanning between the supports on all sides, the
minimum thickness, h, shall be as follows:
(a) For αm equal to or less than 0.2, (Flat Slab requirements should be
applied).
(b) For αm greater than 0.2 but not greater than 2.0 (0.2<αm2.0), h shall
not be less than:

and not less than 125mm

(c) For αm greater than 2.0 (αm>2.0), h shall not be less than:

and not less than 90mm

Where:
Clear Long Span

Clear Short Span
αm average values of α for all beams supporting the slab panel.
1   2   3   4
m 
4
ln Clear span in long direction face to face of support in long
direction.
(d) Also minimum thickness requirements for two way slabs is given as:
Clear Perimeters
h min 
180
(If slab is supported by beams from four sides)

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 The strip width limitations according to ACI-Code are given as;

- Column strip is a design strip with a width on each side of a column
centerline equal to 0.25.l2 or 0.25.l1, whichever is less. Column strip
includes beams, if any.
- Middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips.
- A panel is bounded by column, beam, or wall centerlines on all
sides.

 Shear in slab systems with beams

 Beams with α1.12/l1 equal to or greater than 1.0 shall be
proportioned to resist shear caused by factored loads on tributary
areas which are bounded by 45-degree lines drawn from the
corners of the panels and the centerlines of the adjacent panels
parallel to the long sides, as shown in Figure (15).
 Beams with α1.12/l1 between (1.0 and 0.0), (shallow beams or flat
slab), proportion of load on the slab carried by beam is to be found
by linear interpolations, assuming beams carry no load at α1= 0.
 The remaining ratio of load to be carried by beam.

Figure (15) Tributary area for shear on an interior beam.

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 Special Corner Reinforcement:

- Corner reinforcement shall be provided for a distance in each
direction from the corner equal to one-fifth the longer span.
- Corner reinforcement shall be placed parallel to the diagonal in the
top of the slab and perpendicular to the diagonal in the bottom of the
slab (Fig. 16, Option 1). Alternatively, reinforcement shall be placed
in two layers parallel to the sides of the slab in both the top and
bottom of the slab (Fig. 16, Option 2).

Figure (16) Special Reinforcement at Exterior Corners of a Beam Supported Two-

Way Slab.

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Example (2):
Using the given floor plan shown in Figure below, design the two
way exterior slab (6.0m x 7.5m c/c) between shallow beams
(300mm x 500mm), to support uniformly distributed service live loads of
WL=6 kN/m2. fc'=25 N/mm2, fy=300N/mm2, Kn=6.33N/mm2.

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B) Coefficient Method For Two Way Slabs Design:

17

Figure (17) Middle strip positive moment slab simple support, Comparison
of actual and design moments.

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According to this method the ultimate moment at middle strip

(central strip) can be calculated as:
Mu  Coeff .Wu. 2 .
The coefficients used in this method depends on the short to length
span ratio (m)
Where:
L= short span length (leff short)
Short Span
m
Long Span
Table (4) Coefficient Method of Two Way Slab Design

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Ex. (3):
Resolve Example (2) using Coefficient Method of Two Way Slab Design.

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