BDwbU

w·KvYwgwZK †KvY I AbycvZ 14

f‚wgKv

w·KvYwgwZ kãwU G‡m‡Q MÖxK kã tri ‘gonon+met’ ron †_‡K hvi A_© wÎfz‡Ri cwigvc| MwYZ kv‡¯¿i †h kvLvq
wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU †KvY I wZbwU evûi cwigvc Ges Z`m¤úKx©q welq Av‡jvwPZ nq Zv‡K w·KvYwgwZ ejv nq| AwZ
cÖvPxb Kv‡j w·KvYwgwZi cwiwa ïaygvÎ wÎfz‡Ri †KvY, evû I †¶Îdj wbY©‡qi g‡a¨ mxwgZ wQj| wKš—z eZ©gv‡b
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq Gi cÖ‡qvM we¯—„Z jvf K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b MwY‡Zi †h †Kvb kvLvq wk¶vjv‡fi Rb¨
w·KvYwgwZi Ávb GKvš— Acwinvh©| w·KvYwgwZ `yBwU kvLvq wef³| Zv‡`i GKwU nj mgZj w·KvYwgwZ (Plane
Trigonometry) Ges AciwU nj †MvjKxq w·KvYwgwZ (Spherical Trigonometry)| Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv ïaygvÎ
mgZj w·KvYwgwZ‡Z mxgve× _vK‡e|

D‡Ïk¨ t GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb-

0 w·KvYwgwZK †KvY m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡eb Ges Zv cÖ‡qv‡M `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb,
0 †iwWqvb †KvY wK ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
0 w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi AbycvZmg~n eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
0 †PŠKY Abyhvqx w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
0 w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aª“eZv I mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡eb,
0 w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi AbycvZ mg~‡ni g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
0 wba©vwiZ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡b Zv cÖ‡qv‡M
`¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

kJb 1 w·KvYwgwZK †KvY, wWMÖx I †iwWqvb cwigvc

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


w·KvYwgwZK †KvY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb,
‡Kv‡Yi wWMÖx I †iwWqvb cwigvY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb,
 †PŠKY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

w·KvYwgwZK †KvY t
mvaviYZ R¨vwgwZ‡Z `yBwU ci¯úi‡Q`x iwk¥ Øviv †Kv‡Yi DrcwË nq Ges †KvY cwigvY 0° n‡Z
360°
Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K Ges Zv nq abvZ¥K| R¨vwgwZ‡Z FYvZ¥K †KvY A_©nxb| w·KvYwgwZ‡K †Kv‡Yi DrcwËi
e¨vL¨v GKUz wfbœ| GKwU iwk¥ Aci GKwU w¯’i iwk¥i †cÖw¶‡Z Ny‡i wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b Avm‡Z †h cwigvY AvewZ©Z nq
Zvnv H iwk¥ Øviv m„ó †Kv‡Yi cwigvc|

GKwU w¯’i iwk¥ Aci GKwU w¯’i iwk¥i †cÖw¶‡Z Ny‡i wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b Avm‡Z †h cwigvY
AvewZ©Z nq Zv H iwk¥ Øviv m„ó w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi cwigvc|

g‡b Ki“b XOX´ I YOY´ `yBwU w¯’i iwk¥ j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z| ^Y B

GLb hw` GKwU N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ Avw` Ae¯’vb n‡Z Nwoi KuvUvi
wecixZ w`‡K Ny‡i OA Ae¯’v‡b G‡m w¯’i nq Zvn‡j †Kv‡Yi A
msÁvbyhvqx N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ Øviv m„ó †Kv‡Yi cwigvY XOA|
< O
>
X′ X

Y′
wPÎ 14.1

hw` GB N~Y©vqgvb ivwkwU GKB w`‡K Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Avw` Ae¯’vb OX cvi n‡q OB Ae¯’v‡b G‡m w¯’i nq Zvn‡j m„ó
†Kv‡Yi cwigvY n‡e XOB Ges Zv `yB mg‡KvY A‡c¶v e„nËi| Dc‡iv³ †KvY `yBwU abvZ¥K| wKš—z N~Y©vqgvb
iwk¥wU hw` Nwoi KuvUv †h w`‡K †Nv‡i Avw` Ae¯’vb n‡Z †mw`‡K Ny‡i OC Ae¯’v‡b G‡m w¯’i nq Zvn‡j †Kv‡Yi
cwigvY n‡e XOC Ges Zv n‡e FYvZ¥K| myZivs w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi cwigvY 0° n‡Z ïi“ K‡i †h †Kvb gv‡bi
n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K DfqB n‡Z cv‡i|
w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi cwigvY abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K Dfq gv‡bi n‡Z
cv‡i|

†PŠKY (Quadrant)
wPÎ 14.1 j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, j¤^fv‡e `Êvqgvb XOX′ I YOY′ iwk¥ `yBwU mgZj †¶ÎwU‡K PviwU As‡k
wef³ K‡i‡Q| GB PviwU As‡ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ask‡K †PŠ‡KvY (Quadrant) e‡j| wP‡Î XOY, YOX′, X′OY′ I Y′OX
Ask‡K h_vµ‡g cÖ_g, wØZxq, Z…Zxq I PZz_© †PŠ‡KvY ejv nq| myZivs w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi cwigvY hvB †nvK bv
†Kb †mwU †h †Kvb GKwU †PŠ‡Kv‡Yi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|

g‡b Ki“b GKwU N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥ 840° †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥wU Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ
w`‡K `yBevi (360°∞2=720°) m¤ú~Y© AeZ©‡bi ci GKB w`‡K AeZ©b K‡i (840°−720°)=120° †KvY wPwýZ
BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-290
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

K‡i‡Q| myZivs N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥wUi †kl Ae¯’vb n‡e wØZxq †PŠKY (wPÎ 14.2)| wKš—z hw` †Kv‡Yi cwigvY –840° nq
Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥wU Nwoi KuvUv †hw`‡K †Nv‡i †mw`‡K `yBevi c~Y© AeZ©b K‡i c‡i GKB w`‡K AviI
120° AveZ©b K‡i †KvY wPwýZ K‡i‡Q Ges NyY©vqgvb iwk¥wUi †kl Ae¯’vb n‡e Z…Zxq †PŠKY (wPÎ 14.3)

^Y ^ Y

< O > < >

O
X′ X X′ X

A
Y′ Y′

wPÎ 14.2 wPÎ 14.3

wbw`©ó cwigvY †KvY wPwýZ Kivi ci N~Y©vqgvb iwk¥wU †h cÖvš— Ae¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i †mB Ae¯’vb‡K cÖvwš—K †iLv ev
e¨vmva© †f±i (radius vector) ejv nq|

wWMÖx I †iwWqvb cwigvc

msÁvbymv‡i mg‡Kv‡Yi cwigvY nj w¯’i ev aª“e (constant)| mg‡KvY‡K g~j GKK a‡i †KvY cwigv‡ci Rb¨
w·KvYwgwZ‡Z mvaviYZ wZb cÖKvi GKK e¨envi Kiv nq| GB c×wZ¸‡jv nj-
i) lvUg~jK c×wZ (Sexagesmal System)
ii) kZg~jK c×wZ (Centesimal System)
iii) e„Ëxq c×wZ (Crcular System)
w·KvYwgwZK †KvY cwigv‡ci c×wZ¸‡jv nj lvUg~jK c×wZ, kZg~jK c×wZ I e„Ëxq
c×wZ|

i)lvUg~jK c×wZ t GB c×wZ‡Z GK mg‡KvY‡K mgvb 90 fv‡M fvM K‡i GK GK fvM‡K wWMÖx ejv nq| cÖwZ
wWMÖx‡K 60 wgwb‡U Ges cÖwZ wgwbU‡K 60 †m‡K‡Û fvM Kiv nq|
1 mg‡KvY = 90° (beŸB wWMÖx)
1° = 60′ (lvU wgwbU)
1´ = 60′′ (lvU †m‡KÛ)

¶z`ªZg fvM¸‡jv 60 e‡j Gi bvgKiY lvUg~jK n‡q‡Q| †KvY cwigv‡ci GB GKK‡K mvaviY (common) ev e„wUk
c×wZI (British System) ejv nq|

ii) kZg~jK c×wZt GB c×wZ‡Z GK mg‡KvY‡K mgvb 100 fv‡M fvM K‡i GK GK fvM‡K †MÖW ejv nq| cÖwZ
†MÖW‡K GK kZg~jK wgwbU Ges cÖwZ GK kZg~jK wgwbU‡K GK kZg~jK †m‡K‡Û fvM Kiv nq|
1 mg‡KvY =100g (GKk †MÖW)
1g =100` (GKk kZg~jK wgwbU)
1` =100`` (GKk kZg~jK †m‡KÛ)
GB c×wZ‡K divmx c×wZI ejv nq|
e„Ëxq c×wZ t GB c×wZ‡Z g~j GKK nj †iwWqvb| G‡K 1c wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| †h †Kvb e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i
iii)
mgvb e„ËPvc Zvi †K‡›`ª †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡KB ejv nq GK †iwWqvb| †iwWqvb GKwU aª“e (constant) †KvY|
GB aª“eZv cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡j wbæwjwLZ Dccv`¨ m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-291
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

Dccv`¨ (Theorem) t †h †Kvb e„‡Ëi cwiwa I Zvi e¨v‡mi AbycvZ GKwU aª“eK|

A
A´
O
B´ B
D´ C´
C
D
wPÎ 14.4
cÖgvY t g‡b Ki“b O `yBwU e„‡Ëi mvaviY †K›`ª| eo e„ËwU‡Z n-msL¨K mgvb evûwewkó ABCD ... ... ... eûfzR
A¼b Ki“b| OA, OB, OC, OD, ... ... ... ... †hvM Ki“b| GB †iLv¸wj †QvU e„ËwU‡K h_vµ‡g A′, B′, C′, D′, ... ...
... we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| GLb A′B′, B′C′, C′D′ ... ... ... ... †hvM Ki“b| Zvn‡j A′B′C′D′ ... ... ... †¶ÎwU †QvU e„‡Ë
Aš—wj©wLZ n-msL¨K mgvb evûwewkó eûfzR n‡e|

GLb
OA=OB (eo e„‡Ëi `ywU e¨vmva©)|
Ges OA′=OB′ (†QvU e„‡Ëi `ywU e¨vmva©)
OA OB
myZivs, OA′ = OB′ Ges AOB, ∆OAB Ges ∆OA′B′ -Gi mvaviY †KvY|
AZGe, ∆OAB Ges ∆OA′B′ n‡e m`„k‡KvYx|
AB OA
∴ A′B′
=
OA′
n.AB OA
ev, =
n.A′B′ OA′
n.AB n.A′B′
ev, OA = OA′

eo e„‡Ë Aš—wj©wLZ eûfz‡Ri cwimxgv ‡QvU e„‡Ëi Aš—wj©wLZ eûfz‡Ri cwimxgv

A_©vr, eo e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© = †QvU e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© ... ... .... ... (i)

GLb, eûfz‡Ri evû msL¨v n hZ †ewk n‡e AB Ges Ab¨vb¨ evûi ˆ`N©¨ ZZ †QvU n‡e| Gfv‡e hw` n−Gi gvb‡K
Amxg ch©š— evov‡bv hvq, Z‡e Dfq eûfz‡Ri evû¸wj e„‡Ëi cwiwai m‡½ cÖvq wg‡k hv‡e|
AZGe, (i)bs wbæiƒc AvKv‡i aviY Ki‡e-

eo e„‡Ëi cwiwa ‡QvU e„‡Ëi cwiwa

=
eo e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© †QvU e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©

eo e„‡Ëi cwiwa ‡QvU e„‡Ëi cwiwa

ev, eo e„‡Ëi e¨vm = †QvU e„‡Ëi e¨vm ... ... ... ... ... (ii)

Gfv‡e †h †Kvb msL¨K e„Ë AsKb K‡i (ii)bs mgxKi‡Yi mZ¨Zv cÖgvY Kiv hvq|

‡h †Kvb e„‡Ëi cwiwa

myZivs, †mB e„‡Ëi e¨vm = aª“e msL¨v|

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-292

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

22
GB aª“e msL¨v‡K π Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv nq| mvaviYZ –Gi Avmbœ gvb‡K (Approximate value) aiv nq 7 ev,
3.14159 (cuvP `kwgK ¯’vb ch©š—)|

cwiwa
†Kvb e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©‡K r Ges e¨vm‡K d aiv n‡j (ii) bs mgxKiY n‡e, d =π,
ev, cwiwa = πd = 2πr.
e„‡Ëi cwiwa = d = 2 r †hLv‡b d = e„‡Ëi e¨vm Ges r = e¨vmva©

cÖgvY Ki“b †h, †iwWqvb GKwU aª“e †KvY|

g‡b Ki“b, O GKwU e„‡Ëi †K›`ª Ges OA = r e¨vmva©| ai“b AB C
B
e„ËPvcwU e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb| Zvn‡j, msÁvbyhvqx, AOB=1c.
GLb, OA mij‡iLvi Dci OC j¤^ AvuKzb| Zvn‡j, AOC = GK
1 O A
mg‡KvY Ges e„ËPvc AC= e„‡Ëi cwiwai GK PZz_©vsk = 4 . 2πr = r
πr
2

wPÎ 14.5
Avgiv Rvwb, GKwU e„ËPvc Øviv m„ó †K›`ª¯’ †KvY e„ËPvcwUi mgvbycvwZK|
AOB AOC
myZivs
e„ËPvc AB = e„ËPvc AC

AOB e„ËPvc AB r
ev, = =
AOC e„ËPvc AC πr/2
GK †iwWqvb 2
A_©vr, GK mg‡KvY = π
2
ev, GK †iwWqvb = π ∞ GK mg‡KvY|
†h‡nZz Ges mg‡KvY DfqB aª“eK, myZivs †iwWqvb GKwU aª“e †KvY|

Dccv`¨ (Theorem) t e„‡Ëi †h †Kvb Pvc I Zvi e¨vmv‡a©i AbycvZ H e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª †mB Pvc Øviv Drcbœ †Kv‡Yi
mgvb|
Q
B
C

O A P

wPÎ 16.6

g‡b Ki“b, POQ GKwU wbw`©ó †KvY| O †K †K›`ª K‡i r Gi mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q GKwU e„Ë A¼b Ki“b| g‡b Ki“b
e„ËwU OP Ges OQ †K h_vµ‡g A Ges B we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| GLb e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb GKwU e„ËPvc AC wbb|
Zvn‡j, Pvc AC = e¨vmva© OA = r Ges AOC =1 †iwWqvb|
Avgiv Rvwb, GKwU e„ËPvc Øviv m„ó †K›`ª¯’ †KvY †mB e„ËPv‡ci mgvbycvwZK|
BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-293
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

∠AOB ∠AOC
myZivs, Pvc AB = Pvc AC ,
∠AOB Pvc AB
ev, =
∠AOC Pvc AC

∠AOB Pvc AB
ev, 1 †iwWqvb = r

Pvc AB
ev, AOB = × 1 †iwWqvb|
r
s
ev, AOB = r†iwWqvb, †hLvb Pvc AB = s
AOB Gi e„Ëxq cwigvc θ †iwWqvb n‡j Zv‡K AOB = θ †iwWqvb
ev, AOB = θc AvKv‡i wjLv hvq|
s
Zvn‡j wbw`©ó †KvY, AOB = r †iwWqvb
s
A_©vr, θ = r

Abykxjbx-14.1

1. w·KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki“b|

2. †KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ c×wZ¸‡jv wK? Zv eY©bv Ki“b|
3. cÖgvY Ki“b, †iwWqvb GKwU aª“e †KvY|
4. cÖgvY Ki“b, †h †Kvb e„‡Ëi cwiwa Zv e¨v‡mi mgvbycvwZK|

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-294

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

kJb 2 †KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


‡KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
m¤úK©¸‡jvi mvnvh¨ mgm¨v mgvav‡b `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|

†KvY cwigv‡ci wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©

K) lvUg~jK I kZg~jK GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©
lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z 1 mg‡KvY = 90°
Ges kZg~jK c×wZ‡Z 1 mg‡KvY = 100g
∴ 90° =100g
ev, 9° = 10g
10 g g
∴ 1° =  9  = 1.11 (cÖvq)
 
Avevi 10g =9°
9 °
∴ 1 =  10  =0.9
g o
 
L) lvUg~jK, kZg~jK I e„Ëxq GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©
e„Ëxq c×wZ‡Z Avgiv cvB
2
1 †iwWqvb = π mg‡KvY
ev, π †iwWqvb = 2 mg‡KvY
180° 180°
∴ 1 †iwWqvb = π = 3.14159 = 57°17′44.8′′
π 3.14159
Avevi 1° = 180 †iwWqvb = 180 = 0.0174533 †iwWqvb
wKš—z Aci `yBwU c×wZ Abymv‡i,
g
2 mg‡KvY = 180° = 200
∴ 2 mg‡KvY = 180° = 200g = πc
πc
ev, 1 mg‡KvY = 90° = 100g = 2
g‡b Ki“b, GKwU wbw`©ó †Kv‡Yi cwigvY‡K lvUg~jK, kZg~jK I e„Ëxq c×wZ‡Z h_vµ‡g D wWMÖx, G †MÖW I θ
†iwWqv‡b wb‡`©k Kiv nj| Zvn‡j,
†h‡nZz 180° =πc
π
∴ D° = 180 ∞ D †iwWqvb
Avevi †h‡nZz 200g =πc
π
∴ Gg = 200 ∞ G †iwWqvb
πD πG
myZivs 180 = 200 = θ
D G θ
ev, 180 = 200 = π
D`vniY 1 : 15g 25`13`` †K lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Ki“b|
g
mgvavb t 15 25`13``
BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-295
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

g g g
= 15 +0.25 +0.0013
g
= 15.2513
= 0.152513 mg‡KvY
= 90∞0.152513°
= 13.726170°
= 13°(60∞0.72617)′
= 13° 43.5702′
= 13°43′ (60∞0.5702)′′
= 13°43′34.2′′

D`vniY 2: 50°37′30′′ †K †iwWqv‡b cÖKvk Ki“b|

30′ 1′
mgvavb t 30′′ = 60 = 2
1′ 75′ 75° 5°
∴ 37′30′′ = 37 2 = 2 = = 8
2∞60
5° 405° 405
AZGe, 50°37′30′′ = 50 8 = 8 = 8∞90 mg‡KvY
9
= 16 mg‡KvY
π 9 9π
= 2 ∞ 16 †iwWqvb = 32 †iwWqvb
D`vniY 3 : hw` GKwU e„ËPvc 35 dzU `xN© e¨vmva© wewkó e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª 50g †KvY Drcbœ K‡i, Zvn‡j e„ËPvcwUi
ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavb t ai“b e„ËPvcwUi ˆ`N©¨ = l
GLb l = rθ
†hLv‡b r = e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© Ges θ= †iwWqvb †KvY
50∞πc πc
GLb 50g = 200 = 4
πc
∴ e„ËPv‡ci ˆ`N©¨ = 35∞ 4 dzU
35∞3.14159
= 4 dzU
= 27.49 dzU (cÖvq)
D`vniY 4 : Puv‡`i e¨vm `k©‡Ki †Pv‡Li mv‡_ 30′ †KvY ˆZwi K‡i Ges m~‡h©i 32′| hw` m~h© Pv‡`i †_‡K 675 ¸Y
`~‡i Aew¯’Z nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i e¨v‡mi AbycvZ wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavb t ai“b Puv‡`i †¶‡Î, e¨vm =d1 I `~iZ¡ =l1
Ges m~‡h©i †¶‡Î e¨vm =d2 I `~iZ¡ =12
30 π π
GLb 30′ = 60 ∞ 180 †iwWqvb = 360
32 π 2π
Ges 32′ = 60 ∞ 180 †iwWqvb = 675
π d1
myZivs Avgiv cvB, 360 = l
1
2π d2
Ges 675 = l2
wKš—z †`Iqv Av‡Q l2 = 675 l1

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-296

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

d1
π
360 l1
GLb 2π
= d
2
675 l2
π 675 d1 l2
ev, 360 ∞ 2π = l ∞ d
1 2
675 d1 675l1
ev, 720 = l ∞ d
1 2
d1 675∞l1
ev, d = 675∞720∞l
2 1
d1 1
ev, d = 720
2
myZivs Puv` I m~‡h©i e¨v‡mi AbycvZ nj 1 t 720
D`vniY 5 : 10 dzU DPy GKwU LyuwU KZ`~‡i 15′′ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i?
mgvavb t
g‡b Ki“b AB LuywUwU f‚wgi Dci O we›`y‡Z 15′′ †KvY Drcbœ B
K‡i| ai“b OA= r| †h‡nZz AOB Lye ¶z`ª myZivs AB Gi
ˆ`N©¨ OA Gi ˆ`‡N©¨i Zzjbvq Lye ¶z`ª n‡e| myZivs AB †K 10´
GKwU e„‡Ëi Pvc aiv †h‡Z cv‡i hvi †K›`ª O Ges e¨vmva© =
r. 15´´ A
O
GLb
15′
15′′ = 60 =
15°
=
15
∞
π
‡iwWqvb wPÎ 14.7
60∞60 60∞60 180
GLb s = rθ n‡Z cvB
15
10 = r.
60∞60∞180
60∞60∞180∞10
ev, r = 15 dzU
60∞60∞180∞10
=
15∞3.14159∞3∞1760
gvBj
= 26.04 gvBj (cÖvq)

Abykxjbx-14.2
1. 18 †K wWMÖx‡Z cÖKvk Ki“b|
2. †iwWqv‡b cÖKvk Ki“b|
(i) 115°33′45′′ (ii) 20°15′30′′
3. GKwU Mvoxi PvKv 200 evi AveZ©b K‡i 800 MR AwZµg K‡i| Mvoxi PvKvi e¨vmva© wbY©q Ki“b|
4. GKwU ¯—‡¤¢i D”PZv 100 dzU Ges Zv GKRb ch©‡e¶‡Ki †Pv‡Li Ae¯’v‡b 9′ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| ¯—‡¤¢i †Mvov
n‡Z ch©‡e¶‡Ki `~iZ¡ wbY©q Ki“b|
D R
5. GKwU †Kv‡Yi cwigvc lvUg~jK I e„Ëxq GK‡K h_vµ‡g D° I Rc n‡j †`Lvb †h, 180 = .

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-297

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

kJb 3 w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi msÁv I wPý

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


my²‡Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb,
†h †Kvb †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb,
 w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡eb|

my²‡Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ

g‡b Ki“b, GKwU N~Y©vqgvb †iLv OX Ae¯’vb n‡Z ïi“ K‡i Y

A
OA Ae¯’v‡b Avm‡Z †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv θ Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv P

nj| GLb OA Gi Dc‡i †h †Kvb we›`y P n‡Z OX Gi Dci

θ
PM j¤^ A¼b Ki“b| Zvn‡j ∆POM mg‡KvYx wÎfzR| GB O M X
X′
wÎfz‡Ri AwZfzR n‡”Q OP evû, j¤^ n‡”Q PM evû Ges f‚wg
n‡”Q OM evû|
Y′
wPÎ 14.8
PM OM PM OP
GLb POM wÎfz‡Ri evû¸wj Øviv MwVZ AbycvZmg~n nj t OP , OP , OM , PM ,
OP OM
OM Ges PM

GLb, θ †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ w·KvYwgwZ AbycvZmg~n‡K wbæwjwLZ fv‡e mÁvwqZ Kiv nq|
PM
θ †Kv‡Yi mvBb (sine) AbycvZ ev sineθ = OP = Error!, (ms‡¶‡c sinθ = Error!)
OM
θ †Kv‡Yi †KvmvBb (cosine) AbycvZ ev cosineθ = OP = Error!, (ms‡¶‡c cosθ = Error!)

PM u’ PM
θ †Kv‡Yi †Ub‡R›U (tangent) AbycvZ ev tangentθ = OM = nëKo , (ms‡¶‡c tanθ = OM )
OP
θ †Kv‡Yi †Kv‡m‡K›U (cosecant) AbycvZ ev cosecantθ=PM = Error!, (ms‡¶‡c cosecθ=Error!)

OP
θ †Kv‡Yi †m‡K›U (secant) AbycvZ ev secantθ = OM = Error!, (ms‡¶‡c secθ = Error!)

OM nëKo OM
θ †Kv‡Yi †Kv‡Ub‡R›U (cotangent) AbycvZ ev cotangentθ = PM = ,(ms‡¶‡c cotθ= PM )
u’

Dc‡iv³ QqwU AbycvZ Qvov AviI `ywU Abycv‡Zi e¨envi w·KvYwgwZ‡Z KLbI KLbI †`Lv hvq| G `ywU AbycvZ
nj t
θ †Kv‡Yi versed sine, ms‡¶‡c vers θ =1–cosθ ;
θ †Kv‡Yi coversed sine, ms‡¶‡c coversθ = 1–sinθ.

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-298

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

†h †Kvb mvaviY †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ|

Y
Y
P(x,y)
P(x,y) r
r y
y θ
θ
X′ O xM X X′ M x O X

Y′ Y′
1o KY© 2~ KY©

Y
Y

θ θ x M
Mx
X′ O X X′ O > y X
y r r
P(x,y)
P(x,y)
Y′ Y′
3q wPÎ 4_© wPÎ
wPÎ- 14.9
g‡b Ki“b, XOX′ Ges YOY′ `yBwU mij‡iLv ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e O we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| O †K g~jwe›`y ai‡j †iLv `yBwU
h_vµ‡g x- A¶ I y- A¶ n‡e| GLb ai“b GKwU N~Y©vqgvb †iLv Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z N~Y©b ïi“ K‡i OP
Ae¯’v‡b G‡m †kl nq Ges XOP = θ †KvYwU Drcbœ K‡i| myZivs P we›`i Ae¯’vb XOY, YOX′, X′OY′ A_ev
Y′OX GB PviwU †PŠK‡Yi †h †Kvb GKwU‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| GLb P we›`y n‡Z XOX′ mij‡iLvi Dci PM j¤^ AvuKzb|
g~jwe›`y O n‡Z P we›`yi `~iZ¡ OP †K P we›`yi e¨vmva© †f±i ejv nq| P we›`yi ¯’vbvsK (x,y) Ges e¨vmva© †f±i OP
= r n‡j θ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jv wbæwjwLZ fv‡e msÁvwqZ nq ”

PM P we›`yi y-¯’vbvsK y
sinθ = OP =
P we›`yi e¨vmva© ßnÖr
=r

OM P we›`yi x-¯’vbvsK x
cosθ = OP =
P we›`yi e¨vmva© ßnÖr
=r

PM P we›`yi y-¯’vbvsK y
tanθ = OM = =
P we›`yi x-˙JjJÄT x

OP r
cosecθ = PM = = y

OP P we›`yi e¨vmva© †f±i r

secθ = OM = =x
P we›`yi x-˙JjJÄT

OM x
cotθ = PM = = y

w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jvi gvb wbY©‡qi mgq P we›`yi wewfbœ †PŠK‡Y Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ x I y Gi h_vh_ wPý Aek¨B
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-299

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý

†h‡nZz e¨vmva© †f±i OP(=r) me©`v abvZ¥K, myZivs θ †Kv‡Yi wewfbœ w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jvi wPý x I y- Gi
wPý A_©vr OM I PM evûi cwigv‡ci Dci wbf©i Ki‡e (wPÎ 14.9)|
GLb GKwU N~Y©vqgvb mij‡iLv Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z ïi“ K‡i †h †Kvb cwigv‡ci †KvY Drcbœ Kivi ci Zv PviwU
†Kvqv‡Wª‡›Ui †h †Kvb GKwU‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| hw` N~Y©vqgvb mij‡iLvi †kl Ae¯’vb, A_©vr e¨vmva© †f±i cÖ_g
†Kvqv‡Wª‡›U _v‡K (wPÎ 14.9, 1g wPÎ) Zvn‡j POM wÎfz‡Ri PM, OM Ges OP evûi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi cwigvY abvZ¥K
n‡e| myZivs cÖ_g †Kvqv‡Wª‡›U mg¯— w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb abvZ¥K n‡e|
hw` OP †iLv wØZxq †Kvqv‡Wª‡›U Ae¯’vb K‡i (wPÎ 14.9, 2q wPÎ), Z‡e OP I PM evû؇qi gvb abvZ¥K (+) Ges
OM evûi gvb FYvZ¥K (—) n‡e| myZivs, w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi msÁvbymv‡i Zv‡`i wPý n‡e wbæiƒct
PM +
sinθ = OP A_©vr, + , ev, abvZ¥K;
OM –
cosθ = OP A_©vr, + ev, FYvZ¥K;
PM +
tanθ = OM A_©vr, – ev, FYvZ¥K|

Abyiƒcfv‡e cosecθ = abvZ¥K, secθ = FYvZ¥K Ges cot θ = FYvZ¥K|

myZivs, wØZxq †Kvqv‡Wª‡›U mvBb Ges †Kv‡m‡K›U AbycvZØq abvZ¥K Ges Ab¨vb¨ AbycvZ FYvZ¥K n‡e|

Abyiƒcfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq †h, Z…Zxq †Kvqv‡Wª‡›U †Ub‡R›U Ges Y

†Kv‡Ub‡RbU AbycvZØq abvZ¥K Ges Aci¸wj FYvZ¥K Ges PZz_© sine all
†Kvqv‡Wª‡›U †KvmvBb I †m‡K›U AbycvZØq abvZ¥K Ges Aci¸wj cosec positive
positive
FYvZ¥K| wbw`©ó †KvY Drcbœ K‡i N~Y©vqgvb mij‡iLv †kl ch©v‡q
O
†Kvb& †Kvqv‡Wª‡›U Ae¯’v Ki‡e Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡j Avcbviv cvk¦©¯’ X′
tan X
cos
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ AwZ mn‡RB w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý wbY©q cot sec
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| positive positive
Y′
wPÎ 14.10
cÖ_g †PŠK‡Y me¸‡jv w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý abvZ¥K, wØZxq †PŠK‡Y sin I cosec-Gi wPý abvZ¥K Ges
Ab¨¸‡jv FYvZ¥K, Z…Zxq †PŠK‡Y tan I cot-Gi wPý abvZ¥K Ges Ab¨¸‡jv FYvZ¥K, PZz_© †PŠK‡Y cos I sec Gi
wPý abvZ¥K Ges Ab¨¸‡jv FYvZ¥K|

j¶Yxq, hLb mvBb, †KvmvBb Ges †Ub‡R‡›Ui wPý abvZ¥K, ZLb G‡`i wecixZ AbycvZmg~n, A_©vr h_vµ‡g
†Kv‡m‡K›U, †m‡K›U Ges †Kv‡Ub‡R‡›Ui wPý abvZ¥K| w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~‡ni FYvZ¥K wP‡ýi †¶‡ÎI GB
wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨|

Abykxjbx-14.3

1. my²‡Kv‡Yi Rb¨ w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n wbY©q Ki“b|

2. †h †Kvb mvaviY †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jv wbY©q Ki“b|
3. w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wPý wKiƒ‡c wbY©q Kiv nq Zv eY©bv Ki“b|

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-300

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

kJb 4 w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸wji g‡a¨ †gŠwjK m¤úK©

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
m¤úK©¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡b `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|

w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jvi cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK©

cvV 3 Gi wPÎ 14.8 †_‡K wb‡Pi m¤úK©¸‡jv cÖwZwôZ Kiv hvq|
(i) . . sinθ = PM Ges cosecθ = OP ,
. OP PM
OP 1 1
∴ cosecθ = PM = PM = ;
sinθ
OP
1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, sinθ = cosecθ

(ii) . . cosθ = OM Ges secθ = OP ,

. OP OM
OP 1 1
∴ secθ = OM = OM = ;
cosθ
OP
1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cosθ = secθ .

PM OM
(iii) . . . tanθ = OM Ges cotθ = PM ,
OM 1 1
∴ cot θ = PM = PM = ;
tanθ
OM
1
Abyiƒcfv‡e tan θ = cotθ .

PM OM PM OM
(iv) . . . sinθ = OP , cosθ = OP , tanθ = OM Ges cotθ = PM ,
PM PM/OP sinθ
∴ tanθ = OM = OM/OP =
cosθ
OM OM/OP cosθ
Ges cotθ = PM = PM/OP = sinθ

myZivs w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK m¤úK©¸wj nj t

1 1
sinθ = ...... (1), cosecθ = ....... (2)
cosecθ sinθ
1 1
cosθ = ..... (3), secθ = ....... (4);
secθ cosθ
1 1
tanθ = .... (5), cotθ = ......(6) ;
cotθ tanθ
sinθ cosθ
tanθ = ....(7), cotθ = .... (8).
cosθ sinθ

Abywm×vš— t 1 bs I 2 n‡Z, sinθ cosecθ=1,

3 bs I 4 bs n‡Z cosθ secθ =1,

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-301

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

5 bs I 6 bs n‡Z, tanθ cotθ=1.

(v) ∆OPM GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfzR e‡j,

PM2+OM2=OP2 - - - - - - (i)
PM2 OM2
ev, + =1 [Dfq c¶‡K OP2 Øviv fvM K‡i ]
OP2 OP2
ev, PM 2 + OM 2 = 1
 OP   OP 
A_©vr, (sinθ)2 + (cosθ)2 = 1
∴ sin2θ + cos2θ=1 ..........(9)
GLb (i) Gi Dfq c¶‡K OM2 Øviv fvM K‡i Avgiv cvB,
 PM  2 + 1 =  OP  2
OM OM
A_©vr (tanθ) + 1 = (secθ)2
2

∴ sec2θ = 1+tan2θ ... ... ... ... ... (10)

Avevi (i) Gi Dfq c¶‡K PM2 Øviv fvM K‡i Avgiv cvB,
OM 2 OP 2
1+  PM  = PM

ev, 1+ (cotθ)2 = (cosecθ)2

∴ cosec2θ = 1+cot2θ . ... ... (11)
(9), (10) Ges (11)bs m~θ‡jv‡K wbæwjwLZfv‡eI wjLv hvqt
cos2θ= 1–sin2θ, sin2θ =1 —cos2θ, sec2θ –tan2θ=1; sec2θ–1 =tan2θ, cosec2θ–cot2θ=1, cosec2θ–1 = cot2θ;
BZ¨vw`|

w·KvYwgwZ‡Z AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq KZ¸wj m~Î t

sin2θ + cos2θ = 1, sec2θ–tan2θ=1, cosec2θ–cot2θ=1

D`vniY 1 : secθ AbycvZ‡K cosecθ Abycv‡Z cÖKvk Ki“b|

mgvavb t sec2θ = 1+tan2θ.

secθ = ± 1+tan2θ
1
=± 1+ 2
cot θ

cot2θ+1
=±
cot2θ

cosec2θ
=±
cosec2θ–1
12
D`vniY 2 : hw` sinA = 13 nq Z‡e cotA Gi gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
cosA
mgvavb t Avgiv Rvwb, cotA = sinA

1–sin2A
=± sinA

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-302

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

1–13
12 2
 
=± 12
13
144
1– 169
=± 12
13
169–144
± 169
= 12
13
25
± 169
= 12
13
5
13
= ± 12
13
5
= ± 12

21 1
D`vniY 3 : hw` sinθ = 29 nq Z‡e cÖgvY Ki“b secθ+tanθ= 22 , hLb θ cÖ_g †PŠK‡Y Aew¯’Z|
21
mgvavb t sinθ = 29

Avevi cos2θ+sin2θ = 1
∴ cos2θ = 1– sin2θ= 1– 29
21 2
 
441 400
= 1 – 841 = 841
20
∴ cosθ = 29

†h‡nZz θ cÖ_g †PŠK‡Y Aew¯’Z myZivs ïaygvÎ abvZ¥K wPý we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1 sinθ
GLb secθ+tanθ = cosθ + cosθ
21
1 29
= 20 + 20
29 29

= 20 + 29 ∞ 20
29 21 29
 
29 21
= 20 + 20

50 1
= 20 = 2 2

1+cosθ
D`vniY 4 : cÖgvY Ki“b 1–cosθ
= cosecθ + cotθ.

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-303

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

1+cosθ
mgvavb t 1–cosθ
(1+cosθ)(1+cosθ)
=
(1+cosθ)(1–cosθ)

(1+cosθ)2
=
1–cos2θ

(1+cosθ)2
= [ ... sinθ+cos2θ = 1 ]
sin2θ
1+cosθ
=
sinθ
1 cosθ
= +
sinθ sinθ

= cosecθ + cotθ
cosθ+cosφ sinθ+sinφ
D`vniY 5 : cÖgvY Ki“b sinθ–sinφ = cosφ–cosθ

cosθ+cosφ
mgvavb t evgc¶ = sinθ–sinφ

(cosθ+cosφ)(sinθ+sinφ)
=
(sinθ–sinφ)(sinθ+sinφ)
(cosθ+cosφ)(sinθ+sinφ)
=
sin2θ–sin2φ
(cosθ+cosφ)(sinθ+sinφ)
=
1–cos2θ–1+cos2φ
(cosθ+cosφ)(sinθ+sinφ)
=
cos2φ–cos2θ
(cosθ+cosφ)(sinθ+sinφ)
=
(cosφ+cosθ)(cosφ–cosθ)
sinθ+sinφ
=
cosφ–cosθ
sinA–sinB cosA–cosB
D`vniY 6 : cÖgvY Ki“b cosA+cosB + sinA+sinB = 0
sinA–sinB cosA–cosB
mgvavb t cosA+cosB + sinA+sinB

(sin2A–sin2B) + (cos2A–cos2B)
= (cosA+cosB)(sinA+sinB)

(sin2A+cos2A) – (sin2B+cos2B)
= (cosA+cosB)(sinA+sinB)
1—1
= (cosA+cosB)(sinA+sinB) = 0

D`vniY 7: cÖgvY Ki“b sin4θ–cos4θ = sin2θ–cos2θ

mgvavb t sin4θ–cos4θ
= (sin2θ)2–(cos2θ)2
BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-304
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

= (sin2θ+cos2θ) (sin2θ–cos2θ)
= 1 (sin2θ–cos2θ)
= sin2θ–cos2θ
tanθ
D`vniY 8 : cÖgvY Ki“b (secθ–cosθ)(cosecθ–sinθ) =
1+tan2θ
mgvavb t (secθ–cosθ) (cosecθ–sinθ)

=  1 – cosθ  1 – sinθ
cosθ  sinθ 

= 1–cos2θ . 1–sin2θ
 cosθ   sinθ 
sin2θ cos2θ
= .
cosθ sinθ
= sinθ cosθ
sinθ cosθ
=
sin2θ+cos2θ
sinθ
cosθ
= [ cos2θ Øviv je I ni‡K fvM K‡i ]
sin2θ
1+
cos2θ
tanθ
=
1+tan2θ

D`vniY 9 : hw` cosθ–sinθ = 2 sinθ nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h, cosθ+sinθ= 2 cosθ.

mgvavb t cosθ–sinθ = 2 sinθ
ev, cosθ = 2 sinθ+sinθ
ev, cosθ = sinθ ( 2 +1)
cosθ
ev, sinθ =
2+1
(cosθ)( 2–1)
ev, sinθ =
( 2+1)( 2–1)
2cosθ–cosθ
ev, sinθ = 2–1
ev, sinθ = 2 cosθ–cosθ
ev, sinθ + cosθ= 2 cosθ
c2–b2
D`vniY 10 : hw` a2sec2θ –b2tan2θ = c2 nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h, cosecθ = ±
c2–a2
mgvavb t a2sec2θ – b2tan2θ = c2
ev, a2sec2θ – b2(sec2θ–1) = c2
ev, a2sec2θ –b2sec2θ+b2 =c2
ev, sec2θ(a2–b2) =c2–b2
c2–b2
ev, sec2θ = 2 2
a –b

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-305

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

a2–b2
∴ cos2θ = 2 2
c –b
a2–b2
ev, 1–sin2θ = 2 2
c –b
a2–b2
ev, sin2θ = 1– 2 2
c –b
c2–b2–a2+b2
ev, sin2θ =
c2–b2
c –a2
2
ev, sin2θ = 2 2
c –b
c2–b2
ev, cosec2θ = 2 2
c –a
c2–b2
∴ cosecθ = ±
c2–a2

Abykxjbx-14.4
1. sinθ AbycvZ‡K cotθ Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki“b|
A‡f`¸‡jv cÖgvY Ki“b (2–9)
1
2. cotA+tanA = sinAcosA
sinA 1+cosA
3. 1+cosA + sinA = 2cosecA.

4. cosec6θ–cot6θ = 1+3cosec2θ cot2θ.

1–sinθ
5. = secθ – tanθ
1+sinθ
1+sinθ
6. (tanθ+secθ)2 =
1–sinθ
1+sinθ 1–sinθ
7. – secθ = secθ –
1–sinθ 1+sinθ
sinA–cosA+1 1+sinA
8. sinA+cosA–1 = cosA
1 1 1 1
9. – = −
secθ+tanθ cosθ cosθ secθ–tanθ
c–a
10. hw` acos2θ+bsin2θ = c nq, Z‡e †`Lvb †h tanθ = ± b–c
3 12 tanθ–tanφ
11. θ Ges φ my²‡KvY Ges sinθ = 5 Ges cosφ = 13 n‡j 1+tanθtanφ Gi gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
a asinθ–bcosθ
12. hw` tanθ = b nq Z‡e asinθ+bcosθ Gi gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
9
13. hw` cosA = 41 nq, Z‡e tanA Ges cosecA Abycv‡Zi gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
sin2kθ k2
14. hw` ktanθ = tankθ nq Z‡e cÖgvb Ki“b †h, 2 =
sin θ 1+(k –1)sin2θ
2

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-306

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

kJb 5 w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aª“eZv I mxgve×Zv

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aª“eZv I mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡eb|

w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aª“eZv

GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ †h †Kvb wbw`©ó w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb me mgqB aª“e n‡e|

Y Y
P′
P

θ θ
M M′
X′ O M M′ X O
X′ X

P
Y′ Y′
P′
1g wPÎ 2q wPÎ
wPÎ 14.11

g‡b Ki“b XOP = θ| †h †Kvb `ywU we›`y P I P′ n‡Z XOX′ Gi Dci h_vµ‡g PM Ges P′M′ j¤^Øq AsKb
Ki“b|
PM P′M′
cÖ_g wP‡Î ∆OPM -G, sinθ = OP Ges ∆OP′M′ -G, sinθ = OP′ |
PM P′M′
GLb ∆OPM Ges ∆OP′M′ m`„k‡KvYx e‡j, OP = OP′ .

PM P′M′
∴ sinθ = OP =
OP′
myZivs, sinθ Gi gvb Dfq wÎfzR n‡Z GKB cvIqv hvq| AZGe wbw`©ó cwigvY †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ sinθ Gi gvb aª“e|
Ab¨vb¨ Abycv‡Zi †¶‡ÎI Bnv cÖ‡hvR¨|
Avevi N~Y©vqgvb mij‡iLvi †kl Ae¯’vb Ab¨ †h †Kvb †Kvqv‡Wª‡›U (2q wPÎ) Ae¯’vb Ki‡j wÎfzR `ywU m`„k‡KvYx
nIqv QvovI Abyiƒc evûi wPÎ GKB cÖK…wZi nq| myZivs †h †Kvb wÎfzR n‡Z w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡j
Zv‡`i gvb Ges wPý GKB n‡e|
AZGe, GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ †h †Kvb wbw`©ó w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb me mgqB aª“e n‡e|

w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi mxgve×Zv

Avcbviv Rv‡bb, sin2θ+cos2θ=1. †h‡nZz ev¯—e msL¨vi eM© me©`v abvZ¥K; myZivs sin2θ Ges cos2θ Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi
gvb abvZ¥K n‡e| Avevi G‡`i †hvMdj = 1 e‡j Zv‡`i †KvbwUi gvb 1 A‡c¶v e„nËi n‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr sinθ
ev cosθ Gi gvb+1 A‡c¶v e„nËi A_ev –1 A‡c¶v ¶z`ªZg n‡Z cv‡i bv|

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-307

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

Kv‡RB θ Gi gvb hZ eo ev †QvUB †nvK, sinθ ev cosθ Gi gvb +1 Ges –1 Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡e (–1≤sinθ≤1
Ges –1≤cosθ≤1) A_©vr, †h gvb +1 A‡c¶v e„nËi (†hgb 2, 2 , 3) Zviv sinθ ev cosθ Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ b‡n|
Z`ªƒc, –1 A‡c¶v ¶z`ªZg msL¨v (†hgb, –2, –1.5,– 3 ) sinθ wKsev cosθ Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ b‡n|

1 1
†h‡nZz, cosecθ = sinθ Ges secθ = cosθ ; myZivs secθ ev, cosecθ Gi gvb +1 A‡c¶v ¶z`ªZg A_ev —1
1 1
A‡c¶v e„nËg n‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, secθ Ges cosecθ Gi gvb 0.2, 0.3, 2 , — 5 , —0.4 BZ¨vw` n‡Z
cv‡i bv|

wKš—z g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, tanθ ev cotθ Gi gvb +1 A‡c¶v e„nËi ev, –1 A‡c¶v ¶z`ªZi n‡Z cv‡i|

Abykxjbx-14.5
1. w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi aª“eZv I mxgve×Zv eY©bv Ki“b|

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-308

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

kJb 6 K‡qKwU wba©vwiZ †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


wba©vwiZ †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~‡ni gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mgm¨v mgvav‡b Abycv‡Zi gvbmg~n cÖ‡qv‡M `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|

30 †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ

P

2a
60°
a
30°
O 30° a 3 X
N
60°

Q
wPÎ 14.12
g‡b Ki“b, GKwU N~Y©vqgvb mij‡iLv Avw` Ae¯’vb OX n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i Nwoi KuvUvi N~Y©‡bi wecixZµ‡g AvewZ©Z
n‡q XOP=30° †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| OX Gi Dci PN j¤^ A¼b K‡i Zv‡K Q ch©š— Ggbfv‡e ewa©Z Ki“b †hb
PN=NQ nq| GLb OQ †hvM Ki“b|

†h‡nZz, OPN Ges OQN mg‡KvYx wÎfzRØq me©‡Zvfv‡e mgvb AZGe OPN = OQN=60°,
myZivs, OPQ GKwU mgevû wÎfzR|
∴ OP = PQ = 2PN [ ... PN = NQ ]

ai“b PN = a
Zvn‡j OP =2a Ges ON = OP2–PN2 = 4a2–a2 = 3a2 = a 3 .
PN a 1
∴ sin30° = OP = 2a = 2 ,
ON a 3 3
cos 30° = OP = 2a = 2
PN a 1
tan30° = ON = =
a 3 3
OP 2a
cosec30° = PN = a =2,
OP 2a 2
sec30° = ON = =
a 3 3
ON a 3
Ges cot30° = PN = a = 3 .

45 †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ|

P
g‡b Ki“b, XOP=45° Ges OX Gi Dci PN j¤^| AZGe PON =
45 | †h‡nZz OPN mg‡KvYx wÎfzR Ges PON=45 , myZivs a 2 45°
OPN=45° AZGe, PN = ON. a
45°
O a X
N
KY© 14.13
BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-309
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ai“b PN =a
Zvn‡j ON = a Ges OP = PN2+OP2 = a2+a2 = 2a2 = a 2 .
PN a 1
∴ sin 45° = OP = =
a 2 2
ON a 1
cos 45° = OP = = ,
a 2 2
PN a
tan45° = ON = a = 1.

OP a 2
cosec45 = PN = a = 2 ,

OP a 2
sec45 = ON = a = 2 ,

ON a
Ges cot45° = PN = a = 1.

60° †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ|

P
2a
a 3 2a
60° 60°
O a N Q X
wPÎ 14.14

g‡b Ki“b, XOP=60° Ges OX Gi Dci PN j¤^| Zvn‡j PON = 60 | OX Gi Dci Ggb GKwU we›`y Q †bqv
nj †hb ON=NQ nq| PQ †hvM Ki“b| GLb ∆OPN Ges ∆PQN mg‡KvYx wÎfzRØq me©‡Zvfv‡e mgvb e‡j PON
= PQN = 60°; myZivs, OPQ GKwU mgevû wÎfzR Ges OP evû = OQ evû|

ai“b ON=a Zvn‡j OP=OQ=2ON=2a

Ges PN= OP2–ON2 = 4a2–a2
= 3a2 = a 3 .
PN a 3 3
∴ sin60° = OP = 2a = 2 ,
ON a 1
cos60° = OP = 2a = 2 ,

PN a 3
tan60° = ON = a = 3 ,

OP 2a 2
cosec 60° = PN = =
a 3 3
OP 2a
sec60° = ON = a = 2,

ON a 1
Ges cot 60° = PN = = .
a 3 3

90° †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ|

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-310
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

Y
P
g‡b Ki“b, XOP †Kv‡Yi cwigvc cÖvq 90° Gi mgvb Ges OX Gi Dci
PN j¤^| Zvn‡j, ON evû ¯úóZt LyeB †QvU|

X′ O N X GLb, PON †Kv‡Yi cwigvY 90° wWMÖxi hZB KvQvKvwQ n‡e ON evûi ˆ`N©¨
ZZB †QvU n‡e Ges OP I PN ci¯úi wbKUeZx© n‡Z _vK‡e| GLb,
KZ¥bv Ki‡j ON=0 (k~b¨) n‡e Ges PN I OP DfqB OY
PON=90°
Y′ Gi Dci mgvcwZZ n‡e A_©vr PN = OP n‡e|
wPÎ 14.15
PN OP ON 0
AZGe hLb XOP = 90° ZLb OP = OP = 1 Ges OP = OP = 0
PN OP
∴ cÖvš—xq Ae¯’vq, sin90° = OP = OP =1,
ON
cos 90° = OP =0,

PN PN
tan90° = ON = 0 =

OP OP
cosec 90° = PN = OP = 1,

OP OP
sec90° = ON = 0 =

ON 0
Ges cot 90° = PN = PN = 0|

UxKv t wPýwU Ggb GKwU ivwk hv †h †Kvb abvZ¥K msL¨v n‡Z e„nËi, abvZ¥K msL¨vwU hZ e„nËi msL¨vB †nvKbv
†Kb|

Dc‡i 90° †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb wbY©q Kivi mgq XOP †KvY‡K 90° A‡c¶v mvgvb¨ †QvU aiv
n‡q‡Q| wKš—z XOP †KvY‡K 90° A‡c¶v mvgvb¨ eo a‡i †Ub‡R›U I †m‡K›U Abycv‡Zi cÖvš—xq gvb wbY©q Ki‡j
Zv‡`i gv‡bi wPý cwiewZ©Z nq|
Y
P
cv‡k¦©i wPÎvbyhvqx,
PN PN
tan90° = –ON = –0 = –

X OP OP
X′ N O sec 90° = –ON = –0 = – .

Y′
wPÎ 14.16
myZivs, cÖK…Zc‡¶ Avgiv cvB, tan90°= ± , Ges sec90° = ± . wKš—z Ab¨vb¨ Abycv‡Zi gv‡bi cwieZ©b n‡e bv|

0° †Kv‡Yi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ|

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X′ O N X

Y′
wPÎ 14.17

g‡b Ki“b, XOP LyeB †QvU Ges abvZ¥K †KvY Ges OX Gi Dci PN j¤^| Zvn‡j, PN evûI Lye †QvU n‡e|
GLb XOP ¶z`ª n‡Z ¶z`ªZi n‡Z _vK‡j PN evûi ˆ`N©¨ µgk ¶z`ª n‡Z _vK‡e| cÖvš—xq Ae¯’vq hLb XOP=0
nq, ZLb PN evû †jvc cvq Ges OP evû ON Dci mgvcwZZ nq A_©vr OP = ON Ges PN = O nq|
myZivs, cÖvš—xq Ae¯’vq,

PN 0
sin0° = OP = OP = 0

ON OP
cos0° = OP = OP =1

PN 0
tan0° = ON = ON =0,

OP OP
cosec 0° = PN = 0 =

OP OP
sec0° = ON = OP =1

ON ON
cot 0° = PN = 0 = .

wba©vwiZ †Kv‡Yi, †hgb 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° Ges 90° †KvYmg~‡ni Rb¨ w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~‡ni gvb wk¶v_x©‡`i
Aek¨B ¯§iY ivLv DwPZ| †KvY¸‡jvi cÖ_g wZbwU Abycv‡Zi gvb wb‡æ QK AvKv‡i †`qv nj| Ab¨ AbycvZ¸‡jvi
gvb G‡`i wecixZ t
†KvY sine cosine tangent

0° ev 0c 0 1 0
π 1 3 1
30° ev 6 2 2 3
π 1 1
45° ev 4 2 2
1

π 3 1
60° ev 3 2 2
3

π
90° ev 2 1 0 ±

D`vniY 1 : hw` A=30 I B=60 nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h, sin(A+B)= sinAcosB + cosAsinB

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-312

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

mgvavb t evgc¶ = sin(A+B) = sin(30°+60°) = sin90° =1.

Wvbc¶ = sinAcosB+cosAsinB
= sin30°cos60°+cos30°sin60°
1 1 3 3
=2 .2 + 2 . 2
1 3
= 4 + 4 = 1.

∴ evgc¶ = Wvbc¶
1
D`vniY 2 : gvb wbY©q Ki“b (sin30 +sin45 ) (cos60 –cos45 ) + 4
1
mgvavb t (sin30°+sin45°) (cos60°–cos45°) + 4

= 2 +  2 –  + 4
1 1 1 1 1
 2  2

= 2 –   + 4
1 2 1 2 1
   2
1 1 1
=4 –2 +4

1–2+1 2–2
= 4 = 4 =0

π π π π π
D`vniY 3: hw` tan2 4 – cos2 3 = xsin 4 cos4 tan3 nq, Z‡e x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
π π π π π
mgvavb t tan24 – cos23 = x sin 4 cos4 tan3
180° 180° 180° 180° 180°
ev, tan2 4 – cos2 3 = x sin 4 cos 4 tan 3

ev, tan245° – cot260° = xsin45°cos45°tan60°

1 1
ev, (tan45°) 2 – (cot60°) 2 = x . . . 3
2 2

ev, (1) 2 – 2 2 = 2

1 x 3

1 x 3
ev, 1– 4 = 2
3 x 3
ev, 4 = 2
3 2 3
∴ x=4 ∞ = 2
3

D`vniY 4 : mgvavb Ki“b 3 (tanθ+cotθ) =4 hLb 0°<θ<90°

mgvavb t 3 (tanθ+cotθ) = 4
ev, 3 tanθ+ tanθ = 4
1
 
ev, 3 (tan θ+1) = 4tanθ
2

ev, 3 tan2θ+ 3 = 4tanθ

ev, 3 tan2θ – 4tanθ+ 3 =0
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ev, 3 tan2θ–3tanθ–tanθ+ 3 =0

ev, ( 3tanθ–1) (tanθ– 3) =0

nq 3 tanθ–1=0. bv nq tanθ – 3 =0
1
∴ tanθ = = tan30° ∴ tanθ = 3 = tan60°
3
∴ θ =30° ∴ θ = 60°
†h‡nZz θ Gi gvb 0° n‡Z 90° Gi g‡a¨ mxgve×
∴ θ = 30°, 60°

D`vniY 5 : θ abvZ¥K my²‡KvY n‡j 2 sin2θ = 3cosθ mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki“b|

mgvavb t 2sin2θ = 3cosθ.

ev, 2(1–cos2θ) = 3cosθ

ev, 2–2cos2θ = 3cosθ
ev, 2cos2θ + 3cosθ – 2 =0
ev, 2cos2θ+4cosθ–cosθ–2=0
ev, (2cosθ–1) (cosθ+2) = 0
nq 2cosθ–1= 0 A_ev cosθ+2 = 0
1
∴ cosθ = 2 = cos60° ∴ cosθ = –2

∴ θ = 60° hv m¤¢e bq
∴ θ = 60°

D`vniY 6 : A, B, C †Kv‡Yi gvb wbY©q Ki“b (A, B, C †Kv‡Yi cÖ‡Z¨KwU abvZ¥K I my²), hLb sin(B+C–
A)=1, cos(C+A–B)=1 Ges tan(A+B–C)=1.
mgvavb t sin(B+C–A) = 1 = sin90°
∴ B+C–A = 90° ... .... .... .... ... (1)
cos(C+A–B) = 1= cos0°
∴ C+A–B = 0° ... .... .... .... . ... (2)
tan(A+B–C) = 1 = tan45°
∴ A+B–C = 45° ... ... ... ... ... ... (3)
GLb (i) I (ii) †hvM K‡i cvB, 2C =90° ∴ C= 45°
1°
(ii) I (iii) †hvM K‡i cvB. 2A =45° ∴ A = 22 2

1°
(iii) I (i) †hvM K‡i cvB, 2B = 135° ∴ B = 67 2 .

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-314

 MwYZ 1g cÎ

Abykxjbx-14.6

gvb wbY©q Ki“b (1–2)

1. sin45°sin60° – cos45°cos60°
2. 4tan245° – cosec230° –cos360°

cÖgvY Ki“b (3–6)

3. hw` θ = 45° nq Z‡e,
i) sin2θ = 2sinθcosθ
ii) cos2θ = cos2θ–sin2θ.

4. hw` A =60° Ges B=30° nq Z‡e, cos(A+B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB.

2tanA
5. hw` A =30° nq Z‡e tan2A =
1–tan2A
tanθ–tanφ
6. hw` θ = 60° Ges φ =30° nq Z‡e tan(θ–φ)= 1–tanθtanφ

mgvavb Ki“b (hw` θ abvZ¥K I my²‡KvY nq) (7 – 11)

7. sec2θ = 2tanθ
8. cot2θ + 3cosecθ – 9=0
9. 3tan2θ–5secθ+1 = 0
sinθ–cosθ 1– 3
10. =
sinθ+cosθ 1+ 3
11. sinθ+cosθ = 2

12. mgvavb Ki“b 2cos2θ = 3(1–sinθ). hLb 0°<θ<90°

1
13. α I β abvZ¥K my²‡KvY n‡j sin(2α−β)=1 Ges cos(α+β) = 2 mgxKiY `ywU †_‡K α I β Gi gvb wbY©q
Ki“b|
14. A, B, C †Kv‡Yi me¸‡jvB abvZ¥K my²‡KvY n‡j A, B I C Gi gvb wbY©q Ki“b| hLb
1
cos(B+C–A) = 2
1
tan (C+A–B) =
3
Ges sec (A+B–C) = 2

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DËigvjv
Abykxjbx-14.2
1. 10° 2. i) 0.642πc ii) 0.116 c
7
3. 11 MR 4. 7.23 gvBj (cÖvq)

Abykxjbx-14.4
1 16
1. 11. 63
± 1+cot2θ
a2–b2 40 41
12. 13. ± 9 , ±40
a2+b2

Abykxjbx-14.6
3–1 1
1. 2. –8
2 2

7. 45° 8. 30°
9. 60° 10. 30°
11. 45° 12. 30°
1° 1°
13. α = 50°, β = 10° 14. A = 37 2 , B = 52 2 , C = 45°

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv-316