Name: Putri Agustina

NIM: C031191003
EXERCISE 1

S 1. Nicole and Brigette woke up very early on the morning of the

international roller skating competition and ate a quick breakfast.
2. The roller skating rink in Miami was much larger than the rink in
their home town in France.
CC
3. Among the competitors, there were skaters from Japan, Korea,
Australia, Russia, Argentina, and many other countries.
L 4. Since the competition was taking place in the United States, the
largest group of competitors was American.
CE 5. The competition began in mid-morning with free skating for
couples, and the first scores were posted after lunch.
S 6. A young Korean couple won this category because they worked
so perfectly together.
7. Nicole and Brigette felt that the French couple had given a much
CE livelier performance than the Korean couple.
8. Nicole was competing in several categories, including women’s
CC free skating, women’s school figures, and pair skating.
9. After they had finished competing, the two girls stayed to watch
L the couple competitions.
10. They had both won some prizes, so they left the skating rink
feeling very happy and excited.
S

CE

EXERCISE 2:
1. Main idea: E-mail (electronic mail) uses computers for communication.
Signal words: Examples:
1. Seconds later: “Seconds later, they have your message”.
2. Another : “Another reason people like to use email is that for just a
few cents you can send a message to someone in another part of the
world.”
3. Lastly : “Lastly, e-mail allows you to send a single message to
many people at the same time.”

2. Main idea: E-mail is becoming increasingly popular for many reasons.

Signal words: Examples:
 1. First: “First, it is a popular way to send messages among people who do
not like to use the telephone.”
2. Second: “Second, it is useful for sending suggestions or requests.”
3. Furthermore: “Furthermore, email messages are uniform.”
4. In addition: : “In addition, they do not give away the sender’s feelings or
emotional codititon.”

3. Main idea: One advertising executive explained why he preferred not to use e-
mail.
Signal words: Examples:
1. Aside from that fact: “Aside from that fact, he disliked email because he
felt that it was too impersonal.”
2. In addition: “In addition, he said it was too fast and easy.”
3. The main reason: “The main reason was that he had no time to learn to
use the system.”

EXERCISE 3
1. PAGE 82
Main idea : the house is famous
Signal words : first of all, it is also, furthermore
Examples : because it belonged to a president. A fine example of early 19th
century american architecture. The design combines a graceful style with a typical
american concern for comfort and function.
2. PAGE 86
Main idea : many of these dangers (most homes for small children) are obvious
Signal words : for example, another, but other, the same is, finally.
Examples : stairs can be dangerous and so can the sharp corners of a table.
Wellknown danger is fire. Dangers maybe less .........from poisoning in their
homes. True of alcohol and cigs. Soaps and chems used for cleaning are often
extremely poisonous.
3. PAGE 88
Main idea : there are number of ways to make life comfortable in the heat
Signal words : first of all, it is important also to, finally.
Examples : you can try to keep your home as cool as possible. Keep yourself cool
by wearing loose light clothes. You should try to stay calm and relaxed.
EXERCISE 4
I want to have a job as a veterinarian as well as entrepreneur because I think this is
relevant to me. I really want to be an entrepreneur, but a veterinarian is my major
now. When I can do both, means I can make my dream a reality and create
something good from the collaboration of the two.

Main idea : Franklin D. Roosevelt, the thirty-second president of the United

States. Biography
January 30, 1882 : Franklin D. Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, New York
1903 : He began his studies at Harvard
1905 : He married Eleanor Roosevelt
After : He was serving in the New York State Senate
1921 : He worked in Washington as Secretary of the Navy
At that time : He became very lil with Polio and lost the use of his legs
In 1928 : He ran for governor of New York
After : He was serving two terms as governor
In 1933 : He was elected to the presidency
April 12, 1945 : He died in office

Main idea : making orange juice

First : oranges are dumped onto moving belt
Next : they rolled into juicing machines
Then : the rinds (the skin of the oranges) are thrown out the end
of a long tube
At the same time : the juice goes through small holes in the bottom of the
tube
Next : the juice goes into another machine called the finisher
Last : the juice goes into large tanks.
EXERCISE 5

1. Main idea : A trip to another country requires a certain amount of planning.

Signal words : Examples :
4. First : “First, you must decide where you would like to go”.
5. Next : “Next, you need to look at maps and books about those places”.
6. Then : “Then, you should find out what kind of documents you will
need to enter the country”.
7. In the meantime : “In the meantime, you may want to find out the
language spoken there”.
8. Finally : “Finally, you should make a packing list to make sure you bring
everything necessary for a pleasant trip”.

2. Main idea : Air travel has become the primary means of long-distance
transportation around
the world.
Signal words : Examples :
1. In 1919 : “The airplane was adopted for passenger service in Europe in
1919”.
2. Later, in 1927 : “Later, in 1927, people in the United States began to
travel by air”.
3. In those days : “In those days, people flew in small, two-engine propeller
planes”.
4. By 1950 : “By 1950, planes could carry up to 100 passengers at about 480
km/hr”.
5. In 1989 : “In 1989, the United States airlines alone carried about 452
million passengers”.
6. 1990s : “The modern jetliner of the 1990s can carry more than 300
passengers at a speed of more than 885 km/hr”.

3. Main idea : No matter where you travel by plane, the process is usually the
same.
Signal words : Examples :
1. Before : “You arrive at the airport at least an hour before the plane is
scheduled to leave”.
2. Right away : “Right away, you show your tickets and your passport to the
agent”.
3. Then : “Then, you go to the gate where you will board your plane”.
4. As you walk : “As you walk there, you may stop to buy magazines and
candy or make a last-minute telephone call”.
 5. When : “When you arrive at the gate, you carry-on bags are examined by
a special x-ray machine”.
6. Finally : “Finally, an agent announces that it is time to board your plane,
and you are on your way”.

EXERCISE 6
1) Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was a basketball star in the United States. When he was
born in
New York City in 1947, his parents named him Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr. He
studied at
the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in the late 1960s. At that
time, he led
the university's basketball team to three championships. It was also dur- ing his
college years
that he converted to the Muslim faith. He changed his name to Kareem Abdul-
Jabbar. In
1969, Kareem began his professional basketball career as a center on the
Milwaukee Bucks
team. Later, in 1975, he joined the Los Angeles Lakers. When he retired in 1989,
Kareem
held several all-time records in basketball. He has also been named "the most
valuable
player" six times.
Main Idea : The biograpy of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
2) Maya Angelou, an African-American author, had many difficult experiences
while she was
growing up. Born in 1929 in Long Beach, California, her original name was
Marguerite
Johnson. Her parents separated when she was three. Then she and her brother
went to live
with their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Later on, she lived for a while with
her mother
and grandmother in St. Louis, Missouri. When she was only eight years old, Maya
experienced abuse from her mother's boyfriend. Wherever she lived, she was
often badly treat
shaped by the strong influence of love. In her childhood, she learned of love from
her
grandmother and her brother. As she grew older, she also began to love literature.
After
junior high school, Maya went to live with her mother in San Francisco. There, in
1945, she
graduated from high school. A few months later, she had a baby son, who became
the center
of her life. In later years, Maya included all of these experiences in her novels,
plays, and
poems. She has received many honors as a writer and spokes- woman for Afro-
Americans.
But perhaps her greatest honor came in 1993. President Bill Clinton asked her to
write the
official poem for his inauguration. Then she read the poem aloud at the ceremony
in front of
the American public.
Main Idea : A difficult experiences of Maya Angelou
3) Spike Lee, an African-American film director, is one of the most noted people
in his field.
Born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1957, Spike's middle-class family moved to Brooklyn,
New
York, when he was two years old. His father, jazz musician Bill Lee, and his
mother, Jackie,
an art teacher, had five children. The Lees provided a loving and stable home for
their family.
Spike's interest in movies began as a youngster. After graduating from Morehouse
College in
Atlanta, he studied filmmaking at New York University. Soon after that, he made
his first
feature film, "She's Gotta Have It" with a budget of only $200,000. Since the
success of that
movie, Lee has written, produced, and directed five more films. All of them are
extremely
controversial and extraordinar- ily popular with both black and white audiences.
One of Lee's
latest achievements was to be invited to teach film at Harvard University.
1. Main Idea: Spike lee, the most noted an african-american film director in
field.
EXERCISE 7
1. PAGE 83
Main idea : if you ever get a blow-out while you are driving, you should know
what to do.
Signal words : the first thing, the next step, after, then
Examples : to do is to hold very tightly to steering wheel. Is to get off the road.
You check the traffic, you should move over. You should turn on your flashing
lights so other cars will see you.
2. PAGE 95
Main idea : a newborn panda is a tiny, helpless little creature
Signal words : compared to, in fact, however, by the time, around that time, bye
the time
Examples : pandas develop fairly, slowly, most animals. They don’t even begin
to walk until they are about 5 months old. That doesn’t stop them growing. Pandas
may weigh over 55 pounds-they are a year old. The young panda begins to eat
bamboo. It’s a year and a half old, a panda bear may weigh over 100 ponds. Main
idea : a newborn panda is a tiny, helpless little creature
1. Signal words : compared to, in fact, however, by the time, around that
time, bye the time.
2. Examples : pandas develop fairly, slowly, most animals. They don’t even
begin to walk until they are about 5 months old. That doesn’t stop them
growing. Pandas may weigh over 55 pounds-they are a year old. The
young panda begins to eat bamboo. It’s a year and a half old, a panda bear
may weigh over 100 ponds.

EXERCISE 8
The correct order of the steps: 6-7-1-3-10-9-2-5-4-8
1. He takes a large, long bread roll from a plastic bag
2. He slices the roll in half lengthwise
3. He piles sliced meat and cheese on it
4. He places it on a metal tray.
5. He allows it to bake until the meat is warm.
6. He calls out, "What do you want on your large Italian?"
7. He adds lots of chopped pickles.
8. He folds the two sides together.
9. He wraps it in waxed paper.
10. He asks, "For here or to go?"
EXERCISE 9
1. Main idea : Machines
Signal words : signal of similarity
Example : -like the old machine
-like the vending machine
2. Main idea : laptop computers
Signal words : -signal of difference
-signal of similarity
Example : -Unlike the heavy monsters of the past
-the laptop also have large screens than the olders models.
3. Main idea : gasoline cars
Signal words :-signal of similarity
-signal of difference
 Example : - like gasoline cars, the electric vehicles provide convenient.
-unlike gasoline cars, the electric vehicle is totally silent.

EXERCISE 10
1. Paragraph : similarities
Main idea : there are some aspects of the similarities between high school
and college

Signal words Examples

Both place Grandma's house in Jember and Uncle's house in
Malang, both places are very comfortable
Similarly The city of Makassar is very stuck, similarly the city of
Jakarta
Resembles fruit taste that resembles the taste of apples

2. Paragraph : differences
Main idea : the difference between university of Bologna and north
American universities

Signal words Examples

While Fulan likes to play ball, while her younger sister likes to
play with dolls
Unlike Sugar tastes sweet unlike coffee which tastes bitter.
Different Apple juice and soursop juice have different properties

3. Paragraph : differences
Main idea : the difference between language schools and other public
schools in Russia

Signal words Examples

in many ways in many ways, Sinta and Jojo have similarities.
however Sinta and Jojo are twins. However, Sinta has curly hair
and Jojo has straight hair
One major One major different between joni and jeni is, joni is a
different man, and jeni is a woman
The greatest The biggest difference between papaya and orange is:
different oranges are round and papayas are oval shaped
Unlike Negroid race has black skin unlike the Asian race who
has yellowish skin
In contrast Sinta likes to eat rice. In contrast, Jojo likes to eat
snacks

EXERCISE 11
1. Paragraph similarities
 Main idea: elephant are the largest land animal in the world and whales are
the largest sea animals.
Signal words: similar, also, like.
Example: like the whale, the elephant, too uses sound to show anger or for
other kinds of communication.
2. Paragraph differences
Main idea: houses in hot countries have many features that are different from
houses in cold countries.
Signal words: different, however, another differences.
Example: houses in hot countries usually have thick walls and small windows
to keep out the heat. In colder climates and darker regions, however, people
do not have to worry about to much sun and heat.

EXCERSICE 12
The United States and Another Country
Need to know that the United States is a federal constitutional republic consisting
of fifty states and a federal district. The country is located in the central part of
North America, home to forty-eight adjacent states, along with the capital district
of Washington, DC The United States is flanked by the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans in the west and east, bordering Canada to the north , and Mexico to the
south. The other two states, Alaska and Hawaii, are located separately from the
mainland of the United States. But basically the United States has differences
with other countries, for example, Indonesia. The United States and Indonesia are
two countries that have quite striking differences. This is also because life levels
are very different. This time the differences in education will be discussed. The
first difference between the two countries is if in Indonesia the emphasis is on
learning theory, while in America it will learn through practice in the field. If you
pay attention, it is true that lessons from elementary school to college, in
Indonesia we are always subjected to theories. The material given is sometimes
far beyond the ability of the human brain to memorize. Different from the US,
The education system in the US is learning by practicing because doing something
directly will be more effective than memorizing theory. In the US, students will
often go to the laboratory to analyze their lessons. Reason or how to analyze them
is also trained in language and culture lessons. Furthermore, the second
difference, in Indonesia is still to distinguish between the majors of Natural
Sciences and Social Sciences which makes students' minds are only divided into
two and they must choose one of them. In contrast to the United States where
students are free to choose subjects of interest. The third difference, namely in
terms of religious subjects, in Indonesia Religion is a matter that is highly upheld,
so, religious values have been instilled early on in schools. In Indonesia, at least
once a week there are religious subjects in class. But, in the United States religion
is considered as a very personal matter. Therefore, in general religion is not
discussed in public spaces, including schools. Therefore, parents and family play
the role of teaching religious values. Then, one of the important things in
education is the cost factor. In Indonesia, public schools have relatively low
education costs compared to private schools. Well, for certain levels it is free.
Unlike the United States, public schools or public schools are free of charge.
Education in the US is provided free of charge, but tuition fees must pay for
themselves. This is also due to the necessity of children to attend school in the
US. Some differences between the United States and other countries, for example
Indonesia. Indeed the comparison in terms of US education is far more advanced.
But it does not rule out the possibility that the two countries have something in
common.
EXERCISE 13
A. Study following pairs of words and phrases
1. AIDS HIV
2. epidemics bacteria
3. coughs colds and flu
4. improperly stored food food poisoning
5. slow infant development poor nutrition
6. skin cancer too much exposure to the sun
7. swimming in pools ear infection
8. heart trouble diet high in fat
9. lung cancer cigarette smoking
10. skiing broken leg

B. For each pair above, write a sentence.

1. AIDS is caused by HIV
2. Epidemics are caused by bacteria
3. Cough can be caused by cold and flu
4. Improperly stored food can cause food poisoning
5. Slow infant development can be caused by poot nutrition
6. Skin cancer is caused by too much exposure to the sun
7. Swimming in he pools can cause ear infection
8. Heart trouble can be caused by diet high in fat
9. Lung cancer is the result of cigarette smoking
10. Skiing can cause broken leg

Exercise 14
1. Coal-burning factories cause acid rain.
Cause Effect
2. Stricter anti-pollution laws can lead to higher prices for consumers.
Cause Effect
3. The death of lakes and streams can result from acid rain.
Effect Cause
4. Forests have become diseased due to acid rain.
Effect Cause
5. Coal burning also results in higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air.
Cause Effect
6. Higher infant death rates can result from sulfur dioxide pollution.
Effect Cause
7. Coal burning causes the exterior walls of buildings to decay.
Cause Effect
8. Strict anti-pollution controls may cause coal miners to lose their jobs.
Cause Effect
9. Special equipment in coal furnaces can greatly reduce the
Cause
amount of pollution that comes out of the chimney.
Effect
10. Pollution from carbon fuels can be decreased by
Effect
encouraging the development and use of solar energy.
Cause
Multiple causes or effects
a: Sometimes a single cause can produce many effects. In the following
paragraph, what is
the cause? What are the effects?
In 1992 Hurricane Iniki hit the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. As a result, all
telephone
lines were out of order, the airport was closed, and thousands of homes were
damaged. Hotels
were washed away, and tourists' holidays were ruined. Many Kauaians lost their
jobs.
Cause = In 1992 Hurricane Iniki hit the Hawaiian Island of Kauai.
Effect = As a result, all telephone lines were out of order, the airport was closed,
and
thousands of homes were damaged. Hotels were washed away, and tourists'
holidays were
ruined. Many Kauaians lost their jobs.
b: Sometimes a single effect is the result of several causes. In the following
paragraph, what
is the effect? What are the causes?
The Frozen Yogurt Company closed its shop in the center of town. There really
was
no other choice. The poor economy meant fewer customers and higher prices for
supplies.
Bills for electricity and water seemed to go up every month. And then the landlord
decided to
double the rent.
Cause = There really was no other choice. The poor economy meant fewer
customers and
higher prices for supplies. Bills for electricity and water seemed to go up every
month. And
then the landlord decided to double the rent.
Effect = The Frozen Yogurt Company closed its shop in the center of town.
EXERCISE 15
A. Here are two possible causes for the effect listed below. Write the
letters of the effects which should go with each cause. Some of effects
can be used twice.
Cause 1 : Learning a new language
Effects : - Many headaches (a)
- Going to the language lab (e)
- Feeling confused (f)
- Understanding others' ideas (g)
- Doing homework (h)
Cause 2 : Living in a new city
Effects : - Meeting interesting people (b)
- Feeling in danger (c)
- Spending a lot of money (d)
- Feeling confused (f)
- Understanding others' ideas (g)
- Finding a new job (i)
- Getting married (j)

B. Here are two effect which have multiple. Write the letters of the
causes which you think should go with each effect. Some of effects can
be used twice.
Effect 1 : Many animals have become extinct.
Cause : - Stmaller rain forests (a)
- Use of chemical fertilizers (b)
- Carbon-diaxide emissions (c)
- Polluted rivers (e)
- Too many hunters (h)
Effect 2 : Many cities are overcrowded.
Cause : - Lack of job opportunities on farms (d)
- Wars (f)
- High birth rates (g)
EXERCISE 16

1. Main idea : Increased in the number of children who are treated for ear
infection.
Cause(s) : Increased use of day care.
Effect(s) : Little children catch ear infection from each other
2. Main idea : A young child’s untreated ear infection can lead to serious
consequences.
Cause(s) : Language learning depends on good hearing and when children
with frequent of untreated ear infections cannot hear well.
Effect(s) : delay in their ability to speak and use language effectively
3. Main idea : The greater numbers of reported ear infections could result from
social and economic factors.
Cause(s) : some health center charge very little for visits.
Effect(s) : parents are encouraged to bring in their children more often for
lesser problems, such as ear infections.

EXERSICE 17
1. Main idea : people move from one city or country to another will potentially bring in
germs

Cause : people move from one city or country to another will bring in germs to areas that
did not exist before
Effect : If a germ is completely new to a region people have no natural protection become
ill more easily and die
2. Main idea: Changes in heating systems of buildings can lead to disease
Cause : This lower temperature was just perfect for a deadly germ which grows in heating
pipes. When the heated it carried the germs.
Effect : When the heated air was blown into the rooms of a hotel, it carried the germs.
Many visitors became ill and several died.
3. Main idea : Pollution of the oceans can result in the spread of disease.
Cause : These pollutants result in the increased growth of tiny plants called algae. The
infected algae contained cholera can stick to ships.
Effect : Germs of the disease recently rode on ships. thousands of people have died from
the resulting epidemic of cholera.
EXERCISE 18 :
1. Main idea: in some poor countries, over 20% of the children die in ther first of life
Cause(s):lack of medical care and meds Effect(s): children die in their 1st year of
life
Weak children die easily from diseases
Water shortage get carried diseases
Drink dirty waters drink from dirty rivers/lakes
2. Main idea: people who work in large office buildings get sick more often than normal
Cause(s): windows cannot be opened Effect(s): same air stays inside for a long
time
Same air stays air becomes unhealty that may be full of
Breathing unhealthy air chems that come from anywhere get sick
building syndrome
3. Main idea: scientists study discovering new problems
Cause(s) the valdez oil spill Effect(s): immediate deaths of animals and
long term effects on the others
Harbor seal swam through the oil seals sick and many
dissapeared , got brain damage
oil spill unhealthy baby seals to death
EXERCISE 19
1. CE
2. CE
3. CC
4. CE
5. S
6. CE
7. S
8. CE
9. CC
10. S

EXERCISE 19
L 1. The success of Milan's soccer team is due large part to good
management and good luck.
S 2. Making a pizza at home can be quick and simple if you forlow
these steps.
CC 3. The industrial Italy of today is a far different place from the rural
Italy of just a generation ago.
CE 4. The Mafia would never be so powerful in Italy if the Italian
government hadn't helped it in some way.
S 5. Italian society has undergone a number of profound changes in
recent years.
CE 6. The only way to save the artistic treasures of Italy is to drastically
reduce the number of cars in Italian city centers.
S 7. The career of Francesco Guccini - one of Italy's most loved
pop/folk singers began in a cafe in Bologna.
CE 8. Changes in life style have brought changes in the eating habits of
many Italians.
CC 9. The standard of living of most Italians today is not very from that
of their European neighbors.
S 10. Applying for citizenship in Italy is a complicated bureaucratic
process that may take over a year.

EXERCISE 21
1. C – CC
2. D – S
3. A – S
4. B - L