Module 3

BASICS OF WATER BASE

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER
SYSTEM

AFSS BRIEF

SPRINKLER SYSTEM PIPING DESIGN

BASIC COMPONENTS OF WET TYPE AFSS

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS

 WATER-BASED FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

A fire sprinkler system is an ACTIVE

fire protection measure, consisting
of water supply system, providing
adequate pressure and flow of water
through a distribution piping system,
onto which fire sprinklers are
connected.

Sprinkler systems have been around since

the late 1880’s.

In 1874, H.S. Parmelee patented the first

practical automatic sprinkler.

With Fire Sprinkler System, the combustion Per NFPA research, Sprinkler
of products is controlled if extinguished at controls 70% of all fires with five
incipient stage of fire. or fewer sprinklers activated.
2012 PME Code: Automatic Fire Sprinkler System is an
integrated system of underground and overhead piping
designed in accordance with the fire protection engineering
standards

The portion of the

system above the
ground is a network of
specially sized or
hydraulically designed
piping.

Automatic sprinklers
are connected in a
systematic pattern.

The application of heat

will cause that single
sprinkler to operate,
permitting water to
discharge over its area
of protection.
 FOUR TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO
CONDITIONS OF APPLICATION

Wet Pipe Sprinkler System is the most common installation in an environment

not subject to freezing to protect the property, contents and personnel.

A system that uses automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system always

containing water and connected to a water supply and pump where water
discharges immediately from sprinklers activated by heat from a fire.
Using water as its extinguishing agent, one wet system may cover
as much as 4,831 m2 in a single fire area (Light & Ordinary Hazard)

 Pipes are always filled with water. Heat from fire opens a sprinkler head.
 Usually only one or two heads open.
 Water flows until it is manually shut off.
 The open sprinkler head(s) is replaced and the system is reset.
 A check valve prevents water from re-entering the water supply.

 Gauges on both sides of the main valve, register pressure on the supply
and system sides.
 A retard chamber prevents sudden pressure surges which could cause a
false alarm.
 An alarm check valve detects water flow and activates the alarm system.
 There is a main drain valve which drains the system during maintenance.

 An Inspectors Test Valve, usually at the end of the system, used to simulate
flow from a single head and to measure the system response.
 Wet Pipe Sprinkler
 A one-way clapper prevents water
from re-entering the water supply,

 Gauges on both sides of the main

valve, register pressure on the supply
and system sides,

 A retard chamber prevents sudden

pressure surges which could cause a
false alarm,

 An alarm check valve detects water

flow and activates the alarm system,
 Wet type Sprinkler System is the least expensive type of automatic
sprinkler system.

Major drawback:

1. Cannot be used
in areas where
temperatures
drop below
freezing

2. Will also flow

water if a
sprinkler head is
accidentally
opened or a leak
occurs in the
piping.
Dry Pipe Sprinkler System is used where the water in the piping would be
subject to freezing. Water is held back from the piping network by a special
dry pipe valve which is kept closed by air or nitrogen pressure maintained in
the piping.
 Dry Pipe Sprinkler System uses a dry pipe valve that keeps pressurized
air above the supply water pressure

 Dry pipes systems are used in

unheated buildings, but the valve
room must be heated.

 Pipes are not filled with water (but

with pressurized innert gas or air).

 Heat from a fire opens a sprinkler

head. Usually only one or two heads
open.

 Air pressure drops in the piping and

opens the dry-pipe valve that allows
water fills the pipes and exits
through an open sprinkler head(s).

 The clapper valve has a locking

mechanism to keep the clapper
open until it is reset by draining the
system and resetting the lock.
NFPA mandates discharge within 60 seconds of first
sprinkler opening but dry pipe systems are a little slower to
activate than wet pipe systems, so most have either an
Exhauster or Accelerator to speed up the system operation

The Exhauster detects reduction in

pressure, releasing air & opening
sooner

The Accelerator detects decrease

in air pressure in the pipes forcing
clapper to open sooner
Deluge Sprinkler System is a system that does not use automatic
sprinklers but open type sprinklers to deliver a large quantity of water
over a specified area in a short period of time for high hazard
application.

Fire suppression
agent may be water
or foam.

A deluge valve is
activated by a fire
detection system
installed in the same
area as the sprinklers.

When the deluge valve

opens, water or foam-
water flows into the
system and discharges
from all the attached
sprinklers in the system.
Deluge system schematic:
1, OS&Y valve;
2, deluge valve with basic trim;
3, solenoid valve and electric
actuation trim;
4, pressure alarm switch;
5, water motor alarm;
6, spray nozzles or open
sprinklers;
7, deluge releasing panel;
8, electric manual control
stations;
9, fire alarm bell;
10, trouble horn;
11, heat detectors. (©
Copyright Simplex Grinnell. All
rights reserved.)
Deluge Sprinkler System
 Deluge Systems are used for protection against rapidly spreading, high
hazard fires or extra hazard occupancies

 Pipes in protected area are empty, it is not filled with water (or gas).
 A detector signal triggers the system, allowing water/foam to enter pipes and
flow from all sprinkler heads (which are already open).

 Primarily installed in special

hazard areas that have fast
spreading fire or low flash point,
( i.e. flammable liquid storage,
lumberyards, large airplane
hangars and electrical
transformers.)

 Activation causes water to flow

simultaneously from all of the
open sprinklers thus creating a
fire buffer zone by cooling
surfaces to prevent deformation
or structural collapse.
 Primarily installed in special hazard areas
that have fast spreading fire, i.e. petroleum
facilities, hazardous materials)

 Are also used to apply protein and AFFF

foams,

 Activation will cause great quantities of water

or foam to flow,

 Usually requires several detectors to activate

before discharging.
 Restoration of the System;

 the deluge clapper valve must be

manually reset with the latching
mechanism in place,

 the detection system is re-activated,

 because of these procedures, it is not

recommended for the FD to restore the
system, leave it to the professionals.
Preaction Sprinkler System is similar to a dry system that uses
automatic sprinklers. Air pressure is usually maintained in the piping
network to ensure that the system is air tight.
Pre-action systems are generally used where accidental
discharge of water could severely damaged facilities or
equipment such as historical items or computer areas.

 Similar to dry-pipe and deluge system;

 Pipes are not filled with water.
 Piping in a preaction system does not contain water and may
or may not be filled with pressurized air or gas,
 Water does not flow to the sprinkler heads until detector
activates.
 Water from the supply piping is held back by a preaction valve and is
released to the system piping when the fire detection system and/or
sprinklers are activated.
 All sprinkler heads are of the standard closed type. Water only flows
from a sprinkler head if it is opened by heat from a fire.
 Water flows until system is shut off and reset is done.
 Used primarily to protect property where water could severely
damage facilities or equipment (e.g. historical items, library)
 Types of Preaction Sprinkler Systems

Single interlock preaction system:

It require only one event to occur before
water is admitted to the system. It is
activated by the release of the detection
system. Sprinkler activation does not affect
this function.

Double interlock system:

This system requires two events to occur
before water is admitted to the system. One
event consists of the activation of a device
installed on the detection system. The other
event includes the operation of a sprinkler
that causes the maintained air pressure in
the system to fall to a predetermined level.
Water does not enter the system until both
events occur.
 Advantages of Using Pre-action Systems

1. If there are broken sprinkler pipes, no water flows.

If a pipe breaks in one of your fire sprinkler systems, water does not flow
into the system. In this situation a trouble alarm will be triggered due to
the loss of air pressure in the pipe and compressed air will be released
from the pipe, not water.

2. If the sprinkler head is damaged, no water flows.

Should a sprinkler head become damaged during day-to-day activities,
cleaning, painting, etc. water will not be released. This is due to the fact
that only supervisory compressed air is inside the sprinkler pipe during
normal operation.

3. Water damage due to natural disasters is less likely.

In the case of an earthquake or other natural disaster, there is less
chance of your valuable assets becoming damaged from water
contained in the fire sprinkler systems.
Restoration of the
System

 the deluge clapper

valve must be
manually reset
with the latching
mechanism in
place

 the detection system, with supervisory features is re-

activated,

 because of these procedures, it is not recommended

for the FD to restore the system, leave it to the
professionals.
 Typical Layout of Complete Water-
Main Components of Automatic Sprinkler System
Based Fire Protection System

3. Private Fire Service Main -

Fire Hydrant System

4. Automatic Sprinkler
2. Fire Pump System
System

1. Water Storage Tank

V. Automatic Sprinkler System
 Piping components nomenclatures

Riser - the aboveground horizontal or vertical pipe

between the water supply and the mains (cross feed) that
contains a control valve (either directly or within its supply
pipe) and a water flow alarm device.

Feed Main - the pipe supplying cross main, either directly

or through riser.

Cross Main – the pipe supplying the branch line, either

directly or through the riser.

Branch lines - the pipe in which the sprinklers are placed, either directly or through risers.
 Sprinkler System Component
A. Riser - The main supply pipes in a sprinkler system

Seamless or ERW Black Iron Pipe, schedule 40

Size : 100 mm dia Yield Point: >205 MPa
Brand : Superior Tensile Point > 300 MPa
Standard : ASTM A53 – A / PNS 26 Elongation > 30%
B. Feed Mains - The pipes supplying cross mains, either directly or
Sprinkler System Component
through risers.
 Sprinkler System Component
C. Cross Mains - The pipes supplying the branch lines, either
directly or through risers.
D. Branch Lines - The pipes in which the sprinklers are placed,
Sprinkler System Component
either directly or through risers.
 1. Wet Pipe Sprinkler System
6.3.1.1 Pipe or tube shall meet or exceed one of the standards in Table
6.3.1.1
– Aboveground Pipe

CPVC
Nonmetallic piping specification for special listed
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe ASTM F 442
 1. Wet Pipe Sprinkler System
– Fittings
Fittings used in
sprinkler
systems shall
meet or exceed
the standards in
Table 6.4.1.
Listing SprinklerSystem Component –
General Requirements
6.1.1.2 Unless the requirements of 6.1.1.3, 6.1.1.4, or
6.1.1.5 are met, all materials and devices essential to
successful system operation shall be listed.

6.1.1.3 Equipment as permitted in Table 6.3.1.1 and

Table 6.4.1 shall not be required to be listed.

6.1.1.4 Materials meeting the requirements of 9.1.1.2,

9.1.1.4.2, and 9.1.1.4.3 shall not be required to be
listed.

6.1.1.5 Components that do not affect system

performance such as drain piping, drain valves, and
signs shall not be required to be listed.
 Sprinkler System Component –
Update on NFPA 13, 2016 Edition
General Requirements
6.1.2 Reconditioned Components.

6.1.2.1 The use of reconditioned valves and devices as replacement

equipment in existing systems shall be permitted.

6.1.2.2 Reconditioned sprinklers shall not be permitted to be utilized

on any new or existing system.

6.1.3 Rated Pressure.

System components shall be rated for the maximum system working

pressure to which they are exposed but shall not be rated not less
than 175 psi (12.1 bar) for components installed aboveground and 150
psi (10.4 bar) for components installed underground.
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF WET PIPE AUTOMATIC
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Alarm Check Valve Assembly is designed to hold back water pressure

in the piping system until the sprinkler is activated and to automatically
actuate electrically and/or hydraulically operated alarms when there is a
steady flow of water into the system which is equivalent to discharge
rate of one or more sprinklers.
Sprinkler System Component
 NFPA Provision on Alarm Check Valve Assembly

6.8.1 General

Water flow alarm apparatus shall be listed for the service and so
constructed and installed that any flow of water from a sprinkler system
equal to or greater than that from a single automatic sprinkler of the
smallest orifice size installed on the system will result in an audible
alarm on the premises within 5 minutes after such flow begins and until
such flow stops.

6.8.2 Water flow Detecting Devices

6.8.2.1 Wet Pipe Systems.

The alarm apparatus for a wet pipe system

shall consist of a listed alarm check valve
or other listed water flow-detecting alarm
device with the necessary attachments
required to give an alarm.
Wet Pipe Sprinkler System Components
 Flow Switch

Water Motor Bell

Retard Chamber

Main Drain Valve Alarm Check Valve Assy

Brand : Tyco
Model : AV-1-300 Alarm Check Valve
Working Water Pressure Range: 20 to 300 psi (1.4 to 20.7 bar)
Size and connection : 150 mm, ANSI B16.5, Class150
Restriction Assy Main Drain Valve Supply Pressure Gauge

Wye Strainer System Pressure Gauge

 Sprinkler System Component –
Water Alarm Gong or bell is a mechanical
device, operated by the flow of water
Waterflow Alarms.
oscillating a hammer that strikes a gong,
causing an audible alarm signal.

NFPA 13 6.8.3.3 All piping to

water motor-operated devices
shall be galvanized steel,
brass, copper, or other
approved metallic corrosion-
resistant material of not less
than 3∕4 in. (20 mm) nominal
pipe size.
 Floor Control
Floor Control Valve
Valve
NFPA13-2016 8.2.4 Floor Control Valve Assemblies.

• 8.2.4.1 Multistory buildings exceeding two stories in height shall be

provided with a floor control valve, check valve, main drain valve,
and flow switch for isolation, control, and annunciation of water flow
for each individual floor level.

• 8.2.4.3 The floor control valve, check valve, main drain valve, and
flow switch required by 8.2.4.1 shall not be required where the total
area of all floors combined does not exceed the system protection
area limitations of 8.2.1.
Floor Control Valve
 Zone Or Floor Control Valve Assembly

It must be installed for multi-level building so that each floor or zone can be shut off
if necessary and the rest of the system will remain operational.

The inspectors test valve is used to

Flow switch for each feedmain along simulate the opening of one sprinkler
with test and drain valves will ensure head on the branch and see if flow
valve operation during fire. switch will trigger an alarm.
 Pressure Reducing Valve

In portions of systems where all components are not listed for

pressure greater than 175 psi (12 bar) and the potential exists or
normal (non-fire condition) water pressure in excess of 175 psi (12
bar), a listed pressure-reducing valve shall be installed and set for an
outlet pressure not exceeding 165 psi (11 bar) at the maximum inlet
pressure.

Pressure gauges shall be installed on the inlet and outlet sides of each
pressure-reducing valve.

A listed relief valve of not less than 1∕2 in. (15

mm) in size shall be provided on the
discharge side of the pressure reducing valve
set to operate at a pressure not exceeding
the rated pressure of the components of the
system.

Means shall be provided downstream of all

pressure-reducing valves for flow tests at
sprinkler system demand.
 Automatic Sprinkler

Automatic Sprinkler is a fire

suppression or control device that
operates automatically when its
heat-responsive element is heated
to its thermal rating or above,
allowing water to discharge over a
specified area.

Open sprinkler is a type of

sprinkler that does not have
actuators or heat-responsive
element. It is designed to be
installed in deluge sprinkler systems
which are commonly used for
protection against rapidly spreading
high hazard fires.
Sprinkler Heads are essentially a valve that when exposed for a
sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating of
the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases,
allowing water to flow from only the affected sprinkler. The operation
and subsequent water flow of an automatic fire sprinkler will lead to a
drop in pressure within the fire sprinkler system.
 2. Heat makes the
fluid inside the glass
bulb expand.

1. Sprinkler heads.

3. The water seal then

falls and the sprinkler
starts to spray water
onto the fire below.
 Sprinkler Heads are classified according to temperature
rating, color coding of deflector or glass bubs.

Maximum Sprinkler
Celing Temperature Sprinkler
Sprinkler Glass Bulb
Temperature Rating Frame Color
Classification Color Code
Code
F C F C
Uncolored or Orange or
100 38 135-170 57-77 Ordinary
Black Red
Yellow or
150 66 175-225 79-107 Intermediate White
Green
225 107 250-300 121-149 High Blue Blue
300 149 325-375 163-191 Extra High Red Purple
Very Extra
375 190 400-475 204-246 Green Black
High
475 246 500-575 250-302 Ultra High Orange Black
625 329 650 343 Ultra High Orange Black
 Automatic fire sprinklers can be classified and described
based on 5 characteristics:

1. Orifice size

2. Installation
orientation
and deflector

3. Temperature
rating

4. Thermal
sensitivity

5. Special service
conditions
Upright Sprinkler – it is to be installed in such a way that the
water spray is directed upwards against the deflector.
Pendent Sprinkler - designed to be installed in such a way
that the water stream is directed downward against the
deflector.

Recessed Sprinkler - sprinkler in which all or part of the

body, other than the shank thread, is mounted within a
recessed housing.
Sidewall Sprinkler- designed to discharge most of the water
away from the nearby wall in a pattern resembling one-quarter
of a sphere, with a small portion of the discharge directed at
the wall behind the sprinkler.
NFPA 13, 8.4.2 Sidewall Spray Sprinklers

Sidewall sprinklers shall only be installed as

follows:

(1) Light hazard occupancies with smooth,

horizontal or
sloped, flat ceilings

(2) Ordinary hazard occupancies with

smooth, flat ceilings
where specifically listed for such use

(3) To protect areas below overhead doors

Spare sprinkler head storage cabinet

Storage Cabinet must contain

 extra heads
 sprinkler wrench

Minimum number of spare

sprinkler head in accordance
with NFPA® 13.
 Less than 300 heads
min 6 spares
 300 – 1,000 heads
min 12 spares
 More than 1000
heads min 24 spares

Sprinkler storage cabinets are

usually installed near a riser or
valve
Gate valve is the isolating and flow controlling
device for the system. It is basically located and
installed in the system riser or the supply piping.
For fire protection service, an outside screw and
yoke (OS and Y) type Gate Valve is required.
Wye Strainer mechanically remove solids from
flowing liquid piping systems with the use of a
perforated or wire mesh straining screen, and are
used to protect the fire pumps. Water flowing
through the pipe will flush out the solids in the
screen.

Check valve - a backflow prevention device.

Wafer type Swing type

 Inspector Test Connection
Inspector Test Connection
provides both the test function and
the drain function for a wet fire
sprinkler system. ITC is usually
located at the remotest area of the
system.
Fire Department Connection is a
connection through which the fire
department can pump supplemental
water into the sprinkler system or
standpipe system.

Used as either as supplement or the

main source of water when water tank
is empty.

Should be visibly located near main

entrance of building and must be
recognizable

Min size of fittings 2 ½” (65 mm)

Have a sign with at least 1” letters

that read “AUTO SPRINKLER”

Shall not be less than 18” or more

than 48” above grade.
 Fire Department Connection (FDC)

Fire department connections shall be located

on the street side of buildings.

Fire department connections shall be located

and arranged so that hose lines can be readily
and conveniently attached to the inlets without
interference from any nearby objects, including
buildings, fences, posts, or other fire
department connections.
Pressure Relief Valve is a
device that is set to prevent a
pressure build-up on the fire
protection to a pressure the
system is designed.

Brand : Kunkle Valve

Model : 228H-M01AMS
Type : Spring Operated
Size : 100 mm
Capacity : 1000 gpm
Pressure relief setting: 140 psi
Pressure rating: 300 psi
Enclosed Waste Cone (with sight
glass) piped to storm drain canal
Flow meter is a device installed on the discharge of a fire pump
usually at the pump test header line to accurately determine pump
flow capacity performance.

Observe proper location of installation; should be installed in

straight pipe 5D before and 2D after

Brand: Global Vision

Type: Venturi
Size: 150 mm
Capacity: 2000 gpm
Pressure rating: 500 psi
Wrong installation of Flow Meter
Water Flow Switch is an
electro-mechanical device that
monitors the flow of water
through a zone. When a
sustained water flow occurs at
the downstream of the system
with minimum flow of 10 GPM, a
signal is transmitted to the
FACP.

Brand : Potter
Model : PS10-1
Type : Pressure type, water flow indicator
Pressure Connection: 1/2" NPT
Maximum System Pressure: 300 PSI (20,68 BAR)
Switch Contacts: One SPDT , 2.0 Amps at 30VDC

Flow switches are fitted with a mechanical delay (up to six minutes)
preventing small or minor water flow fluctuations from signalling an
alarm.
Tamper/Supervisory Switch is used to monitor the open position of an OS&Y
type gate valve.

Brand : System Sensor

Model : OSY2
Specifications Contact Ratings : 2.5 A @ 24 VDC
Operating Temperature Range : 32° – 120°F (0°C – 49°C)
Enclosure Rating : NEMA Type 3R / IP 54
Synchronized with fire alarm panel via Input Module
Pressure switch is provided in the
system and the controller of the pump
and responsible for sending signal to
automatically start the pump within 10
seconds after detection of a pressure
drop below the minimum set pressure.
Air Release Valve releases air that may
accumulate in the fire pump thus
preventing cavitation and implosion.

Brand: Cla-Val
Model:3410-AR116.3
Maximum Pressure
Rating: 300 psi
Size: 25 mm

Air Release Valve is also

installed at the remotest
crossmain (on every floor)
to release air in piping
during start up and routine
maintenance.
 Suction Line

OS&Y Gate
Valve

Wye Strainer

Pipe Support Group on concrete Break Out Spool, 4 meter

size 0.4 x 0.4 x 1.1 meter
 Discharge Line

Pump House Piping Discharge Line and Pump Test Header

Relief Valve Line to Storm Drain Expansion Coupling and Pipe Support
 Pump Flow Test Line

Pump Test Flow Line : 150 mm

Isolation Valve : 150 mm OS&Y Armstrong GV
Discharge Line Header : 3 Hose Snoots, 65 mm dia with cap
and chain
Venturi Flow Meter : Global Vision, 150 mm, 1000 gpm,
butweld type, dial type flow meter
gauge and high and low water jet
connection.
Not an FDC, it is a Pump Flow Test Valve
Typical Fire Pump Piping
The most important component of AFSS is the water
supply that must address several considerations

Minimum supply –
to highest sprinkler
at 15psi

Flow depends on –
hazard, occupancy,
building contents

Water may come from city water system, on-site

storage tanks or static water sources.
Connection –
adequate volume, Water supply must be able to handle demand of the
pressure, reliability sprinkler system, as well as the needs of the fire dept.

Preferred water source for a sprinkler system is a city

water supply because it is already treated
 Fire Pump
Fire Pump provides the required water
flow capacity at a higher pressure to the
sprinkler system and hose standpipes.

A fire pump is tested and listed for its use

specifically for fire service by a third-party
testing and listing agency, such
as UL or FM Global. Brand : Fairbanks Nijhuis
Make : Pentair
Type : Horizontal Split
Case, Single Stage
Model : 5“-1822CF
SN : 17-311703001-1
Imp. Size : 8.85 inch
RPM : 3550
Rated Capacity : 1000 GPM
Rated Pressure: 125 PSI
Max. Pressure : 147.7 PSI
Press. @ 150% : 93.2PSI
UL List No. : 453A
Motor : WEG
Model : 365TS100U2B
Max. Power : 100 HP
Power Rqmt : 460 V, 3P, 60Hz
UL List No. : EX235
Main Header for multi-storey or high rise building
 Electric Fire Pump Controller

It contain electrical components such as circuit breaker, switches, relays and

other devices that starts the pump automatically on a loss of system pressure
monitored by a sensing line. Controller have no automatic stop but can be
manually started and stopped.
 Jockey Pump

Jockey Pump, also called Pressure Maintenance Pump, keeps the system
pressure to the design high level pressure to prevent the main fire pump from
operating. Leakage or operation of a single fire sprinkler causing pressure
drop will cause an automatic start of the pump.
 Standpipe Systems

Network of pipes and outlets for fire hoses built

into a structure to provide water for firefighting
purposes

Usually used in high-rise buildings, although

they are required installation in other structures
as well like industrial and commercial buildings.

Class I Standpipes

• Designed for use by fire department

personnel only
• Each outlet has a 2 1/2“ (65 mm)
NST male valve to open the water
supply after the hose is connected.
 Class II Standpipes

• Outlets generally equipped with a

length of 1 1/2" single-jacket hose
connected to the system.
• Intended to enable occupants to
attack a fire before the fire
department arrives.

Class III Standpipes

• Have the features of both Class I

and Class II standpipes in a single
system
• Have 2 1/2" outlets for fire
department use as well as smaller
outlets with attached hoses for
occupant use
• Fire fighters should use only the 2
1/2" outlets, even if they are using
an adapter to connect a smaller
hose.
 Class 3 Fire Hose Cabinets

Class 3 Fire Hose Cabinets

Fire Hose Cabinets are requirement by the Fire

Code of the Philippines and not by NFPA. Local
regulation require that a FHC be installed in every
exits. Class 2 Fire Hose Cabinets
 Types of Sprinkler Head according to release mechanisms
that respond to heat

Fusible Link-type Sprinkler Head

• Use a metal alloy, such

as solder that melts at a
specific temperature
– Alloy links two other
pieces of metal that
keep the cap in
place.
– When designated
operating
temperature is
reached, solder melts
and the link breaks,
releasing the cap.
 Frangible Bulb-type Sprinkler Head

• Use a glass bulb filled with glycerin

or alcohol to hold the cap in place
– As bulb is heated, liquid absorbs
the air bubble and expands until
it breaks the glass, releasing the
cap.
 Sprinkler heads are classified according to different
types: Design and Performance Characteristics and
Installation Orientation

According to Design and Performance Characteristics

a. Early Suppression Fast Response
Sprinkler is a type of fast-response sprinkler
that has a thermal element of more than RTI
of 50 (meter-seconds)½ were developed to
meet the demands of high challenge storage
fire scenarios and are a common choice to
suppress fire in warehouses.

b. Extended Coverage Sprinkler is a

sprinkler which coverage is up to 400 ft2 for
light & ordinary hazard & 196 ft2 for extra
hazard. Its use is especially advantageous
as a means of decreasing the number of
sprinklers to protect occupancies requiring
an area/density application of water.
c. Large Drop Sprinkler is a
type of specific application
control mode sprinkler that is
capable of producing
characteristic large water
droplets that is listed for its
capability to provide fire
control of specific high-
challenge fire hazards.

d. Quick Response Early Suppression

(QRES) Sprinkler is a type of quick-response
sprinkler that have a thermal element with an
RTI of 50 (meters-seconds) ½ or less and is
listed for its capability to provide fire
suppression of specific fire hazards.
e. Quick Response Sprinkler is a
sprinkler designed for use in light &
ordinary hazard, commercial
occupancies such as banks, hotels,
shopping malls, schools hospitals, etc.
This type of sprinkler has a thermal
element with an RTI of 50 (meter-
seconds)½ or more.

f. An Open Sprinkler is a sprinkler that does

not have actuators or heat responsive
elements.
g. Specific Application Control Mode Sprinkler
(SCMA) is a type of spray sprinkler listed at a
minimum operating pressure with a specific number of
operating sprinklers for a given protection scheme.

h. Residential sprinkler is a type of fast-

response sprinkler that has been specifically
investigated for its ability to enhance
survivability in the room of fire origin and is listed
for use in the protection of dwelling units.

i. Standard Spray Sprinkler is spray

sprinkler with maximum coverage area of
225 ft 2 (21m 2) as specified in Sections 8.6
and 8.7 of NFPA 13. Spray Sprinkler is a
type of sprinkler listed for its capability to
provide fire control for a wide range of fire
hazards
 Sprinkler Heads According to Installation Orientation

a. Concealed Sprinkler is a
recessed sprinkler with cover plates.
These are decorative sprinklers
featuring a flat cover plate designed
to conceal the sprinkler. It is the best
choice for architecturally sensitive
areas such as hotel lobbies, office
buildings, churches & restaurants. Brand : Tyco
Model : TY 3551
K -factor : 5.6
Bulb Temp. : 68 C / 155 F
Cover Temp: 59 C / 139 F
Class : Standard
Concealed Pendent
Listing : UL FM LPCB
b. Flush Sprinkler is a sprinkler in
which all or part of the body,
including the shank thread, is
mounted above the lower plane of
the ceiling
c. Pendent Sprinkler is a sprinkler
designed to be installed in such a way that
the water stream is directed downward
against the deflector.

d. Recessed Sprinkler is a sprinkler in

which all or part of the body, other than the
shank thread, is mounted within a recessed
housing.
e. Sidewall Sprinkler is a type of sprinkler
having special deflectors designed to
discharge most of the water away from the
nearby wall in a pattern resembling one-
quarter or a sphere, with a small portion of the
discharge directed at the wall behind the
sprinkler.

f. Upright Sprinkler is designed to be

installed in such a way that the water spray is
directed upwards against the deflector.
 THANK YOU

Alexander V. Listana, PME PE REA REB CEM CFPS

VP, Power V Engineering
[email protected]
09178637420