AC Circuit Analysis (Part 2)

EEE 3 Lecture 7
Outline
• Algebra of Complex Numbers
• Phasor Transformation
• Impedance, Admittance, Reactance, Susceptance
• Frequency-Domain Circuit Analysis
Outline
• Algebra of Complex Numbers
• Phasor Transformation
• Impedance, Admittance, Reactance, Susceptance
• Frequency-Domain Circuit Analysis
 Algebra of Complex Numbers
Definition: A complex number consists of a real
part and an imaginary part. For example, given

A = a + jb
A is a complex number with real part equal to a
and an imaginary part equal to b. Note: j= − 1 .

Example: The following complex numbers are

expressed in the rectangular-coordinate form.
A = 3 + j4 B = 2.5 − j3.5
C = −0.5 − j3 D = −6 + j4.25
 The Complex Plane
Definition: The complex plane is a Cartesian
coordinate system where the abscissa is for real
numbers and the ordinate is for imaginary numbers.
Imaginary
Axis
j4 A=3+j4
E=-4+j3
j2 D=0+j2
C=4+j0
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 Real Axis
-j2
F=-3-j3
B=2.5-j3.5
-j4
 Polar-Coordinate Form
Definition: In the polar-coordinate form, the
magnitude and angle of the complex number is
specified.
Consider the complex number A=a+jb.

From the figure, we get

2 2 Imag
A = a +b
jb A
−1 b
 = tan
a
Thus, 
a + Real
A = a + jb = A 
 Trigonometric Form
Consider the complex number A = a + jb = A  .

From the figure, we get Imag

jb A
a = A cos 
b = A sin  
Thus, we can also write a + Real

A = A (cos  + j sin )
For example, A=1036.87 can be expressed as

A = 10(cos36.87 + j sin 36.87) = 8 + j6

Calculator Techniques
• COMPLEX mode
• Default: RECTANGULAR
• TRY: 8+j3 (8+3i in your calculator)
• Transform to POLAR
• Shift>2(CMPLX)>3(r∠θ)
 Addition or Subtraction
Addition or subtraction of complex numbers can
only be done in the rectangular-coordinate form.
Given A = a+jb and B = c+jd, then

A + B = (a + c) + j(b + d)
A − B = (a − c) + j(b − d)
For example, given A=8+j6 and B=4+j10
A + B = (8 + 4) + j (6 + 10) = 12 + j 16
A − B = (8 − 4) + j (6 − 10) = 4 − j 4
 Multiplication
Multiplication of complex numbers can be done
using the rectangular-coordinate or polar form.
Given A = a+jb =AA and B = c+jd =BB, then
in the rectangular-coordinate form, we get
AB = (a + jb)(c + jd)
= a(c + jd) + jb(c + jd)
= ac + jad + jbc + j2bd
Since j2=-1, the product is

AB = (ac − bd) + j(ad + bc)

Given A = a+jb =AA and B = c+jd =BB, then

AB = ( A  A )( B B )
The rule is “multiply magnitude and add angles.”
We get
AB = A B ( A + B )
For example, given A=3+j4=553.13o and
B=4+j3=536.87o
AB = (3 + j4)(4 + j3)
= 12 + j9 + j16 + j212 = j25 = 2590o
or
AB = 5(5)(53.13o + 36.87o ) = 2590o
 Conjugate of a Complex Number
Definition: The conjugate Imag
of a complex number jb A
A=a+jb=AA is defined
as
A* = a − jb = A  −  A a Real
-jb A*

For example, given A=3+j4=553.13o and

B=-4-j3=5-143.13o
A* = 3 − j4 = 5 − 53.13o
B* = −4 + j3 = 5143.13o
 Division
Division of complex numbers can be done using the
rectangular-coordinate or polar form.
Given A = a+jb =AA and B = c+jd =BB, then
in the rectangular-coordinate form, we get
A a + jb c − jd
= •
B c + jd c − jd
ac − jad + jbc + bd
=
or c2 + d2
A ac + bd bc − ad
= 2 2
+j 2
B c +d c + d2
Given A = a+jb =AA and B = c+jd =BB, then

A A  A
=
B B B
The rule is “divide magnitude and subtract angles.”
We get
A A
= (A − B )
B B
For example, given A=3+j4=553.13o and
B=4-j3=5-36.87o
A 553.13o o
= o
= 190 = j1
B 5 − 36.87
Outline
• Algebra of Complex Numbers
• Phasor Transformation
• Impedance, Admittance, Reactance, Susceptance
• Frequency-Domain Circuit Analysis
 Phasor Transformation
Define a transformation from the time domain to
the complex frequency domain such that

f(t) = Fm cos(t + )
Fm
F( j) = 
2
 Phasor Transformation
Define a transformation from the time domain to
the complex frequency domain such that

f(t) = Fm cos(t + )
Fm
F( j) = 
2
For example, given f1(t)=311 cos (377t+60o) volts
and F2(j)=1020o Amps

F1(j) = 22060o V
f2(t) = 14.14 cos(t + 20o ) A
 The Resistor
iR
Consider a resistor. Let the R
current be described by + vR -

iR = Im cos t
From Ohm’s law, we get vR = RiR = RIm cos t
Transformation gives
Im RIm
IR ( j) = 0 o
and VR ( j) = 0o
2 2
VR ( j)
Dividing, we get =R
IR ( j)
 The Inductor
iL L
Consider an inductor. Let the
current be described by + vL -
iL = Im cos t
diL
From vL= L , we get vL = −LIm sin t
dt
=LImcos(t+90o)
Transformation gives
Im o LIm o
IL ( j) = 0 and VL ( j) = 90
2 2
VL ( j)
Dividing, we get = L90o = jL 
IL ( j)
 The Capacitor
iC
Consider a capacitor. Let the C
current be described by
+ vC -
iC = Im cos t
1 Im
From vC=  iCdt, we get vC = sin t
C C
Transformation gives
Im o Im o
IC ( j) = 0 and VC ( j) =  − 90
2 2C
VC ( j) 1 1
Dividing, we get = o
= 
IC ( j) C90 jC
Outline
• Algebra of Complex Numbers
• Phasor Transformation
• Impedance, Admittance, Reactance, Susceptance
• Frequency-Domain Circuit Analysis
 Impedance
Definition: The ratio of transformed voltage to
transformed current is defined as impedance.
V( j)
Z =
I( j)
Note:
(1) For a resistor, ZR = R in Ω

(2) For an inductor, ZL = jωL = jXL in Ω

(3) For a capacitor, ZC = 1/jωC = -jXC in Ω
(4) XL and XC are the reactance of L and C,
respectively.
 Admittance
Definition: The ratio of transformed current to
transformed voltage is defined as admittance.
1 I( j)
Y = =
Z V( j)
Note:
(1) For a resistor, YR = 1/R in Ω-1

(2) For an inductor, YL = 1/jωL =-jBL in Ω-1

(3) For a capacitor, YC = jωC = jBC in Ω-1

(4) BL and BC are the susceptance of L and
C, respectively.
 Summary
1. The equation describing any impedance is
algebraic; i.e. no integrals, no derivatives.

V(j) = Z I(j) (Ohm’s Law)

2. All the methods of analysis developed for
resistive networks (e.g. Mesh Analysis, Nodal
Analysis, Superposition*, Thevenin’s and
Norton’s Theorems) apply to the transformed
network.
3. The phasor transformation was defined for a
cosine function. The magnitude is based on the
RMS value. Other phasor transformations exist.
Outline
• Algebra of Complex Numbers
• Phasor Transformation
• Impedance, Admittance, Reactance, Susceptance
• Frequency-Domain Circuit Analysis
 Network Reduction
Impedances in Series:
Z1 Z2
+
V( j)
V(j) I(j) Zeq = = Z1 + Z2
- I( j)

Impedances in Parallel:
I(j) V( j) Z1Z2
Zeq = =
+ I( j) Z1 + Z2
V(j) Z1 Z2
I( j)
- Yeq = = Y1 + Y2
V( j)
Guidelines – AC Circuit Analysis
• Do not panic
• Transform network into the frequency domain (basically,
transform into phasors)
• Simplify network, if applicable
• Proceed with the usual circuit analysis techniques
 8
Example: Find the current i(t)
and the average power dissipated +
by the resistor. Assume v(t) i 0.6H
-
v(t)=100cos 10t V.
Earlier we got the steady-state current as
Vm æ -1 w L ö
i= cos çwt - tan ÷
R +w L
2 2 2 è R ø
Substitution gives
100  −1 10(0.6 ) 
i= cos 10t − tan 
82 + 102 (0.6)  8 
2

Simplifying, we get
(
i = 10 cos 10t − 36.87o A )
 8
Example: Given
v(t)=100cos10t volts. + +
Find i(t) and vL(t). v(t) i vL 0.6H
- -
Transform the source

100
V( j) = 0 = 70.710 volts
2
Convert R and L to impedances

ZR = R = 8 
ZL = jL = j(10)(0.6) = j6 
From Ohm’s Law, we get the inductor voltage.

VL (j) = I(j)(ZL )
= (7.071 − 36.87o )(j6)
= (7.071 − 36.87o )(690o )
= 42.4353.13o V
From the inverse transformation, we get

vL (t) = 42.43 2 cos (10t + 53.13 o )

= 60 cos (10t + 53.13o ) V
Note: The current i(t) lags the source voltage v(t)
by an angle of 36.87°.
We can also apply voltage division to get the
voltage across the inductor.
ZL
VL ( j) = V( j)
ZL +ZR
j6
= (70.710o )
8 + j6
690o o
= o
(70.710 )
1036.87
= 42.4353.13 V
Note: Voltage division is applied to the transformed
network.
 5 0.5H
Example: Given
vs=100cos10t volts + iX
is=10cos(10t+30 ) v
o
.01F is
s 10
amps. Find iX. -

Transform the network

VS ( j) = 70.710o V
IS ( j) = 7.07130o A
ZL = jL = j(10)(0.5) = j5 
1 1
ZC = = = − j10 
jC j(10)(0.01)
Transformed network Z1 + VX (j)

Z1=5+j5 + Ix(j)
Z2=10 Vs(j) Z2 Z3 Is(j)
-
Z3=-j10
REF
Solution 1: Nodal Analysis
VX ( j) − VS ( j) VX ( j) VX ( j)
IS ( j) = + +
Z1 Z2 Z3
Substitution gives

o 1 1 1  70.71
7.07130 =  + +  VX ( j) −
5 + j5 10 − j10  5 + j5
Evaluate the coefficient of VX(j)
1 5 − j5 5 − j5
 + 0.1 + j0.1 = + 0.1 + j0.1
5 + j5 5 − j5 50
= 0.2
Evaluate the constant term
70.710o 70.710o o
= = 10 − 45
5 + j5 7.07145o
Substitution gives
o o
7.07130 = 0.2VX (j) − 10 − 45
or
VX ( j) = 1
0.2
[7.07130o + 10 − 45o ]
Simplifying, we get
Vx (j) = 5[6.12 + j3.54 + 7.07 − j7.07]
= 66.0 − j17.7 = 68.33 − 15o V
Solve for Ix(j).

VX ( j)
IX ( j) = = 6.83 − 15o A
10
Thus, using inverse transformation, we get

iX (t) = 9.66 cos (10t - 15o ) A

Solution 2: Superposition Z1
Consider the voltage + Is1(j) Ix1(j)
source alone. Vs(j) Z2 Z3
-
Get the input impedance.
Z2Z3 10(− j10)
Zeq = =
Z2 + Z3 10 − j10
− j10 1 + j1
=  = 5 − j5
1 − j1 1 + j1
Thus,
Zin = Z1 + 5 − j5 = 10
The source current is
Vs ( j) 70.710o
Is1( j) = = = 7.0710o A
Zin 10
Using current division, we get
Z3
IX1( j) = Is1( j)
Z2 + Z3
10 − 90o o
= o
(7.0710 )
14.14 − 45
o
= 5 − 45 = 3.54 − j3.54 A
Consider the current Z1 + VX (j)
source alone.
Ix2(j)
Z2 Z3 Is(j)
From KCL, we get
REF
 1 1 1 
IS ( j) =  + +  VX ( j)
5 + j5 10 − j10 
Substitution gives
7.07130o = 0.2VX (j)
or
VX (j) = 35.3630o V
Solving for the current, we get
VX ( j) 35.3630o
Ix2 ( j) = =
Z2 10
= 3.5430o = 3.06 + j1.77 A
Applying, superposition, we get
Ix (j) = IX1(j) + IX2(j)
= 3.54 − j3.54 + 3.06 + j1.77 A
= 6.6 − j1.77 = 6.83 − 15o A
Thus,
iX (t) = 9.66 cos (10t - 15o ) A
 6 1.2H
Example: Given
v(t)=200cos10t volts. i1 i2 i3
+ 5
Find i1, i2 and i3.
v(t) 0.01F
- 0.5H
Transform the network.
200
V( j) = 0o = 141.420o V
2
ZL1 = jL1 = j(10) (1.2) = j12 
ZL2 = jL2 = j(10) (0.5) = j5 
1 1
ZC = = = − j10 
jC j(10) (0.01)
 Z1
Transformed network
+ I1(j) I3 ( j)
Z1 = 6 + j12 
V(j) Z2 ZC
Z2 = 5 + j5  - I2(j)
ZC = − j10 
Solution 1: Use network reduction to get the input
impedance.
Z2ZC − j10(5 + j5)
Zeq = =
Z2 + ZC 5 + j5 − j10
50 − j50
= = 10
5 − j5
Zin = Z1 + Zeq = 16 + j12 
Solve for current I1(j).
V( j) 141.420o 141.420o
I1( j) = = =
Zin 16 + j12 2036.87
= 7.071 − 36.87 A
Apply current division to get I2(j).
ZC − j10
I2 ( j) = I1( j) = (7.071 − 36.87o )
Z2 + ZC 5 − j5
(10 − 90o )(7.071 − 36.87o )
=
7.071 − 45o
= 10.0 − 81.87o A
Use KCL to get I3(j).

I3(j) = I1(j) − I2(j)

= 7.07 − 36.87o − 10.0 − 81.87o
= (5.66 − j4.24) − (1.41 − j9.9)
= 4.24 + j5.66 = 7.0753.13o A
Inverse transform I1(j), I2(j), and I3(j).

i1(t) = 10 cos (10t - 36.87o ) A

i2(t) = 14.14 cos (10t - 81.87o ) A
i3 (t) = 10 cos (10t + 53.13 o ) A
 Z1
Solution 2: Use mesh
analysis. +
Z1 = 6 + j12  V(j) I1(j) Z2 I3 ( j) ZC
Z2 = 5 + j5  -

ZC = − j10 
mesh 1: V(j) = Z1I1(j) + Z2[I1(j) − I3(j)]
mesh 2: 0 = ZC I3(j) + Z2 [I3(j) - I1(j)]
Substitution gives

141.2 = (6 + j12)I1(j) + (5 + j5)[I1(j) − I3(j)]

0 = − j10I3(j) + (5 + j5)[I3(j) − I1(j)]
Simplifying the equations, we get

141.2 = (11 + j17) I1(j) − (5 + j5) I3(j) (1)

0 = −(5 + j5) I1(j) + (5 − j5) I3(j) (2)

From (2), we get

5 + j5 7.07145o
I3 ( j) = I1( j) = I ( j)
o 1
5 − j5 7.071 − 45
= 190o I1(j) = j1 I1(j)
Substitute in (1)

141.2 = (11 + j17) I1(j) − (5 + j5) jI1(j)

Solve for I1(j). We get

141.2 = (16 + j12) I1(j)

or
141.2 141.2
I1( j) = =
16 + j12 2036.87o
= 7.071 − 36.87o A
Solve for I3(j). We get
I3 ( j) = jI1( j) = (190o ) I1(j)
o o
= (190 )(7.071 − 36.87 )
= 7.07153.1o A
Finally, I2(j) can be found using KCL.

I2(j) = I1(j) − I3(j)

= 7.071 − 36.87o - 7.07153.13o
= (5.66 − j4.24) − (4.24 + j5.66)
= 1.41 − j9.90 = 10.0 − 81.87o A
Inverse transform I1(j), I2(j), and I3(j).

i1(t) = 10 cos (10t - 36.87o ) A

i2(t) = 14.14 cos (10t - 81.87o ) A
i3 (t) = 10 cos (10t + 53.13 o ) A