NED University of Engineering & Technology

Metallurgical Engineering Department (MYD)

Advanced Materials
MY-402
Prepared by:
Muhammad Sami
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering
 LAYOUT
Course Introduction

Advanced Materials: Definition

Properties of Advanced Materials

Crystal Structures & their Types

Some examples of Advanced materials

CES Material Selector Software

Lecture Review + Home assignment

 Course Profile [MY-402]
 Course Learning Outcomes (CLO’s)
1. Analyze properties and applications of advanced materials (C4, PLO 4)
2. Compare advanced materials over conventional materials (C4, PLO 12)
3. Select different processing and characterization techniques for advanced materials (C5, PLO 3)
 Literature sources and Books
1. William D. Callister “Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction” 8th Edition
2. Donald R. Askeland “The Science and Engineering of Materials” 6th Edition
3. Yuqing Weng “Advanced Steels The Recent Scenario in Steel Science and Technology” Springer, 2011
4. Research Articles S# Criterion Marks
1 Assignments 5 Pg.# 27

2 Quiz 10
https://myd.neduet.edu.pk/sites/default/files/myd/OBE/CoursesCurriculum/CURRICULUM%20OF%20COURSES%20(1).pdf
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 Focused on following…..
1. Magnetic Materials 2. High Temperature Materials

 Related key concepts Entropy Materials

Titanium Alloys
 Classification of Magnetic materials
Refractory metals
 Influence of temperature on Magnetic behavior Metals Intermetallics Laminates (MIL)
 Industrial Applications Super Alloys

3. Advanced Manufacturing Processes 4. Optional Contents

 Vapor deposition technique  Aerogel
 Single crystal  Metal foams
 Solid free form fabrication/additive  Artificial Spider Silk
manufacturing/3D printing  Meta Materials 4
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 Materials Genome Initiative (MGI)
• Leading a culture shift in materials research to encourage an
Major Engineering Properties….
integrated team approach.
• Integrating experiment, computation, and theory. Making
digital data accessible and useful.
• Creating a world-class materials workforce that is trained for
careers in academia or industry.

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What are Advanced Materials ?

• An Advanced material can be said to be a material which has engineered properties created through the

development of specialized process and synthesis technology.

• Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are termed as Advanced materials.

• By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and

sophisticated principles. Examples :include electronic equipment (VCRs, CD players, etc.),Computers

systems Spacecraft, and military applications. These advanced materials are typically traditional materials

whose properties have been enhanced.

• Advanced materials include high value-added metals, ceramics,, electronic materials, composites,

polymers, biomaterials, smart materials and Nano engineered materials.

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Cont…

NiCoCr VS Super alloys

in cryogenic Applications
(-196C)

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Properties of Advanced Materials

The properties and applications

of a number of these advanced
materials—for example,
materials that are used for
lasers, integrated circuits,
magnetic information storage,
liquid crystal displays (LCDs),
and fiber optics.

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 Ashby’s Chart

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 Correlation B/W Bonds & Materials Properties

• Metallic Bonding

• Ionic Bonding

• Covalent Bonding

• Van Der Waals Bonding Scale of the Structures

1. Macro
2. Micro
3. Nano
4. Atomic

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 How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids?
• Amorphous: lacks a systematic atomic arrangement
• Crystalline material: atoms self-organize in a periodic array
• Polycrystalline material: comprised of many small crystals or grains

• Single crystal: atoms are in a periodic array over the entire extent of the material

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Simple Cubic (SC) Crystal Structure

• Rare due to poor packing (only Po has this structure)

• The coordination number, CN = 6
• APF = 0.54 (Pls. confirm calculations)

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Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal Structure

• Cu, Al, Ag, Au have this crystal structure

• The coordination number, CN = 12

• Number of atoms per unit cell, n = 4

• Atomic packing factor, APF = 0.74

• FCC can be represented by a stack

of close-packed planes (planes with
highest density of atoms)
• FCC: ABCABCABC…

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 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal Structure

• Cr, α-Fe, Mo have this crystal structure

• The coordination number, CN = 8

• Number of atoms per unit cell, n = 2

• Atomic packing factor, APF = 0.68

• BCC structure has no closed-packed

planes and therefore does not have a stacking
sequence

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 Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal Structure

• Cd, Mg, Zn, Ti have this crystal structure

• The coordination number, CN = 12 (same as in FCC)

• Number of atoms per unit cell, n = 6.

• Atomic packing factor, APF = 0.74

• HCP: ABABAB...

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 Comparing HCP and FCC structures
• Both FCC and HCP crystal structures have atomic packing factors of 0.74
(maximum possible value)
• Both FCC and HCP crystal structures may be generated by the stacking of
close-packed planes
• The difference between the two structures lies in the different stacking
sequences.
• HCP: ABABAB... FCC: ABCABCABC…

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 Advanced materials: Some Examples

• Light Metals [ Titanium • Magnesium • Aluminum]

 Magnesium −22% the weight of iron, and 65% of aluminum.
 Mg alloys are around 50% the strength of steel, Stiffer than most plastics.
 Subject to corrosion

• Composites • [Carbon Fiber • Kevlar • Nano Composites • Metal laminates]

 Carbon Fiber − light weight (75 percent lighter than steel),
 High stiffness, Young's modulus of up to 300 GPa (12 times that of steel)
 more durable (infinite fatigue life within design parameters)

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 Continued……
• Steels and alloys [Dual phase steels • Entropy Alloys • Trip & TWIP steels]
 Prof. Yeh, and Prof. Cantor published their own research, which opened the area of HEAs. Yeh [1] has
provided two definitions for HEAs
1. 5 < x < 35 [major elements in at%] x<5[minor elements in at%]
2. ΔSconf > 1.6 R [R is general gas constant]
 Other nomenclatures:
Multi-principal Element Alloys (MPEAs),
Complex Concentrated Alloys (CCAs),
Compositionally Complex Alloys (CCAs),
Baseless Alloys (BAs), and
Metal Buffets (MBs),

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• “Smart materials” have properties that react to changes in their environment. This
means that one of their properties can be changed by an external condition, such as
temperature, light, pressure, electricity, voltage, pH, or chemical compounds. ... Each
offer different properties that can be changed.

• “Functional materials” are defined as those materials that perform specific functions
other than possessing a load bearing capacity. Examples include semiconductors,
magnetic materials, piezoelectric and ionic conductors.

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• Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are innovative materials in which final properties varies

gradually with dimensions. It is the recent development in traditional composite materials which

retains their strengths and eliminates their weaknesses. It can be formed by varying chemical

composition, microstructure or design attributes from one end to other as per requirement. This feature

allows FGM to have best material properties in required quantities only where it is needed.

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Methods of manufacturing FGMs

Several techniques are available to produce functionally graded materials

(FGMs).

1. Vapor deposition technique

2. Powder metallurgy

3. Centrifugal method

4. Solid free form fabrication/additive manufacturing/3D printing

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 CES Material Selector

Material property charts:

materials mapping

CES is a computer-aid database-driven

tool for Material Selection in
engineering design. ... It should also
familiarize you with the software and
included database for continued
materials research and selection.

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An Overview: CES Material Selector

 Exploring relationships: property charts

 Making charts

 Custom subsets, adding your own materials

 Report writing

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 Bar charts
Data sheets = numbers, words
We want meaning Property charts

Bar chart 103

Steel WC
Copper
102
CFRP

10 Aluminum Alumina
Zinc
Lead Glass GFRP
Many
1
decades PEEK
Fibreboard
10-1 PP

PTFE
10-2

Metals Polymers Ceramics Hybrids

10-3
Log scale 32
 Bar-chart created with CES EduPack

Materials
with high
modulus
Metals

Polymers

Elastomers
Materials
with low
modulus

Metals Polymers Ceramics Hybrids

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 Bubble charts

Bubble
chart

Families occupy
discrete fields

Log scales
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 Bubble chart created with CES EduPack

Display Box:
Materials with
high Modulus and
Density

Display line:
Materials
with constant specific
stiffness [E/]

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 Creating charts for screening

Plotting and selection tools

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 Creating charts for screening

Bar chart

Property
Choose:

X-Axis Y-Axis

List of properties

 Density
 Yield strength
 Young’s modulus Bubble chart
 etc. Property 1

Property 2
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 Creating advanced charts for screening

Modulus / Density
Bar chart

Choose:

X-Axis Y-Axis

List of properties Modulus / Density

Advanced
 Density
- / ^ ( )

Modulus / Density
 Yield strength + *
 Young’s modulus Bubble chart
 etc. List of properties
 Density
 Yield strength
 Young’s modulus
 etc

Yield strength / Density

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 The chart-management tool bar

Autoscale
Zoom out Add text
Chart annotation
Zoom in Add arrow tools

Cancel
Add curves
selection
Box selection Add envelopes
tool
Results from all enabled stages
Line selection
tool Hide failed materials

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 The line, box and curve tools

Add boxes and lines Add text to chart Display curves and arrows

For annotation, select display only: Right-click on line, box or curve to format:
Impact strength

10 February 2017

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How to use annotation tools in charts

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Custom subsets

Custom subset

Selection table: MaterialUniverse

Initial subset: All materials

Selection attributes: All properties

MaterialUniverse
Ceramics and glasses
Electrical components

Hybrids: composites etc

Metals and alloys

Polymers and elastomers

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Changing the Chart settings (labels etc)

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 Making your own records

Name: My material

Notes:

General properties

230 Max.280
Mechanical properties Min.
Or, right click on a chart to add 1000 1200
limited data to it… Young’s modulus GPa
Yield strength MPa
Hardness Vickers
Fracture toughness MPa.m 1/2
30 33
Thermal properties Min. Max.

Max service temp C

T-conductivity W/m.K
etc
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 Saving projects, report writing

Paste
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
Description
Image

Open project
Save project
Cut
Print ……. Clip- To
Copy _
Caption
1. ABS pellets. © Shutterstock 2. ABS allows detailed moldings, accepts color well, and is non-toxic

board WORD Copy - Paste

and tough enough to survive the worst that children can do to it. © Gettyimages
The material
ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) is tough, resilient, and easily molded. It is usually opaque,

Paste….
although some grades can now be transparent, and it can be given vivid colors. ABS-PVC alloys are
tougher than standard ABS and, in self-extinguishing grades, are used for the casings of power tools.
Compositional summary
Block terpolymer of acrylonitrile (15-35%), butadiene (5-30%), and styrene (40-60%).
General properties
Density 1.01e3 - 1.21e3 kg/m^3
Price * 2.5 - 3 USD/kg
Date first used 1937
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus 1.1 - 2.9 GPa
Shear modulus 0.319 - 1.03 GPa
Bulk modulus 3.8 - 4 GPa
Poisson's ratio 0.391 - 0.422
Yield strength (elastic limit) 18.5 - 51 MPa
Tensile strength 27.6 - 55.2 MPa
Compressive strength 31 - 86.2 MPa
Elongation 1.5 - 100 % strain
Hardness - Vickers 5.6 - 15.3 HV
Typical uses

For best results Safety helmets; camper tops; automotive instrument panels and other interior components; pipe
fittings; home-security devices and housings for small appliances; communications equipment;
business machines; plumbing hardware; automobile grilles; wheel covers; mirror housings;
refrigerator liners; luggage shells; tote trays; mower shrouds; boat hulls; large components for

Paste Special - recreational vehicles; weather seals; glass beading; refrigerator breaker strips; conduit; pipe for drain-
waste-vent (DWV) systems.
Tradenames
Claradex, Comalloy, Cycogel, Cycolac, Hanalac, Lastilac, Lupos, Lustran ABS, Magnum, Multibase,

Device Independent Bitmap. Novodur, Polyfabs, Polylac, Porene, Ronfalin, Sinkral, Terluran, Toyolac, Tufrex, Ultrastyr
Links
Reference
ProcessUniverse
Producers

Metals Polymers Ceramics Hybrids

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