• BSc Civil Engineering

• MS
MSc Water Resources 
W R
and Irrigation 
Engineering

• PhD
PhD Water Resources
W R
(Hydroinformatics)
http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/uet/UETsu http://scholar.google.com.pk/citations?
b/perSites/mySite.asp?frmEmail=ali. user=tVS7v6EAAAAJ&hl=en
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[email protected]
 Hydrology and Water 
H d l dW t
Resources. Credit Hours (2+1)

Dr. Muhammad Ali Shamim
[email protected]
+92‐(0)51‐9047652 Internal‐
652
Course Objectives
Course Objectives
• An understanding of physical principles and process that
govern water movement (specifically hydrological cycle)

• Analysis of water and energy budget on earth and its

atmosphere

• Development of design flood hydrographs for various

durations
• Analysis
A l i off flood
fl d hydrographs
h d h through
th h rives
i and
d channels
h l
using flood routing.
• An understanding of Flood Frequency Analysis for peak flood
estimation
• An understanding of the use of Computer Technology in
Water Management.
Management
C
Course Contents
C t t
1. Introduction
2. Meteorology
3. Precipitation
4. Evaporation and Transpiration
5 Stream Flow
5. S Fl
6. Runoff and Hydrographs
y g p
7. Stream Flow Routing
8 Flood Frequency Analysis
8. Flood Frequency Analysis
9. Introduction to Groundwater flow
10.Introduction to Modelling
 Books
• Engineering Hydrology An Introduction by 
q Ghumman.
Abdul Razzaq
• Surface Water Hydrology by N.M. Awan
• Engineering Hydrology by K. Subramanya
E i i H d l b K S b
 Assessment

Assignments 10%
Quizzes 10%
Mid‐Semester Exam 20%
Laboratory Work/Analysis
Laboratory Work/Analysis 20%
End Semester Exam 40%
• Attendance Requirement:
q
At least 75% for appearing in exam.
C d
Condoned d up to
t 10% by
b Dean
D ( vaid
(on id grounds)
d)

• Late Submission policy

All assignments
i t mustt beb handed
h d d in
i before
b f th
the
allocated deadline. Late submissions will be
penali ed at a rate of 10%
penalized per day
da for 10 days.
da s A
mark of 0%‐markwill be recorded if work is
submitted afterwards
Introduction
• Hydrology is the science of waters of the Earth.

• It is the science that describes and predicts the

occurrence, circulation
i l ti andd distribution
di t ib ti off the
th
earth’s water.

• Two important foci are

– Th
The global
l b l hydrologic
h d l i cycle:
l Transfers
T f off water
t between
b t
the land, ocean and atmosphere.

– The land phase of the hydrologic cycle: The movement of

water on and under the land surface, physical and
chemical
h i l interactions
i i with
i h earth
h materials
i l accompanying
i
that movement, and the biological processes that
conduct of affect that movement.
 Engineering Hydrology
Engineering Hydrology
• Estimation and analysis of water resources
y g
and related hydrological quantities
q

• IInvestigation
i i off hydrological
h d l i l problems
bl lik
like
floods and drought, climate change and
discharge.

• Strategies developed for mitigation

Hydrology??
• Human systems are intimately shaped by the
availability, flows and quality of water.

– Agriculture
g
– Water Supply
– Hydropower Generation
– Ecological Protection
– Manufacturing
– Miningg
– Recreation
Upper Indus Basin
Upper Indus Basin
Snow cover in Upper Indus Basin (2009)
Snow cover in Upper Indus Basin (2009)
• Uncertainty of precipitation and its seasonal
occurrence
• Seasonal flow of rivers
• Population growth and rising living standards
• Environmental impacts of development
p j
projects
 Importance in Civil Engineering
Importance in Civil Engineering
• Design of hydraulics 
structures
• Flood Control
• Irrigation
• Water supply schemes
• Hydropower
H dropo er
• Reservoir Operations
• Ground water studies
 Major Aspects
Major Aspects
• Data Collection

– Precipitation data
– Runoff/stream flow data
R ff/ fl d
– Topographic data
– Land use and soil data
– Groundwater data
Groundwater data
• Data Analysis
y

– Consistency and homogeneity
C it dh it
– Missing records
– Interpolation/Extrapolation
– Trends/changes etc
Trends/changes etc
– Diurnal/monthly/seasonal variations
– Extremes etc
E t t
• Prediction

– Physical approach
Ph i l h
– Deterministic approach
– Stochastic approach
 Catchment Area Watershed or Basin
Catchment Area, Watershed or Basin
• The area of land draining into a stream or
water course at a ggiven location is known as
Catchment Area. It is also known as Drainage
Area or Drainage Basin as well as the
Watershed.

• A catchment area is separated from its

neighboring areas by a ridge called a divide.
The Hydrological Cycle
The Hydrological Cycle
• Atmospheric Phase of Hydrologic Cycle

Atmospheric phase of hydrologic cycle starts with the

formation of clouds after vaporization from water bodies
and ends after the occurrence of precipitation

• Land Phase of Hydrologic Cycle 
Starts with precipitation
Infiltration and Interception
Depression storage in depressions on the surface
D
Detention
i Storage
S
Surface Runoff
Baseflow
Total Runoff
 Water Budget of a Catchment
Water Budget of a Catchment
Inflow as precipitation ‘P’,
P , the Surface Runoff ‘R’,
R,
net gorund water flow out of the catchment ‘G’;
evaporation ‘E’, Transpiration ‘T’, and Change in
Storage ‘∆S’
∆S . Water Budget for for a catchment for
a time interval of ‘∆t’ is written as:

P‐R‐G‐E‐T = ∆S

All terms in the equation has dimensions of

volume.

NOTE: All the terms can be expressed in terms of depth over the
catchment
A precipitation measuring 125 mm occurred
over a catchment. If the infiltration,
p , depression
interception, p storage
g and other
losses are 50 mm, find direct runoff and total
runoff.
runoff

Precipitation P = 125 mm
Losses L = 50 mm
Direct runoff (DRO)  = P – L = 125 – 50 = 75 mm
Total runoff  = DRO + L = 75+50 = 125 mm
Hydrologic Equation‐Principle of 
Hydrologic Equation Principle of
Conservation
• The hydrologic equation states that for a given time
interval, difference of inflow to and outflow from a
system is equal to change of storage of the system.
• Mathematically
I ‐ O = ∆S/∆t
Where,
(volume/time) measured in m3/sec,
I = Rate of volume inflow (volume/time), /sec
ft3/sec, etc.

O =Rate of volume outflow (volume/time) measured in m3/sec,

ft3/sec, etc.

∆S/∆t = Rate of change of storage in time (‘S’ represents storage

and
d ‘t’
‘ ’ represents time
i i Volume/time)
i.e. V l /i )
• Components of Inflow

• precipitation over the catchment and reservoir
• surface or groundwater flow from other catchment 
areas.

• Components of Outflow

• surface evaporation
p
• groundwater seepage, and
• direct runoff i.e water taken for irrigation or to spill 
ways for producing power
y If, for example, assuming inflow changes
l
linearly
l from
f ‘ 1’ to ‘I
‘I ‘ 2’ in time ‘∆t’,
‘ ’ the
h outflow
fl
changes linearly from ‘O1’ to ‘O2’ and storage
changes from ‘S1’ to ‘S2’ in this time, the
equation can be written as:

( I1 + I2 ) / 2 ‐ ( O1 + O2 ) / 2 = ( S2 – S1 ) / ∆t

1. Flow of River Chenab at Marala Barrage varied
1
linearly from 34 m3/sec to 283 m3/sec in 10‐hours
during a flood.
flood The flow variation at Khanki Barrage,
Barrage
downstream of Marala was observed to be from 28
to 255 cumec during the above mentioned time. time
Assuming no lateral flow in or out of the reach, find
out the rate of change of storage of the river reach
between Marala and Khanki. What is total change in
storage of the reach in this period?
2. Water at a constant rate of 370 cumecs was
2
observed to be entering into Tarbela Reservoir
in a certain season. If outflow from the
reservoir including infiltration and evaporation
losses is 280 cumecs, find out the change in
storage of reservoir for 10 such days
• A part of catchment area of Hub River measuring 78 
km² received 100 mm of rainfall in 3 hours due to a 
storm. A drainage stream joins this part of catchment 
to the Hub River. The stream was dry before rainfall 
and there was flow in the stream for a period of 2.5 
days with an average discharge of 10 cumecs. After 
the storm runoff, the stream again became dry. Find 
the losses, direct runoff and total runoff in cumecs
and Hectare‐meter.
• Assume that Mangla Reservoir has surface area
of 39 sq. km in the beginning of a certain month
aand
d tthee water
ate dept
depth iss 76.20
6. 0 m for
o tthiss whole
oe
surface of the lake. Further assume that sides of
reservoir are nearlyy vertical. Now in that month
the reservoir received an average inflow of
226.50 cumec as a direct runoff, and direct
precipitation of 125 mm. The outflow from the
reservoir was 170 cumec and evaporation and
seepage losses were estimated to be 113 mm
during that month. Find out depth of reservoir at
the end of that month and total increase or
decrease in the storage
Problems 1
Problems 1‐4
4, Exercise Chapter 1, page 16.
Exercise Chapter 1 page 16
Deadline: Monday, 9th September 2013