5'2'1 Ys%;hl jHq;amkakh

ye¢kaùu'
fndfyda fN!;sl isoaëka ;=, m%udKhka fjkiaùu we;=,;a fõ' WodyrKhla f,i fudag¾
r:hl fõ.h" b,a¨fï fjki" ñ, by,hdfï fjki ±laúh yel' by; lreKq ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd iam¾Yl f¾Ld iy tajd fjkiajk wkqmd; w;r mek kÕsk uQ,sl
iïnkaO;djh meyeÈ,s lr .; hq;=fõ' ;jo Ys%;hla wjl,kh lrk wdldrh wjl,kh lrk
,o Ys%;hl w¾: ±laùu wdÈh jHdmdr iy l<ukdlrK fCia;%hg fukau wd¾Ól úoHd;aul ;SrK
j,go jeo.;a fõ' by; i|yka ish¨u lreKq fuu wÈhr u.ska ukdfia ú.%y lsÍug wfmaCId
lrkq we;'
5'2'1 Ys%;hl jHq;amkakh
P (x, f(x)) iy Q(x+h, f(x+h) ) hkq y = f(x) hk Ys%;h u; we;s ,CIH folla f,i .ksuq'
P iy Q hdlrk f¾Ldfõ wkql%ukh, p yd Q ,CIj, LKavdxl u.ska ,nd.; yelsh'

f(x+h)− f(x)
mPQ =
h
h→0

Q
p

P iy Q ,CIH folu y = f(x) Ys%;h u; we;' PQ yryd .uka lrk iy P ys§ Ys%;h iam¾Y
lrk ;j;a f¾Ldjla ie,ls,a,g .ksuq' fuu iam¾Yl f¾Ldfõ" P ys§ wkql%uKh jkafka" PQ
f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh h → 0 jk úg iSudj fõ'

1
th fufia m%ldY l< yel'
f(x+h)− f(x)
iam¾Yl f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh = iSudj
h
h→0

1
f(x) = x2 hk Ys%;fha u; ^4" 4& ,CIHfha§ iam¾Yl f¾Ldjl wkql%uKh my; mßÈ ,nd.;
4
yel'

f(x+h)− f(x)
= iSudj h → 0
h

f(4+h)− f(x)
= iSudj h → 0
h

1 1
(4+h)2 − (4)2
4 4
= iSudj h → 0
h

1 1
(16+8h+h2 )− ×16
4 4
= iSudj ℎ → 0
h

1
4+2h+ h2 − 4
4
= iSudj ℎ→0
h

1
2h+ h2
4
= iSudj ℎ → 0
h

1
h(2+ h )
4
= iSudj ℎ→0
h

∴ iam¾Yl f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh 2 fõ'

2
iSudj u.ska Ys%;hl wkql%uKh fyda f(x) Ys%;fha jHq;amkakh bÈßm;a lrhs' f '(x) fuh f,i
fmkajhs'
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
f '(x) = සීමාව
ℎ →0 ℎ

f(x) ys jHq;amkakh fiùug wjl,kh hehs o lshkq ,efí'

ksoiqka 1
f(x) = 2x2 Ys%; u; ^1" 2& ,CIHfha§ wkql%uKh l=ulao@

f(x) = 2 x2 hk Ys%;fha u; ^1,2& ,CIHfha§ iam¾Yl f¾Ldjl wkql%uKh my; mßÈ ,nd.;
yel'

f(x+h)− f(x)
= සීමාව
ℎ →0 h

f(1+h)− f(x)
= සීමාව
ℎ →0 h

2(1+h)2 − 2 (1)2
= සීමාව
ℎ →0 h

2(1+2h+h2 )− 2 ×1
= සීමාව
ℎ →0 h

2+4h+ 2h2 − 2
= සීමාව
ℎ →0 h

2h(2+ h)
= සීමාව
ℎ →0 h

= සීමාව 4 + 2h
ℎ →0

∴ iam¾Yl f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh 4 fõ'

3
5'2'2 m%:u uQ,O¾u Ndú;fhka wjl,kh lsÍu
y hkq x ys Ys%;hla olajhs kï o x ys l=vd jDoaêhla jk 𝛿x g wkqrEm y ys jDoaêh 𝛿y fjhs
kï o 𝛿x Y+kHhg t<fUk úg 𝛿y/𝛿x ys iSudjg x úIfhka y ys jHq;amkakh fyj;a
wjl,kh ix.=Klh hehs lshkq ,efnhs'

𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦
tkus = iSudj δx → 0 o fõ'
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥

𝑑𝑦 δ𝑦
fuys = hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ulao hkak i,ld n,uq' δx = 0 úg hkqfjka
𝑑𝑥 δ𝑥
δ𝑦
woyia lrkafka l=ulao hkak i,ld n,uq' δx = 0 úg 𝑑𝑥
hk Nd.h w¾:hla fkdue;s
0 δ𝑦
( 0 ) wdldrhg m;a fj;;a δx Y+khHhg t<efnk úg Nd.h ksYaÑ; iSudjlg t<fUk
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
neúka fï i|yd iqÿiq ixfla;hla jk nj mejish yel' tfia Ndú;d lrk dy, dx
𝑑𝑥
hkq" wjl, kïfõ'

𝑑𝑦
hk ixfla;h fufiao úia;r l, yelsh' tkï" wjl,k ix.=Klhla fyj;a
𝑑𝑥

jHq;amkakhla fidhd .ekSfï l%uh" wjl,kh lsÍu f,i x úIfhka y wjl,kh lsÍu
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
f,i fmkajhs' y flfrys l¾uh isÿl, úg ,efí'
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ys%;hla yd th fþokh jk f¾Ldjl fþok ,CIHfha isudj fiùu u`.ska Ys%;fha
jHq;amkakh ,nd.ekSu m%:u uq,O¾u Ndú;fhka wjl,kh lsÍu fõ' Ys%;fha jHq;amkakh
,nd.ekSu ;=,ska wjl,kh lrk wdldrh my; ksoiqka ;=,ska Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'

4
නිsoiqk 2
x ys wjl,kh by; wdldrhg meyeos,s l,úg"
f(x) = x
f1 (x) = iSudj f(x + h) - f(x)
h 0 h
= iSudj x +h-x
h 0 h

= iSudj h
h 0 h

= 1

ksoiqk 3 (- x2 Ys%;h m%:u uq,O¾u Ndú;fhka úi|kak'

f(x) = x2
f1 (x) = iSudj f(x + h) - f(x)
h 0 h
= iSudj (x + h)2 - (x)2
h 0 h

= iSudj x2 + 2xh+h2- x2
h 0 h

= iSudj 2hx +h2

h 0 h

= iSudj h (2x +h)

h 0 h

= iSudj 2x
h 0

5
ksoiqk 4
f(x) = x3 Ys%;h m%:u uq,O¾u Ndú;fhka úi|kak'
f (x) = iSudj f(x + h) - f(x)
h 0 h

= iSudj ( x + h)3 - x3
h 0 h

= iSudj x3 + 3x2h + 3xh2 + h3 - x3

h 0 h

= iSudj h(3x2+ 3xh + h2)

h 0 h

= iSudj 3x2+ 3xh + h2

= 3x2

by; jHq;amkakhka (ksoiqka j,) ish,a, i,ld neÆ úg" th my; wdldrhg idrxY .;
l, yel'
f(x) f ′(x)
x 1
x2 2x

x3 3x2

x4 4x3

by; rgdjg wkqj th my; mßÈ idOdrKh l, yel

f(x) = xn kï"
f ′ (x) = nxn -1 h'
fyda
𝑑
(x2) = nxn - 1
𝑑𝑥

6
ksYaÑ; w.hl jHq;amkakh
f(x) = c hk ksh; w.hla kï"
f ′ (x) = iSudj f(f + h) - f(x)
h 0 h

= iSudj c-c
h 0 h

= iSudj 0
h

= 0

tkï" f(x) = c úg
f ′ (x) = 0 úg"

hï Ys%;hl ksYaÑ; jdr.Kkl wjl,kh

Ys%;h f(x) kï" th c jdr .Kkla we;súg c = f(c) fõ' tys jHq;amkakh"
dy = iSudj cf(x + h) - cf(x)
dx h 0 h

= iSudj cf(x + h) - cf(x)

h 0 h

= iSudj c f(x + h) - f(x)

h 0 h

= c iSudj f(x + h) - f(x)

h 0 h

cf ′ (x)

c. d = f(x)
dx

7
ksoiqka weiqßka by; wjl,kh meyeÈ,s lrkjdkï"

d = (4x2) = 4.2x = 8x
dx

d (8x3) = 8. 3x2 = 24x2

dx

Ys%; foll tl;=jl jHq;amkakh

y = f(x) + g(x)

dy = d f(x) + d g(x)
dx dx dx

Ys%; foll fjkiys jHq;amkakh

y = f(x) - g(x) kï"

dy = d f(x) - d g(x)
dx dx dx

ksoiqk 5 (-
y = x3 + 8x wjl,kh lrkak'

d (x3) + d (8x)
dx dx

= 3x2 + 8

^B& f(x) = √𝑥 - 1
2√𝑥

8
5'2'3 .=Ks;hla wjl,kh lsÍu

u hkq" x Ys%;hlao v hkq' x ys Ys%;hlao iy y = uv kï"

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= u +v fõ'
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

ksoiqka (- 6
y = (x2 + 1) (3x2 - 1) hehs"

u = x2+ 1 o v = 3x2 -1 o f,i .;a úg"

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 2x = 6x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
túg" = u +v
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= (x2 +1) 6x +(3x2 - 1) 2x

= 6x3 +6x +6x3 -2x
= 12x3 + 4x

idOl ´kEu ixLHdjl .=Ks;h wjl,kh lsÍu i|yd fï kS;sh myiqfjka u mq`M,a l<
yels fjhs' ta wkqj y = uvw kï" túg by; iQ;%h fh¥úg"

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= uv +wu + wv fõ'
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

9
ksoiqka 7(-
y = (x3 + 7x -1) (5x + 2) (2x + 2) wjl,kh lrkak'
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (x3 + 7x -1) (5x + 2) (2x + 2) + (5x + 2) (2x + 2) 𝑑𝑥 (x3 + 7x - 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
+ (x3 + 7x - 1) (2x + 2) 𝑑𝑥 (5x + 2)

= (x3 + 7x -1) (5x + 2) (2) + (5x + 2) + (2x + 2) (3x2 + 7) + (x3 + 7x - 1)

(2x + 2) (5)

5'2'4 ,íêhla wjl,kh lsÍu

u iy v , x ys Ys%; o y = u/v jk úg" ,íêhl wjl,kh my; iQ;%h u`.ska ,nd.; yel'
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
v -u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
v2

ksoiqk 8 (-
y = (x2 + 1) wjl,kh lrkak'
(x3 - x + 2)2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑
= (x3 - x + 2) (x2 + 1) - (x2 + 1) (x3 - x +2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(x3 - x +2)2

𝑑𝑢 𝑑
= (x3 - x + 2) (2x) - (x2 + 1) (3x3 -)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(x3 - x +2)2

5'2'5 Ys%;hl Ys%;hla wjl,kh lsÍu

y hkq" z Ys%;hlao" z hkq" x Ys%;hla o y ys Ys%;hla o jkúg"

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= x fõ'
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥

10
ksoiqk (-8
y = (x2 + a2)10 m%ldYh wjl,kh lrkak'
fuys x2 + a2 = z kï"
y = (z)10 fõ'
𝑑𝑦
= 10z9
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧
= 2x
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= x neúka"
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 10z9 x 2x - 20xz9
𝑑𝑥

= 20x (x2 + a2)9

idrdxYh (-
 f(x) = xn úg" f1 (x) = nxh -1

 y = cf(x) c ksh;hla jk úg"

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
 ==c f(x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
 y = f(x) +g(x) , = f(x) + 𝑑𝑥 g(x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
 y = f(x) - g(x) , = f(x) - g(x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 .=Ks;h wjl,kh" y = uv kï"

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢 +v
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

11
 ,íêhla wjl,kh" y = u/v úg"
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
dy 𝑣 -u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
dx v2

12