Physics Portfolio 
 
PRESENTED BY 
 
IFAN NINATKIATTIKUL (MILD) 6161099 
JIDAPA ATIPAKKUL (HIGH) 6161107 
PHIMRAPHAT SOONJUN (PIM) 6161243 
TEEROTHAI PRANGLAOR (JEDI) 6161102 
TOUCHAPOL DETCHANUN (MOS) 6161075 
SANA YONGPHIPHATWONG (FAFA) 6161091 
 
UNDER SUPERVISION OF  
MR. GOPINATH SUBRAMANIAN 
 
ABSTRACT 
THIS REPORT IS A PART OF GRADE 11 ACCELERATED PHYSICS SUBJECT IN  
MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL DEMONSTRATION SCHOOL  
SEMESTER 1 YEAR 2019-2020 
 

 
 1 
 

TABLE OF CONTENT    
THERMODYNAMICS 3 

ZEROTH AND FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS​ POSTER 4 

PRESENTATION 5-9 

PHYSICS MEASUREMENT LAB REPORT 10-11 

INTRODUCTION  12 

TABLE OF CONTENT 13 

STATION 1 14 
Objective 14 
Materials 14 
Procedures  14 
Data 14 
Calculations 15 
Solution 15 
Reflection 15 

STATION 2 16 

O
​ bjective 16 
Material 16 
Procedures 17-18 
Data Collection 18-19 
Calculations 19 
Reflection 19 

STATION 3 20 
Objective 2​0 
Materials 2​0 
Procedures 2​0 
Data Collection 20 
Calculations 2​0-21 
Reflection 21 

STATION 4 22 
Objective 2​2 
Material 2​2 
Procedures 2​2 
Data Collection 22 
 2 
 
Calculations 23 
Reflection 23 

CONCLUSION 24 

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION 25 

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION  26 

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION POSTER 27 

PRESENTATION 28-31 

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION 32 

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION POSTER 33 

PRESENTATION 34-38 

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION LAB REPORT 39-40 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 41 

INTRODUCTION 42 

STATION 1 43 
PART A 44 
Objective 44 
Tools 44 
Methods 45 
Calculation 46 
PART B 47 
Objective 47 
Tools 47 
Methods 48 
Calculations 4​8 
Reflection 4​9
4​9 

STATION 2 50 
Objective 51 
Tools 51 
Methods 52 
Calculation 53 
Reflection 54 

CONCLUSION 5​5 
 3 
 

THERMODYNAMICS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 
 
 5 
 
 
PRESENTATION  
ZEROTH AND FIRST LAW 
OF THERMODYNAMICS 
 
Introduction
Moss:
We have all noticed that when you heat something up, its temperature rises. We might
think that heat and temperature are the same thing. They are related to each other but with
different concepts.
Heat is a form of energy that can transfer from hot body to cold body due to difference in
temperature. Its measurement can be done in energy units, i.e. calorie or joules. Heat is also an
extensive property, so the change in temperature resulting from heat transferred to a system
depends on how many molecules are in the system. Heat measures both kinetic and potential
energy contained by molecules in an object.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the
system. As an average measurement, the temperature of a substance does not rely on its size
(number of particles) and type, intensive property. It identifies how hot or cold an object is, in
degrees. It also measures the speed of atoms and molecules of the substance.It can be measured
in various scales, which are – Kelvin, Celsius and Fahrenheit. The thermometer is used to gauge
the temperature of the object.
Both heat and temperature are the concepts of thermodynamics; that works together to let
the energy flow from hotter body to a cooler body. Well, what are thermodynamics? According
to the roots of this word: thermal, which dealing with temperature and heat; dynamics which are
the properties of temperature and concerned with the motion of objects in relation to the physical
factors like how they move, and how does temperature behave.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat
and other forms of energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and
from other forms of energy and how it affects matter. The fundamental principles of
thermodynamics are expressed in four laws. The laws describe how heat, temperature, and
entropy behave under various circumstances.
But thermodynamics is concerned with more than just heat energy. The change in level of
organization or disorganization of reactants and products as changes take place is described by
the entropy change of the process. The increase in disorder is described as an increase in entropy,
and the change in entropy is positive which is related to the second law of thermodynamics. ​With
4 laws of thermodynamics​, thermodynamics can be used to describe how systems respond to
changes in their environment.
 6 
 
The molecules in each object are constantly in motion and colliding with each other.
Every time molecules collide, kinetic energy can be transferred. When the two systems are in
contact, heat will be transferred through molecular collisions from the hotter system to the
cooling system. The thermal energy will flow in that direction until the two objects are at the
same temperature. When the two systems in contact are at the same temperature, we say they are
in thermal equilibrium.Today, our group gonna talk about the zeroth and first law.

Zeroth Law
Ifan :
Starting off with the zeroth law, the main concept of this law is the thermal equilibrium.
To give a brief understanding thermal is the meaning of heat or temperature and equilibrium is a
balanced state that does not change, stays at a constant rate for a period of time. This is a process
when two objects come into contact and start transferring heat to each other, the heat flows from
high to low temp, while staying at a constant temperature over time. Once both objects reach its
equilibrium the heat no longer flows from one to another. An important tool needed for this law
to be true is a thermometer, which is used to measure the temperature of each individual
object.To give a visual explanation, if we have a glass of ice water and a glass of hot water, and
place both of the glass on a kitchen counter which is at room temperature. All three of the object
will eventually reach the thermal equilibrium and all of them will have the same temperature.
This example will correspond to a three systems; it is when we assume that object A (ice water)
and object C (the kitchen counter) are in thermal equilibrium, and object A ( ice water) and
object B (heated water) are also in thermal equilibrium, then object B and C are in thermal
equilibrium as well. If A is equal to B and C, then B is also equal to C.

Pim:
As she mentioned, if all of these three objects are at thermal equilibrium, then we can say
that they’re all at the same temperature. So what is heat transfer? What are conduction,
convection, and radiation? And what are the differences between each of them? Heat transfer is
the process of transferring heat from high temperature to low-temperature reservoir. In term of
thermodynamic system heat transfer is the movement of heat across the boundary of the system
due to the temperature difference between the systems and the surroundings. There are three
basic ways in which heat is transferred. The first one is conduction. Conduction is the transfer of
heat between bodies which are in physical contact. Example, when you try to cook something on
a pan. The heat will transfer from a hot burner on the stove into a pan eventually the pan will
become hot. The second one is convection. Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement
of fluids. For example, on a summer day when you turn on the ac, cold air is released by the ac.
Since the cold air is denser than the warm air, hence, it sinks. The warm air being less dense than
the cold air rises and is drawn in by the ac. As a result, a convection current is formed and the
room is cooled. The last one is radiation. Radiation is the emission of energy as electromagnetic
 7 
 
waves. In the case of conduction and convection heat transfer, there are media to transfer the
heat, but in the case of radiation heat transfer, there’s no media. Examples of radiation are
ultraviolet light from the sun and x-rays from the x-rays machine.

Fafa:
One example of the zeroth law is the thermometer. Thermometer is a science equipment
which is used for measuring temperature of a single substance or even the temperature of the
atmosphere around it. Thermometers which contained liquid mercury apply the zeroth law of
thermodynamics to demonstrated the correct temperature. Once the thermometer become in
contact with an object heat started to transfer between two systems. Heat from the higher temp
object object will transfer to the one will lower heat energy density. By the time it reaches
equilibrium, the liquid mercury will expand then show the correct temperature either in Celsius
or Fahrenheit.

The first Law of Thermodynamics

Jedi:
The first law of thermodynamics is directly related to the conservation of energy concept.
This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transform into other
forms of energy. ​One of the basic assumptions of thermodynamics is the idea that we can divide
the universe into a system and its surroundings.​ The equation that represents this law is Q =
Delta E+W. Q stands for the heat that is being absorbed by the system. E stand for change in the
system internal energy and lastly, W stands for work done by the system. Thus, Q is the energy
that is being put into the system and E is the energy that does not go into or isn’t used in the
system. The energy that are not used in the system will mostly remain in the same form, but can
also be changed into others. However, W is the energy that is used in the system. Therefore, if
you take delta E plus W then it will perfectly equal to Q. This leads to the concept that the
system can possibly work for 99.99 percent, but can never work for 100 percent because some of
the energy will not go into the system, but leave to the surroundings instead.

High:
Energy can be in different form. Electrical energy is the energy due to electron flow.
Chemical energy is the energy that bounds by the atoms in a molecule. From this law, the energy
can be converted from one form to another. It can’t be created nor destroyed. It can only be
transferred from one to another form. Let’s discuss this changes. The heat energy from the Sun
is absorbed by plants and is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis. This is a
natural process. How about an artificial energy conversion process? The conversion of electrical
energy to mechanical energy in home appliances like fan, mixer, grinder etc. The water heater is
a good example of conversion of electrical energy into heat energy. Conversion of mechanical
energy into heat and sound energy in fireworks. And conversion of chemical energy to electrical
energy in battery.
 8 
 

One best example of chemical, heat, and mechanical energy conversion can be found in
working principle of steam locomotive engine.Start with the chemical energy in the coal is
converted into heat energy when they burn and this heat energy is used to boil the water. When
the water is heated, the water is converted to steam and the bonds in molecules of water moving
vigorously and this leads to an increase in the internal energy. How much is the change in
internal system depends on the amount of water and the specific heat capacity. Then the last one
is the additional energy can be released in other form or can be used to expand the steam to push
the piston in the steam engine. Thus, the total heat supplied is used to increase the internal
energy and also to do work which is W.
Now the total heat supplied Q is equal to Delta E plus W
Work can be defined as the quantity of energy transferred from one system to another.
And the work is measured in joules.
To summarize in my example, energy can only be transferred the chemical energy of fuel
is converted into heat energy which is then converted into mechanical energy that helps the
locomotive engine to move.

Conclusion
Fafa :
To sum up, thermodynamics is the study of the effects of work, heat, and energy on a
system. Heat is a form of energy which occurs within a random motion or the movement of
molecules. On the other hand, temperature determines the direction of heat flow which depends
on the average amount of kinetic energy. The relationship of heat and temperature form the laws
of thermodynamics.

There are four laws of thermodynamics including : zeroth law, first law, second law, and
third law. The laws explain the transformation of heat energy throughout substances, it also
mentioned about entropy which is the molecular disorders in those processes. The higher the
entropy is, the lower the efficiency of the system will be. As a form of energy, heat is conserved,
in other words, it cannot be created or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred from one place
to another and also into other forms of energy.
In the presentation we brought up two of the laws which are the zeroth law and first law.
The zeroth law mentioned about thermal equilibrium which briefly said, “when systems are in
contact with one another, heat transferring will occur until all reaches thermal equilibrium.” In
other words, these three systems shares the same property which is temperature. There are
several ways of heat transfers for instance through physical contact, movement of fluid, and
electromagnetic waves. Those methods are called conduction, convection, and radiation
respectively.
The first law indicated that even though energy is transformed through out the system,
the initial and end energy is maintained, or conserved. Although this law acknowledged that the
 9 
 
amount of energy stays constant, it does not mentioned on the direction of energy flow. The first
law of thermodynamics is expressed in the equation Q = Delta E+W, or the work plus the energy
available in the system will equal to the initial energy. However, the system is not 100%
applicable; in real life situations, there will always be transformation and loss of heat into the
atmosphere making the energy left less than the initial amount of energy. Chemical energy and
mechanical energy are examples of forms of energy that heat can be converted into.
Therefore, the laws of thermodynamics are present in our daily lives, in every movement
and motion of objects. This is the end of our presentation.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
PHYSICS MEASUREMENT 
LAB REPORT 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 

 
 
 
 
MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL DEMONSTRATION SCHOOL

GRADE 11 ACCELERATED PHYSICS

PHYSICS MEASUREMENT LAB REPORT

PRESENTED BY

IFAN NINATKIATTIKUL (MILD) 6161099

JIDAPA ATIPAKKUL (HIGH) 6161107
PHIMRAPHAT SOONJUN (PIM) 6161243
TEEROTHAI PRANGLAOR (JEDI) 6161102
TOUCHAPOL DETCHANUN (MOS) 6161075
SANA YONGPHIPHATWONG (FAFA) 6161091

UNDER SUPERVISION OF

MR. GOPINATH SUBRAMANIAN

ABSTRACT

THIS REPORT IS A PART OF GRADE 11 ACCELERATED PHYSICS SUBJECT IN

MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL DEMONSTRATION SCHOOL
SEMESTER 1 YEAR 2019-2020
 12 
 

INTRODUCTION

There are a lot of things in our surroundings that have their own scales. The most
fundamental process in science is a measurement, it is the process of number that is in
association with physical quantities and phenomena. Measurement is not only for scientific
purposes but also in our daily lives, for instance on we are interested in figuring our own height,
this will be considered as a direct measurement. It can be classified into two large distinct types
the direct measurement, which is when the object is in direct contact with the measuring system
such as reading length, height or other aspects directly. However, the error could still appear
making the measurement inaccurate this could be due to the skills of the person performing the
calculations. To vice versa, indirect measurement is a method of using proportions to find an
unknown length or distance in similar figures. Measurement can be in various systems of the
unit, the common ones used are CGS (centimeter, gram, second), FPS (foot, pound, second) and
MKS (meter, kilogram, second). The use of either one depends on the objective of the task.
Therefore, in this following lab, our main objective was to measure multiple objects using a
variety of tools. The lab consisted of four different stations, in each station was a set of specific
instructions, as for the first station we had to figure number of balls occupying a container, the
second station has us measure a rubber, using a specific tool to measure the diameter of the
rubber both inside and outside, the third station was for us to measure the area of our physics lab
and the last was measuring the height of the shortest and tallest person in the group. This report
will further explain and provide detailed information as well as the result of each station.
 13 
 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

STATION 1 3
Objective 3
Materials 3
Procedures 3
Data 3
Calculations 4
Solution 4
Reflection 4

STATION 2 5

Finding the Volume of a Rubber 5

Objective 5
Material 5
Procedures 6
Data Collection 7
Calculations 8
Reflection 8

STATION 3 10
Objective 10
Materials 10
Procedures 10
Data Collection 10
Calculations 10
Reflection 11

STATION 4 12
Objective 12
Material 12
Procedures 12
Data Collection 12
Calculations 13
Reflection 13

CONCLUSION 14
 14 
 

STATION 1

Determine the Number of Balls in a Container

Objective

The objective of this station is to determine the total number of balls in the container
using the electrical balance.

Materials

1. Electrical Balancer
2. A container filled with balls
3. An empty container

Procedures

1. Remove the balls from the original container

2. Place the empty container on the electrical balance
3. Press the function “Tare” on the balance. This function will automatically exclude the
mass of anything that is placed on the balance beforehand. This makes the mass becomes
zero grams.
4. Insert one ball into the empty container to find its mass.
5. Place the rest of the ball back into the container to find the overall mass.
6. Divide the overall mass with the mass of a single ball to find the number of balls in the
container.

Data

Number of balls Mass ( grams )

1 0.15 grams

X (Unknown total number of balls) 102.6 grams

 15 
 
Calculations

If one ball equals 0.15 grams, how many balls will equal to 102.6 grams?

To find x, multiply 102.6 grams by 1 then divide it with 0.15 grams

Solution

There are 684 balls in the container.

Reflection

Starting with station one, the objective is to determine the number of balls in a container
by using the balance. There are two possible ways that the group had discussed while completing
the station. The first way is to remove all balls and only weigh the container to find the mass of
the container. Then in order to find the weight of the ball, we inserted one ball into the container;
to find the weight of one ball we subtracted the second outcome to the weight of the container.
The last step is to weigh every ball then divide the mass of the complex to the weight of one ball
in order to find the number of balls presented in the container. On the other hand, we can also
use the feature provided on the balance which is called Tare. It is a button on the right-hand side
of the balance. This feature automatically excludes the weight of the container on top of the
balance; with that characteristic, we are able to measure the weight of one ball without having to
subtract its mass with the container. After the group came up with these two similar ideas, we
agreed to proceed with the second procedure. Firstly, we put the empty container on the balance
then use the feature ‘Tare’ to cancel its weight on the scale. Next, we positioned the first ball into
the container, the weight is 0.15 grams. After that, we inserted every ball back into the container
to find the overall weight which is 102.6 grams. The next procedure is to divide the total mass
with the mass of a single ball; we took 102.6 grams divided by 0.15 grams. Therefore the
solution to the problem is 684 balls in the container.
 16 
 

STATION 2

Finding the Volume of a Rubber

Objective

Finding the diameter of the hollow and the rubber by using a vernier caliper to find the
volume of rubber by using the volume formula of a cylinder.

Material

1. Rubber or head of the dropper

2. Vernier caliper

Vernier caliper
 17 
 

Parts Definition

Vernier Caliper Upper Jaws Used for finding the diameter of the inner
hole or taking inside measurements of the
object like a cylinder.

Vernier Caliper Lower Jaws Use to measuring outside dimensions like the
width, length, and diameter of the object.

Vernier Caliper Depth Rod Used for measuring the depth or the height of
the inner hole.

Graduated in centimeters (cm) and

millimeters (mm), which is run along the
Fixed Main Scale beam or in the middle of the vernier caliper,
and we read the main scale by finding the last
value on the main scale before the zero lines
on the vernier scale.

Moving the Vernier Scale It helps add the accuracy of the measurement
because, on the vernier scale, the smallest
increment on the main scale is further divided.
We read the vernier scale by finding the line
on the vernier scale that lines up perfectly
with the line on the main scale, and then do
the calculation to find the precise
measurement.
Procedures

Finding the Measurement

❏ The diameter of The Inner Hole
❏ Put the inner hole inside the vernier caliper upper jaws
❏ Using the vernier caliper upper jaws to find the diameter of the inner hole.
❏ Read the main scale
❏ Read the vernier scale
❏ The diameter of The Whole Rubber Cap
 18 
 
❏ Put the rubber dropper cap between the vernier caliper lower jaws
❏ Using the vernier caliper lower jaws to find the diameter of the whole cap.
❏ Read the main scale
❏ Read the vernier scale
❏ The Depth of The Hole
❏ Put the vernier caliper depth rod inside the hole to find the depth of the hole
❏ Read the main scale
❏ Read the vernier scale
❏ The Height of The Rubber Dropper Cap
❏ Using the vernier caliper lower jaws to find the height of the whole cap.
❏ Read the main scale
❏ Read the vernier scale
Calculate the Volume of The Rubber Dropper Cap
There are two-volumes that we need to find, the first one is a volume of the inner hole,
and the second is the volume of the whole cap. Then we minus the volume of the whole cap with
the volume of the inside hole to find the volume of the overall rubber cap. The outside diameter
of the cap is 1.41 cm, and the inner diameter is 0.61cm. The height of the rubber cap is 3.01cm,
and the depth is 2.845cm. We use the formula: V=πr^2h to find the volume of both the whole
cap and the inner hole, and then minus the volume of the whole cap with the volume of an inner
hole. The volume of the rubber dropper cap is 3.868 cm^3.

Data Collection

The diameter of The Inner Hole 0.61 cm

The diameter of The Whole Rubber Cap 1.41 cm

The Height of The Rubber Dropper Cap 3.01 cm

The Depth of The Hole 2.845 cm

Calculations

❏ Find the Volume of the Whole Rubber Cap

❏ V = πr^2h
 19 
 
❏ r = diameter of the whole cap divided by 2
❏ h = height of the rubber dropper cap
❏ V= π(0.705)^2(3.01)
❏ V= 4.70 cm cube
❏ Find the Volume of the Inner Hole
❏ V = πr^2h
❏ r = diameter of the inner whole divided by 2
❏ h = depth of the inner hole
❏ V= π(0.305)^2(2.845)
❏ V= 0.83 cm cube
❏ Find the Volume of the Rubber Dropper Cap
❏ The volume of the whole rubber cap - Volume of the inner hole
❏ V = 4.70 - 0.83
❏ V = 3.87 cm cube

Reflection

In station two, we need to find the volume of the rubber dropper cap by using the given
tool, vernier caliper. At the start, we need to learn about how to use the vernier caliper to
measure the dimensions of an object properly. Vernier caliper is a measuring device used to
precisely measure linear dimensions, it is useful when we want to find the diameter of the round
objects like cylinders and the rubber that we used in this report. The vernier caliper has many
parts that involve in the step of measuring. After knowing the parts that use for measuring, we
need to learn how to read the scales, which break into 2 scales, a fixed main scale, and a moving
vernier scale. The rubber cap has a similar shape to the cylinder, so we decided to find the
volume of the rubber cap by using the volume formula of the cylinder. We have learned many
things from this station whether how to use the vernier caliper, the advantages, and
disadvantages of it. The advantages of using vernier caliper are it provides precise
measurements, able to take a variety of different measurements, including the internal and
external dimensions, and the depth of the measurement. The disadvantages of this tool are the
scales are quite small and difficult to read, so there's a chance of error, reading a vernier caliper
does take some time for the user to understand before taking the measurement, and there is still a
possibility of errors by using this tool.
 20 
 

STATION 3

Measuring the Area of the Room

Objective

1. Finding the room’s area in meters and feet

2. Learning how to convert the scales from meter to centimeter in the form of area

Materials

1. A big measuring tape

Procedures

1. Find the length and width of the room by using

measuring tape.
2. Record the data
3. Find the area of the room by using rectangle formula.
4. Find 1 square meter equals to how many square feet and square centimeters.
5. Multiplied the number that we get to the area of the room in square meters and get the
Answer for both square feet and centimeters.

Data Collection

Width Length

10.2 m 10.96 m

Calculations

❏ Find the area of the room in square meters

❏ Width = 10.2 meters
❏ Length = 10.96 meters
❏ A=LxW
❏ 10.96 x 10.2 = 111.79 square meters
 21 
 
❏ Find the area of the room in square foot
❏ 1 square meters = 10.7639 square feet
❏ 111.79 x 10.7639 = 1203.6 square feet
❏ Find the area of the room in square centimeters
❏ 1 square foot = 929.03 square centimeters
❏ 1203.6 x 929.03 = 1118180.5 square centimeters

Reflection

The objective in station 3 is to find the area of the room that we were sitting in square
meters, feet, and centimeters. First, we need to know the shape of the room so that we can use
the right formula to find the area of it. We know that the room is a rectangle so we can use length
multiplied by width to find the area of the room. We used a big measuring tape to find the length
and width. While we were measuring the length, there were some problems. The tape that use to
measure was not straight. This might cause the measurement of the length to be the wrong value.
Thus, we fixed it to be as straight as possible by using a person on each side of the room to hold
the tape tightly and other people make sure that the tape was not touching with obstacles and flip
aside. We use the same method to measure the width. After we measured the length and the
width, we found out that the value of the length and the width of the room are close together. The
width is 10.2 meters while the length is 10.96 meters. We used 10.2 multiplied with 10.96 and
got the area of the room. It is equal to a 111.79-meter square. The way to convert meter square
into other units is to find that one square meter equal to how many square feet and centimeters.
Clearly that 1 square meter is equal to 10.7639 square feet and 10000 square centimeters. We
time those numbers to 111.79 and got the answer for feet and centimeters. The room area is
111.79-meter square or 1203.3 feet square or 1118180.5-centimeter square.
 22 
 

STATION 4

Measuring the Height

Objective

Using the measuring tools to get the accurate height of the tallest and shortest members.

Material

1. Measuring tape
2. Ruler

Procedures

1. Let the shortest member of our group stand

against the wall.
2. Use a measuring tape to measure the height starting from her feet to the
top of her head.
3. Put a ruler on top of her head.
4. Read the value on the measuring tape and record data.
5. Repeat the same process with the tallest person of our group.

Data Collection

Jedi’s Pim’s
 23 
 

Calculations

Conversion

Unit Meters to Inches to Inches to Meters

Centimeters Centimeters

Formula Meters * 100 Inches * 2.54 Inches * 0.0254

Calculations

Height in Meters Height in Centimeters Height in inches

Jedi 1.81 1.81*100 = 181 181/2.54 = 71.26

Pim 1.56 1.56*100 =156 156/2.54 = 61.42

Reflection

The objective of the fourth station is to find the height of the tallest and the shortest
person in the group. The tool we used to measure the height was a measuring tape. First, we
measure the shortest person by letting her standing straight against the wall. Then we started to
measure her height with measuring tape from her feet to the top of her head. We needed to hold
the measuring tape tightly and keeping it straight in order for the result to be accurate. Then we
put a ruler on top of her head and read the value. The height of the shortest person in our group is
156cm. We did the same thing on the tallest person in our group. We made him stood against the
wall and started measuring him. His height is 181cm. The results that we got might not be the
exact number because the measuring tape might oblique and caused a few errors.
 24 
 

CONCLUSION
Scientists use many skills as they observe many things around them. They make
observations by gathering information. Some of the observations are qualitative data which can
be noticed by senses. For example, a simple observation would be figuring out the color or
texture of an object. Others are in quantitative data which are related to quantities. That
information cannot be observed by the senses; instead, it needs to be measured and written down
with numbers. However, if scientists want to know more about a substance, they may need to
take measurements. Measurement is a technique in which properties of an object are determined
by comparing them to a standard that requires tools and provides scientists with a quantity. There
are some measurements that are used and mentioned in this report ; for instance, a Tare which is
used to weigh an object by removing the weight of container, a big measuring tape that we used
to find the length and width of the physics room at MUIDS and to measure the height of the
shortest and the tallest members in a group, and a vernier caliper which is used to ​precisely
measure linear dimensions. The vernier caliper is a very useful tool to use when measuring the
diameter of a round object like cylinders or the diameter of the rubber we have done in this
report. From this report, we faced some problems in each station. When we measured the height
of our members and the length of the room, for instance, it was hard for the big measuring tape
to be straight. When we measured the weight of all of the balls, ther​e are some problems with
making the balance to measure only the balls not the air in the container or the weight of the
container. However, we finally solved those problems and learned how to use measuring tools
like rulers, thermometers, or scales effectively. Being able to measure is necessary skills that
enable us to quantify the world around us accurately.
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NEWTON’S  
LAWS OF MOTION 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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NEWTON’S ​FIRST 
LAW OF MOTION 
 
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Introduction
Mild :
As for today, we will be discussing about Newton's first law starting off, I’ll briefly
explain the fundamental idea of motion, the motion of objects can be described by words such as
going fast, stopped, slowing down, speeding up and turning. In physics, we use these words and
many more. We will be expanding upon this vocabulary list with words such as distance,
displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. As we will soon see, these words are associated
with mathematical quantities that have strict definitions. The mathematical quantities that are
used to describe the motion of objects can be divided into two categories. Which are scalar and
vector, which will be explained later on in the presentation. However as for motion it was
discovered by Aristotle in which he categorized motion into either “violent” or “natural”.
Starting off, the violent motion is any motion that required a force, produced by external pushes
or pull on an object, for example pushing a book along or lifting a book. However, if its a motion
which the object does naturally is it considered to be a natural force. The object will either go
straight up or straight down for all things on earth, but if its beyond earth the motion will be in a
circular. Moreover, another important concept contributing to motion is Galileo’s Concept of
Inertia, which states that objects of different weight will fall to the ground at the same time in the
absence of air resistance. And moving needs no force to continue moving in the absence of
fiction. Inertia is defined as the property of matter to resist changes in motion, which is
dependent on the amount of matter in an object. As for force, it is when any interaction will
change the motion of an object. It can cause an object with mass to change its velocity.

Mos :
Newton's First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a
straight line unless acted upon by an external force. So, if there are no external forces acting on
the object, there will be no acceleration exert to the object.
Defined force
A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another
object.
BREAK INTO 2 CATEGORIES
Contact forces ​are those types of forces that result when the two interacting objects are
perceived to be physically contacting each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional
forces, tensional forces, normal forces, air resistance forces, and applied forces.
Action-at-a-distance forces​ are those types of forces that result even when the two interacting
objects are not in physical contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull despite
their physical separation. Examples of action-at-a-distance forces include gravitational forces.
External forces​ are forces applied to the structure from the outside of the structure.
external forces include the applied force, normal force, tension force, friction force, and air
resistance force.
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Frictional force
Frictional force refers to the force generated by two surfaces that contact and slide against each
other. These forces are mainly affected by the surface texture and amount of force impelling
them together. The angle and position of the object affect the amount of frictional force.
Internal forces​ are forces exchanged by the objects in the system. It cannot do work on the
system.
And for our purposes, the internal forces include the gravity forces, magnetic force, electrical
force, and spring force.
Gravity force
Gravity is the force that attracts two bodies toward each other, the force that causes apples to fall
toward the ground and the planets to orbit the sun. The more massive an object is, the stronger its
gravitational pull. It is what causes objects to have weight. On Earth, gravity is a constant 9.8
meters per second squared, or 9.8 m/s2.

Newton’s First law

Jedi :
There are three laws of Newton. The law that we will going to discuss today is the
Newton's First law. Newton's First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform
motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. It may be seen as a statement
about inertia, that objects will remain in their state of motion unless a force acts to change the
motion. If some of you guys doubt what is inertia, inertia is the resistance of any physical object
to any change in its velocity. Newton's first law also often called as the law of inertia. An
example to make this statement clearer is if you kick a ball in space, it would keep going forever,
because there is no gravity, friction or air resistance going against it. It will only stop going in
one direction if it hits something like a meteorite or reaches the gravity field of another planet.
So, basically, every object will move in a constant velocity if it acted by some forces and the
direction of the object won’t change. This also related to acceleration. To understand this concept
you guys need to know about the formula first. Acceleration formula is ​a = Δv / Δt where a is
acceleration, Δv is the change in velocity, and Δt is the amount of time it took for that change to
occur. If velocity or V doesn’t change, it equals to no acceleration means that there is no forces
act on an object.For an example would be, if you are in a race and you goes from 0 m/s to 50 m/s
in just 5 seconds, this would calculate the acceleration as 10 m/s2 because the change in velocity
is 50 m/s minus by 0 m/s and then divided by the time which is 5 seconds. So, this is how
inertia, velocity, and acceleration involved to Newton’s first law.

Freefall
Mild :
A special case of motion with constant acceleration, because the acceleration due to
gravity is always constant and downward. This is true even when an object is thrown upward or
has zero velocity.
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For example, when a ball is thrown up in the air, the ball's velocity is initially upward.
Since gravity pulls the object toward the earth with a constant acceleration g, the magnitude of
velocity decreases as the ball approaches maximum height. At the highest point in its trajectory,
the ball has zero velocity, and the magnitude of velocity increases again as the ball falls back
toward the earth. If there are no forces exert to the objects this will be related to the first law of
motion.

Examples
Pim :
To add on from what he said, I’m going to give you guys examples of Newton’s first law
of motion. I know that you guys must’ve heard about hyperloop before. So basically Hyperloop
is a new form of ground transport currently in development by a number of companies, It could
see passengers traveling at over 700 miles an hour in floating pod which races along inside giant
low-pressure tubes, either above or below ground. How does the first law of Newton involve
with hyperloop? Normally, the speed of conventional trains — and all land based transport — is
limited by friction, both against the air ahead and the ground beneath. Hyperloop drastically
reduces friction in both of these areas. According to the first law of Newton, it states that an
object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external
force. So the hyperloop will keep moving in a straight line until there’s an unbalanced force to
stop it. There are two forces acting upon all objects on Earth. One - the Earth's gravitational pull
- exerts a downward force. The other force - the push of the solid Earth or ground (sometimes
referred to as a normal force) - pushes upward on the object. This is known as balanced force.
Since these two forces are of equal magnitude and in opposite directions, they balance each
other. The object is said to be at equilibrium. It is now clear, that an object at rest on Earth will
continue to be at rest, being in the same place in the same position until some unbalanced force
disturbs it. In outer space, there is no air or atmosphere to offer such a resistance to the object in
motion, and the earth's gravitational pull is too weak to overcome the forward motion of the
object, and so the object will keep moving in free space continuously without any effort. The
best example is the VOYAGER-1 and 2 spacecraft that are exploring where nothing from Earth
has ever flown before. Continuing on their more-than-37-year journey since their 1977 launches,
they each are much farther away from Earth and the sun than Pluto. In August 2012, Voyager 1
made the historic entry into interstellar space, the region between stars, filled with material
ejected by the death of nearby stars millions of years ago.

Conclusion
Fafa :
To conclude, Newton’s first law states that objects will continue in the state of rest or of
uniform motion in a straight line until it is compelled by any object with non zero net force. It all
started with Aristotle’s ideas of motion which includes natural motion that declared that every
 31 
 
object will strive to go back to its natural location and violent motion which describe a force, a
push or pull. Following with Galileo’s concept of inertia. Inertia is the property of matter to resist
change in motion. The higher the mass of an object is, the higher the inertia will be, and vice
versa with the lower mass object.
Net force is the combination of all the forces that make change in motion in vector
quantity; vector quantity requires both magnitudes which are the instantaneous speed and the
direction of motion and they are represented by arrows pointing toward the direction it is going.
An example of a vector quantity is velocity; it describes the instantaneous speed, or the speed at
any instant, of an object as well as the direction it is moving to.
To contrast vector quantity, if an object is moving, one of the factors that could determine
the distance covered in an amount of time is the speed; speed is considered a scalar quantity
which only mentioned about the magnitude. To find speed, we can take the distance that an
object travel divided by time. On the other hand, to find the average speed is different, it is the
total speed covered divided by the time interval, or total travel time. Not only we could indicate
the speed in an object, we can also distinguish the distance it is travelling also. Distance is the
length of an actual path between two points. However, displacement is the length of the shortest
path between two locations.
Moving on to the equilibrium rule, it basically said that a vector sum of forces that acts
on a non-accelerating object is equal to zero. This rule can be expressed through the equation
Sigma F=0. There are two subtopics of the equilibrium rule which are static and dynamic. Static
is when objects are at rest and dynamic is when it is constantly moving; these two types of
equilibrium rule both are adapted when object has no change or any force acting to it.
An example of the use of Newton’s first law of motion in real life is the hyperloop. It is a
new form of transportation that could take passengers to travel in a very considerable speed. By
using Newton’s law, the friction of the hyperloop is reduced in both the air and underground
until it has zero external force. In this way, the hyperloop will continuously move until a new
force is acted on it to stop.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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NEWTON’S ​SECOND 
LAW OF MOTION  

 
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PRESENTATION  
Newton’s Second Law  
 
Introduction
Mos :
We have learned that Newton’s first law of motion predicts the behavior of objects for
which all existing forces are balanced. The first law - sometimes referred to as the law of inertia -
states that if the forces acting upon an object are balanced, then the acceleration of that object
will be 0 m/s/s. Objects at equilibrium (the condition in which all forces balance) will not
accelerate.
Newton’s second law of motion is closely related to Newton’s first law of motion. It
mathematically states the cause and effect relationship between force and changes in motion.
Newton’s second law of motion is more quantitative and is used extensively to calculate what
happens in situations involving a force. Before we can write down Newton’s second law as a
simple equation giving the exact relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, we need to
sharpen some ideas that have already been mentioned.
First, what do we mean by a change in motion? The answer is that a change in motion is
equivalent to a change in velocity. A change in velocity means, by definition, that there is an
acceleration. Newton’s first law says that a net external force causes a change in motion; thus,
we see that a net external force causes acceleration. According to Newton, an object will only
accelerate if there is a net or unbalanced force acting upon it. The presence of an unbalanced
force will accelerate an object - changing its speed, its direction, or both its speed and direction.
Another question immediately arises. What do we mean by an external force? A
definition of external force is force acts from outside the system of interest. Only external forces
affect the motion of a system, according to Newton’s first law. Before we going to continue on
second law, we need to understand some of the variables that cause a change in motion and High
will explain furthermore.

Type of forces
High :
Force is ​an interaction that causes an object to be pushed or pulled in a certain direction.
● Normal force
○ It is a ​support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable
object.​ It always acts perpendicular to the surfaces.
● Frictional force
○ Friction is a force caused when one object rubs against another. It works in the
opposite direction of the main force.
● The gravitational force
○ an invisible ​force​ that pulls objects toward each other
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Acceleration and deceleration

Jedi :
Newton's second law says that when a constant force acts on a massive body, it causes it
to accelerate. In the simplest case, a force applied to an object at rest causes it to accelerate in the
direction of the force. However, if the object is already in motion, or if this situation is viewed
from a moving inertial reference frame, that body might appear to speed up, slow down, or
change direction depending on the direction of the force and the directions that the object and
reference frame are moving relative to each other.

Newton's second law of motion describes the relationship between an object's mass and
the amount of force needed to accelerate it. Newton's second law is often stated as F=ma, which
means the force (F) acting on an object is equal to the mass (m) of an object times its
acceleration (a). This means the more mass an object has, the more force you need to accelerate
it. And the greater the force, the greater the object's acceleration.

There is a situation in which we do know a constant force the force due to gravitational
acceleration, which causes massive bodies to exert a downward force on the Earth. In this case,
the constant acceleration due to ​gravity​ is written as ​g​, and Newton's Second Law becomes F =
mg.​ Notice that in this case, F and ​g​ are not written as vectors, because they are always pointing
in the same direction, down. ​The product of mass times gravitational acceleration, ​mg,​ is known
as ​weight,​ which is just another kind of force. Without gravity, a massive body has no weight,
and without a massive body, gravity cannot produce a force. In order to overcome gravity and lift
a massive body, you must produce an upward force ​ma​ that is greater than the downward
gravitational force ​mg​. As I had mentioned a little bit about mass and weight, Mild will continue
more about this topic.

Mass and weight

Mild :
Mass is the quantitative measure of inertia (the resistance of any physical object to any
change in its velocity). The symbol of mass is denoted as ‘M’ and the S.I. unit is the kilogram.
Mass under ordinary condition is always at a constant , it can be categorized into two types,
gravitational mass and inertial mass. The gravitational mass is when the body of the mass can be
determined by comparing ​the body on a beam balance with a set of standard masses; in this way
the gravitational factor is eliminated. The inertial mass of a body is a measure of the body's
resistance to acceleration by some external force.
Similar to mass is weight, these two are often confused to be the same thing, however
they are different because weight is the gravitational force of attraction on an object caused by
the presence of a massive second object such as the Earth or the Moon. Thus more massive
object weigh more in the same location, however if it further away from the earth the lighter it
weighs. This is due to the fact that all the mass in the universe, each point of space has a property
called the gravitational field at that point, numerically equal to the acceleration of gravity.
 36 
 

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Pim :
Now that you understand the differences between mass and weight. I’m going to continue
on Newton’s Second law of motion. But let me first recall your memory on Newton's first law of
motion. It is also known as the law of inertia. It states that an object will only accelerate if there’s
a net or unbalanced force acting upon it. The presence of an unbalanced force will change the
speed, direction or both the speed and direction of an object. The second law continues from
there. Newton’s second law of motion is related to the behavior of objects where forces are
unbalanced. The second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two
factors - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. Acceleration is directly
proportional to the net force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. As the
force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass
of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is decreased. The formula is a=fnet/ mass
or F=ma. The unit of force is kilogram*meter /second^2. This is what we call Newton.
To give an example, suppose that an elephant and a feather are dropped off a very tall building
from the same height at the time. If there’s no air resistance, both the elephant and the feather
will hit the ground at the same time. But why do they hit the ground at the same time? In the
absence of air resistance, both the elephant and the feather are in a state of free fall. Since the
elephant weighs more than a feather, it should experience a higher downward pull from gravity
compared to the feather. In order to answer this question, you must remember Newton’s second
law motion- the law of acceleration. It states that the acceleration of an object is directly related
to the net force and inversely related to its mass. When we’re solving for an acceleration of an
object, there are two things we must keep in mind- force and mass. In this case, we can say that
the elephant experience a much greater force, but the mass of its resists acceleration. Therefore,
the greater mass of the elephant canceled out the influence of the greater force. It is the
force/mass ratio that determines the acceleration. Even though an elephant may experience 100
000 times the force of a feather, it also has 100 000 times the mass. The force/mass ratio is the
same for each. The greater mass of the elephant requires the greater force just to maintain the
same acceleration as the feather. Another rule to keep in mind is that all objects on Earth
experience the same acceleration when in a state of free fall. When the only force is gravity, the
acceleration would be the same for all objects. The value of acceleration on Earth is 9.8 m/s2.

Example
High :
Like all objects, rockets are governed by Newton's Laws of Motion. The First Law
describes how an object acts when no force is acting upon it. So, rockets stay still until a force is
applied to move them. Newton's Second Law tells us that the more mass an object has, the more
 37 
 
force is needed to move it. A larger rocket will need stronger forces (eg. more fuel) to make it
accelerate.

The mass of the rocket changes during flight. Its mass is the sum of all its parts including
engines, propellant tanks, payload, control system, and propellants. By far, the largest part of the
rocket's mass is its propellants. But that amount constantly changes as the engines fire. That
means the rocket's mass gets smaller during flight. Therefore , the acceleration of the rocket has
to increase as its mass decreases. That is why a rocket starts off moving slowly and goes faster
and faster as it climbs into space.

Newton's second law of motion is especially useful when designing efficient rockets. To
enable a rocket to climb into low Earth orbit, it is necessary to achieve a speed, in excess of
28,000 km per hour. A speed of over 40,250 km per hour, called escape velocity, enables a
rocket to leave Earth and travel out into deep space. So the engine must burn a large mass of fuel
and push the resulting gas out of the engine as rapidly as possible.

Conclusion
Fafa :
To wrap up the presentation, we started with the laws of Newton. The first law of motion
had introduced us to defining net force and inertia. Those two terms then were connected to the
topics we talked about today; Newton’s second law of motion.
 38 
 
Newton's second law provides the explanation for the behavior of objects upon which the
forces are not balanced. The law states that unbalanced forces cause objects to accelerate with an
acceleration that is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass.
We then relate the idea to types of forces, mass, and weight. These ideas that have been
mentioned by the fellow group mates are all principles that combined to create the second law.
Because Newton’s second law is the first few laws to achieve in expressing physical
movements into a describable mathematical presentation. Without Newton’s second law, we
would not be able to identify the mechanics of movements. Humans would not be able to
describe the movements in a visualized way which would not lead to a well developed inventions
in today's world​.
 
 
 
 

   

 
 
 
 
 
 
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LAB REPORT N​ EWTON’S 
LAWS OF MOTION 

 
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