ELEMENTS of

Unit 1
Warm-Up Because I am a classical musician, I wanted to visit the
homes of some great composers. I went to Finland and saw
A the small house where Jean Sibelius had composed most of
his symphonies. In St. Petersburg, I took a tour of the home of
Fact Opinion Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. He was a composer and teacher. His
most famous student was Igor Stravinsky—I actually played on
1. TV programs were much better ten
✓ Stravinsky’s piano. For a pianist like me, it was a great thrill.
years ago.
After three fantastic weeks in Finland and Russia, it was time
2. Most young children spend too much to go home. My friend was right—the trip wasn’t cheap. But I’m
✓
time in front of a television glad that I ignored her advice and went on the trip. Now I have
3. When Neil Armstrong stepped onto memories that will stay with me for the rest of my life.
the surface of the moon in 1969, about Activity 2: Be, Do, and Have: Main Verb or Helping Verb?
✓
500 million people were watching him
on TV. Main Helping
4. Fewer young people are watching Verb Verb
television, according to a report by ✓ 1. There are about 7 billion people in
✓
media analysts at Ofcom. the world today.
5. Television in the future is going to be 2. The number of people in the world
✓ ✓
totally different. is increasing.
6. Sixty-six percent of Americans 3. Populations have doubled in many
✓
regularly watch television while they ✓ countries over the last 20–30 years.
are eating dinner. 4. The fastest-growing country is
✓
7. The first television sets were huge but Uganda.
✓
they had very small screens. 5. In some countries, the population
✓
8. TV makes children less intelligent. ✓ is decreasing.
9. In the future, you won’t need a screen 6. The U.S. population has grown by
✓ ✓
to watch television. nearly 18 million since 2000.
7. Many countries do a census every
B 5 or 10 years. That’s when the
1. simple present: 2, 6, 8 ✓
government counts the number of
present progressive: 4, 6 people in the country.
simple past: 1, 3, 7
past progressive: 3 8. Today roughly 301 million people
✓
future with will: 9 are living in the U.S.
future with be going to: 5 9. Some experts believe that in 50
2. 2, 8. These statements use the simple present and don’t include years, the world will have 9 billion ✓
words or phrases that tell when they might happen. people.
3. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. These statements use a past or future tense and 10. New York City’s population has
include words or phrases that tell when the statements would ✓
passed 8.25 million.
be true.
11. “We have an enormous population
✓
C here,” said the mayor of New York.
future: will regret 12. Human population is a key factor
past: didn’t do, did do ✓
in the health of the planet.
Activity 1: Identifying Main Verbs and Helping Verbs 13. Population has always been a
✓
The worst advice I have ever received was from a friend. She controversial topic.
told me not to take an overseas trip I was planning because it 14. Some countries don’t have a
would be too expensive. I ignored her advice and took the trip ✓
population problem.
anyway. I had the most thrilling time of my life. I am a classical
pianist, and I was already planning a trip to St. Petersburg, Russia 15. During the period from 1877 to
to play in a piano competition there. At the time, I was living in 1913, the U.S. population was ✓
Los Angeles, California, so it was quite a long journey to Russia. growing at a staggering rate.
I thought to myself, as long as I would be 6,000 miles away
from home, I might as well stay longer than just the two-day
competition. I would visit some other places near St. Petersburg,
too.

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 Activity 3: Identifying Main Verbs f. misses
1. Some students pursue master’s degrees, while others study to g. fries
receive doctorates. h. sleeps
2. For example, business students get an MBA, which means i. expresses
“Master of Business Administration.” j. modifies
3. A doctorate is the highest degree that a student can earn. k. faxes
4. Most medical doctors train for an MD, which comes from the l. reaches
Latin medicinae doctor. m. pushes
5. Someone with a PhD is a doctor of philosophy. n. dresses
6. Many students earn a PhD, but not many study the field of o. plays
philosophy specifically.
Activity 7: Subject-Verb Agreement
7. In 2010, almost 50,000 students received a PhD.
1. The caffeine in three cups of coffee seems to have a positive
8. Most of the degrees were in science and engineering.
effect on women but not men. According to one study, female
9. Some students complete a master’s program before they start
coffee drinkers over the age of 60 are less likely to experience a
a PhD program.
decline in verbal skills.
10. A PhD usually requires three years of full-time study, and then
2. Experts say that most people need about 8 hours of sleep a
students must pass special exams.
night. Unfortunately, not everyone gets it. According to the
11. PhD students also carry out original research.
National Sleep Foundation’s annual survey, the average adult
12. Students present their findings by writing a long research
gets just 6.9 hours of sleep a night. New research suggests that
report or dissertation, which can take years to complete.
a decline in sleep time means a decline in your health.
13. Doctoral students may experience a lot of stress.
3. Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals. Researchers
Activity 4: Learning Grammar from a Dictionary claim that tobacco smoke has as many as 60 substances that
1. saw may cause cancer.
2. seen 4. Many people today change jobs frequently. As a matter of fact,
3. a. Please see if anyone is here yet. 2 some studies say that the average person holds at least 7 jobs
b. I’m beginning to see the advantages of living in a city. 6 before he or she reaches age 30. What may be more surprising,
c. I see us living in the country in 20 years. 3 though, is that many people have several careers in their
d. You can see that bus from two miles away. 1 lifetime.
e. You should see a doctor right away. 5 People have many reasons for making career changes. Some
f. You must see the exhibit before it closes! 4 come to the end of their career plan. Others find that their
g. My grandfather doesn’t see very well. 7 career plan is no longer right for them. Many people want to
pursue personal interests or run a business of their own.
Write about It
5. Vitamin C in large doses appears to do little harm. But recent
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
studies also show that it is largely ineffective.
1. See who is at the front door.
2. I’ll see you in class tomorrow. Think about It
3. I don’t see my sister as a lawyer. These writers are making general statements.
Activity 5: Exploring Uses of the Simple Present Activity 8: Error Correction
1. Most people don’t get enough sleep. a 1. I really admire my father. He is a mechanic, and he knows a
2. Silence is golden. a lot about cars, stoves, and other machines. My father is self-
3. It snows here a lot in the winter. a employed, and he travels to people’s houses to fix things.
4. I’m a little hungry now. c Whenever I’m home, I go with him on his jobs so that I can
5. I have dark brown hair and brown eyes. a watch him. In my opinion, anybody who knows how to fix
6. I don’t need anything right now. c things is a genius. I guess that makes my father a genius.
7. Some scientists say musical training seems to improve 2. My grandfather takes very good care of himself. He is gets up
communication skills. a early in the morning so he can do tai chi in the park near his
8. It takes two or three years to get a master’s degree. a house. He tries to get his wife, my grandmother, to join him,
9. I don’t always have breakfast. b but she doesn’t like to exercise, so he always goes by himself.
10. You need a license to practice medicine. a 3. My mother is the most hard-working person I know. She doesn’t
11. The General Assembly of the United Nations meets for several have a paying job like my father; she has a job that doesn’t pay.
months every year. a My mother takes care of our house. She takes care of everyone
and everything in our house. She keeps the house clean, and
Think about It
she cooks the best food you will ever have. Beyond all this, I
Sentences 4 and 6 describe what is happening now.
think my mother is the only person who understands me.
Activity 6: Spelling Analysis 4. I am from Costa Rica, but my roommate is from the U.S.
1. If the y comes after a vowel, we just add -s. If the y comes after Needless to say, her English is a lot better than mine. The thing
a consonant, we change the y to i and add -es. I especially like about her is that she helps me with my English.
2. We add -es instead of -s when the word ends in -sh, -ch, -ss, -z, Whenever I say something incorrectly, she just says it correctly
or -x. for me.
3. a. denies
Write about It
b. matches
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
c. suggests
My sister works harder than anyone I know. She is a mom, but she
d. relaxes
is also a lawyer. She works hard to help other families, and she
e. supplies
works hard taking care of her own family.

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 Activity 9: Simple Present or Present Progressive? 5. Sarah has decided to change some things in her
1. A: Nice piano. Who plays it? life because she wants a healthier lifestyle. Rob
B: Nobody anymore. notices the change.
2. A: That’s my favorite piano piece. Who is playing it? Rob: ( Do you exercise / Are you exercising)
B: That’s Uchida. HT
every day now?
3. A: David tells us you move furniture. Sarah: Yes, and I ( don’t eat / am not eating) meat
B: That’s right. It’s a family business. anymore either. I ( eat / am eating) more vegetables
4. A: Why are you moving the furniture? and fruits instead.
B: Because I need to clean the floor.
5. A: I don’t know how to say this. 6. Mary is taking her daughter to school in the
B: Say what? morning. Mary sees her daughter behind her
A: Well, um, I just . . . I just . . . HT and calls out to her.
B: What are you trying to say, James? Mary: Hurry up! Why (do you walk / are you walking )
A: I, um, I lost my job. so slowly?
6. A: I can’t move this thing.
Think about It
B: Yes, you can. You just aren’t trying hard enough.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
7. A: What are you listening to?
For statements, we use am / is / are + (not) + the -ing form of a
B: It’s a group called the Bald Eagles. Do you like it?
main verb, For wh- questions, we use a wh- word + am / is / are
A: Not especially. Could you turn it down?
and the -ing form of a main verb.
8. A: Do you want to choose some music for the trip?
B: Sure. What kind of music do you listen to? Activity 11: Present Verb Forms in Essay Responses
A: Usually jazz, but anything’s OK. I think that the traditional role of fathers is changing. The
9. A: What are you doing up so late? most obvious way it is changing is in work and career. In the
B: I have jet lag. past, fathers had a career and went to work each day, while
10. A: That’s a steep driveway. What do you do when it snows? mothers stayed at home to take care of the children. But today
B: I stay home. it is common for mothers to work and have a career just like
11. A: Why are you wearing a coat? fathers. Many times when this is the case, the children go
B: Because it’s cold in here. to daycare. But another option is becoming available. Some
12. A: Do you wear a school uniform? fathers are choosing to stay at home and take care of their
B: Yes, it’s brown and white. I’ll show it to you someday. children while their wives go to work. It is not yet a common
Think about It thing, but more and more fathers are leaving their careers to
The speakers in conversations 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 chose the take care of their children.
present progressive because they were talking or asking about Activity 12: Describing Changes with the Present Progressive
something in progress at that time. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
The speakers in conversations 1, 3, 8, 10, and 12 chose the simple Air travel is getting less comfortable.
present because they were asking about something habitual. Children are getting bigger every day!
Activity 10: Habitual or Temporary? Cars are becoming more and more complicated with
new technology.
1. Amanda sees John at his computer. Computer power is becoming less expensive.
Amanda: Why (do you talk / are you talking ) to the Even with many more programs, television is getting worse.
HT computer? The world is getting smaller as technology is increasing.
John: I (try / am trying ) to follow every step correctly
Write about It
to set up this program!
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
2. Emma and her husband, Matt, share the Air travel is getting less comfortable. Nowadays, the airlines want
housecleaning. This week it is Matt’s turn to to save money on fuel, so they are crowding more passengers
clean the house. onto fewer airplanes. To make more money, some airlines are
HT Matt: Emma, can you pick up your clothes? You also charging for each suitcase you check. As a result, many
( leave / are leaving) them on the floor all the time! passengers are carrying extra luggage onto the airplane. This
Emma: But I ( pick up / am picking up) my clothes makes the airplane feel crowded.
when I clean the house!
Activity 13: Commenting on Habitual Behavior
3. Kate sees her husband emptying boxes on the
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
floor of the living room.
1. My friend Sam is one of those people. He is always buying
Kate: What (do you do / are you doing )?
HT things he doesn’t really need.
Husband: I (look for / am looking for ) my cell phone.
2. My friend Julie is a good example. She really enjoys her work,
Kate: But you (make / are making ) a big mess of
so she is constantly working.
everything! I just packed those boxes!
3. My mother is like that. She is always talking to friends
4. Mika and Isabel like to do gardening. and family.
Mika: When ( do roses bloom / are roses blooming) 4. My roommate does that. She is constantly using my things!
HT in this part of the country? 5. My friend Esther enjoys gossip. She always knows what is
Isabel: I think they ( bloom / are blooming) happening in others’ lives.
in late June.

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 Activity 14: Distinguishing Action and Non-Action Verbs Think about It
(A) For the verb have, definitions b, c, and d have an active meaning.
1. Everybody is talking today about the economy. Definition a has a non-active meaning.
(N) For the verb doubt, definitions b has an active meaning. Definition
2. Men and women belong to different species, and
a has a non-active meaning.
(N)
communication between them is still in its infancy. For the verb see, definitions a, b, and d have an active meaning.
(N) Definitions c and e have a non-active meaning.
3. The Internet is becoming the town square for the global For the verb appear, definitions a, c, and d have an active
village of tomorrow. meaning. Definition b has a non-active meaning.
(N) (N) (N) For the verb think, definitions b and c have an active meaning.
4. Whenever people agree with me, I always feel I must be Definition a has a non-active meaning.
wrong.
(N) (N) Write about It
5. A man possesses talent; genius possesses the man. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
(A) (N) A: Do you have any children?
6. I buy expensive suits. They just look cheap on me.
B: Yes, I have three sons.
(N) (N) (N) (N)
7. I know that I am intelligent because I know that I know A: I’m thinking about changing jobs soon.
nothing. B: Really? Why is that?
(A) (N) Activity 17: Simple Present or Present Progressive?
8. The more I see, the less I know for sure.
1. A: What are you doing in Los Angeles?
(N) (A) (N)
9. I don’t care what anybody says about me as long as it isn’t B: Oh, we are seeing some old friends from college.
true. 2. A: Why are you worrying so much about Matt?
(A) (N) B: Because I don’t see how he’s going to find a job. He’s not
10. We hire people who want to make the best things in the even trying.
world. 3. A: Do you like to travel?
B: Yes, I love to.
Think about It
4. A: How’s your vacation going?
We use both the simple present and the present progressive for
B: We are loving every minute of it.
active and non-active meanings.
5. A: What do you think of your new boss?
Activity 15: Choosing the Correct Meaning B: She is a really nice person.
1. A: We’re having some friends over tonight. Can you come? b 6. A: Are the children behaving themselves?
B: Sure. I’d love to. B: No, they are being unusually naughty today.
2. A: Do you want to go out to dinner? 7. A: Can I use your phone?
B: No, I don’t have any money. a B: Sorry, but I don’t have one.
3. A: Are you having fun? c 8. A: This is my friend Carlos. He is having dinner here, too.
B: Sure. Why do you ask? B: Nice to meet you.
4. A: So what changes when you have a baby? d 9. A: I think we need to talk.
B: What changes? You mean what doesn’t change! B: What about?
5. A: Are you going anywhere during the break? A: I feel that you aren’t doing your share of the work.
B: I doubt it. a B: Why do you think that?
6. A: Are you sure you didn’t see my ring? A: Well, for one thing, you’re never here when I need you.
B: Are you doubting me? b 10. A: I’m really angry about last night.
A: No, of course not. B: I’m sorry you feel that way.
7. A: What are you doing tonight? 11. A: Do you know what you are going to do?
B: I’m meeting Paul for dinner. B: Yeah, I am thinking of taking some time off to relax.
A: When are you seeing him? b 12. A: What do you think of the food here?
B: Right after work. B: It’s not bad.
8. A: Do you see anyone out there? a
Activity 18: Error Correction
B: No, there’s nobody there.
1. A: Is this your car?
9. A: There’s no reason to do this again.
B: No, I don’t own a car. (no errors)
B: I see what you mean. c
2. A: The chess club is meeting tonight. Are you going?
10. Clive Ellington is appearing for the first time at the Everett
B: No, I don’t belong to that club.
Theater on Monday, July 13, at 7:30. c
3. A: Do you prefer to stay home tonight?
11. A new study, which appears in the July issue of the American
B: I don’t care. What do you want to do?
Journal of Public Health, suggests that strong social ties can
4. A: What’s that noise?
delay memory problems. d
B: I don’t hear anything.
12. The president and his wife appear to be excellent parents. b
5. A: Why are you looking at me like that?
13. When I click Save, an error box appears on the screen. a
B: Like what?
14. A: What do you think of the new library? a
A: Angry. You look angry.
B: It’s beautiful.
6. A: What do you think of this TV? Do you like it better than the
15. A: Are you really thinking about cutting your hair? c
other one?
B: Yes, it’s much too long.
B: Well, this one’s bigger, but the other one’s cheaper.
16. A: What are you thinking about? b
B: Nothing special.

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 7. A: What are you looking at? Activity 21: Exploring Uses of the Simple Past
B: There’s something on the street over there. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
A: What is it? 1. Bill Gates formed Microsoft, one of the biggest computer
B: I’m not sure. It looks like a box. (no errors) companies in the world.
8. A: Is this wood or plastic? I can’t tell. 2. There were many natural disasters—floods, earthquakes,
B: It feels like plastic. and storms—in the news last year.
9. A: Are you looking for something? 3. I got my first job last year.
B: Yes, I need something to write with. 4. a. Did you want something?
b. I wanted to ask you a favor.
Activity 19: Distinguishing Regular and Irregular Verbs
c. How did you want to pay for this?
After the American War of Independence, the new government d. What was your name again?
ordered a census—a count of the number of people in each state. e. Did you need to speak with me?
Work on the census started in August 1790, about a year after
George Washington became president. The law required that Think about It
census takers visit every family. These workers walked or rode on Answers will vary.
horseback to gather their data. In all, they counted 3.9 million
Activity 22: Using Time Expressions and Clauses
people.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
The first census asked for little more than a person’s name and
1. a. I graduated five years ago.
address. Over the years, the government added more questions
b. I got married a year ago.
to the census. By 1820, there were questions about a person’s job.
2. a. I traveled throughout the ’90s.
Later, questions about crime, education, and wages appeared on
b. I moved into my house in 2010.
the census form.
3. a. During the 2000s, I worked at three different hospitals.
As the country’s population grew and the quantity of data
b. Between 2005 and 2010, I had two children.
increased, new technology helped census workers. In 1890, clerks
4. a. When I was 5 years old, I broke my arm.
began to use a keypunch device to add the numbers. In 1950, the
b. When I was 10 years old, I started learning English.
census used its first computer to process data.
5. a. I learned to drive when I was 15 years old.
Today most people receive a census form in the mail. If they
b. I got a car after I graduated from high school.
don’t fill it out and return it by mail, they still get a visit from a
6. a. I learned to read before I started school.
census taker.
b. I lived with my grandmother when I was a child.
REGULAR VERBS IRREGULAR VERBS Activity 23: Error Correction
Base form Simple past Base form Simple past 1. In the past, a woman’s place was in the home. Women took
form form care of their families and the house. Men earned the money
order ordered become became that supported the family.
start started ride rode 2. In high school, we had a lot of clubs. My best friend and I
require required be were joined the chess club even though we weren’t really interested
walk walked grow grew in chess.
count counted begin began 3. Today I am going to talk about dangerous sports. This topic
ask asked interests me because I play a dangerous sport.
add added 4. When I was 18, I went hiking in the mountains with my friends.
appear appeared The only thing I took with me was my father’s expensive
increase increase camera because I wanted to take some pictures from the top
help helped of the mountain. I carried that camera very carefully all the way
use used to the top of the mountain, but when I got there, the camera
didn’t work.
Activity 20: Using the Simple Past 5. Jaime is one of my best friends now. I met him last year when
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) grew up in a small town near this class began. I think we get along because we like many of
Florence, Italy. As the son of a wealthy man, he received the best the same things.
education that Florence could offer. Leonardo became known for 6. My father’s illness affected me a lot because I thought he was a
his ability to create sculptures and paintings that looked almost young and healthy person. Everything happened so fast.
lifelike. Much of his success in this area came from his interest in Activity 24: Noticing Past Progressive Verbs
nature. He also studied human anatomy and used this knowledge I remember exactly what I was doing when I first heard the news
to make his figures realistic. on September 11, 2001. I’d gone to the kitchen at work to get
As a child, Leonardo was fascinated with machines and began coffee, and I was walking back past co-workers’ desks to the
to draw his own inventions. He drew flying machines, armored other end of the office. As I passed, I caught people’s voices: “ . . . a
tanks, and aircraft landing gear. He even designed a diver’s plane . . . the North tower . . . ,” and I realized something was up. I
suit with tubes and air chambers to allow a swimmer to stay got back to my desk, sat down, and looked up BBC News. I got no
underwater for long periods of time. further work done that day. I was 26.
Much of what we know about Leonardo comes from I remember exactly what I was doing when I heard that Princess
the thousands of pages of notes and sketches he kept in his Diana had died. I woke up to the news on the radio. I was 22.
notebooks. He used mirror, or reverse, writing, starting at the right I remember exactly what I was doing when I heard that
side of the page and moving across to the left. No one is sure why Margaret Thatcher had resigned. I walked, slightly late, into a
Leonardo wrote this way. Some think he wanted to keep people math class. Ben Anderson, a classmate, looked up and said, “She’s
from reading and stealing his ideas. resigned.” I asked, “Who?” I was almost 16.

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 I remember what I was doing when my mum told us we were Activity 28: Prediction or Future Plan?
going to have another baby in the family. We were home from
school for lunch. I cried with the shock. I was 10. Prediction/ Future
Expectation Plan
Think about It
1. I am going to produce a movie
The writer uses both tenses in some sentences because ✓
of my own.
he is talking about something that was in progress (past
progressive) when another action (simple past) took place. 2. Choose a job you love, and you
will never have to work a day in ✓
Activity 25: Describing Events in the Past your life.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
3. It’s going to be a season with
1. “I live in the south of France, so when it was midnight here, it ✓
lots of accidents.
was only 6:00 in New York. Anyway, at that hour a friend and I
were watching TV. “ 4. I am not young, but I feel young.
2. “At midnight, as the photo indicates, I was out with friends and The day I feel old, I will go to bed ✓
we were listening to music.” and stay there.
3. “I was sitting in a crowded subway car in New York City, 5. Look deep into nature, and then
somewhere near Times Square.” you will understand everything ✓
4. “We were eating pizza, and all of a sudden my friend asked, better.
‘What time is it?’ I looked at the clock, and it was midnight.”
5. “At midnight we were watching the fireworks outside. That 6. I’m not going to change the
went on for about ten minutes!” way I look or the way I feel to ✓
6. “To be honest, I was sleeping at midnight. I had to get up early conform to anything.
the next day, so I couldn’t stay up until midnight.” 7. A quick temper will make a fool
✓
7. “I was traveling on an airplane. The flight attendant announced of you soon enough.
that it was midnight, and everyone started cheering.” 8. Give me six hours to chop down
8. “I had a paper I needed to finish, so I was working in the library a tree, and I will spend the first ✓
until 2:00 a.m. I didn’t even notice when it was midnight.” four sharpening the axe.
Activity 26: Remembering a Frightening Event 9. I am going to spend my time
The scariest experience I remember was an airplane flight I took today just thanking the people ✓
many years ago. I was traveling from Istanbul to Prague and I had that played a role in my career.
two flights. First, I flew to Zurich, and then I changed planes to 10. America is the most grandiose
fly to Prague. The first flight was fine, but by the time I landed in experiment the world has seen,
Zurich, it was snowing heavily. ✓
but, I am afraid, it is not going to
The snowstorm was getting/got worse and worse by the be a success.
minute, but we still took off. As the plane was climbing, the
turbulence started. The plane was shaking back and forth and 11. In the next 50 to 75 years,
up and down. I was squeezing/squeezed the armrest as hard as I people will be living to be 130
✓
could. Some of the other passengers were crying, and one woman or 140. They’ll be working until
screamed when the plane hit a big bump. they’re 100.
When we reached the final altitude, everything suddenly 12. At an Olympic Game, you want
stopped. The passengers clapped for the pilot and most people to enjoy it—especially if you
✓
relaxed. But I kept my seat belt on for the rest of the flight! know it’s going to be your
last one.
Write about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Think about It
The scariest experience I remember was a big storm when I was Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
about 5 years old. It was very dark and there was a lot of loud I think the speaker chose will be living because he’s describing
thunder. My parents were watching the TV, and they told me and what he thinks will happen in the future.
my brother to go into the bathroom and close the door until they
told us it was safe. I was so happy when the storm was over! Activity 29: Expressing Future Plans
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Activity 27: Making Polite Requests 1. A: I’m really tired.
1. I was wondering if you could help me. B: Come on, then. I’ll take you home.
2. I was wondering if you needed some help. 2. A: We need to do something about the car.
3. I was wondering if you could send me an application form. B: Don’t worry about it. I’m going to take care of it.
4. I was wondering if I could make an appointment to talk with you. 3. A: Have you heard the news about Lisa and Tim?
5. I was wondering if you were ready to eat. B: No, what news?
6. I was wondering if you could come over and help me for A: They’re going to get married in the fall.
a minute. 4. A: Come on. Hurry up. Let’s do something.
7. I was wondering if you had a few minutes to talk. B: Will you relax, please?
8. I was wondering if you were doing anything tomorrow night. 5. A: Did you talk to Bob about the presentation?
9. I was wondering if you could explain that to me again. B: No, I forgot. Sorry about that. I’ll call him tomorrow.
6. A: Are you ready to order?
B: Yes, I’ll have the fish special and a salad.

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 7. A: The food looks delicious. 6. Your friend is cooking fish for dinner, but he bakes it too long,
B: I hope everything is OK. Will you try one of the sandwiches and it burns completely. You say: I guess we are not going to
and tell me if it tastes good? have fish for dinner. h
8. A: Can you help me next week? 7. You expected 50 people to come to the lecture, but already
B: Oh, I didn’t tell you? there are more than 50 people in the room. You say to your
A: Tell me what? assistant: We are going to need more chairs. e
B: We’re going to be in California all next week. 8. You and your friends are planning to drive to the beach. You try
9. A: Can I get you anything else? to start the car, but nothing happens. One of your friends says: I
B: Yes, I think I’ll have another cup of coffee. guess we are not going to go anywhere today. d
Think about It Activity 33: Talking about the Future with Present Forms
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Students will circle the time expressions in the Think about It activity.
In sentence 1, the speaker is offering help (will). 1. A: When is your flight tomorrow ?
In sentences 2, 3, and 8, the speaker talks about a planned or B: I think it leaves at 6 , but I’m not sure.
scheduled future event (be going to). A: Nonstop flight?
In sentences 4 and 7, the speaker makes a request (will). B: No, I change in London.
In sentence 5, the speaker makes a promise (will). A: Do you have a long layover?
In sentences 6 and 9, the speaker makes a decision at the moment B: No, only two hours .
of speaking (will). A: Oh, that’s not bad.
2. A: Are you going to the meeting next week ?
Activity 30: Analyzing Predictions
B: Yes, I plan to.
The demand for coal is growing steadily. Coal accounted for 26 A: What time does it start?
percent of energy consumed in 2004 worldwide, according to B: At 7 .
the U.S. Energy Information Agency, and will grow to 28 percent 3. A: Are you doing anything special this weekend ?
by 2030. Total energy consumption, however, will be going up a B: Um, I already have plans for Saturday , but I’m free
few percentage points a year, so in the same period of time, coal on Sunday .
consumption will rise 74 percent. A: Great. There’s a concert in the afternoon . Interested?
India and China will account for 72 percent of the increase, B: Sure.
but coal consumption is expected to also rise in Russia, South A: It starts at 3 , so I’ll come by at 2.
Africa, and the U.S. In the U.S., the growth could decline, but coal B: OK.
will still be a big part of the energy profile. 4. A: When’s the last day of school?
“Ninety percent of the fossil fuel reserves in the U.S., India, B: June 15 .
and China are in coal, and China and India are not going to A: Is that a Friday?
move from this fuel in the future,” said Jeremy Carl of Stanford B: No, it’s a Wednesday.
University. “They are not going to turn off the lights.” 5. A: Are you going to the concert tonight ?
Think about It B: Yeah. What time does it begin?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: A: Let me check.
The writer could use either be going to or will in the last paragraph Activity 34: Present or Future?
because he or she is making a prediction but without clear
physical evidence. The statements are not general beliefs or Now In the future
absolute certainties.
1. ✓
Activity 31: Making Predictions with Will
2. ✓
1. We will be able to control the weather.
2. Most people will work from their homes. 3. ✓
3. There will be one kind of money for the whole world.
4. Everyone will have computers wired to their brains. 4. ✓
5. Space elevators will make space travel cheap. 5. ✓
6. Deserts will become tropical forests.
7. We will have the ability to communicate through 6. ✓
thought transmission. 7. ✓
8. There will be only three languages in the world—
English, Spanish, and Chinese. 8. ✓

Activity 32: Using Be Going To for Predictions 9. ✓

1. The sun is rising, and there are no clouds in the sky. You think 10. ✓
to yourself: It is going to be a nice day. g
2. It’s half an hour after class usually starts, and your teacher still Think about It
hasn’t arrived. One of your classmates says: I guess we are not Students should write at least six of the following:
going to have class today. a at noon
3. You get to the bus stop in the morning just as the bus is leaving. tonight
You say to yourself: Now I am going to be late for work. f yet then
4. A friend sees you using a tool incorrectly. He says to you: tomorrow
Be careful. You are going to get hurt. b after the semester ends
5. You see a family member eating a second big bowl of in the fall
ice cream. You say: You are going to make yourself sick. c

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 Activity 35: Simple Present or Present Progressive? 6. You will have 30 minutes to answer the exam question. When I
1. A: When does the first train leave tomorrow morning? say stop, you should put down your pencil.
B: At seven. You will have 30 minutes to answer the exam question. When I
2. A: Where’s the train? say stop, you are to put down your pencil.
B: You didn’t hear the announcement? 7. Your doctor’s appointment is at 10 a.m. Please don’t eat or drink
A: No. What did it say? anything in the morning.
B: The seven o’clock train is leaving an hour late Your doctor’s appointment is at 10 a.m. You are not to eat or
this morning. drink anything in the morning.
3. A: Hurry up. We’re going to be late. 8. We have important visitors next Monday. Everyone should
B: What time does the movie start? dress up a bit.
A: In 15 minutes. We have important visitors next Monday. Everyone is to dress
4. A: Do you want to go for lunch tomorrow? up a bit.
B: Um, I’m not working tomorrow. I have a doctor’s
Activity 38: Using Contractions
appointment.
1. What are you doing? Nothing special. I am just taking
5. A: Who is coming to the meeting tonight?
a break. e
B: I’m not sure.
2. What is the matter? I think I am going to lose my job. g
6. A: I have some good news.
3. When is she leaving? Tomorrow. She is taking the noon train
B: What is it?
tomorrow. d
A: They’re fixing the elevators tomorrow, so the office isn’t
4. How far is your house from here? It is just around the corner. j
opening until 11 in the morning.
5. When is the next exam? It is on the fifth. That is a Friday. c
Think about It 6. Where are my shoes? They are in the closet. i
2, 6 7. How far is Tokyo from here? I am not sure, but it is closer than
Beijing. h
Activity 36: Present Progressive or Be Going to?
8. Who are you calling? My brother. He is in Toronto this week. f
Because students will not have access to the original
9. Why are you always yelling at me? Because you are always
quotations, accept both contractions and spelled-out
misbehaving. b
versions of helping verbs.
10. How long are they going to be there? Not long. I think they
1. I don’t know where I’m going from here, but I promise it
are coming back in a week. a
won’t be boring.
2. If you can’t read, it’s going to be hard to realize dreams. Activity 39: Common Verbs in the Simple Present
3. I’m going to college. I don’t care if it ruins my career. I’d rather Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
be smart than a movie star. 1. Where do you want to go for lunch? I don’t care.
4. The desktop market has entered the dark ages, and it’s going to 2. Are you coming to class tomorrow? I suppose so.
be in the dark ages for the next ten years. 3. We have a test tomorrow. I know.
5. I know this is going to end bad, but I’m going to pretend it’s 4. It’s late. I don’t mind.
going to end good. 5. It’s time to go. I don’t want to.
6. It’s not going to be easy to change things. 6. You aren’t being funny. I know.
7. Things are going to get a lot worse before they get worse. 7. Does this computer work? I don’t think so.
8. Sooner or later I’m going to die, but I’m not going to retire. 8. Do you know what I mean? I suppose so.
9. What’s the matter with you? It doesn’t matter.
Think about It
10. Why aren’t you coming to the concert? I don’t want to.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
11. Is it cold outside? I think so.
I used be going to for all the sentences except 1 and 3 because
12. Somebody’s using your computer. I don’t mind.
they made predictions or expressed expectations.
13. I don’t have any money. I don’t care.
Activity 37: Talking about Future Requirements 14. Is it going to rain tomorrow? I don’t think so.
1. Class begins at 9, and you need to be here on time.
Activity 40: Telling a Story
Class begins at 9, and you are to be here on time.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
2. The school field trip will be on June 15. Your child should bring
While I’m sitting on the subway on my way to work, I notice
a lunch and something to drink.
that there is a grapefruit on the floor of the subway. I am in New
The school field trip will be on June 15. Your child is to bring a
York, so I am not surprised to see that there is a piece of fruit
lunch and something to drink.
abandoned on the floor. I am also not surprised that no one else
3. The bus is going to leave at 7:15, so everyone should be at the
has noticed it yet.
parking lot by 7.
Suddenly, the train lurches around a turn, sending the
The bus is going to leave at 7:15, so everyone is to be at the
grapefruit rolling. I see that the man sitting a few seats down
parking lot by 7.
notices the rolling grapefruit now, and I watch as he leans forward
4. Your appointment with the mayor is at noon. You need to arrive
to stop it. Instead of leaving it on the floor as I suspected he
at the reception desk by 11:45.
would, he picks up the grapefruit and puts it on the seat next to
Your appointment with the mayor is at noon. You are to arrive
him. Although I find it strange, I quickly lose my interest as I think
at the reception desk by 11:45.
about the dinner that is waiting for me at home.
5. I need to go out for a few minutes, but no one should leave
I forget all about the grapefruit until a couple of stops later,
the room while I am away. Is that clear?
when the train is filling up. I notice a young man is staring intently
I need to go out for a few minutes, but no one is to leave the
at the grapefruit, though no one else notices him. At the next
room while I am away. Is that clear?
stop, the train fills even more. This is when people become aware
that there is a seat taken by a grapefruit instead of a person and

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 that a young man wants to sit in it. He notices the attention he earn money, or do whatever is success. When he was only 15,
has and says, “I’m not giving up a seat for a piece of fruit.” He picks necessary for your particular he decided that he wanted to
up the grapefruit and then sits in the seat. goal. You need to make a plan be a doctor. From that point,
When we reach my stop, I get up to leave, along with the man and follow it, even when you he stopped playing sports
who put the grapefruit in the spot in the first place. Both of us feel discouraged. Without and doing things with his
take one more look at the young man holding the grapefruit. He self-discipline, it is easy to lose friends so that he would have
has the grapefruit on his backpack on his lap, and he’s smiling. sight of your goal. There is no time to study. Every summer
Activity 41: Using the Simple Present in Summaries value in having a goal if you he gave up his vacation
1. Title: Real Men Don’t Need Work-Life Balance do not have self-discipline. so that he could work in a
Author: Tanvi Gautam hospital. Because he was self-
Source: Forbes magazine disciplined, my brother is now
Summary: This article focuses on the issue of work-life balance for a successful family doctor in
men. Many firms assume that men do not need career flexibility my hometown.
or work-life integration. However, these assumptions are generally
not accurate. The author argues that firms need to consider men ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
when they design policies to promote flexibility. 1. Paragraph A includes mostly simple present verbs. Paragraph B
2. Title: Margaret C. Anderson’s Little Review includes several different verb tenses.
Author: Sophia Estante; Lorrie Moore 2. Answers will vary.
Source: The Writing Center at The University of Wisconsin– 3. Paragraph B provides specific details and examples.
Madison Activity 43: Using the Simple Past to Give Specific Examples
Summary: This research looks at the work of Margaret C. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Anderson, the editor of the Little Review. The research draws upon 1. Agree: Athletic competition is not good for very young
mostly primary sources including memoirs, published letters, and children. When my brother was very young, he played on a
a complete collection of the Little Review. Most prior research on children’s soccer team. His best friend wanted to play on the
Anderson focuses on her connection to the famous writers and team too, but he wasn’t a very good player. The other children
personalities that she published and associated with. This focus on the team didn’t want my brother’s friend to be on the team
undermines her role as the dominant creative force behind one because they wanted to win. Soccer was a competition for
of the most influential little magazines published in the twentieth them, not a game, and so at the age of seven, my brother’s
century. This case example shows how little magazine publishing friend quit playing soccer.
is arguably a literary art. 2. Disagree: Anger is never beneficial. When I am angry, I often
3. Title: The Connection between Hypertension and Stress do things that I regret later. When I was angry at a friend, I said
Authors: Michael Anderson; Karina Gomez; Peizhu Liu things to him that later I wished I hadn’t said. That made him
Source: Medical Monthly. 2014; 58: 556–570. angry at me, too. Fortunately, we talked, he understood, and
Summary: It has been established that stressful situations cause we are still friends, but it doesn’t always turn out that way.
temporary spikes in blood pressure, but researchers are unsure of 3. Agree: People are still superstitious. Many people don’t
the relationship between stress and long-term hypertension. The trust in science, so they believe things that are not possible.
purpose of this study is to understand this relationship and to find For example, when my friend got married recently, she still
out if short-term spikes in blood pressure due to stress can add up followed the old superstition that she had to have “something
and cause high blood pressure in the long term. The data for this old, something new, something borrowed, something blue.”
study comes from a series of tests conducted on forty participants There is nothing that proves that this superstition will help her
of various backgrounds in the San Francisco Bay Area over a marriage, but she still felt that she had to follow it.
period of twenty years. The researchers also looked at statistical 4. Disagree: Learning a second language is good for small
data from the California Board of Health over the past twenty children. Friends of mine, who speak English and Spanish in
years. Even though the researchers found mixed test results, the their home, taught their daughter both languages when she
study shows that daily exercise and focused stress management was small. As a result, she is very good in both languages now.
lowers the risk of hypertension over time. However, medical Small children who learn a second language often grow up to
researchers must conduct more studies in order to determine be very good at learning languages in general.
the link between the frequency of short term spikes in stress and
long-term hypertension. Activity 44: Exploring Verb Forms in Research Reports
1. In one report on how intelligence develops in young children,
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS American researchers studied nearly 500 boys and girls born
1. simple past and present perfect in New Jersey hospitals between 1984 and 1987. When they
2. The summaries include general information. were born, each child weighed less than 2,000 grams, and they
3. They leave out specific details. were approximately 16 years old when they participated in
4. The purpose of an abstract or summary is to provide the the study. The children took intelligence and motor skill tests
main ideas of the article. at home. (Motor skills are skills that require living things to
Activity 42: Evaluate effectively use their muscles.)
The test results were then compared with test results of
A B other children of the same age. The study reported that the
Self-discipline is the most Self-discipline is the most children with low birth weight often have more problems with
important ingredient for important ingredient for motor skills than the other children. This suggests that babies
success. When you set a goal success. My brother is a good with low birth weight may be more likely than other children to
for yourself, you have to work example of the connection have physical and mental problems as they develop.
to reach it. You need to study, between self-discipline and

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 2. A major study from the University of North Carolina compared
two groups of children. One group of children attended an
all-day childcare center from when they were a few weeks
old until the age of 5. This high-quality program offered some
social, health, and educational programs, and it provided
healthy food for the children. The other group of children did
not go to a childcare center at any time. Both groups attended
public schools after the age of 5.
The two groups of children were similar when they were
babies, but different after the age of about 18 months. As
babies, both groups had similar results in tests for mental and
physical skills. However, the children in the childcare program
scored much higher in tests after the age of 18 months. The
children took tests again at the ages of 12 and 15 years. Again,
the children from the childcare center showed better test
scores.
The study suggests that education during the first months
and years of life are important for development later in life. The
researchers say that with early education, poorer children could
become more successful and do better in school. They believe
their study shows a need for the government to spend money
on public education at an early age. They claim these kinds of
programs create better success overall in American schools.

Wrap-Up
A
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:

Ten years ago Now Ten years from now

I was living in I am living here with I will probably
Mexico with my my wife. We have be living here.
parents. It was a two small children, Hopefully I will have
happy time for my a boy and a girl. We a good job and my
family because are renting a nice wife will, too. Our
everyone was apartment near two children will be
healthy. the park. My wife is in high school. We
working as a dental will have our own
assistant, and I am house and car. We
going to school and will take vacations
driving a taxi. in Mexico to visit
our family.

B
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Topic: Study Habits
How many hours per week do you usually study outside of class?
Did you usually do your homework in high school?
Do you study alone or with other people?
Do you go to the library to study?
How much time do you usually study for each subject?

C
Answers will vary.

D
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
On May 15, many interesting things happened.
1. L. Frank Baum was born. He wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
2. Las Vegas, Nevada, was founded.
3. The Moscow subway system was first opened to the public.
4. Andy Murray, the tennis player, was born.
5. Henry’s VIII’s second wife, Anne Boleyn, was sentenced
to death.

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 Unit 2
Warm-Up It’s true. People are living longer now. Today it is not
uncommon for men and women to live into their eighties or
A even their nineties. The average life expectancy has increased
1. true greatly since 1900 . At that time, the average life expectancy in
2. false this country was 47 years. Today the average life expectancy
3. true is 78 years. A few specific things have helped to increase life
4. true expectancy. These include vaccinations, a decrease in smoking,
5. true and workplace safety rules.
The use of vaccinations has contributed greatly to the
B increase in life expectancy. The law says that schoolchildren must
1. There are four different forms of perfect verbs (present perfect, be vaccinated against certain deadly diseases. And they must
present perfect progressive, past perfect, future perfect). receive these vaccinations before they can start school. This has
2. since 1750; over the past 50 years, by 1900; since 1950; by 2050 eliminated a number of deadly diseases. In addition, the reduction
3. We use the perfect forms of verbs when we want to connect in the number of people smoking cigarettes has prevented
events in the past with events in the present. millions of smoking-related deaths. This change has raised the life
expectancy of both former smokers and the people who had to
C breathe secondhand smoke.
have never been, have never failed Another reason for the increase in life expectancy is that
Activity 1: Connecting Past Actions to Now workplaces have become safer. In the past , it was not uncommon
1. c to be injured or even killed on the job. However, in the middle of
2. a the twentieth century , the government passed workplace safety
3. a laws. As a result, there was a 40 percent decrease in on-the-job
4. b deaths in places such as factories and construction sites.
5. c These are three important reasons why people are living
6. c longer today . All of these behaviors and others will continue to
7. c allow people to live longer and healthier lives.
8. a Think about It
Think about It The writer uses the present perfect in sentences 1, 2, 4, and 7
The speakers also use the simple present. We use the present to describe something that started in the past and continues to
perfect when we’re connecting things that happen in the past the present.
with things that are happening now. The writer uses the present perfect in sentence 3 to describe
something that happened repeatedly in the past and has
Think about It an effect on something in the present.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: The writer uses the present perfect in sentences 5 and 6 to
Present perfect action, event, Connection to now describe something that started and ended in the past but
or state (the present) has an effect on something in the present.

1. I’ve twisted my ankle. My ankle hurts. Think about It

There are many uses of time expressions in the essay. We use time
2. I haven’t had many I don’t know Ms. James expressions often with the present perfect.
meetings with Ms. James. very well.
Activity 3: Using the Present Perfect
3. I’ve known Isabel Martinez I can tell you a lot about Students will underline the time expressions in the Think about It
for years. Isabel Martinez. activity.
4. I’ve been to Los Angeles I know that public 1. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has been very
several times. transportation there is bad. active in vaccinating children around the world.
5. My brother has moved to He still has friends in Santa Fe. 2. I’m still feeling a pain in my right leg, so I haven’t gone to the
El Paso. gym this week.
3. I’ve been discouraged before— just like everyone else.
6. I’ve made other plans for I can’t go to the game. 4. I haven’t taken a vacation in years, so I’m really looking
tonight. forward to this trip.
7. I have seen your wallet. I know that it’s on the bureau. 5. My sister has done more in five years than most people do
in a lifetime.
8. You’ve been different since You are distracted. 6. It is my hard work that has made me a success.
the summer. 7. Thank you for the interest you’ve shown in my work.
8. My boss is very serious about the project. She’s talked about it
Activity 2: Using the Present Perfect a lot.
Students will circle the time expressions in the Think about It activity. 9. I walk everywhere and I play basketball. I do that three times a
week, and I’ve lost thirty pounds so far. I feel so much better.

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 10. It hasn’t snowed much for the past few years, and a number of Activity 5: Error Correction
ski resorts are closing. 1. My parents have been here for only three years, but they like
11. Improvements in technology have allowed us to determine it very much.
that Pluto is not a planet. 2. I have only been here for a month, so I still get lost a lot.
12. Scientists are just now discovering some of the strange living 3. My sister doesn’t live with me anymore. She has gone to live
things that have adapted to life in the deep ocean. in another state.
13. The basic design of a bicycle has remained pretty much the 4. My mother is very smart even though she has never been
same since the 1800s. Most bikes still use a foot-powered to college.
system that powers the back wheel. 5. I’ve tried to make a lot of new friends here, but it isn’t easy.
14. Modern technology has made it easier for businesspeople to 6. My father has always given me help when I needed it.
succeed. However, they still have problems getting money to 7. I admire my professor because she has taught me to express
start businesses. my ideas better.
15. China has become the world’s dominant producer of solar 8. My parents have always given me good advice. I know I can
panels in the last two years. It was responsible for half the go to them when I have a problem.
world’s production last year. 9. I want to go someplace I have never been to before.
10. I miss my brother a lot. I haven’t seen him for more than a year
Think about It
because he has been in Asia.
Time Time Time Time 11. My brother doesn’t know I have a new job because I have not
expressions expressions expressions expressions told him.
with the with the with the with the 12. Computers have changed our lives in many different ways. For
simple present present perfect simple past example, in the past, it took days or weeks to communicate
present progressive with someone on the other side of the world.
in a lifetime still this week last year Activity 7: Simple Past or Present Perfect?
three times just now before 1. He’s lost a lot of weight.
a week in years 2. They’ve decided to go.
still so far 3. We talked about it.
in five years 4. I liked that house.
for the past 5. The game’s started.
few years 6. I’ve watched several movies.
since the 1800s 7. We decided not to go.
in the last 8. He’s made a lot of new friends there.
two years 9. She’s changed her phone number.
10. We’ve waited an hour for them.
Think about It 11. I’ve wanted to go there.
Still can be used with more than one verb form. 12. She’s called him.
Activity 4: Using Time Expressions with the Present Perfect 13. He’s saved a lot of money.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 14. They sold their house.
1. Thousands of people visited the King Tutankhamun exhibit Activity 8: Finished Time or Time Up Until Now?
when it was in Chicago. Since then, the exhibit has moved to
Philadelphia, and it is going to move to London in November. Time
Finished
2. Children learn new words at a very fast rate. Scientists have period up
time period
wondered for a long time how this is possible. until now
3. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, scientists have 1. Washington, D.C., has been the
named more than 1½ million animals already. Over half of ✓
U.S. capital since 1800.
these are types of insects.
2. From 1790 to 1800,
4. Someone with a PhD is a doctor of philosophy. Many people
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was ✓
earn PhDs, but they aren’t all philosophers. The name has
the capital.
survived since the Middle Ages when many areas of study
were called philosophy. 3. The U.S. Constitution was written
5. So far scientists have not found a way to determine the exact in 1789, but it has changed over ✓
age of the Earth. the years.
6. Antarctica may help us solve some of the most difficult 4. From 1800 to 1900, the U.S.
problems of the past and future of our planet. For example, experienced tremendous ✓
scientists have already found that Antarctica is the largest growth.
storehouse of fresh water on the planet.
5. The U.S. has had one civil war
7. Since ancient times, people have used parts of the willow tree ✓
since it became a nation.
to reduce pain.
8. Researchers have already found cures for many deadly 6. The U.S. Civil War took place in
✓
diseases, but they haven’t found a cure for skin cancer yet. the mid-1800s.
9. Researchers haven’t yet discovered how to cure the illness, 7. Ever since the Civil War began
but there are ways to treat the symptoms. in 1861, people have argued ✓
10. Scientists have discovered other stars with orbiting planets, over what caused the war.
but so far they have only discovered one place that supports
complex life forms: Earth.

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 8. In the past 200 years, Supreme QUESTIONS
Court decisions and laws have 1. Because the author is describing the way life was in the past.
✓ 2. The author is connecting the ideas of the past to how things
increased the duties of the
U.S. president. are in the present.
3.
9. In the past few years,
the government has used Time expressions with the Time expressions with the
the Supreme Court for simple past present perfect
✓
new purposes, such as in the twentieth century now
determining the outcome in the beginning of the 1900s of the nineteenth and
of an election. by the end of the century twentieth centuries
10. In 2005, the president appointed just 100 years ago
a new Chief Justice of the ✓ once
Supreme Court, John Roberts.
4. No, it’s not necessary. The present perfect connects ideas to the
Activity 9: Simple Past or Present Perfect? present, so a time expression is not always needed.
True/false answers will vary. 5. According to the writer, travel and communication have
1. I have lived here for the past five years. become much quicker so we can see more and know more
2. I haven’t gone to Egypt yet, but I hope to go someday. about the world than in the past. We also live longer.
3. I was in junior high school from 2009 to 2012.
Activity 11: Simple Past or Present Perfect?
4. When I was a child, I sometimes got into trouble.
1. Hayao Miyazaki began his career as an animator in 1963. He
5. I’ve learned a lot of new words since I started school here.
directed his first feature anime film 16 years later. Then he
6. I began to study English when I was 15 years old.
started a movie company of his own in 1985. In 2001, his movie
7. So far I’ve been to 8 different countries.
Spirited Away won Best Film at the Japanese Academy Awards.
8. Last year was a great year for me.
2. I started collecting comic books when I was young. My
9. I haven’t eaten anything since I had dinner last night.
grandfather often took me to comic book stores, and I have
10. I didn’t use my phone at all yesterday.
been a fan ever since. I know it’s not the deepest reading in the
11. I haven’t traveled very much over the past three years.
world, but that’s why comic books are a great stress reliever.
12. I haven’t done any homework since we took the test
3. History tells us a lot about ourselves. We can see how people did
a week ago.
things a hundred years ago and figure out what we want to keep
Write about It and what we want to change. Look at how different everything is
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: today from what it was a hundred years ago. We have kept some
I flew to France a year ago. things like schools and family but changed many other things.
I finished college in 2010. 4. My grandparents were born in Poland and later immigrated to
I’ve been learning English over the past few years. the U.S. They left their families behind to start a new family here.
I’ve been driving a car since I was a child. I have many cousins in Poland but I have never met them. I think
it would be fun to meet them and see how they live. I would
Activity 10: Simple Past and the Present Perfect in Context also like to see where my grandparents lived in Poland and learn
The development of new and more advanced technology about what life was like for them when they were growing up.
increased rapidly in the twentieth century. In the beginning of the 5. Bicycles have always been a great form of transportation.
1900s, people relied on horses to get around. Letters took days They’re safe, fun, and economical. Today they’re also more
or weeks to arrive, and traveling to other countries wasn’t easy. convenient than ever. Bicycle designers have come up with a
However, by the end of the century, people had cars, subways, way to fold them so that now you can ride your bike to work,
and buses to get where they wanted to go. They communicated fold it up, and take it in with you.
instantly by email. Travel from one country to another took hours, 6. Water shortages are a serious problem. Many areas have
not months. Because of these things, I think that the growth experienced droughts because of climate change. Other places
in technology was one of the most important changes in the have access to water, but the water is polluted.
twentieth century.
Advances in technology have done more than make travel Activity 12: Asking Questions
and communication quicker and more convenient; they have Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
saved lives. People live much longer now than they did just 1. How many books have you written?
100 years ago. Some diseases that were once deadly have 2. What subjects have you taught?
now been cured or can at least be treated with medications. 3. When did you move to the U.S.?
Doctors have learned to keep individuals alive longer using new 4. What short stories have you written?
technologies. 5. Why did you stay in Haiti after your parents moved to the U.S.?
Although technology has been very positive for the health of 6. What did you study for your master’s degree?
people, in some ways it has had a negative effect on the planet. Activity 13: Using Different Verb Forms
The technological advances of the nineteenth and twentieth 1. What goals have you set for your career?
centuries have caused great damage to the earth’s atmosphere. 2. What did you like best about your previous job?
There is also a shortage of natural resources caused by the rapid 3. What are your major strengths? Your major weaknesses?
growth of the human population. Today scientists are working on 4. How did you get your last job?
ways to solve these problems. Hopefully, the twenty-first century 5. What do you do with your free time?
will see the development of new technologies that can solve the 6. What has been your biggest professional achievement?
problems created by the old. 7. Describe the best boss you have had in your professional career.

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 8. Have you ever worked for a difficult person? 8. A: Have you found a new apartment yet?
9. How will the academic program and course work you have B: No, but we’ve only been looking for a few days.
taken benefit your career? 9. A: How’s your back?
10. Where do you hope to be professionally in five years? B: It’s been getting better but it’s still bothering me.
10. A: Do your parents know where they are going on vacation?
QUESTIONS
B: They’ve been talking about going to visit my brother, but
a. The verb form is most likely the same verb form as used in
they haven’t decided yet.
the question.
b. Because many of the questions are about the person’s career, Activity 16: Using the Present Perfect or Present Perfect
and her career is still happening in the present. Progressive
1. A: Where have you been?
Activity 14: Error Correction
B: What do you mean?
1. I arrived in the U.S. in 2002. Since I came here, I’ve had
A: I’ve been looking all over the place for you.
trouble communicating with people because I don’t speak
B: Sorry. I just went out for a minute.
English very well.
2. A: Where have you been?
2. One of my favorite movies is the film Australia. I can’t tell you
B: At the gym. Why?
how many times I have seen the movie, but every time I see it,
A: I’ve been trying to reach you for the last 20 minutes.
I like it better.
B: Sorry, I turned my phone off.
3. While computers have made life easier, they have also made it
3. A: Who’s Amanda talking to?
more stressful.
B: Her friend in Japan.
4. My mother has always encouraged me to do big things. I
A: Japan! That’s going to be expensive.
wanted to get a job when I finished high school, but my
B: Yeah, I know. And she’s been talking to him for an hour.
mother told me to continue my education. She said I could
4. A: Is the soup ready to eat?
do more with my life with a university education. She also
B: Almost. It’s been cooking for about thirty minutes.
encouraged me to get a scholarship to pay for my education.
5. A: Do you know Sam Bradford?
5. Since I came here, I have made a lot of friends, but one person
B: Of course. I’ve known him for years. How do you know him?
in particular has helped me a lot. I have met Jennifer at the
A: I met him last week at a conference.
Learning Center at the beginning of the semester. She was
6. A: Have you seen the remote? I can’t find it anywhere.
looking for a Spanish tutor, and I needed help with my English.
B: I think it’s on the floor next to the couch.
Since then, we have gotten together several times a week just
7. A: Are you having a good time?
to talk.
B: Absolutely. I haven’t had so much fun in years.
6. One person who has had a great effect on my life is my father.
8. A: Are you going out with us this weekend?
He owns a clothing store, and I have worked with him at his
B: Of course. I ‘ve been looking forward to it all week.
store every time I have a holiday. From this experience I have
9. A: What do you think of this music?
learned a lot about the business world.
B: I don’t know. It’s OK, I guess. I’ve just never liked jazz.
7. My parents have always encouraged me to do what I want to
10. A: Aren’t you finished yet?
do. When I need help, they support me. When I have decided to
B: Be patient. I’ve only been working on it for an hour.
become an engineer, they helped pay for my education.
11. A: Did you know that your doorbell isn’t working?
8. The internet has made communication faster and cheaper.
B: Oh, right. I ‘ve been meaning to fix it.
Today you can use programs such as email or Skype to get
12. A: How long have you been studying here?
an immediate response from someone, and they are much
B: Not long. My class just started a week ago. What about you?
cheaper than a telephone call.
A: My class hasn’t started yet.
Activity 15: Forming the Present Perfect Progressive 13. A: I hear you won your last three races.
Students will underline the time expressions in the Think about B: Yeah, I’ve been on a lucky streak lately.
It activity. 14. A: Have you decided what you are going to do next year?
1. A: When do you want dinner? B: Yeah. My parents have finally agreed to let me study overseas.
B: Not for a while. I’ve been eating all day.
Think about It
2. A: What have you been doing all day?
Have been, have known, have had, and have liked don’t use the
B: Not much. What about you?
progressive form because they are non-action verbs.
3. A: Somebody’s been using my computer.
Have seen, have started, and have agreed don’t use the progressive
B: How do you know?
form because they are describing action that took place a single
A: It was off when I left this morning but now it’s on.
time or that is not ongoing.
4. A: Want something to drink?
B: I’d love a cup of coffee. Think about It
A: I thought you didn’t drink coffee. The speaker is complaining or annoyed in conversations 1, 2, 3, 6,
B: Oh, come on. I’ve been drinking coffee for years. 9, 10, and 11.
5. A: Have you ever heard of the movie director Sam Giorgio?
Activity 17: Present Perfect or Present Perfect Progressive?
B: Sure. He’s been making films for years.
1. a. I’ve drunk four cups of coffee since I got up this morning,
6. A: I’m worried about David.
so I shouldn’t drink any more.
B: Why?
b. I’ve been drinking coffee since I got up this morning.
A: Well, I’ve been trying to reach him for three days, and he
Maybe that’s why I can’t sit still.
hasn’t called me back.
2. a. I’ve been reading Call of the Wild for a few days. I just can’t
B: Hmm. That’s strange.
put it down.
7. A: How long have the children been watching television?
b. I’ve read Call of the Wild twice. I highly recommend it.
B: Only for half an hour.

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 3. a. We’ve gone to the gym several times this week, so we’re Think about It
going to take tomorrow off. The underlined verbs are all in the past perfect.
b. We’ve been going to the gym since January, and we
Write about It
already feel a lot better.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. a. She’s already yelled at them twice today for making too
1. By the time I was 15, I had visited every state on the West Coast.
much noise. I hope they behave now.
2. I had learned to sing by the time I was 4.
b. She’s been yelling at them all day. It’s really irritating.
5. a. I’ve talked to Toshi several times this week, but he still Activity 19: Using the Past Perfect with Because and As Though
doesn’t want to come. 1. His clothes were wet because he had fallen in the river. h
b. I’ve been talking to friends about taking a trip to Istanbul 2. She quit her job because her boss had criticized her. d
this summer. 3. He didn’t call me because he had lost my phone number. j
6. a. I hope Hassan’s OK. He’s gotten sick several times 4. I felt sick last night because I had eaten too much at dinner. f
this winter. 5. He was ashamed because he had been rude to his parents. g
b. I can tell winter is coming. The nights have been getting 6. He was angry because she had insulted him. e
colder and colder. 7. His back hurt so much he felt as though a car had run
7. a. My brother thinks that I’ve been using his phone all week, over him. b
but it’s not true. 8. The house looked as though it had been empty for years. c
b. If you need help with your new phone, I think Carlos has 9. She was breathless as though she had run there. a
used one a few times. 10. The child cried out as though she had hurt herself. i
8. a. I’ve asked you to clean your room three times this week. I’m
not going to ask you again. Activity 20: Sentences with When
(1)
b. I’ve been asking you to clean your room all week. Could 1. She called me after I left the house.
you please just do it? When she called me, I had already left the house.
9. a. You don’t need to cook anything. I’ve made dinner already. (1)
b. I’ve been making phone calls all day, so now I have a bad 2. After 20 minutes went by, we finally got a table at the
headache. restaurant.
10. a. I’ve tried several times to fix this computer, but it still When we finally got a table at the restaurant, 20 minutes had
won’t work. gone by.
b. Why didn’t you answer your phone. I’ve been trying to call (1)
you all morning. 3. The sun came up before we did all our work.
The sun had come up when we did all our work.
Activity 18: Using the Past Perfect (1)
(1) 4. I still have the watch my father gave me before I left home.
1. We were a family who had come from nothing, and now we I still have the watch my father had given me when I left home.
had respect from French people of all sorts. (1)
(1) 5. After the smoke cleared, we saw the house in the distance.
2. My grandmother had wanted to be a music teacher herself, When the smoke had cleared, we saw the house in the distance.
and so she steered my mother into that profession. (1)
(1) 6. After my cousin got her PhD, she got a job in the high-tech
3. My mother had meant to be an opera star or even a movie industry.
star…but the [birth] of a baby put an end to that. When my cousin had gotten her PhD, she got a job in the
(1) high-tech industry.
4. By the time I was 15, my mother had turned me into a real (1)
clotheshorse. 7. Everyone got out of the bus before it burst into flames.
(1) Everyone had gotten out of the bus when it burst into flames.
5. My mother had been a country and western singer, but when (1)
she moved out to Hollywood she found it very difficult to get 8. After the last person left, we went inside and had lunch.
work, so when I was born they put me into dance classes and When the last person had left, we went inside and had lunch.
singing classes as soon as I could walk, actually. (1)
(1) 9. After the plane landed, the person next to me suddenly
6. My mother had always taught me to write about my feelings started laughing.
instead of sharing really personal things with others, so I When the plane had landed, the person next to me suddenly
spent many evenings writing in my diary, eating everything in started laughing.
the kitchen and waiting for Mr. Wrong to call.
Activity 21: Simple Past or Past Perfect?
(1)
7. I had traveled 10 states and played over 50 cities by the time Patsy Cline, born Virginia Patterson Hensley, recorded her first big
I was 4. hit in 1957. It was called “Walkin’ After Midnight” and it became
8. Interestingly enough, I met and had classes from several No. 2 on the list of country music hit recordings and No. 16 on the
(1) list of most popular music.
professors that my father had had many years before. Patsy had worked for many years to make that first successful
(1) record. She began singing when she was a young girl in her
9. My mother was a very literate person who had educated
hometown of Winchester, Virginia. Patsy sang anywhere she could.
herself.
If there was a stage, she tried to sing there. She sang at weddings,
10. Music was around in my family in two ways. My mother would
dances, restaurants, and other public places. She earned $8 a
occasionally sing to me, but I was mostly stimulated by the
night. Her friends and family said she worked hard to improve her
(1)
classical music my father had left behind. singing and make a successful record.

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 In 1947, she was asked if she could perform on a local radio 4. I had been feeling a little ill, but
show. People loved her performance, and the radio station soon I didn’t think it was anything ✓
invited her back to perform again. Patsy continued to perform serious.
and in 1954 she won a country music competition near her home.
She was 22 years old. She was then invited to sing on a country 5. I had been thinking for a while
✓
music TV show in Washington, D.C. She also performed on radio how much I missed my family.
shows in Virginia and recorded some records. 6. When she joined the band, the
Patsy Cline appeared on a national television show in New York other members had been playing ✓
City. It was on this show in 1957 that millions of people first heard together for years.
her sing. She sang a song she had recently recorded called “Walkin’
7. When I got home in the morning,
After Midnight.” This performance helped make her career a major
I discovered that my parents had ✓
success. Patsy continued to record more songs, and soon made
been waiting up all night.
another major hit called “I Fall to Pieces.” By this time, her voice had
already become something special. Patsy had learned to control 8. The car that hit the tree had been
✓
not only the sound of her voice, but also the feelings expressed in going too fast.
her songs. People especially loved her slow, sad love songs like “I 9. We had been going there every
✓
Fall to Pieces.” “I Fall to Pieces” became Patsy’s first No. 1 hit, and she Saturday for the past 6 months.
was now a major star. She also began performing at the Grand Ole
10. According to the police, the
Opry, a famous country music theater in Nashville, Tennessee.
driver had been texting just ✓
The people who knew her after she became a star say
before he went off the road.
Patsy Cline was a great friend. Many young musicians became
important stars with her help. At the age of 30, Patsy Cline was Think about It
killed in a plane crash on March 5, 1963. Earlier, she had taken Had shows the “perfect” meaning. The –ing form shows the
part in a special show in Kansas City to raise money for the family “progressive” meaning.
of a country music performer who recently had died, and she was
flying home to Nashville. Thousands of people came to her funeral Activity 23: Error Correction
near her hometown. Ten years after her death, she became the 1. My father grew up in the U.S., but his mother had always
first female musician elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame. spoken to him in Spanish when he was a baby.
2. In the story, the main character had lost a lot of money.
Think about It 3. My parents had never gone abroad, but they wanted their
1. a. She recorded her first big hit. children to see the world.
She worked hard for many years to make a 4. By the 1900s, traveling had become easier because there were
✓
successful record. better roads.
b. She appeared on a national television show. 5. I had been studying English for many years before I came here.
✓ She recorded the song “Walkin’ After Midnight.” 6. I liked to sing when we got together. (no errors)
c. She recorded the song “I Fall to Pieces.” 7. By the time I was born, my parents had been married for
She learned to control the sound and feelings in three years.
✓ 8. I didn’t pass my first exams even though I had studied every
her songs.
2. She had accomplished her whole career by the time she was night for weeks.
30 years old. 9. My cousin had been living in this country for five years when
his father died.
Write about It 10. I was very lonely when I arrived here because I had left all
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: my friends.
1. By 1957, Patsy Cline had won a country music competition.
2. In 1957, she appeared on national television. Activity 24: Noticing Future Perfect Forms
3. By 1963, she had helped many young musicians become Answers to predictions will vary.
important stars. 1. the population of the world will have reached 10 billion.
4. In 1963, she was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame. 2. the world will have become paperless.
3. we will have found a cure for all cancers.
Activity 22: Using the Past Perfect Progressive 4. we will have stopped using coal, oil, and gas for energy.
5. we will have had another world war.
Ongoing Repeated
6. the number of fish in the oceans will have decreased by
1. After I had been working at the a large amount.
bank for a few years, I decided I ✓ 7. people will have lived on Mars for several years.
wanted a more interesting job. 8. the world will have become a better place.
2. Before I moved to Australia, I had
✓ Think about It
been teaching myself English.
Answers will vary.
3. I had been drawing pictures the
whole time I was in Italy, so when Activity 25: Using Future Perfect Forms
✓
I returned home, my parents were 1. By 18 months, most children will have learned 5 to 20
very pleased. words—mostly nouns. By 24 months, the vocabulary of most
children will have expanded to between 150 and 300 words.

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 2. In a 65-year lifespan, the average person will have spent 10. A: Anyone spoken to James recently? (Has anyone spoken to
9 years watching television. James recently?)
3. By the age of 20, most people will have played video games B: No, why?
for 10,000 hours. A: I think he has a surprise for all of you.
4. The average person will have listened to 10,500 hours of
Activity 28: Dictation
music during his or her teen years.
5. The average person will have worked for 91,250 hours by Present
the end of his or her life. Necessity Possession
perfect of get
6. By the time you stop working, you will have had ten
1. She’s gotten sick
different jobs. ✓
again.
7. By the time you retire, you will have changed careers three to
five times. 2. She’s got a
✓
8. By the age of 65, the average person will have seen 2 million new car.
television commercials. 3. I’ve gotten
9. By age 70, the average person will have walked a distance ✓
better at this.
equal to four times around the world.
4. I’ve got a
10. By the end of his or her life, the average person will have ✓
better one.
taken 7,163 baths.
5. He’s gotten
Write about It ✓
good at it.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. The average person will probably have eaten a lot of junk food 6. He’s gotten into
✓
by age 65. trouble again.
2. The average person probably won’t have traveled into space. 7. They’ve got
✓
3. The average person will probably have seen a lot of movies. another house.
4. The average person will probably have spent a lot of time
8. We’ve got to go. ✓
reading and writing.
5. The average person probably won’t have visited all the
Activity 29: Supporting General Statements
continents.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Activity 26: Starting a Conversation 1. GENERAL STATEMENT: Computers have made life easier.
1. Have you been keeping busy? EXAMPLE 1: You can go shopping without ever leaving
2. Have you seen any good movies recently? your home.
3. How long have you lived here? Detail 1: I now buy most of my books online instead of at
4. Have you read any good books lately? a bookstore.
5. Have you heard any good music recently? Detail 2: Last year I bought most of my holiday gifts online.
6. Have you eaten at any good restaurants recently? Detail 3: Some people buy their groceries online. I haven’t tried
7. Have you taken any trips this year? this yet, but it would save me a lot of time.
EXAMPLE 2: You can communicate with your friends
Activity 27: Omitting Have and Has in Conversation more easily.
1. A: You always lived here? (Have you always lived here?) Detail 1: I can send email to communicate with my
B: No, I lived in California before this. friends abroad.
2. A: How long you been here? (How long have you been here?) Detail 2: People can also use Skype instead of the phone.
B: Not long. Just a few minutes. Detail 3: Social networks like Facebook have made
3. A: You been OK? (Have you been OK?) communication easier as well.
B: Yeah, not bad. 2. GENERAL STATEMENT: The automobile has created
4. A: How are you? serious problems.
B: Never been better. (I’ve never been better.) EXAMPLE 1: Automobiles pollute the environment.
5. A: You been here before? (Have you been here before?) Detail 1: Carbon dioxide is one of the causes of climate change.
B: No. Have you? Detail 2: Cars are dependent on gasoline and oil, and these can
6. A: Where you been? (Where have you been?) pollute the environment.
B: At the library. Detail 3: Many parts of automobiles cannot be recycled.
7. A: You been outside yet? (Have you been outside yet?) EXAMPLE 2: The ways that people drive can also be dangerous.
B: No, why? Detail 1: Speeding is a major cause of accidents.
A: It snowed last night. Detail 2: Texting while driving can cause problems.
8. A: Seen any good movies lately? (Have you seen any good Detail 3: “Road rage” (when people get angry while driving) is
movies lately?) a big problem in cities where there is a lot of traffic.
B: No, I haven’t. What about you? 3. GENERAL STATEMENT: Telephones and email have made
A: No, I haven’t either. communication between people less personal.
9. A: You heard about Amanda? (Have you heard about EXAMPLE 1: Telephones allow people to communicate without
Amanda?) seeing each other.
B: No, what? Detail 1: They can communicate over long distances, so they
A: She’s going to marry some guy named Joe. don’t have to be close to each other.
B: She known him long? (Has she known him long?) Detail 2: When people are busy, it can be hard to find time to
A: Oh, I don’t know. A year or so. have a phone conversation.

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 Detail 3: Even people who live close to each other don’t Activity 31: Analyzing Verb Choices
see each other as often when they can communicate by
telephone. 1 2
EXAMPLE 2: Email also allows people to communicate Does Vitamin C Help Fight Lecture or Interactive
without seeing each other. the Common Cold? Teaching? New Study of an
Detail 1: Emotions are hard to convey over email. A large review of medical Old Issue
Detail 2: Email does not contain information about trials has concluded that Professors have lectured
voice tone. Vitamin C is largely ineffective for centuries. But how effective
Detail 3: Email language, especially between co-workers in the prevention and is lecturing to students
or people who don’t know each other well, can be treatment of the common cold. compared to working with
very formal. In 30 trials with 11,350 them?
participants who took at least A new study compared
Write about It 200 milligrams of vitamin C two classes of a beginning
The automobile has created serious problems. For example, a day, researchers found that physics course at the
automobiles pollute the environment. They produce carbon vitamin C did not reduce the University of British Columbia
dioxide, which is one of the causes of climate change. Also, occurrence of the common in Canada. There were more
cars are dependent on gasoline and oil, and these can pollute cold. Vitamin C did slightly than 260 students in each
the environment. And many parts of automobiles cannot be reduce the duration and section. Both were taught
recycled. severity of cold symptoms, but by popular and experienced
The ways that people drive can also be dangerous. Speeding the effect was very small. professors.
is a major cause of accidents. Texting while driving can cause
3 4
problems because people aren’t paying attention to the road.
Humans Have Been Making Scientists Able to Study
Also, “road rage” (when people get angry while driving) is a big
Art for a Lot Longer Than We Atmosphere of Planet
problem in cities where there is a lot of traffic.
Thought Outside Our Solar System
Activity 30: Answering Essay Questions A new study has revealed Scientists have detailed the
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: that Spain’s El Castillo Cave atmosphere of a planet outside
1. My attitudes have changed significantly in the last few years. contains the oldest known our solar system. The team,
OR Over the past five years, I have lived in three different cave paintings in Europe, based in Chile, was able to
countries. This experience has changed the way I think about with a handprint dating back measure the amount of carbon
my own country. 37,300 years. monoxide on Tau Bootis b—
2. The automobile has been harmful to our society in many ways. Instead of testing the one of the first “exoplanets”
OR There are many ways in which the automobile has been paint’s age, a team of British discovered back in 1996. They
detrimental to our society. and Spanish researchers were able to measure the
3. I believe that television has made our society a nation of measured the age of the stone atmosphere without relying
people who would rather watch than do. OR I disagree that our that had formed around the on a “transit” of the planet—
society is a nation of people who would rather watch television drawings. where it passes in front of
than do things in the real world. its star. That is important as,
4. I believe that the book has been the most important invention up to now, astronomers and
in our civilization. OR There are many inventions that have had scientists have had to rely
a significant effect on civilization, but I think the book has been on transits to measure the
the most important. atmosphere.
5. I believe that computers have made our lives easier in some
ways but more complicated in others. OR Computers have Activity 32: Providing Background Information
made our lives easier, but they have also made our lives Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
more complicated. 1. Her grandfather was a great businessman. He had started his
6. Advertising has had a significant influence on the way my own business at age 24, and he had helped his brothers start
friends and I make decisions about products we buy. OR I don’t their own businesses.
think my friends and I have been significantly influenced by 2. The athletes were in great shape when they got to the
advertising. competition. They had spent years preparing and practicing for
7. Information technology has changed our working lives for the the physical demands they would be facing.
better over the last 10 years. OR There are many ways—both 3. He was nervous when he moved here by himself. He hadn’t
good and bad—that information technology has changed been able to travel here before he moved, so he didn’t know
people’s working lives over the last 10 years. anyone.
4. When he was a young man, he witnessed something that
QUESTIONS changed his life. He had gone to see a movie that he really
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: enjoyed, so he decided to go into the film industry.
a. It’s a good idea to begin the essay response using the same 5. She was tired, but her first days in this new country were very
form of the verb because often the question wants us to exciting. She had never been outside of her village, so she was
connect something that happened in the past to present excited to see a big city.
events or to show how something has changed. 6. It was a real accomplishment when her mother finally
b. No, you don’t always need to do this. For example, it’s possible graduated from college. She and her mother had worked
to use the simple present in a response to a question that uses very hard to make this dream possible.
the present perfect.

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 7. When she was a child, her father didn’t know how to act
around her. He was an only child, so he had spent most of
his time alone when he was growing up.
8. When he came to this country, he couldn’t get a job.
He had never studied English, so he couldn’t fill out the
job applications.

Wrap-Up
A
Answers will vary.

B
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Opinion: My sister Elena is very smart.
Examples:
1. She has several academic degrees.
2. She has been a teacher for ten years.
3. She graduated from college at the top of her class.

C
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Over the past five years I have lived in three different
countries. This experience has changed the way I think about
my own country. For example, I think we need better public
transportation. I had never ridden a subway or a bus in my
country. Instead, we walked or rode our bikes when we needed to
go somewhere.
The health care in my country is pretty good. I’ve always been
healthy, but the few times I was sick I got a doctor’s appointment
very quickly. Since I’ve lived in this country, I’ve had to wait to see
a doctor.
I miss the food in my country. I’ve been eating too much fast
food lately. When I was growing up, we never ate fast food. My
mother spent most of the day cooking our main meal. She’s a very
good cook!

D
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Job: a cook on a sailboat
Skills/Experience: has experience on sailboats, likes to cook,
has cooked for large groups of people
Interview Questions: Have you ever been on a sailboat? Do you
like to cook? Have you ever cooked in a very small kitchen? Have
you ever cooked for a large group of people?

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 Unit 3
Warm-Up Activity 3: Identifying Time References

Present/
A Future
General time
1. A man should look for what is, and not for what he thinks
should be. f 1. A: Are you calling the store?
2. You must be the change you wish to see in the world. a B: Yes, but they’re not answering. ✓
3. If you want to understand today, you have to search They must be closed.
yesterday. g 2. A: Where are you going on
4. An inch of time is an inch of gold, but you cannot buy that inch vacation? ✓
of time with an inch of gold. e B: We might go to Hawaii.
5. No one would have crossed the ocean if he could have gotten 3. A: Seems as if Alex always eats
off the ship in a storm. b pizza for lunch. ✓
6. While we may not be able to control all that happens to us, we B: He must really like it.
can control what happens inside us. d
7. The less one has to do, the less time one finds to do it in. c 4. A: I can’t decide which one to
buy. ✓
B B: You should get the blue one.

True False 5. A: We won’t be able to get

reservations this late. ✓
1. Simple modals are followed by the B: Let’s go tomorrow, then.
✓
base form of the verb.
6. A: People shouldn’t be so quick
2. A simple modal changes form after to judge each other. ✓
✓
different subjects. B: That’s true.
3. A phrasal modal changes form after 7. A: Is he here? I don’t hear any
✓
different subjects. noise from his room. ✓
4. We can place a simple modal next to a B: He might be sleeping.
✓
phrasal modal in a sentence. 8. A: The company may have to
5. Some simple modals and phrasal change its hiring policies.
✓ ✓
modals have similar meanings. B: I hope so. We ’ll see what
happens.
C 9. A: What does the handbook say?
modal: should not B: It says, “Employees
✓
Activity 1: Identifying Simple Modals in a Passage must report any problems to
At many universities, students can choose from dozens of majors the proper authorities.”
and minors. Nowadays, when they are making that important 10. A: You can come over after
decision, students often focus on the subjects that can provide lunch if you want to. ✓
the best careers because they want to be sure they have jobs B: Great! I’ll see you then.
after they graduate. But some experts say that students should
11. A: Did you hear that Sheila quit
think about doing something they love instead. Research has
yesterday?
shown that students may not do well at studies they don’t care ✓
B: Wow, I can’t believe that. I
about. Before you choose a major, ask yourself: Would you really
thought she liked it here.
enjoy doing this as a career? If you don’t have a strong interest
in the topic, you might want to consider a different choice. 12. A: How does your brother feel?
For the moment, it may not be clear where your interest will Any better?
lead you, but passion inspires hard work, which often leads to B: Yeah, actually, I think he ✓
success. may be feeling pretty good.
He went to work today.
Activity 2: Identifying Speakers’ Attitudes
1. “They’ll bring the potato salad.” e Activity 5: Error Correction
2. “He might not remember how to get here.” b 1. You must to think about that a little more carefully.
3. “I have to call my sister tonight.” d 2. Sal should call the office in the morning.
4. “You can stay out until 11 p.m.” h 3. When do I should I place the order?
5. “You might want to try a different approach.” f 4. They can to see both sides of the argument.
6. “You shouldn’t eat so much sugar.” a 5. I think the corporations should try a little harder to solve this
7. “She can do advanced mathematics.” g problem.
8. “Could you please send me a copy of that?” c 6. Passengers don’t must not stand near the doors when they
are opening and closing.

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 7. Are students supposed to eat and drink in the library? 5. A: Where is Alexander?
8. That color might not be the best choice for you. B: He’ll be here any minute.
9. When can we take another break? 6. A: I have no interest in that movie.
10. If they practice, they might to do a little better next time. B: Really? I’d love to see it.
7. A: Where are the extra blankets?
Activity 6: Forming Negatives and Questions
B: Hmm. Ask Rafa. He’ll know.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
8. A: I’m sorry we’re out of time.
1. I can’t come over tonight.
B: Me too. I’d stay longer if I could.
2. Could we wait here?
3. Will I be able to finish later? Think about It
4. The plan won’t work. Would is a better choice for conversations 2, 3, and 8, which are
5. I may not be ready for the test. counterfactual.
6. Can you eat more and lose weight?
Activity 10: Using Would to Describe Possible Results
7. We shouldn’t go out tonight.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
8. Could we talk now?
Activity 7: Making Statements with Will Proposals for new In favor Against
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: laws
Students will write O, P, or G for each conversation in the 1. Make cigarettes Stores would not Some people would
Think about It activity. illegal. sell cigarettes, smoke anyway.
1. A: Can you bring something for the potluck dinner? so people would
B: Sure. I’ll make a salad. (G) smoke less.
2. A: Amal is late for dinner. I wonder where he is. 2. Require all Government It would be difficult
B: I don’t know. I’ll give him a call. (O) citizens to vote. would represent all to force people to
3. A: How will I know what time to show up? citizens. vote if they don’t
B: Don’t worry. I’ll tell you. (P) want to.
4. A: Bye! It was nice seeing you again.
B: You too! I’ll see you later! (G) 3. Don’t allow cars Walking downtown We would need to
5. A: Please don’t tell anyone I said this. in downtown would be better for make exceptions for
B: I promise. I’ll keep your secret. (P) areas. people’s health. people who can’t
6. A: How are you going to find a job? walk.
B: Well, I’ll look online, and then I’ll make some calls. (G) 4. Allow Schools would Companies would
7. A: I don’t think Sara can do this alone. advertising make money to want to control how
B: That’s OK. I’ll help her. (G) on school spend on their that money is spent.
8. A: I don’t have time to make all those copies. websites. students.
B: I have time. I’ll do them for you. (O) 5. Increase taxes People would not Gas would be very
9. A: Are you sure you can go? You look tired. on gasoline. buy as much gas, expensive.
B: I’ll be fine. I promise. (P) which is better for
Activity 8: Using Will to State Intentions the environment.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 6. Stop the sale Children would not Parents would still
1. I will describe how the virus spreads in the following of candy at eat as much sugar, allow their children
section. (biology) children’s which is better for to bring candy to
2. I will explore the effects of an unhealthy diet schools. their health. school.
in depth. (nutrition)
7. Spend public It would make It would cost a lot
3. I will address the government’s policies below.
money on a traveling between of the government’s
(political science)
high-speed two cities easier. money.
4. I will discuss the important points of the novel throughout this
railway.
essay. (English literature)
5. I will explore the process of cell division in this paper. (biology) 8. Raise the People would be The cost of things like
6. I will refer to the relationship between the two countries minimum able to live better food and clothing
throughout this essay. (political science) wage. on higher wages. would go up.
7. I will outline the research on carbohydrates in the following
section. (nutrition) Activity 11: Using Counterfactual Would Have
8. I will focus on two of Shakespeare’s sonnets in depth. 1. A: You know, I was in Toronto last weekend.
(English literature) B: I didn’t know you were in town! I would have invited you
over for dinner.
Activity 9: Distinguishing Will from Would 2. A: We missed you at the concert last night.
1. A: Your essay was due today. B: I would have gone, but I had a lot of homework.
B: I know. I’ll do it tomorrow, when I have time. 3. A: I didn’t see you in class yesterday.
2. A: You need to work on your essay. B: I know. I would have come, but I didn’t hear my alarm go off.
B: I know. I’d do it today, but I don’t have time. 4. A: Selena was here yesterday.
3. A: Tomas couldn’t make it? B: Oh, I didn’t know that. I would have called her.
B: No, I’m sorry. He’d be here if he could. 5. A: How’d you do on the test?
4. A: I can’t decide what to order. B: Not too well. I would have studied more, but I left my book
B: I’ll/I’d have the chicken. That looks delicious. in the library.

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 6. A: I walked all the way over here. 3. I don’t know where my parents are, but they couldn’t have
B: Why didn’t you call me? I would have picked you up! gone very far.
7. A: We’re out of apples. 4. I couldn’t have helped you last weekend. I wasn’t in town.
B: Oh, I didn’t know. I would have bought some when I was at 5. I could have gone to the office, but I decided to stay home.
the store. I just wasn’t feeling well.
8. A: Whew! That was hard! 6. We couldn’t have played soccer today. We just didn’t have
B: Why didn’t you tell me? I would have helped you. time.
7. I didn’t know the restaurant was going to be crowded.
Activity 12: Using Will, Would, or Would Have
We could have eaten at home instead.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
8. The concert was fantastic. I could have listened to them
1. A: Sorry I’m late. I would have called you, but my phone
for another hour.
is dead.
9. I could have called Jon, but I didn’t think he’d want to
B: That’s OK.
come with us.
2. A: So what are you getting?
10. Thank you for all your help. I couldn’t have done this
B: I think I’ll have the garden salad.
without you.
3. A: This place is kind of expensive.
B: Don’t worry. I’ll pay for this. Write about it
4. A: Are you leaving already? Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
B: I’d stay, but I have a class in 15 minutes. I could have gone to the bookstore, but I didn’t have any money.
5. A: This place is fantastic. I could have gone to the party, but I didn’t have a ride.
B: Yeah, I didn’t know about it or I would have eaten
Activity 15: Present Possibility vs. Past Possibility
here before.
6. A: Could you excuse me for a moment? I’ll be right back. Present/future Past
B: Of course. possibility counterfactual
7. A: So what did you think of this place?
1. A fall from that height
B: It was great. I will absolutely come back again.
could result in a broken ✓
8. A: I think I’ll get dessert.
arm.
B: I’d like some pie, but I don’t have time.
2. He could have hurt
Think about it ✓
himself.
Would have was the best choice for conversations 1 and 5, which
are all past counterfactual. Would is the best choice for sentences 3. We could get a raise
✓
4 and 8, which are both present counterfactual. Sentences 2, 3, 6, this year.
and 7 all express intent, so will is the best choice. 4. The new policies could
have a good effect on our ✓
Activity 13: Using Can for Possibility
neighborhood.
Answers will vary in paragraph 2.
We all want to be healthy and to look good, and we all know that 5. They say it could rain. ✓
exercise and a healthy diet are essential. But specific advice about 6. He could have been a very
food and nutrition can be overwhelming at times. Research shows ✓
important man.
that high-fat foods like red meat can raise cholesterol, which leads
to heart disease. And refined carbohydrates, like white flour and 7. You really could have told
✓
white rice, can raise blood sugar levels. Many foods, like milk, nuts, me about this before.
eggs, and fish, can cause serious allergies. 8. She could take the day off
✓
In addition to these more serious problems, some people to relax.
think that foods like onions, garlic, and cabbage can give you bad
breath. Others believe that eating meat and refined carbohydrates Think about It
can lead to bad body odor. Tomatoes, citrus fruits, and chocolate 2. He didn’t hurt himself.
can make your stomach hurt. Coffee can keep you awake, but 6. He didn’t become a very important man.
dairy products and bananas can make you sleepy. If you drink 7. You didn’t tell me about this before.
soda and eat candy, you can damage your teeth. Write about It The meaning changes to indicate that these
Write about It things didn’t actually happen.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. A fall from that height could have resulted in a broken arm.
Drinking plenty of water can help relieve headaches. 3. We could have gotten a raise this year.
Drinking plenty of water can help prevent dehydration. 4. The new policies could have had a good effect on our
Eating a lot of vegetables can help your digestive system. neighborhood.
Eating a lot of vegetables can keep you healthy. 5. They say it could have rained.
Exercising every day can increase your energy level. 8. She could have taken the day off to relax.
Exercising every day can help you maintain a healthy weight. Activity 16: Error Correction
Activity 14: Using Counterfactual Could Have 1. I’m so tired that I could fall asleep right now.
1. We could have seen the movie last night, but we weren’t 2. It’s too bad he didn’t try a little harder yesterday. He could have
in the mood. won that race.
2. It was a beautiful day, so we could have taken a walk 3. My brother could have gotten a job anywhere after he
on the beach. graduated.

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 4. I would buy tickets, but I just can’t afford them. OR I would have Write about It
bought tickets, but I just couldn’t afford them. All of them could be rewritten using maybe.
5. There is a lot left to do. This job could take seven or eight
Activity 19: Writing about Degrees of Certainty
more days.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. The team could have gone to the finals this year, but Rodriguez
My school might raise tuition rates next year. They are building a
broke his leg.
new library, so they must need money.
7. The neighbors could move out later this year. (no errors)
The weather will be good tomorrow. That’s what the
8. In many areas around the world, earthquakes can cause
meteorologists are predicting.
major damage.
Technology will get better over the next few years. I’m looking
Activity 17: Identifying Degrees of Certainty forward to seeing the new cell phones!
1. A: Why haven’t they gotten here yet? My country should apply to host the Olympics. I think it would be
B: They may not know about the time change. nice to have the Games there.
B: They must not know about the time change. The situation with the environment should improve soon if
2. A: I wonder if he’s coming to the lecture. businesses follow the laws.
B: He’ll come.
Activity 20: Identifying Time Frames
B: He might come.
3. A: Do you think we’ll get a raise next year? Past Present Future
B: We could.
B: Oh, we’re going to get a raise. 1. We might see more extreme
✓
4. A: Does he have enough money? weather in the coming years.
B: He may. 2. The earth’s temperature
B: He should. may have risen too much to stop ✓
5. A: I don’t think I know her. the effects of climate change.
B: You must know her! You took a class together. 3. Past human activity
B: You might. You took a class together. must have helped change ✓
6. A: I think we should get Diana the chocolate cake. the climate.
B: She won’t like chocolate. Let’s get vanilla.
B: She might not like chocolate. Let’s get vanilla. 4. Natural weather cycles could also
✓
7. A: That’s Koji’s car. have contributed .
B: It couldn’t be Koji’s. His car is in the shop. 5. The Arctic ice should continue to
✓
B: It could be Koji’s. It looks just like it. melt at the same speed.
8. A: Why is he so tired? 6. New energy policies could affect
B: He shouldn’t be. He slept for ten hours. ✓
the speed of global warming.
B: He might not sleep well.
7. Although the earth is warmer,
Think about It the weather can be colder in ✓
1. present particular areas.
2. future
8. Climate may be difficult to predict,
3. future
so scientists have developed
4. present ✓
complicated models to help them
5. present
with predictions.
6. future
7. present Think about It
8. present Modals with have are likely to have a past time frame. Time
Activity 18: Expressing Degrees of Certainty expression such as in the coming years can identify future
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: time frames.
1. A: Why is the classroom empty? Activity 21: Degrees of Certainty with Modals
B: It’s almost 4. The class must be over already. 1. I can’t find my phone.
2. A: Why is everyone outside? It should be in your bag. I saw you put it there. h
B: There might have been a fire drill earlier. 2. My phone keeps freezing.
3. A: Why is the store closed? You might need to update the software. f
B: The owner may be sick. 3. Whose phone is this?
4. A: Why does Tara look so confused? It must be Tina’s. b
B: She could be working on her math homework. I hear 4. She never answered my text message.
it’s hard. She may not have gotten it. e
5. A: Why does the soup taste funny? 5. He’s not answering.
B: It could be you. I don’t taste anything funny. He might have turned off his ringer. a
6. A: Why isn’t there anything good on TV? 6. I forgot to call you!
B: The networks must be showing repeats. It’s OK. You couldn’t have anyway. I left my phone at home. d
7. A: Why is Arif reading so much? 7. My battery is almost dead.
B: He might be behind with his homework. You must have forgotten to charge it. c
8. A: Why is Sarah so pale? 8. I must have left her five messages!
B: She could be sick. She was coughing earlier, too. She may not check her voicemail. g

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 Think about It Activity 26: Giving and Requesting Advice
Modal refers to past time: a, c, d, and e 1. Advisor: You need to take Writing for Business and
Modal refers to present time: b, f, g, and h Economics 101.
Student: Which one should I take first?
Activity 23: Identifying Meanings of Could
2. Student: When should I apply for an internship?
1. I guess I didn’t study enough. I could have passed
Advisor: You really should do that in your junior year.
that test easily. E
3. Clerk: You should look at our accessories table.
2. They say it could snow tomorrow. A
Everything is on sale.
3. I don’t see the dictionary. Malai could have taken it
Customer: That’s OK. I’ll just take this.
to school. F
4. Customer: Where should I go to return an item?
4. He could lift a hundred pounds easily when he
Clerk: You can do that at the register.
was younger. D
5. Customer: Where should I return this item?
5. I’m not sure who ate the cookies. It could have been
CSA: I can help you with that.
my brother. F
6. Customer: What number should I call for technical service?
6. Don’t eat that. It could be spoiled. A
CSA: I’ll transfer you.
7. I could start working tomorrow. A
7. Customer: What documents should I bring?
8. She could have a lot of money in the bank, but I
Teller: You just need your ID and your account number.
doubt it. B
8. Teller: We’ll stop the check, but you should contact
9. In those days, you could travel many miles without seeing
the merchant.
a city. D
Customer: OK. I’ll do that.
10. She’s exhausted. She couldn’t have worked any harder
9. Customer: How often should I change the oil?
last night. G
Repairperson: Every three months.
11. She couldn’t have written that. That’s not even her
10. Repairperson: You shouldn’t put too much laundry
handwriting. G
in the dryer.
12. That looks like my sister, but it couldn’t be her. She doesn’t
Customer: I’ll keep that in mind.
even live in this town. C
13. We really got lucky. That accident could have a caused a lot of Write about It
problems. E Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
14. He couldn’t have any money left now. He spent a fortune 1. How many classes should I take this summer?
last night! C 2. Where should I look for men’s shoes?
3. Who should I ask about changing my account options?
Activity 24: Using Could/Could Have
4. What should I put in a deposit box?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. How long should the rinse cycle take?
1. A: I wonder why Marcos is so happy today.
B: He could have gotten some good news. Activity 27: Expressing Opinions with Should or Ought To
2. A: What should we do tomorrow? Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
B: We could go to the new museum. 1. Colleges ought to provide students with a general education
3. A: Who is that man? and teach them a variety of skills. They shouldn’t just focus on
B: He could be Maggie’s brother. career preparation.
4. A: Did you go home last weekend? 2. Parents shouldn’t spoil their children. They ought to teach
B: I could have gone home, but I didn’t. their children responsibility.
5. A: What were you good at when you were a kid? 3. The restaurant should make sure that its customer service is
B: I could play soccer really well. very good. It shouldn’t serve bad food.
6. A: Is that woman a doctor? 4. Teachers ought to vary the activities in class. They shouldn’t
B: She could be. I don’t know. give too much homework.
7. A: What happened to the computer? 5. People ought to do interesting things to meet new friends.
B: It could be broken. They shouldn’t expect new friends to just appear.
8. A: What was that noise? 6. People should sign up for social media sites to keep in touch
B: It could have been my cats. with old friends. They shouldn’t forget to say hello every once
in a while.
Activity 25: Error Correction
7. Cities should make sure that they are clean and crime-free.
1. They might have gone to the celebration last night, but I didn’t
They shouldn’t expect tourists to just show up.
see them there.
8. Airlines should put more space between the seats. They
2. He could go to work tomorrow. OR He could have gone to
shouldn’t try to fit as many people as possible inside
work today. He’s not very sick at all.
the plane.
3. I don’t know where your keys are. They might be in
9. People should do the things they enjoy. They shouldn’t
the kitchen.
seek out people who are mean to them.
4. It’s a good thing she raised so much money. Otherwise, she
10. People in their twenties should travel and learn about
could have lost the election.
the world. They shouldn’t be in a rush to settle down.
5. It’s 9 a.m. The store could be open, but I’m not sure.
6. This book is torn. The baby could have done it. He was looking Activity 28: Using Had Better
at it this morning. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
7. We saw someone who looked like you on Friday, but we knew 1. A: It looks like it’s going to rain.
it couldn’t be you. B: We’d better get inside.
8. They may not have had enough time to finish yesterday.

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 2. A: What did your father say? Activity 34: Using Could Have, Would Have, and Should Have
B: He said I’d better get a job soon. 1. Marcia should have come to dinner with us.
3. A: Tom’s boss is pretty mad at him right now. 2. She couldn’t have saved enough money.
B: Tom had better get his work done! 3. I would have gone with you.
4. A: Marta got sick at that restaurant. 4. You could have gone out for the team.
B: We’d better not go there, then! 5. They wouldn’t have been ready.
5. A: It looks like the store is going to close soon. 6. He shouldn’t have said that.
B: We’d better finish our shopping quickly. 7. She would have liked that.
6. A: That might be my boss calling. 8. You couldn’t have been surprised.
B: You’d better answer the phone. 9. He should have asked me.
7. A: The president of my bank was just caught in a big scandal. 10. She wouldn’t have done that.
B: You’d better change banks, then. 11. You could have texted me.
8. A: Uh-oh. I forgot about my sister’s birthday tomorrow. 12. Carlos would have done it.
B: You’d better go shopping before the stores close!
Write about It
Activity 29: Expressing Regret with Should(n’t) Have Answers will vary.
1. He shouldn’t have stayed up so late. He should have turned off
Activity 35: Using Must for Obligation in Writing
the TV earlier.
1. For this reaction to occur, temperatures must reach
2. She should have read the directions. She shouldn’t have turned
80 degrees. e
in the test without checking it first.
2. The potatoes must be dry before you put them in the oil. a
3. She should have worked on her application earlier. She
3. The government must not cut the sales tax on luxury items.
shouldn’t have planned to do the application so late.
We need the revenue, and the tax only affects people who
4. She should have made an effort to stay in touch. She shouldn’t
can afford it. b
have lost track of where her friend was.
4. Hundreds of students must retake the test this year. c
5. He should have accepted the job offer. He shouldn’t have
5. Students must not use university computers in
assumed that the company would do badly.
unlawful ways. d
6. She should have written down the address. She shouldn’t have
6. The human body must have a good supply of oxygen. e
assumed that she would remember it.
7. The administration must reconsider the campus parking rules. c
7. She should have waited to buy her TV. She shouldn’t have been
8. The mayor is terrible and must resign immediately. b
impatient.
9. The cream sauce must not boil or it will be ruined. a
8. He shouldn’t have left his laptop on the table. He should have
10. Undergraduates must pay their full tuition by October 15. d
checked his bag before he left.
Activity 36: Using Have To
Activity 30: Using Past and Present Advisability with Should
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. A: You forgot to buy bananas.
1. A: Did you have to work late last night?
B: Darn! I should have made a list before I went to the store.
B: Yeah, I did. Jason never showed up for his shift.
2. A: Are you going shopping?
2. A: Where’s Sun-Hee?
B: Yeah, in a few minutes. I should make a list first, though.
B: She left about an hour ago. She had to go to class.
3. A: I’m so glad we finally talked.
3. A: What is Carlos so happy about?
B: Me too. We should have done this earlier.
B: He doesn’t have to take the final exam tomorrow because
4. A: Ken didn’t look very happy this morning.
he has an A in the class.
B: I know. Maybe I shouldn’t have told him about the layoffs.
4. A: Does the manager have to work tonight?
5. A: You don’t look very well.
B: Yeah, he does. And he’s not happy about it!
B: I’m not. I shouldn’t have eaten that fish.
5. A: Thank you. That’s so nice! You didn’t have to get me
6. A: My interview is tomorrow. I’m so nervous!
a present.
B: You shouldn’t worry so much. You’ll do fine.
B: I know, but I wanted to.
7. A: Sounds as if you guys had a lot of fun.
6. A: I have to open the window. It’s so hot in here.
B: We did. You really should have come with us.
B: I wish you wouldn’t. It’s really cold outside.
8. A: We’re not going to get there on time.
7. A: I’m so glad I don’t have to take that medicine anymore.
B: I know, I know. We should have left earlier.
B: Oh, that’s good. It was making you sick, wasn’t it?
Activity 32: Identifying Uses of Should and Should Have 8. A: Emma has been going to the gym a lot lately.
1. You’re under a lot of stress. You should relax and take some B: She has to get in shape for the big game.
time for yourself. A
Think about It
2. I’m sorry we missed the beginning of the show. We should have
has got to: 6 and 8
come earlier. D
3. What have you been doing all day? You should be finished with Activity 38: Using Be Required To and Be Not Allowed To
your work by now! B Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. Try SuperMart. They should have the brand you’re looking for. 1. Teachers are not allowed to accept gifts from students.
They have a huge selection. C 2. Teachers are required to call a substitute for absences.
5. I’ve been saving all year. I should have more money 3. Chemists are not allowed to eat or drink in the work area.
than this! B 4. Public service workers are not allowed to shred many documents.
6. You should have seen the moon last night. It was beautiful. D 5. Government employees are not allowed to talk about work to
7. She should call her father. I think he’s lonely. A people outside the company.
8. Just wait here, please. He should be available in a couple of 6. Restaurant servers are required to wash their hands before
minutes. C returning to work.

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 7. Machine operators are not allowed to wear jewelry or 4. Every one of us should be willing to make these changes for
loose clothing. the good of the community.
8. Factory workers are required to wear protective clothing. 5. City officials must be able to enforce these rules.
6. In some instances, individuals might be allowed to apply for
Activity 39: Using Be Supposed To
an exemption from the water limitations.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
7. People who are growing fruits and vegetables could be
1. When I was younger, I was supposed to clean my room, but
permitted to use more water.
sometimes I didn’t.
8. If you have an exemption, you should not be required to
2. Recently, I was supposed to go to a meeting, but I didn’t
pay over-use fines.
because I was sick.
3. I am supposed to shower every day, but sometimes I don’t. Think about It
4. Tomorrow I am supposed to go to work. Answers will vary.
5. My brother was supposed to help me move, but he had
Write about It
to work at the last minute.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. My teacher is supposed to send me the homework, but
There will be a lot of road construction in the area this summer.
I haven’t seen it yet.
Cars will be permitted to use the roads only during the day.
7. My roommates were supposed to do the dishes, but they’re still
Trucks will not be allowed to use the roads at all.
in the sink.
Everyone must be willing to use different roads if possible.
8. The weather was supposed to be sunny, but it’s raining.
Construction workers will be able to work on the roads all night long.
Activity 40: Expressing Prohibition and Obligation
Activity 43: Using Combinations of Modals
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. You must try your best to succeed.
1. Our teacher may not be able to take a vacation soon.
2. Students are required to bring all materials to every class.
2. Students should be able to finish their homework on time.
3. You must not get discouraged if you fall behind.
3. I would be willing to take your shift at work.
4. You are not allowed to copy writing from the Internet.
4. I would never be willing to compromise on my morals.
5. You have to be considerate and polite to classmates.
5. Teenagers should sometimes be permitted to make important
6. You are supposed to make wise decisions about
decisions on their own.
how to spend your time.
6. University students must be allowed to choose their
7. You must believe in yourself.
own classes.
8. You are required to attend class regularly.
7. Any good friend would be willing to help a friend out.
Activity 41: Identifying Meanings of Must (Not), Have To, and 8. Pretty soon, people in this country will have to vote for
Have Got To a new president.
9. All companies should have to pay taxes.
Strong 10. Children shouldn’t be permitted to scream in restaurants.
Obligation
certainty 11. The government might have to compromise on some
1. “Do you hear those people important issues.
✓
screaming? That ride must be scary!” 12. Someday, people won’t be able to remember life before
2. “You must be over four feet tall to the telephone.
✓
go on this ride.” Activity 44: Using Modals for Certainty in the Present
3. “You ’ve got to try this roller coaster. 1. A: He’s been on the computer for quite a while.
✓
It’s really fun.” B: He might be writing an essay.
B: He might write an essay.
4. “They must employ thousands of
✓ 2. A: The meeting is going long.
people here. This place is huge.”
B: They must be arguing about the budget.
5. “You look exhausted. You B: They must argue about the budget.
✓
must have been here all day.” 3. A: That guy seems to really know what he’s doing.
6. “I’m not surprised they charge so B: He must be coming here a lot.
much. It has to cost a lot to maintain ✓ B: He must come here a lot.
this place.” 4. A: Mark looks really frustrated.
B: He must be having trouble with his assignment.
7. “We ’ll have to stand in that
B: He must have trouble with his assignment.
long line if we want to go on ✓
5. A: Someone said they’re going to close the store.
the new ride.”
B: They might have been talking about the one on Hill Street.
8. “This has got to be the most exciting B: They might have talked about the one on Hill Street.
✓
place in the world for little kids.” 6. A: Mina never wants to go to the games.
B: She may think sports are boring.
Activity 42: Using Combinations of Modals B: She may be thinking sports are boring.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 7. A: What was she doing at the park?
1. In the near future, citizens may be required to pay fines if they B: I’m not sure. She might have been playing soccer.
use too much water. B: I’m not sure. She might have played soccer.
2. Homeowners will not be allowed to water their lawns or wash 8. A: How did she finish the game so quickly?
their cars. B: She must be playing a lot.
3. Each member of the household will be permitted to take one B: She must play a lot.
shower every day.

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 Write about It 3. A: Poor Julia worked nine hours last night and now she’s
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: even sicker.
1. A: He’s been on the computer for quite a while. B: I’m not surprised. She shouldn’t have been working.
B: He might be playing a game. 4. A: Paul caught Misha reading his email last night.
2. A: The meeting is going long. B: That’s terrible! He shouldn’t have read someone else’s email.
B: They must be discussing the budget. 5. A: Ana started looking for a summer job last week. She hasn’t
3. A: That guy seems to really know what he’s doing. found anything yet.
B: He must practice a lot. B: Why did she start so late? She should have been looking for
4. A: Mark looks really frustrated. the last month.
B: He must be working on a difficult project. 6. A: Yuri got rear-ended yesterday. He was texting and didn’t
5. A: Someone said they’re going to close the store. notice the light had changed.
B: They might be closing it next week. B: Well, he shouldn’t have been texting in the car.
6. A: Mina never wants to go to the games. A: True, but the other driver should have been paying attention.
B: She may not like to watch sports. 7. A: Hassan called at the last minute to cancel.
7. A: What was she doing at the park? B: I know. He should have called us yesterday.
B: I’m not sure. She might have been playing with her children. 8. A: Mary threw the book to me and knocked over my cup of coffee.
8. A: How did she finish the game so quickly? B: She shouldn’t have thrown the book.
B: She must be a good player.
Activity 48: Using Adverbs of Certainty
Activity 45: Using Modals for Certainty in the Past 1. This is possibly the best fish stew I’ve ever had.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 2. The chef obviously trained in France.
1. A: I lost my keys. 3. These strawberries have clearly just been picked.
B: You must have left them in the car. 4. This is definitely one of the best restaurants in town.
2. A: Sara’s eyes are all puffy and red. 5. They are evidently offering some new dishes this week.
B: Yeah, I noticed. She must have been crying before class. 6. Soon they will possibly start serving lunch as well as dinner.
3. A: All the lights are off. 7. This place probably gets excellent reviews from everyone.
B: They might have closed early. 8. I will most likely come back very soon.
4. A: I saw Tony at the lake on Saturday.
Activity 49: Placing Adverbs of Certainty in a Sentence
B: He might have been fishing.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. A: Do you think this chicken is still good?
1. Some people clearly spend too much time online, but most
B: I wouldn’t eat it. It must have been sitting there for hours.
people don’t.
6. A: Why did she buy that ugly sweater?
2. Social media definitely do more good than harm, but everyone
B: I don’t know. She must have gotten it as a gift.
should be careful.
7. A: Why didn’t they hear me knocking?
3. Television is clearly better today than it was in the past.
B: They might have been listening to music.
4. There are evidently skills we can learn from video games, but I
8. A: Why isn’t there any cereal in the cabinet?
don’t play them, so I don’t know what they are.
B: David must have eaten it.
5. In the future, it will probably be important for everyone to have
Activity 46: Expressing Opinions with Should a smartphone, but not now.
Answers will vary. 6. Thirteen years old is probably about the right time to get
1. Our government officials should be hiring people to build a child a smartphone.
roads and bridges. 7. People should obviously have to pay for online newspaper
2. They should be lowering taxes so people have more money subscriptions.
to spend. 8. It’s evidently not a good thing to get new technology the
3. They should be spending money on education so that same day it comes out.
young people can find better jobs.
Activity 50: Using Adverbs and Prepositional Phrases of Certainty
4. They should be cutting unemployment benefits so people
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
are motivated to work.
1. In a way, the past year has certainly been an interesting one,
5. They should be offering tax incentives to companies to
with a new job and a new home.
encourage growth.
2. The people in my classes are clearly excited to learn.
6. They should be providing low-interest loans to people with
3. The world will obviously change very soon.
good business ideas.
4. The new year should definitely be exciting.
7. They should be eliminating many government programs
5. In some respects, teaching and learning are very similar.
to save money.
6. In a sense, my friends are all very different from each other.
8. They should be asking people to spend instead of save.
7. Tomorrow, I probably should sleep in.
Write about It 8. Next week, I’m most likely to spend a lot of time on homework.
Answers will vary. 9. In a way, I really like reality television.
10. In some respects, 2012 was the best year for music since the
Activity 47: Using Should to Express Opinions about the Past
start of the new century.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. A: Mark lost some money yesterday. It fell out of his pocket. Activity 51: Using Softening Strategies to Make Suggestions
B: Well, he should have put it in his wallet. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
2. A: Sue spent all morning ordering stuff online instead of 1. “I don’t have time to exercise.”
working. Ed caught her and now he’s furious. Maybe you could start walking to school.
B: What does she expect? She should have been working.

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 2. “I can’t stop eating chocolate.” 5. A: Can I help you with that project? It looks like a big one.
Maybe you shouldn’t keep chocolate in your house. B: Sure. I would love the help!
3. “I always oversleep in the morning.” 6. A: Would you mind taking on this additional project?
You could put your alarm clock on the other side of the room. B: Not at all.
4. “I’m really shy.” 7. A: Could I see this in a bigger size?
You might want to practice conversations alone first. B: Of course. What size are you looking for?
5. “I have trouble getting organized.” 8. A: Could I try this on?
You could ask a friend to help you. B: Of course. The fitting room is right this way.
6. “I’m always late to class.” 9. A: Would you like to pay for this with a credit card?
You may want to set an alarm so that you are on time. B: Yes, please.
7. “I can’t decide what to major in.” 10. A: Would you like to see a different style?
Maybe you should try many different courses to see what B: Please. Do you have something with a different color?
you like. 11. A: Would you mind if I looked at the garden?
8. “I can’t find a job.” B: Not at all. It’s out that door.
You could always look on the Internet. 12. A: Can I help you with anything in the kitchen?
9. “I have a friend who is constantly calling and texting me.” B: No, but thank you for offering.
You might as well turn your phone off when you’re really busy. 13. A: Would you mind putting your coat in the bedroom?
10. “I want to ask for a raise, but I’m nervous.” B: Not at all. Where is it?
You may want to practice with a friend before you approach
Activity 54: Identifying Hedges with Could and Might
your boss.
1. The two birds look extremely similar. We could conclude that
11. “This class is really hard for me.”
they are closely related. h
Maybe you should ask the teacher to help you.
2. This is the author’s most well-known novel. One could say that
12. “I can barely afford to pay my rent these days.”
it’s also his most important work. a
You could always get a second job.
3. She rarely left the house and avoided all contact with strangers.
Activity 52: Using Negative Questions to Make Suggestions One might assume that she was deeply depressed during
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: this period. b
1. “I don’t have time to exercise.” 4. The mice began to solve the maze more quickly. We might
Couldn’t you walk to school in the morning? assume that the new diet was increasing their intelligence. c
2. “I can’t stop eating chocolate.” 5. Six months after the shopping center was built, stores along
Shouldn’t you stop buying chocolate? Main Street began to close. This might suggest that customers
3. “I always oversleep in the morning.” feel little loyalty to local business owners. g
Can’t you put your alarm clock on the other side of the room? 6. The company’s closure affected the lives of hundreds of people.
4. “I’m really shy.” One could say it is the worst disaster this city has ever faced. d
Couldn’t you meet people in small groups instead 7. Every year, more students are passing the entrance
of large ones? examination. We might conclude that secondary schools are
5. “I have trouble getting organized.” doing a better job of preparing them. f
Can’t you ask a friend to help you get organized? 8. The two documents have a similar writing style and use much
6. “I’m always late to class.” of the same vocabulary. This might suggest that they were
Couldn’t you set an alarm to get you to class on time? written by the same person. e
7. “I can’t decide what to major in.”
Write about It
Couldn’t you take several different classes to see what
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
interests you the most?
Gas prices have risen in the last two years. We could conclude that
8. “I can’t find a job.”
it has become more expensive to convert oil into gas.
Couldn’t you look on the Internet?
More and more businesses have moved into this area recently.
9. “I have a friend who is constantly calling and texting me.”
One might assume that the changes in the tax laws have helped
Can’t you ask your friend to stop?
the local economy.
10. “I want to ask for a raise, but I’m nervous.”
The number of students applying to the university goes up every
Couldn’t you practice with a friend before you talk to your boss?
year. This might suggest that there are higher populations of
11. “This class is really hard for me.”
university students each year.
Shouldn’t you get a tutor?
12. “I can barely afford to pay my rent these days.” Activity 55: Hedging with May
Couldn’t you get a second job? 1. They may have difficulty sleeping at night.
2. They may gain weight and become unhealthy.
Activity 53: Using Modals for Requests, Offers, and Permission
3. They may improve their grace and posture.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. They may have difficulty meeting new people.
1. A: Could I get fresh fruit instead of potatoes?
5. They may not be able to find a new one.
B: Yes, of course.
6. They may get healthier and more fit.
2. A: Could I have a new table? This one is too close to
7. They may not be able to keep former friendships.
the air conditioning.
8. They may have trouble being away from home.
B: Of course. Come with me.
3. A: Could I clean up that spill for you? Activity 56: Hedging with Would
B: Yes, thank you. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. A: Would you mind if I took the day off tomorrow? 1. I would suggest that we need to put cameras in the classrooms.
B: No problem. Just make sure you fill out the paperwork. 2. I would argue that the college should build a new dormitory.

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 3. I would suggest that students come up with a list of foods they
want to see in the dining hall.
4. I would assume that many students will begin to order their
books online.
5. I would say that the college can make an effort to make
registration less confusing.
6. I would argue that students need to come up with suggestions
for activities.
7. I would assume that the college will upgrade the classrooms
when it can.
8. I would say that this is very frustrating for students who have to
register late.
Write about It
Answers will vary.
Activity 57: Hedging with Should
1. The patient’s quick recovery should demonstrate the usefulness
of the procedure.
2. Our research should show the negative effect of the oil spill
on wildlife.
3. This treatment should make the patient much more
comfortable.
4. The new software should solve most of the problems we have
been experiencing.
5. The presentation should help students understand the
material.
6. The team should finish the first research by early next year.
7. The new fertilizer should add nutrients to the soil.
8. Our profits should increase over the next year.
Write about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. Our research should show that businesses should follow
environmental laws.
2. Internet television should make televisions obsolete.
3. My friend should finish the marathon in about four hours.

Wrap-Up
A
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
A: I’m going on vacation. I’ll be gone for two weeks, and I’ll be
staying at three different hotels. How should I get from one
hotel to another?
B: What time of year are you going?
A: I’ll be going this summer.
C: You should take public transportation. The subway is easy to
use, and it’s faster than a taxi.
A: But is it crowded?
B: Not if you avoid rush hour.

B
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Her child must have left the toy on the floor. He shouldn’t have
left it where she could step on it. She should put ice on her ankle.
She might tell her child to put the toy away.

C
Answers will vary.

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 Unit 4
Warm-Up Think about It
The sentences in 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 are passive because the
A subjects are the receivers of the action.
1. The first open-heart surgery was attempted in 1952. Activity 2: Noticing Passive Forms
2. The first airplane was flown by the Wright brothers in 1903. 1. Paper is still being wasted. Print jobs are piled at the printer for
3. The camera was invented in 1839. days and weeks. If you don’t need it, don’t print it!
4. Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was discovered by accident 2. The conference rooms are often left in a mess. Please put used
in 1928. paper in the recycling bin.
5. The first nuclear power plant was built in 1954. 3. Last week some confidential materials were found in the copier
6. The first motion pictures were shown to a paying audience room. Please keep all confidential materials with you.
in 1895. 4. Paper towels are being thrown on the floor in restrooms. Please
7. Lasers had been developed by about 1960. throw them in the garbage.
8. A cure for cancer will probably be found in the future. 5. Lengthy conversations are being held in office cubicles, to the
dismay of nearby people. Move to a conference room.
B
6. Some strange things have been found in the recycling bins.
True False Please remember that the remains of your lunch are not
recyclable.
1. A passive verb form has a form of the
✓ 7. The same dirty dishes have been left in the kitchen sink for the
verb be.
past four days. Will the owner please wash them?
2. In a sentence with a passive verb form, 8. Lights aren’t being turned off in empty offices. Please turn off
✓
the subject causes the action. all lights when you leave a room.
3. A sentence with a passive verb form
✓ Simple Simple past Present Present
always has by + a noun phrase.
present passive progressive perfect
C passive passive passive
was achieved am / is / are + was / were + am / is / are + have / has +
past participle past participle being + past been + past
Activity 1: Performer or Receiver of the Action?
of verb of verb participle of participle of
(P) verb verb
1. Many people think that William Shakespeare was the greatest
writer in the English language. are piled were found is being have been
(P) are left wasted found
2. Nobody knows Shakespeare’s actual birthday, but scholars are being have been left
think he was born on April 23, 1564. thrown
(P) are being
3. As far as we know, Shakespeare never went beyond grammar held
school. aren’t being
(P) turned off
4. Shakespeare and his wife had three children: Susanna and
twins Judith and Hamnet. Think about It
(P) The writer used the passive to focus on the problems and not the
5. Although Shakespeare’s son Hamnet died at age 11, agents, and to avoid placing blame on anybody.
(P)
his name lives on. Activity 3: Forming Simple Present Passive Sentences
(R) 1. Every year, about 70 million tons of fish and other sea animals
6. The name Hamnet was sometimes written as Hamlet, the are caught in the oceans.
title of one of Shakespeare’s greatest plays. 2. Nuclear energy is produced when atoms of a nuclear fuel,
(R) such as uranium, are split apart.
7. “Shakespeare” was spelled 80 different ways, including
3. There is enough food in the world for everybody. The problem
“Shaxpere” and “Shaxberd.”
is getting it where it is needed.
(R) 4. More than half of the world’s languages are spoken by less
8. Shakespeare’s work has been translated into many languages.
than 1 percent of the population.
(R) 5. When land is surrounded by water on three sides, it is called
9. His plays are read in at least 80 languages.
a peninsula.
(R)
10. Shakespeare is thought to be the author of 39 plays. 6. Modern bridges are built with materials that can expand and
(R) contract as the temperature changes.
About half of them were printed before his death. 7. When air is heated, it expands and takes up more space.
(R) 8. One large body of water covers about 71 percent of the earth.
11. Some of Shakespeare’s most famous works were not It is divided by scientists into four oceans: the Pacific,
published until after his death. the Atlantic, the Indian, and the Arctic.

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 9. A tide is the movement of water toward and away from land. 6. It was designed as a tomb to protect
Ocean tides are caused mostly by the pull of the moon’s ✓
a king’s body.
gravity on the earth’s water.
10. Reykjavik, Iceland, is located in a cold northern climate. 7. In 1909, it was almost torn down. ✓
Buildings in this city are heated by the hot-water springs 8. It was covered with limestone. ✓
in the ground below.
11. Ice covers about 10 percent of the earth’s land surface. 9. It is repainted every seven years. ✓
Nearly all of it is found in Greenland and Antarctica. 10. It has been identified as a World
12. About 80 percent of microwaves from mobile phones ✓
Heritage Site.
are absorbed by your head.
13. Trees aren’t needed just for wood. They do many other 11. In ancient times, it was considered
important things such as releasing oxygen for us to breathe. one of the Seven Wonders of the ✓
14. A battery uses special chemicals to make electricity. When the World.
chemicals are used up, the battery stops working. 12. The first floor is being completely
✓
15. Three of Switzerland’s official languages are German, redesigned.
French, and Italian. All national laws are published in these
three languages. Think about It
The same verb form as the original sentence, only in the passive,
Activity 4: Using Simple Past Passive Verb Forms was used in the new sentence.
1. The first pulley was probably invented in ancient Greece.
Pulleys were first employed to help construct buildings. Activity 7: Pronouncing Passive Sentences
2. Toothbrushes were probably first used in Egypt and Babylonia
Number of Number
about 3500 BCE.
syllables in of stressed
3. The first books were printed in China and Korea about 700 CE.
the sentence syllables
4. The first English newspaper was published in 1621, but it wasn’t
until 1643 that the first newspaper with pictures was printed. 1. a. John finished it. 4 2
5. The first photograph of land from above was taken from a b. It was finished by John. 6 2
balloon over a village in France in 1858. 2. a. A switch turns on the light. 6 3
6. The first record player was called a phonograph, and it played b. The lights are turned on by 8 3
cylinders instead of discs. a switch.
7. The first gasoline was produced about 1864, but it wasn’t until
3. a. Toni Morrison wrote the 11 5
the automobile was invented in 1885 that gasoline became
novel Sula.
really useful.
b. The novel Sula was written 14 5
8. Wristwatches were introduced about 1890, but for many years
by Toni Morrison.
they were only worn by women.
9. The first contact lenses were developed by a Swiss doctor. 4. a. The workers are cleaning the 10 4
They were thick and not very comfortable. streets today.
10. The first plastic was called “Parkesine” because it was invented b. The streets are being cleaned 12 4
by a scientist named Alexander Parkes. by the workers today.
11. The first World Cup was held in 1930, and Uruguay was 5. a. The storm destroyed 6 3
chosen to host it. the house.
12. In 1797, André-Jacques Garnerin made the first parachute b. The house was destroyed 8 3
jump ever. He was dropped from a balloon at about 6,500 feet by the storm.
above Paris.
6. a. A friend introduced them. 6 2
13. The world’s first skyscraper was completed in Chicago in 1885.
b. They were introduced by 8 2
This ten-story building was supported inside and outside by
a friend.
a metal frame.
14. The first photograph was taken in 1826 by a French scientist. 7. a. Their employer is organizing 12 3
It’s a picture of the view from an upstairs window of his house. a conference.
b. A conference is being 14 3
Activity 5: Using Different Forms of the Passive organized by their employer.
Pyramid Eiffel 8. a. The committee has recently 13 4
of Giza Tower honored Dr. Bell.
1. Today, it is recognized as a symbol b. Dr. Bell has recently been 15 4
✓ honored by the committee.
of France.
2. More than 2.3 million stone blocks 9. a. One of his students made 10 3
✓ the furniture.
were used to build it.
b. The furniture was made by 12 3
3. It was completed more than 4,500 one of his students.
✓
years ago.
10. a. Scientists have discovered 13 4
4. It was built for a world’s fair. ✓ other stars with planets.
5. It was opened in 1889. ✓ b. Other stars with planets 15 4
have been discovered by
scientists.

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 Think about It 2. My arm was broken during a soccer game.
Speakers say the extra words—helping verbs and by—quickly and 3. I can’t believe the children were left at home alone.
don’t put any stress on them. 4. The keys haven’t been returned.
5. The car seat is all wet because the window was left open.
Activity 8: Error Correction
6. The door was left open and the dog got out.
1. This picture was painted about 100 years ago, but it still looks
7. The front door wasn’t locked this morning.
very modern.
8. All the files were accidentally deleted.
2. My father was left the country after the war ended, and he
9. The bill wasn’t paid on time.
didn’t go back until he was in his 60s.
10. The room wasn’t cleaned up after the meeting.
3. All of the work was finished before noon, but we were told to
stay anyway. Think about It
4. This photo was taken by my parents in 1990. You can see my Blaming someone: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9
sister next to the car and my brother with a soccer ball. Avoiding responsibility: 7, 10
5. My grandfather was very important to me when I was a child.
Activity 11: Identifying the Agent
He was the only person who were helped me.
1. Much of the city was destroyed by a fire. c
6. When my father was a young man, he was asked to set up
2. A swimmer was hurt by a shark. d
a school in my city. This school has become one of the best
3. In the 1800s, the city was surrounded by a park. a
schools in the area.
4. The movie has been ignored by the critics. e
7. My sister is admired by many of her friends because she has
5. The house is heated by the sun. h
appeared on national TV several times.
6. The winning team was met by a crowd of cheering fans. b
8. After the storm, our house was surrounded by water. We
7. The music was written by a ten-year-old girl. g
weren’t able to get into town for over a week, and even then
8. The man in the park was attacked by a dog. f
we had to walk.
9. My parents were always willing to give me advice, but they are Think about It
encouraged me to make my own decisions. The agent is new, unique, or unexpected: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
The agent is nonhuman: 1, 2, 8
Activity 9: Using the Passive
1. The Aztec emperor Montezuma drank hot chocolate Activity 12: Transitive or Intransitive Verb?
every day. The hot chocolate was made with chili peppers 1. Naomi Shihab Nye grew up in St. Louis, Missouri, and
and dyed red. a, b Jerusalem and now lives in San Antonio, Texas. A graduate of
2. Hot chocolate was valued very highly by the Aztecs; in fact, Trinity University, Nye has published nearly two dozen books
cocoa beans were used in place of money. c including Come with Me: Poems for a Journey, Fuel, and Habibi.
3. In some Central American villages back then, no one under the Daughter of a Palestinian father and an American mother, she
age of 60 was allowed to drink hot chocolate. a, b has edited six prize-winning collections of poetry for young
4. Over the years, tea has been served as part of different readers. She has worked as a visiting writer in schools for
ceremonies. a, b, c 37 years.
5. When tea was introduced in the American colonies, many 2. Julia Alvarez was born in New York City but spent part of
people served the tea leaves with sugar and threw away her childhood in the Dominican Republic before returning
the water. a, b to the United States, and her Spanish-speaking heritage
6. Tea was so expensive in seventeenth-century Europe that it has influenced her literary work in English. She has published
was kept in locked boxes. a, b, c novels, poetry, and books for young readers. Alvarez received
7. The beans of one entire coffee tree are required for a single a BA degree from Middlebury College in Vermont and master’s
pound of ground coffee. a, b degrees from Syracuse University and the University of Illinois.
8. The amount of coffee you can safely drink has not been She has held teaching positions at the University of Vermont
determined yet. a, b and George Washington University. She currently has a position
9. Today, coffee is grown commercially in more than as writer-in-residence at Middlebury College.
50 countries. a, b
Transitive verb (needs/has Intransitive verb (doesn’t
Think about It an object) need/have an object)
Simple present Simple past Present perfect has published grew up
passive passive passive has edited lives
spent has worked
are required was made has been served
has influenced was born
is grown were used has not been
has published
was allowed determined
received
was introduced
has held
was kept
has
The simple present passive is used when making a general
statement. The simple past passive is used when talking about Write about It
completed actions in the past. The present perfect passive is used Answers will vary.
when talking about something that happened in the past but is
still true now. Activity 14: Identifying Transitive Verbs
(L) (T)
Activity 10: Using the Passive 1. When Einstein was 5 years old, his father showed him a simple
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: (T)
compass. This sparked his interest in science.
1. I think the window was broken on purpose.

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 (T) (L) This book didn’t exist two years ago.
2. A physics journal published his articles when he was just We went to the baseball game after dinner last night.
26 years old. Strong storms happen every summer in Florida.
(L) Earthquakes occur every day, but we rarely feel them.
3. He became a citizen of Switzerland in 1901 and a citizen of
The baby smiled for the first time last week.
the U.S. in 1940.
The boy stared at me for a long time.
(T) (I)
4. Einstein often had a pipe in his mouth. Wherever he went, She waited for him for a long time, but he never came.
(T) Think about It
a trail of smoke followed him.
(T) Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize in 1921. I was allowed to drive my parents’ car.
(T) New flowers have been brought to us by the warmer weather.
6. Einstein spent the last 22 years of his life at Princeton The movie was described as boring and too long by the critic.
University in the U.S. His book was found after several hours looking for it.
(I) Several places were included in my friend’s travel itinerary.
7. He died in 1955.
Three cars were involved in the accident.
(I)
8. The artist Pablo Picasso grew up in Spain. Four people were pulled from the water by the rescuers.
(T) Several nice things were said about his colleague.
9. He completed his first painting at the age of 9.
Activity 16: Transitive or Intransitive Meaning?
(T)
10. His father sent him to the Royal Academy of San Fernando in 1. The children opened the door. a
Madrid to study art. 2. The door opened in front of us. b
(L) (L) 3. She spoke at our annual meeting. b
11. He was very smart but he wasn’t a very good student. 4. He speaks English and Spanish. a
(L) 5. She always speaks clearly. c
12. Picasso’s paintings were unconventional. 6. The movie starts at 9:00. b
(T) 7. I started that book a month ago. a
13. His unconventional painting style annoyed his father.
(T) 8. I usually walk to work. b
14. Picasso’s paintings influenced the direction of modern art. 9. I need someone to walk my dog tomorrow. a
10. We leave for Brazil next week. b
Write about It 11. I think I left the door open. a
1. When Einstein was 5 years old, a simple compass was shown 12. Did I hurt you? a
to him by his father. His interest in science was sparked. 13. My neck hurts. b
2. His articles were published by a physics journal when he was 14. Bananas are selling for a dollar a pound. b
just 26 years old. 15. The neighbors finally sold their car. a
4. Wherever he went, he was followed by a trail of smoke.
5. The Nobel Prize was won by Einstein in 1921. Think about It
6. The last 22 years of his life were spent at Princeton University 1. The door was opened by the children.
in the U.S. 9. I need the dog to be walked tomorrow.
9. His first painting was completed at the age of 9. 11. I think the door was left open.
10. He was sent to the Royal Academy of San Fernando in Madrid 12. Were you hurt?
to study art. 15. The neighbors’ car was finally sold.
13. His father was annoyed by his unconventional painting style.
Activity 17: Using Verbs with Two Objects
14. The direction of modern art was influenced by Picasso’s
1. The employees aren’t paid a fair salary.
paintings.
A fair salary isn’t paid to the employees.
Activity 15: Distinguishing Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2. Health insurance isn’t offered to employees at my company.
Transitive verbs: allow, bring, describe, find, include, involve, Employees aren’t offered health insurance at my company.
mean, pull, say 3. People aren’t given proper training at this company.
Sample sentences: Proper training isn’t given at this company.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 4. The workers haven’t always been told the truth.
My parents allowed me to drive their car. The truth hasn’t always been told to the workers.
The warmer weather has brought us new flowers. 5. Overtime has never been paid to employees.
The critic described the movie as boring and too long. Employees have never been paid overtime.
He found his book after several hours looking for it. 6. Employees weren’t given a bonus last year.
My friend included several places in his travel itinerary. A bonus wasn’t given to employees last year.
The accident involved three cars. 7. The president was given a huge raise.
My family means a lot to me. A huge raise was given to the president.
The rescuers pulled four people from the water. 8. A lot of things are promised to the employees.
People said several nice things about his colleague. The employees are promised a lot of things.
Intransitive verbs: come, die, exist, go, happen, occur, smile,
Activity 18: Error Correction
stare, wait
1. My father is the person who raised me.
Sample sentences:
2. In this photograph all of my relatives appear at home.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
3. It was a very bad accident and two people were died.
They came late to the game, so they missed his great shot.
4. A strange thing happened to me yesterday.
The dog died when it was hit by a car.
5. How were you injured?

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 6. What was appeared on the screen when you turned on Activity 20: Using the Passive with Modals
your computer? 1. ENGL 242 English Grammar and Conversation I
7. When did the accident occur? Does anyone know? This course is intended to help foreign students in acquiring
8. The money was meant to be payment for my work. (no errors) fluency in spoken English. All four language skills (listening,
9. After the war started, my brothers were ran away to speaking, reading, and writing) will be practiced.
the countryside. 2. ENGL 243 English Grammar and Conversation II
10. All my photographs, school assignments, and telephone This course is a continuation of ENGL 242. It should be taken
numbers are saved on my computer. prior to ENGL 256. Some students whose assessment scores
qualify them for ENGL 256 may be advised to take this course
Activity 19: Active or Passive?
as a companion course.
(P)
1. This sport can be played indoors or outdoors, but it 3. ENGL 245 Advanced Conversation
(P) (P) Students discuss current events in English. Pronunciation,
has to be played on a hard surface. Each team is made up of vocabulary development, and group discussion skills are
five players. b. basketball stressed. This course may be taken concurrently with other
(A) English courses.
2. Players of this sport wear a protective jacket, or hogu. This 4. ENGL 256 Grammar and Composition
(P) (A) This intermediate course in English grammar and composition
jacket is able to be fitted with sensors that signal hits to the
is designed to help students acquire a greater facility in written
body. c. tae kwon do
English. This course is for the student who is pursuing a college
(P)
3. Jumps and turns have to be performed perfectly to win at this career. It can be taken with ENGL 243 or 245.
(A) (A) Think about It
sport. You definitely aren’t supposed to fall down—you lose
points for that. c. figure skating Passive forms might be common in course descriptions because
(P) these statements are general statements that apply to all
4. In this sport, athletes are supposed to be judged on their students, so the agent is students in general, and the agent is not
(P) important.
takeoff, flight, and entry. The score is then multiplied by
a degree of difficulty factor. a. diving Activity 21: Using the Passive with Can, Can’t, Could, and Couldn’t
(P) Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. Women were allowed to participate in the Olympics for 1. These questions couldn’t be answered.
(A) 2. This place couldn’t be described.
the first time in 1900, but they could only play these two 3. Her absence can’t be excused.
sports. a. golf and lawn tennis 4. The problem could be solved.
(P) 5. The results could be measured.
6. In this sport, gloves must be worn, and a punch
6. War can be prevented.
(P)
must be landed with the white part of the glove. a. boxing 7. Sometimes delays can’t be avoided.
(P) 8. The consequences couldn’t be predicted.
7. In this sport, a serve must be made from below the waist, 9. His goal can be achieved.
with the racket head below the hand and with both feet 10. These walls can be moved.
on the ground. a. badminton
(P) Write about It
8. This sport has been played at every Olympic Games though Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
(A) 1. The smell couldn’t be described.
the rules have changed over the years. Today penalties 2. His tardiness can’t be excused.
(P) 3. Some accidents can be prevented.
can be awarded for deflecting hits with the hand or refusing
to salute one’s opponent. b. fencing Activity 22: Using the Passive to Identify Common Beliefs
(P) 1. Tobacco was once considered to be a cure for a toothache. a
9. This sport can be played on a soft or hard surface. Players
2. Carrots were once thought to improve your vision. i
(A)
are supposed to hit the ball back and forth over a net without 3. The planet Venus was once believed to be covered with oil. d
letting it touch the ground. Any part of the body above the 4. Television was once thought to be the death of the movie
(P) industry. c
waist may be used to hit the ball, but the ball 5. Earth was once believed to be the center of the solar system. f
(P) 6. Bathing was once considered to be bad for your health. h
isn’t allowed to be held. c. volleyball 7. Thinking was once understood to take place in the heart. g
10. In this sport, 85 percent of the bat or racket 8. Centuries ago, a child was said to be a small adult. e
(P) 9. Your personality was once thought to be related to your
is supposed to be made of wood. The other 15 percent blood type. b
(P)
can be made of other materials. b. table tennis Think about It
It makes sense because these statements are about general
Write about It beliefs, so the agent is people in general, and the agent is not
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: important.
In this sport, routines are performed on various pieces of
equipment by each athlete. Deductions can be made if the Write about It
athlete falls off the equipment or stops in the middle of a routine. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
The athletes are supposed to show strength and flexibility in their 1. Earth was once believed to be flat.
routines. gymnastics 2. Mars was thought to have a network of canals.

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 3. Liquid mercury was once considered a remedy for various 5. A: Why are you so worried about money?
illnesses. B: Because I don’t have any.
A: That’s a good answer.
Activity 23: Using It + Passive Form + That Clause
6. A: Do you want to go with us to the lecture?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
B: Thanks, but no thanks. I’m really not interested.
1. It is said that more than 20,000 different plants are used for
7. A: It’s getting late. Are you dressed?
health purposes.
B: I’m just putting on my shoes.
2. For a long time, it was believed that the evil “influence” of the
A: OK. I’ll wait for you downstairs.
stars caused influenza, or the flu.
8. A: How did your speech go?
3. In sixteenth-century England, it was thought that the color red
B: It was all right. At least the audience seemed satisfied.
helped sick people get well.
9. A: Did you hear? Carlos and Sarah are getting married.
4. It has been reported that some dogs are able to smell
B: I’m not surprised. They’ve been talking about it for months.
skin cancer.
10. A: Are you going to the conference next spring?
5. It is believed that doctors prescribe antibiotics too frequently.
B: I hadn’t thought about it. Where is it being held?
6. It is estimated that one in two Americans will get cancer.
A: In London.
7. It is thought that cancer is the most frightening disease.
11. A: I heard there was an accident last night.
8. It is expected that researchers will find a cure for AIDS.
B: Yeah, a car went through a red light and hit another car.
Think about It A: Was anyone hurt?
The passive is used because the agent is not important or is B: Luckily, no.
very general.
Think about It
Activity 24: Passive Verb Form or Be + Adjective? The passive is used in conversations 2, 10, and 11.

Be + Activity 26: Choosing the Correct Preposition

Passive True/false answers will vary.
adjective
1. I am very interested in politics.
1. Rudolf Nureyev, the famous dancer,
✓ 2. I am concerned about the state of the world.
was born in a train in 1938.
3. I am engaged to a wonderful person.
2. From an early age, Nureyev was 4. I have never been involved in a car accident.
✓
interested in music and ballet. 5. I am known for my generosity.
3. When he was 17, he was accepted at a 6. I am opposed to gun control.
✓ 7. I am pleased with my progress at school this year.
famous ballet school in Leningrad.
8. I am worried about the environment.
4. His instructor, Alexander Pushkin, was
✓ 9. I am dressed in casual clothes today.
renowned in the world of ballet.
10. I am satisfied with the amount of money I have.
5. Pushkin’s students were not scolded 11. I have never been annoyed with anyone.
✓
when they made mistakes. 12. My parents were never disappointed with my schoolwork.
6. In 1958, at the age of 20, Nureyev was 13. My bedroom is filled with books.
✓ 14. My shoes are made of leather.
asked to join the Kirov Ballet.
15. I am bored with the news about climate change.
7. For the most part, his colleagues at
16. I am excited about my plans for this coming weekend.
the Kirov Ballet were unimpressed ✓
with his dancing. Write about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
8. Nureyev’s early style was unrefined. ✓
1. Today I’m dressed in my best clothes.
9. In early films of Nureyev, his shoulders 2. I’m interested in chess.
are hunched and his landings are ✓ 3. I’m satisfied with my life so far.
heavy.
Activity 27: Listening for Get Passives
10. Nureyev was dedicated to ballet and 1. A: Did you hear about the accident?
he worked hard to become one of the ✓ B: Yeah, it was on the news.
best dancers in the world. A: Did anyone get hurt?
B: I don’t think so.
Think about It
2. A: Why don’t you stay home today?
Answers will vary.
B: Are you kidding? I could get fired.
Activity 25: Listening for Past Participles 3. A: Why are you driving so slowly?
1. A: What’s the matter? You look bored. B: Because I’ve already gotten stopped by the police
B: I am. There’s nothing to do. once today.
2. A: What happened to this chair? It’s all wet. 4. A: Why are you celebrating?
B: Yeah, it was left outside in the rain last night. B: Because Toshi just got promoted.
3. A: Look. You’ve made your sister cry. You should be ashamed! A: Really? That’s great.
B: Sorry, Mom. 5. A: What’s that smell?
4. A: I hear your brother didn’t get that job. B: I think it’s the trash. It didn’t get taken out yesterday.
B: Yeah. They gave it to someone with more experience. 6. A: What are you looking for?
A: He must have been very disappointed. B: My dark blue shirt.
B: Yeah, he was. A: Look in the closet. It just got washed.

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 7. A: Do you know if the lights got turned off? a. Doctors consider unsaturated fats better for you.
B: Yeah, I’m pretty sure they did. ✓ b. Unsaturated fats are considered better for you.
8. A: How did you break the window? 10. The first U.S. flag had 13 white stars.
B: I didn’t do it. Why do I get blamed for everything? ✓ a. A new star has been added for every new state.
9. A: I wonder why we haven’t received those books yet. b. The government has added a new star for every new state.
It’s been three weeks. 11. The president is the head of the executive branch of the
B: Maybe they got sent to the wrong address. government.
10. A: Can I borrow some money? ✓ a. He or she is elected by the entire country.
B: Again? I thought you just got paid. b. The entire country elects the president.
A: I did but I had some bills to pay. 12. There are nine justices, or judges, on the U.S. Supreme Court.
11. A: Are you going to vote tomorrow? a. The president nominates them and the Senate
B: Yes, but I’m not sure why. No one I vote for gets elected. approves them.
12. A: Don’t forget to wash the car today. ✓ b. They are nominated by the president and approved
B: I’m not sure I can do it today. Is tomorrow OK? by the Senate.
A: As long as it gets done this week, I’m happy. 13. In this study, French researchers looked at more than
7,000 men and women.
Activity 28: Using Get Passives
✓ a. They recorded information on their education, income,
1. Did you ever get punished as a child?
and tobacco use, among other factors.
2. Did you ever get yelled at by an adult?
b. Information on their education, income, and tobacco
3. Did you ever get caught cheating on a test?
use, among other factors, was recorded.
4. Did you ever get treated unfairly by someone?
14. Michelle Kwan became famous when she was quite young.
5. Did you ever get hit by someone?
✓ a. She was asked to represent the U.S. as a skater when she
6. Did you ever get elected to something?
was just 13 years old.
7. Did you ever get sent home from school?
b. The U.S. Olympic team asked her to represent the U.S. as
8. Did you ever get blamed for something you didn’t do?
a skater when she was just 13 years old.
Activity 29: Using the Passive to Connect Sentences 15. In this study, researchers tested students both outdoors in
1. Several people complained about the new schedule. natural settings and inside buildings.
✓ a. The first complaint was made by a member of ✓ a. The students were found to have more energy after
the school committee. spending time in nature.
b. A member of the school committee made b. Spending time in nature increased the students’
the first complaint. energy level.
2. This year’s graduation celebration cost $6,549. 16. Although he worked as an engineer in the U.S. for 20 years,
a. The parents of the graduates raised this money. Gilberto Cetina never forgot the food of his native country.
✓ b. This money was raised entirely by the parents of a. Eleven years ago, a restaurant was opened by Gilberto
the graduates. and his son.
3. Frederick Tyler designed the new furniture for the ✓ b. Eleven years ago, he and his son opened a restaurant.
town library.
Activity 30: Identifying Reasons for Using the Passive
a. One of his students made it.
Marmaduke Hussey, the former chairman of the BBC and
✓ b. It was made by one of his students.
managing director of Times Newspapers, has died at the age of 83.
4. Football has a long history in Europe.
Hussey, who lost a leg in in World War II, was educated (2)
a. In fourteenth-century England, authorities banned the
at Trinity College, Oxford. He was trained (2) as a journalist and
sport for being too violent.
worked as chief executive and managing director of Times
✓ b. In fourteenth-century England, it was banned for being
Newspapers, owner of the Times of London, from 1971 to 1980.
too violent.
“He will be remembered (3) for his great vision, his integrity
5. A typical grocery store in 1928 stocked about 870 items.
and his forthrightness, but also for his great personal kindness,’’
✓ a. Today’s supermarkets carry up to 30,000 items.
BBC Director General Mark Thompson said in an e-mailed
b. Today up to 30,000 items are carried.
statement today. “His contribution to public life was immense,”
6. For many years, bicycle racers wore leather helmets. Then, in
he said.
the mid-1980s, they started wearing helmets made of strong,
Hussey was appointed (2) chairman of the BBC in 1986 thanks
dense materials.
in part to his connections to the then ruling Conservative Party
a. Engineers designed them to protect the racers’ heads if
under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher. During his time as
they fell.
BBC chairman, he sacked Alasdair Milne as director general in
✓ b. They were designed to protect the racers’ heads if
1987 after a series of rows with the government over the BBC’s
they fell.
independence.
7. Pollution causes poor air quality.
Hussey was made (2) a life peer in 1996, following his
✓ a. It can be bad for your health.
retirement from the BBC. He was married to Lady Susan
b. Your health can be affected by it.
Waldegrave, a lady in waiting to Queen Elizabeth II and
8. Antibiotics are important tools in the fight against illness,
godmother to Prince William, who is next in line to the throne
but some bacteria change.
after Prince Charles.
a. Therefore, we need new medicines to kill them.
✓ b. Therefore, new medicines are needed to kill them. Activity 31: Analyzing Passive Forms in Academic Writing
9. There are two types of fats: saturated and unsaturated. It has recently been shown that stereotypes can have negative,
Saturated fats, such as butter and coconut oil, are solid at long-lasting effects on the people who experience them. A new
room temperature. Unsaturated fats, such as olive oil and study has found that people who experience negative stereotypes
corn oil, are liquid at room temperature. and insults in one situation may continue to experience the

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 effects of those insults in a later, unrelated situation. “Past Wrap-Up
studies have shown that people perform poorly in situations
where they feel they are being stereotyped,” said lead researcher A
Michael Inzlicht of the University of Toronto in Canada. “What we Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
wanted to do was look at what happens afterwards.” Inzlicht’s
The giant female panda cub at the Smithsonian National Zoo has
study asked if there are any lasting effects of prejudice and if
been given a name—Bao Bao. The name was selected after it
being stereotyped has an impact after the moment when the
received more than 123,000 votes online from the public.
stereotyping occurs.
Panda mother Mei Xiang (may-SHONG) has been caring for
The researchers divided female participants into two groups.
her cub since Bao Bao was born on August 23. Bao Bao will be
The women were asked to take a test that would determine their
shown for short periods of time beginning early next year.
math abilities. One group of women was exposed to negative
The public was asked to vote for one of five names for the
stereotypes about women and their math abilities. After the
new cub. The others were Ling Hua (ling-HWA), Long Yun (long-
test began, the researchers made negative statements about
YOON), Mulan (moo-LAHN), and Zhen Bao (jen-BAO). The names
women in order to make them feel more stress. In contrast,
were submitted by the Chinese ambassador.
another group of women was given the same test, but they were
offered strategies to deal with the stress of taking the exam. The B
researchers were very supportive with this group. After the math Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
test ended, both groups of women were given ice cream samples The first stapler was used in France in the eighteen century. But
and were asked to describe the flavors. Next, they were asked to the first modern stapler, similar to the ones we use today, was not
play a video game that allowed them to shoot other players with invented until around 1870.
a loud noise for as long as they wanted.
The women who were discriminated against performed more C
poorly on the math test. They also ate more ice cream than the Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
women in the supported group, and they showed more hostility Country:
and aggression when they played the video game than the other Cambodia
group. These effects were particularly noticeable for the women
who experienced negative stereotypes during the math test. What language is spoken? Khmer
In the end, the study results show that stereotypes have What percentage of the land is 30.9%
negative effects, even for individuals who leave the environments used for agriculture?
where they experienced the stereotyping. These effects can be What is grown or produced there? rice, rubber, clothing
long-lasting. When people are affected by negative stereotyping,
they are more likely to be aggressive and show a lack of self- What natural resources are oil, gas, timber, fish
control. After they’ve faced prejudice, they have trouble making found there?
good decisions, and they are more likely to make unhealthy
food choices and over-eat. Researchers hope the study will D
make people more aware of these effects of stereotyping. They Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
hope this will help people to better manage their emotions and The clocks were taken out of the room. The room has been
thoughts when they are faced with stereotypes so that they can cleaned up. There’s a different chair in the room.
show more self-control in later situations.
QUESTIONS
1. Ten
2. One
3. Yes. For example: The researchers divided female participants
into two groups. The women were asked to take a test that
would determine their math abilities.
4. happens, occurs, began, were, ended, be, are
Activity 32: Using a Series of Verbs
1. The letter was written and sent before the due date.
2. Stone can be carved, chipped, and smoothed.
3. Penicillin was created and used to fight infection.
4. Ice reduces the swelling around an insect bite and eases
the itching.
5. Their children were raised and educated in London.
6. The house was designed and built in the 1860s.
7. Scientists have already established that good-looking people
are paid better and viewed as smarter and more likeable.
8. The book was written in 1968 and revised in 1982.

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 Unit 5
Warm-Up Think about It
Describes a verb: generally, officially, usually, westward,
A gradually, often
1. It’s a medium-sized place near my apartment. For very little Describes an adjective: extremely, fully, almost, very
money, you can get a sandwich and a bowl of soup. f Describes the writer’s attitude about the information in
2. There was nothing I could do to calm my fear. I squeezed the the sentence: remarkably
armrest of my seat until my knuckles were white. I drank some Connects two sentences: however
bottled water to settle my stomach. I tried to read a book and Activity 2: Categorizing Adverbials
listen to music. No luck. Finally, I started talking to an elderly The scariest experience I can remember was an airplane
woman across from me. d (3)
3. He had problems with his GPS, and then he had to stop to flight I took many years ago. I was at my university and
change a flat tire. He traveled very slowly—only 10 miles in (3)
five hours—and along the way his camera got destroyed. e decided to spend the holidays with my father. I was studying
4. It has fairly new tires and only 2,400 miles on the odometer. a (3) (3)
in Los Angeles, and he lived in a small city near Phoenix,
B (3) (1)
Arizona. My trip was divided into two flights. First, I flew
True False (3) (3) (1)
from Los Angeles to Phoenix. Then I had to change planes to
1. Adverbials are always single words. ✓ (5)
fly to the smaller city. The first flight was on a large jet and was
2. A prepositional phrase can be an
✓ (1) (6) (1)
adverbial. very smooth. By the time I landed in Phoenix, however, it was
3. Some adverbials begin with a to- (3)
✓ snowing. I walked to my connecting flight, and imagine my
infinitive.
(1)
4. Adverbials add different kinds of surprise to discover that the plane was small—it probably sat
✓
information to a sentence.
ten people.
5. Adverbials are common in writing. ✓ (3) (3)
We took off in the middle of a snowstorm. From the first
C (3) (2) (2)
adverbials: before work, in the dictionary moment, the plane shook back and forth, up and down. There
(5)
Activity 1: Noticing How Adverbs Add Information was nothing I could do to calm my fear. I squeezed the armrest
(6)
1. Hurricanes are storms with extremely strong winds. of my seat until my knuckles were white. I drank some bottled
(5)
2. In the Indian Ocean, these storms generally are called water to settle my stomach. I tried to read a book and listen
cyclones. (1)
to music. No luck. Finally, I started talking to an elderly woman
(3)
3. A storm officially becomes a hurricane when winds reach across from me. She didn’t seem bothered by the turbulence
above 75 miles an hour. (2) (4) (1)
at all. She revealed that, many years ago, she had also attended
4. Hurricanes usually start in the North Atlantic and (3)
my university. In fact, she had been its first female graduate! I
move westward. (1)
was so absorbed with her story that I calmed down. Thankfully,
5. They move at about 10 miles an hour in the beginning and (6)
the flight was short! When we landed, I was relieved to be on the
gradually gain speed.
ground and I thanked my new friend.
6. A fully mature hurricane is almost circular. Think about It
Show the writer’s feelings: finally, thankfully
7. In the center, or eye, the sky often looks blue. Connect two sentences: first, then, however, in fact
8. Remarkably, the air is very calm in the eye of the hurricane. Activity 3: Adverbial or Adjectival?

Adverbial Adjectival
9. The Atlantic hurricane season starts on June 1 and ends on
1. a. The temperature in there
✓
November 30. However, most hurricanes form between August was unbearable.
b. Don’t go in there until it
✓
15 and October 15 . cools off.

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 3. prepositional phrase
2. a. Don’t you feel well? ✓
4. noun phrase
b. I don’t think I did well
✓ 5. prepositional phrase
on the test.
6. prepositional phrase
3. a. Lots of people use their cell 7. adverb
✓
phones at the grocery store. 8. noun phrase
b. People at the grocery store 9. adverb
are always talking on ✓ 10. noun phrase
their cell phones. 11. prepositional phrase
4. a. I hope this test isn’t going to 12. adverb
✓ 13. prepositional phrase
be hard.
b. I was breathing hard after 14. prepositional phrase
✓
running for so long. Write about It
5. a. On Sundays we usually Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
✓
eat early. Hi class,
b. We usually have an early This is a reminder about the Spanish club meeting Tuesday
✓
dinner on Sundays. afternoon. This month, we will be going to a Spanish restaurant
6. a. There isn’t anything on the for tapas. We will be meeting at 5:30 in the main lounge of the
✓ student building, then walking to the bus stop. Our bus leaves
table.
b. The things on the table at 6. Don’t be late!
✓
are yours. Activity 5: Explaining When, How Long, and How Often
7. a. Travelers without a guide can’t Students will identify the form of each adverbial in the
✓
visit this area. Think about It activity.
b. You can’t travel there without 1. How many times a day does the human eye blink? b (NP)
✓
a guide. 2. How long do the Olympic Games last? h (PP)
8. a. There are many opportunities 3. How often does a presidential election take place in the
for work and education in a ✓ United States? g (NP)
large city. 4. How long does it take to drive across the U.S.? a (NP)
b. Apartments in a large city are 5. How long does it take to become a medical doctor? e (NP)
✓ 6. When did the first modern Olympic Games take place? c (PP)
usually quite expensive.
7. How often do strong earthquakes happen worldwide? i (NP)
9. a. On the radio, you can hear 8. How often do small earthquakes occur? j (NP)
many different kinds of ✓ 9. How long does it take the earth to go around
programs. the sun? d (NP)
b. I can’t hear the music on 10. How often does the earth stop moving? f (A)
✓
the radio.
Write about It
Write about It Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. How many times a day does the human eye blink? About
Have you been working hard recently? 17,000 times a day.
Is the test going to be hard? 2. How long do the Olympic Games last? Usually between
Is your book on your desk? 12 and 17 days.
Is the phone on your desk working? 3. How often does a presidential election take place in the
What sports do you do well? United States? Once every 4 years.
Do you feel well today? 4. How long does it take to drive across the U.S.? Between four
and five days.
Activity 4: Explaining When, How Often, Where, and How Far
5. How long does it take to become a medical doctor?
1. when
About 11 years.
2. when
6. When did the first modern Olympic Games take place?
3. where
[difficult to answer differently]
4. how often
7. How often do strong earthquakes happen worldwide?
5. where
Generally once a month.
6. when
8. How often do small earthquakes occur? Hundreds of times
7. when
each day.
8. how often
9. How long does it take the earth to go around the sun?
9. when
One year.
10. how far
10. How often does the earth stop moving? [difficult to
11. when
answer differently]
12. how often
13. when Write about It
14. when Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
How often do you eat out?
Think about It
How long does it take to get from your home to school?
1. noun phrase
When are you going to work tomorrow?
2. prepositional phrase

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 When did you start studying English? Activity 8: Explaining Why
How long have you lived in your current home? Students will circle the adverbials in the Think about It activity.
1. The earth’s polar regions have begun to change drastically
Activity 6: Explaining How
as a result of global warming.
1. The only planet that rolls on its side like a ball is Uranus.
2. Many schools have banned cell phones from classrooms
2. It can take the body over 50 hours to digest food completely.
because of the distractions they cause.
3. A rabbit can see on both sides of itself without moving
3. The government began an investigation of the car after two
its head.
people died in accidents because of a possible problem with
4. The left side of your body is controlled by the right side of
the brakes.
your brain.
4. Human life expectancy has increased steadily , mainly because
5. Eating well can improve your ability to remember things.
of advances in medicine.
6. The average cough comes out of the mouth at 60 miles
5. Taking a nap after the midday meal used to be a common
(96.5 km) per hour.
practice in many countries . Unfortunately , this practice is
7. It’s almost impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.
now less common due to the demands of the workplace.
8. When you don’t get enough sleep, your brain can’t function
6. Giraffes vary in color from light brown to almost black . The
at full capacity.
difference is due in part to the animal’s diet.
9. A moderately severe sunburn damages the blood vessels
7. As a result of the growth of cities, housing has become
extensively.
more expensive.
10. A candle flame typically burns at about 1000° C.
8. In the future , many ski resorts may be unable to operate
11. In nearly every language, the word for mother begins
due to the lack of snow.
with an m sound.
9. In the U.S. , it’s against the law to discriminate against
12. Women can identify smells more easily than men.
someone on account of age.
Write about It 10. The tennis match was stopped at 7 p.m. on account of
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: darkness.
1. The only planet that rolls on its side like a wheel is Uranus. 11. As a result of the weak economy, businesses are hiring
2. It can take the body over 50 hours to digest food totally. fewer people.
3. A rabbit can see on both sides of itself without turning 12. Because of quickly changing job markets, education is
its head. an ongoing, lifelong process.
4. The left side of your body is controlled with the right side of
Write about It
your brain.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. Eating properly can improve your ability to remember things.
Because of the demand for tickets to the game, the prices have
6. The average cough comes out of the mouth very quickly.
increased.
7. It’s almost impossible to sneeze without closing your eyes.
On account of the weather today, the race has been canceled.
8. When you don’t get enough sleep, your brain can’t function
As a result of the sickness that has been going around, local
very efficiently.
doctors are asking people to remember to wash their hands
9. A moderately severe sunburn damages the blood vessels
regularly.
greatly.
10. A candle flame typically burns very hot. Activity 9: Identifying To- Infinitives of Purpose
11. [difficult to use a different adverbial] Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
12. Women can identify smells easier than men. 1. Practice your speech several times to hear how it will sound to
the audience. d
Activity 7: Explaining When, Where, and How
2. Just before your speech, do some breathing exercises to help
1. when
yourself relax. f
2. how
3. Use pictures and diagrams to communicate difficult
3. when
information. a
4. when
4. Keep your eyes on your audience to watch for signs of
5. when
confusion or boredom. e
6. when
5. Use facial expressions and gestures to emphasize your
7. how
main points. g
8. where
6. Use your voice like a musical instrument to keep the sounds
Write about It interesting. c
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 7. Increase and decrease the volume of your voice to help
Dear Sir or Madam: communicate your message. b
I would like to call your attention to a problem I am having. Last 8. Ask questions to involve your audience. j
night, I went with my family to your restaurant. Even though we 9. Start your speech with something interesting to get the
had a reservation, we had to wait for two hours to get a table. audience’s attention. h
We arrived ten minutes before our reservation time, and the staff 10. Include some personal stories to add fun to your speech. i
saw our reservation in the book. I am concerned because I have
Think about It
a reservation at your restaurant for next Wednesday, March 12
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
at 12:30. We’re having a special lunch for my boss, and we can’t
1. Practice your speech several times to find out how much time
be out of the office for two hours. Please confirm that we have a
it will take.
reservation by Monday, March 10. My phone number is 555-0111.
2. Just before your speech, do some breathing exercises to make
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
sure you are calm.
3. Use pictures and diagrams to explain difficult information.

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 4. Keep your eyes on your audience to see if people are losing Think about It
interest. Describe an adjective/adverb: very, slightly, a little bit,
5. Use facial expressions and gestures to make your presentation considerably, much, extremely, totally
more interesting. Describe a verb: greatly, completely
6. Use your voice like a musical instrument to sound more The adverbials describing adjectives and adverbs come before
interesting to your audience. them. The adverbials describing verbs come after (6) or in the
7. Increase and decrease the volume of your voice to make sure middle (7) of them.
people understand the important information.
Activity 14: Using Degree Adverbials
8. Ask questions to make sure your audience understands you.
Answers will vary in the second sentences.
9. Start your speech with something interesting to make your
1. The public transportation system here is fairly reliable.
audience want to hear more.
The public transportation system here is somewhat reliable.
10. Include some personal stories to make your presentation
2. The subway stations are extremely clean.
interesting.
The subway stations are very clean.
Write about It 3. The streets are pretty clean.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: The streets are quite clean.
1. When you invite someone over for dinner, plan the menu in 4. It gets quite cold here in the winter.
advance. It gets extremely cold here in the winter.
2. Choose foods you have cooked before to make sure you know 5. The buses here are never on time, but the subways are
how to make them. extremely reliable.
3. Review the recipes to make a list of things you need to buy at The buses here are never on time, but the subways are
the store. very reliable.
4. Cook some foods in advance to make sure you have plenty of 6. I stayed in a very lively part of town.
time to get ready. I stayed in a rather lively part of town.
5. Ask your friends about their likes and dislikes to be sure 7. It’s quite beautiful here in the summertime.
everyone can eat what you’re serving. It’s absolutely beautiful here in the summertime.
8. The mountains in the distance are incredibly beautiful.
Activity 11: Using Adverbials to Explain Why
The mountains in the distance are very beautiful.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
9. Although the city is rather quiet during the week, the streets
1. Classes were canceled because of the terrible weather.
get pretty crowded on the weekend.
2. Fewer people can travel nowadays because of the high price
Although the city is fairly quiet during the week, the streets
of gasoline.
get quite crowded on the weekend.
3. A cell phone can last for many hours on account of the
10. Because of the bitterly cold weather in winter, people spend
rechargeable battery.
a lot of time indoors.
4. A lot of people take naps here in the summer due to the heat.
Because of the extremely cold weather in winter, people
5. I wasn’t successful in learning Chinese as a result of my lack of
spend a lot of time indoors.
self-discipline.
6. Due to the increased efficiency of farms, people here have Write about It
plenty of food. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
7. California is the top producer of food in the U.S. because of 1. The flowers in the springtime are very pretty.
its great climate. 2. The restaurants in Dallas are rather good.
8. Some scientists say we are having more storms due to 3. The public transportation system is rather limited.
warmer weather.
Activity 15: Noticing Focusing Adverbials
9. I would like to visit Poland someday on account of my
1. A: Do you ever get homesick?
ancestors living there.
B: Sure—especially on holidays.
10. On account of their shared experiences, brothers and sisters
2. A: Where’s Amanda?
get to know each other well.
B: She’s already gone.
11. Due to the small size of these scissors, you can carry them
A: You’re kidding! She didn’t even say goodbye.
in your pocket.
B: I think she was in a hurry.
Activity 12: Choosing Degree Adverbials 3. A: Did you tell James about the meeting?
1. From the moon, the earth looks very smooth, like a ball. B: Yeah, but he didn’t seem particularly interested.
2. China covers an area slightly larger than that of the U.S. 4. A: Do you want something for breakfast?
3. The Nile River is a little bit longer than the Amazon River. B: No, thanks. I only eat breakfast on weekends.
4. Mount Everest is considerably higher than Mount Fuji. 5. A: Want to go to a movie tonight?
5. Brazil is much bigger than Venezuela. B: Can’t we just stay home?
6. Annual rainfall varies greatly around the world. A: Sure. That’s fine with me.
7. An island is completely surrounded by water. 6. A: Have you heard anything about our new boss?
8. It’s extremely cold in Antarctica. In some places the average B: Not a word. I don’t even know her name.
temperature is –58 degrees Celsius. 7. A: Wow! That was a big bird.
9. The population of Mexico City is significantly larger than B: Really? I didn’t even see it.
the population of Paris. 8. A: Don’t you need a rest?
10. Although the sun doesn’t rise on parts of Greenland for B: No, why?
three whole months, it is never totally dark there. A: Because you’re always doing something.
I get tired just watching you.

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 9. A: What did you think of the movie? 4. A: Do you still want to look at my photos?
B: It was pretty good. I particularly liked the ending. B: Oh, yeah. Sure. Of course.
10. A: Want to try some of my macaroni and cheese? 5. A: I’m going to Matt’s house tonight. Maybe you’ll come?
B: Thanks, but no thanks. I’m not especially fond of cheese. B: No, not tonight.
6. A: How well do you know Rob?
Activity 17: Choosing the Correct Meaning
B: Pretty well.
1. Excuse me for interrupting. I just wanted to ask a quick
A: What’s he like?
question. 3
B: Well, he’s usually good-natured and funny. Of course, he
2. This room is just a mess. 4
can be a little moody at times.
3. No one came to the meeting. It was just me and
7. Clearly, it’s both advantageous and enjoyable to have a
20 empty chairs. 3
brother or sister, especially if you are close in age.
4. It was really cold there just like you said it would be. 1
8. Some people prefer vigorous exercise, such as running. Others
5. John is fine. I just talked to him. 2
prefer less strenuous activities, such as walking. Of course,
6. I brought something just for you. 3
more strenuous activities burn more calories.
7. After she was kicked out of school, she just disappeared. 4
9. I am especially concerned about the spread of consumer
8. I’m just not interested in poetry. 4
culture in the twenty-first century. There are certainly
9. He cut his leg just above the ankle. 1
many other important problems in the world today, but
10. Chicago is just north of here. 1
consumerism is one of the least noticed.
11. We did it just for fun. 3
10. Students should be encouraged to learn a second and
12. I’m not really hungry—I just had lunch. 2
possibly even a third foreign language.
Write about It 11. Slang and other informal spoken language obviously has no
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: place in school reports.
1. The building is just on the other side of that hill. 12. Without a doubt, recreation is essential to a healthy life.
2. I just washed the floor. 13. The smartphone has changed the way people communicate,
3. Are you just going to do your math homework, or are you and it will surely see many innovations in the future.
going to do the rest of it, too?
Think about It
4. Just do as I asked you to, please.
Commas appear after stance adverbials when they appear at the
Activity 18: Using Stance Adverbials to Give an Opinion or beginning of a sentence.
Evaluation
Write about It
1. Luckily, in my case, I have managed, by writing, to do the
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
one thing that I always wanted to do.
7. Undoubtedly, it’s both advantageous and enjoyable to have a
2. Sadly, it’s much easier to create a desert than a forest.
brother or sister, especially if you are close in age.
3. Fortunately, it doesn’t seem to have made a lot of difference
8. Some people prefer vigorous exercise, such as running. Others
to my audience that I’m as bald as a billiard ball!
prefer less strenuous activities, such as walking. Clearly, more
4. To my surprise, my 70s are nicer than my 60s and my 60s than
strenuous activities burn more calories.
my 50s, and I wouldn’t wish my teens and 20s on my enemies.
9. I am especially concerned about the spread of consumer
5. Dad taught me everything I know. Unfortunately, he didn’t
culture in the twenty-first century. There are definitely
teach me everything he knows.
many other important problems in the world today, but
6. Thankfully, I have my mom and a small group of close friends
consumerism is one of the least noticed.
who are there for me 24/7 and whom I can trust and depend on.
10. Students should be encouraged to learn a second and
7. I would’ve loved to have been in a band, but sadly I just
perhaps even a third foreign language.
wasn’t good enough.
11. Slang and other informal spoken language clearly has no
8. I’ve broken my nose, I’ve broken ribs. You name it. In fact, we
place in school reports.
just got back from South America, and I fell over a monitor
12. Of course, recreation is essential to a healthy life.
speaker on the stage and almost ended up in the front row of
13. The smartphone has changed the way people communicate,
the audience. I managed to sprain my wrist on that one but
and it will obviously see many innovations in the future.
luckily nothing was broken.
9. Winning is a habit. Unfortunately, so is losing. Activity 20: Identifying Other Stance Adverbials
10. I think maybe ten years from now, I’m hopefully going to 1. A: I can’t believe you wrote this.
be, in like, Tahiti or something. Kicking back like in my huge B: But I did, really.
mansion, if everything goes right, it’s all up to me. 2. A: Will you still be here in an hour?
11. I love having a big family. I think it’s easier, oddly, in some B: Actually, I won’t. I’m leaving in a few minutes and I won’t be
ways, having three children as opposed to one. back until this evening.
12. A sense of freedom is something that, happily, comes with 3. A: Is that your money over there?
age and life experience. B: I don’t honestly know. It might be.
4. A: Did you like my speech?
Activity 19: Using Stance Adverbials to Show Certainty or Doubt
B: Yeah, it was great. Seriously, I’m kind of jealous. I wish I
1. A: How was your plane trip?
could speak in public like that.
B: Scary. Next time I’ll definitely go by train.
5. A: Hey, Sam. Do you have a few minutes? I have some
2. A: Have you eaten at the new restaurant?
questions.
B: Yeah, and I’d definitely go again.
B: Yeah, I need to talk to you, too. In fact, I’ve been trying to
3. A: Are you going to the meeting tomorrow?
get in touch with you all week.
B: Probably. What about you?
6. A: That was a good movie, don’t you think?
A: I don’t know yet.
B: To tell you the truth, I thought it was really strange.

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 7. Technically speaking, your brain has the capacity to store 5. An environmentalist is defined as someone who is interested
everything you experience. in preserving the environment; to me, however, simply being
8. Your brain processes pain signals but it doesn’t actually interested is not enough. 3
feel pain. An environmentalist is defined as someone who is interested
9. It may seem impossible to come up with a single definition of in preserving the environment. However, to me, simply being
psychology, but actually we can: psychology is the scientific interested is not enough.
study of mental processes and behavior. 6. The tropical deserts are the hottest places on earth; however,
10. Many people change careers at some point. In fact, many nights can be very cold there. 2
people have several careers in their lifetime. The tropical deserts are the hottest places on earth; nights,
11. Humans are social animals. We aren’t supposed to live alone. however, can be very cold there.
Relationships stimulate our brains—in fact, socializing with 7. There isn’t much food for animals in Antarctica. Therefore,
others is a great form of brain exercise. most animals live in or near the sea. 1
12. The Romans invented indoor plumbing using lead pipes. In There isn’t much food for animals in Antarctica; most animals,
fact, the word plumbing comes from the Roman word for lead, therefore, live in or near the sea.
plumbum. 8. The acting in this movie was terrible and the plot was entirely
predictable; I wouldn’t, therefore, recommend this movie to
Write about It
most people. 3
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
The acting in this movie was terrible and the plot was entirely
I really want to go with you to the park tomorrow.
predictable. Therefore, I wouldn’t recommend this movie to
Actually, I’m not sure if I’ll be able to.
most people.
I honestly don’t know if my parents will let me go.
Seriously, I will ask them. Activity 23: Using Linking Adverbials to Signal a Result
In fact, I’ll ask as soon as I get home from school today. 1. Foldable scissors are very small; consequently, they fit easily
To tell you the truth, I think they’ll ask about my grade on in a purse or pocket.
yesterday’s test. 2. I practiced the piano several hours a day. Therefore, I made
Technically speaking, I’m not allowed to go out if I get progress quickly.
a bad grade. 3. For me, a good job is one where I can help others become
smarter. Thus, I can think of nothing better than being
Activity 21: Using Stance Adverbials
a teacher.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. Centuries ago, children were considered to be small adults.
1. Not surprisingly, your skin is thickest on the bottom of
As a result, very little was done to help address the special
your feet.
emotional needs of young children.
2. Obviously, mothers who work outside the home have
5. Much of the surface of Mars is covered by reddish rocks and
less time to spend with their children.
sand. As a result, people often call Mars the red planet.
3. To tell you the truth, I think you are making a big mistake.
6. Living in another country gave me the opportunity to meet
4. Honestly, I didn’t break it.
new people and to learn about another culture. As a result,
5. Honestly, I don’t know how long I will be here.
I now love to travel to foreign countries.
6. Luckily, she didn’t break her leg.
7. The number of overweight children is increasing. As a result,
7. Undoubtedly, you will do well on the exam.
schools are serving less junk food.
8. Obviously, you aren’t happy here.
8. In psychology, the term behavior refers to almost any activity.
9. Seriously, I don’t want you to go.
Thus, the blink of an eye is an example of a behavior.
10. Thankfully, I didn’t have to go.
11. Maybe they will get here in time. Activity 24: Result or Contrast?
1. The tallest tree in the world today is a redwood tree. In the
Activity 22: Connecting Sentences in Different Ways
nineteenth century, however, much taller eucalyptus trees
1. The island of Greenland belongs to Denmark. However, if it
existed.
were a separate country, it would be the thirteenth largest
2. Japan is a popular tourist spot for many Koreans. As a result,
country in the world. 1
bookstores in Korea carry a lot of travel books for Japan.
The island of Greenland belongs to Denmark; however, if it
3. Both humans and giraffes have seven neck vertebrae. For
were a separate country, it would be the thirteenth largest
giraffes, however, each one can be more than 10 inches
country in the world.
(25.4 centimeters) long.
2. China covers an area only slightly larger than that of the
4. I’ve never thought of him as being sad. On the contrary, he
U.S; the population of China, however, is nearly five times
seems happy and full of life.
greater. 3
5. Something always went wrong on our family vacations. One
China covers an area only slightly larger than that of the U.S.
year, everyone got sick. Another year, it rained the whole time.
However, the population of China is nearly five times greater.
Nevertheless, now we look back on these incidents and laugh.
3. The gravity of the moon is one-sixth that of Earth; on the
6. My sister got into all the schools she applied to. I, on the other
moon, therefore, you would weigh one-sixth of what you
hand, didn’t get into any of them.
weigh on Earth. 3
7. Spanish and Italian male colleagues may embrace when they
The gravity of the moon is one-sixth that of Earth; therefore,
greet each other. In contrast, the Japanese usually bow.
on the moon you would weigh one-sixth of what you weigh
8. The western calendar is based on the length of the seasonal
on Earth.
year. The lunar calendar, in contrast, is based on the cycle of
4. We use linking adverbials to connect ideas in writing.
the moon.
However, it’s important not to overuse them. 1
9. When I first moved to Canada, I was very homesick. However,
We use linking adverbials to connect ideas in writing; it’s
once I started school, I made a lot of friends, and I began to
important, however, not to overuse them.
feel more comfortable.

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 10. Divorce has become common in some countries. Still, the 5. Rubber is a common material used in sports equipment.
traditional role of the father as wage-earner and the mother For example, it is the main ingredient in bicycle tires and
as homemaker continues to be viewed as the norm. basketballs. f
11. The universe is so large that we can’t measure it in miles or 6. Because of the Internet, we can find out how people in other
kilometers. Instead, we measure it in light years. countries are dealing with events. For instance, we can hear
12. I am a good judge of character. I can tell if someone is stories from people who have been affected by earthquakes or
trustworthy. However, I am not very organized. typhoons. b
7. Some places have very old laws that don’t make any sense. For
Think about It
instance, in one state in the U.S., it is against the law to carry an
There is a surprising contrast in sentences 1 and 3.
ice-cream cone in your pocket. d
Activity 25: Other Ways to Express a Result or Contrast 8. At times it’s natural to feel angry. For example, being treated
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: unfairly upsets most people. h
1. Running your own business can be difficult; however, it can
Think about It
prove to be extremely rewarding.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
2. His mother worked for a university; as a result, they didn’t have
1. Our ears can’t hear every sound. For instance, some sounds are
to pay tuition.
too low-pitched for humans to hear.
3. Modern technology has freed us from many chores;
2. Efforts to use recycled products haven’t always been successful.
consequently, we have more time to enjoy ourselves.
In 2002, for example, New York City stopped recycling glass and
4. Several years ago I was thinking of taking a trip to Russia. At
cans for a few years because it was too expensive.
the time, I was living in California; therefore, it was going to be
3. When you travel to another country, it’s interesting to learn
quite a journey just getting there.
about cultural differences. For example, different cultures
5. She was very young and small; nevertheless, she was able to
celebrate different holidays.
skate beautifully with the eyes of the whole world on her.
4. I think that feeling a little stress can be a good thing. For
6. He worked 20 hours every day to make his business successful;
example, having a deadline can make me work faster.
however, after several years, he finally gave up.
5. Rubber is a common material used in sports equipment. For
7. Most people have more than one skill or talent, but in spite of
example, it is used in tennis balls and soccer balls.
that they stay in the same profession for their whole life.
6. Because of the Internet, we can find out how people in other
8. I most often get sick when I am run down; as a result, I try to
countries are dealing with events. For instance, we can hear
make sure I eat well, exercise daily, and get plenty of sleep.
stories from people who are affected by earthquakes.
9. It’s often a difficult decision to leave children in the care of
7. Some places have very old laws that don’t make any sense. For
others—still, millions of women do it.
instance, in one state in the U.S., it is against the law to drive a
Write about It car with an uncaged bear in it.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 8. At times it’s natural to feel angry. For example, long delays can
1. Running your own business can be difficult; as a result, many upset people.
businesses fail during their first year.
Activity 27: Signaling New Related Information
2. His mother worked for a university; therefore, he and his
Students will circle the adverbials in the Think about It activity.
brothers received a discount on their tuition.
1. When you are visiting Hong Kong, Kowloon Peninsula may be a
3. Modern technology has freed us from many chores; as a result,
better place to stay because it is less crowded . Moreover, it has
most people have more leisure time.
great museums and good views of the Hong Kong skyline. c
4. Several years ago I was thinking of taking a trip to Russia. At
2. The bedrooms are comfortable but very dark. The closets are
the time, I was living in California; consequently, I allowed an
tiny, so good luck if you want to hang up any clothes. And
extra day to recover from jet lag.
housekeeping could be better. During our entire stay , the
5. She was very young and small; as a result, she was very nervous
floors were never cleaned. In addition, the furniture in our
when she performed.
room was covered with a thick layer of dust. b
6. He worked 20 hours every day to make his business successful;
3. Coping with stress is very important, and I have a few main
consequently, his business thrived.
methods of helping myself stay relaxed. The first things I
7. Most people have more than one skill or talent, and as a result
always try to do are to slow down my breathing, quiet my
they are able to change careers if they choose.
thoughts, and relax my muscles. I also try to speak more calmly
8. I most often get sick when I am run down; nonetheless, I work
and slowly. Furthermore, I often try to take myself out of the
very long days.
stressful environment. For me, the best thing to do is to take a
9. It’s often a difficult decision to leave children in the care of
quiet walk alone or to exercise. b
others—however, many families have no other choice.
Activity 28: Signaling Additional Information
Activity 26: Adding Examples
1. There are many interesting things to do in Washington, D.C.
1. Our ears can’t hear every sound. For instance, ultrasonic sounds
A visitor can tour the White House, the home of the president,
are too high-pitched for humans to hear. c
visit the many historical museums, or walk around government
2. Efforts to use recycled products haven’t always been successful.
buildings such as the Supreme Court and the Capitol. Besides
In the 1990s, for example, recycled wool came and went,
touring the educational sites in the city, visitors can do fun
mostly because the clothes were very itchy. e
activities such as visiting the zoo.
3. When you travel to another country, it’s interesting to learn
2. In the past, people spent many hours taking care of basic
about cultural differences. For example, the food may be very
chores such as cooking and cleaning.
different from what you are used to. g
3. I would need a very good reason to fire an employee. For
4. I think that feeling a little stress can be a good thing. For
example, I would fire an employee who was stealing from
example, worrying about a test might actually make me
the company.
study harder. a

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 4. Many forms of exercise, for example, running, playing sports, countries, examining the influences that have accelerated
and swimming, are good for the body. this process and, more briefly, those that have hindered it.
5. Cape Town in South Africa is a great place to visit. In addition Second, it examines the broader social context of literacy: how
to the spectacular mountains, you will find some beautiful it is learned and practiced in particular social settings, how
beaches there. it serves different individual and group purposes, and how it
6. Whatever your profession is, you can find work in a large city. is influenced by public policies and family circumstances. In
In addition, there are many different kinds of schools. particular, the chapter focuses on language issues, literacy
7. People in different cultures value different things. For instance, practices, and literate environments.
in some countries people value punctuality—they expect you
Activity 30: Adding a Summary Statement
to be on time.
1. To run your own business, you must be very organized and
8. You should encourage her to avoid bad habits such as smoking
hard-working. If you are involved in the hiring process, you
and drinking.
must also be a good judge of character. I do have some of
Write about It these skills. I am one of the most hard-working people I know.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Even if it isn’t necessary, I always try to do a job to perfection.
1. There are many interesting things to do in Washington, D.C. I am also a good judge of character. I can tell when someone
A visitor can tour the White House, the home of the president, is trustworthy or when a person is not. Unfortunately, I am
visit the many historical museums, or walk around government not very organized. I would have a difficult time keeping track
buildings such as the Supreme Court and the Capitol. In of everything related to the business, like legal documents
addition, visitors can do fun activities such as visiting the zoo. and receipts. In addition, I have a hard time making a budget
2. In the past, people spent many hours taking care of basic and keeping to it. This skill is essential for a business owner.
chores. For instance, cooking and cleaning took up a lot In conclusion, I think that I could run my own business, but I
of time. would need an assistant and a financial advisor. a
3. I would need a very good reason to fire an employee such as 2. For me, the choice of whether or not to live in a big city is easy
stealing from the company. to make: Why would I want to live where there is such a high
4. Many forms of exercise besides running, playing sports, and concentration of people? Why would I want to spend so much
swimming are good for the body. money to live in a tiny apartment? And why would I want to be
5. Cape Town in South Africa is a great place to visit. In addition, exposed to noise and air pollution? Obviously, you get less for
I’ve always liked Johannesburg. your money in the city. Overall, it’s not very pleasant to live in a
6. Whatever your profession is, you can find work in a large city. big city. b
In addition to work, there are many different kinds of schools.
Activity 31: Hedging a Statement in Speaking
7. People in different cultures value different things such as
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
punctuality—in some countries people expect you to be
1. Maybe you should come back later.
on time.
2. You probably called the wrong number.
8. You should encourage her to avoid bad habits. For instance,
3. Are you by any chance driving to the meeting tomorrow?
smoking and drinking are good to avoid.
4. She didn’t like my essay. In fact, she said it was sort of boring.
Activity 29: Noticing Linking Adverbials 5. Aren’t you kind of young to own your own business?
1. If I knew that I would die in a few months, I would stop 6. He has a loud, kind of unpleasant voice.
worrying about long-term goals. I think that knowing I would 7. Perhaps you’re mistaken.
die soon could help me to focus on the here and now. 8. By any chance, is Dr. Martin at home?
The first thing that I would do is to stop worrying about jobs 9. Maybe you upset her.
and careers; if I am going to die soon, I will have little need for 10. Can I borrow ten dollars by any chance?
money. Secondly, I would want to spend a lot more time in
Think about It
quiet, either alone or with close friends. I hope that this would
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
make me a wiser and calmer person. Lastly, I would try to share
In sentences 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10, kind of and sort of don’t really
what wisdom I have gained in life with the people I trust most.
fit because they are stance adverbials instead of adverbials that
If I did these things , I think it could help others live happier
express certainty.
lives after I’m gone.
In sentences 4, 5, and 6, by any chance, maybe, probably, and
2. There is a lot that I would like to accomplish in the next ten
perhaps don’t really fit because they express degrees of certainty
years. I think that this will be a very busy time for me.
instead of being stance adverbials.
The first thing that I will do is complete my education. I will
go to college and study to become a teacher. I have always Activity 32: Hedging a Statement in Writing
wanted to be a teacher; I think this is because I’ve always liked 1. Deserts are dry regions, generally receiving less than ten inches
school and my teachers have been important figures in my life. of precipitation a year.
Getting my degree will be hard work, but it is very important 2. Mothers who work outside the home obviously have less
to me. Once I’ve received my teaching degree , I will try to find time to spend with their children. According to a recent study,
a job in a public school. I think it will be fun to have my own however, this does not necessarily have a negative effect on
students, and I will work hard to be the best possible teacher. their children.
Finally, once I am settled into a teaching career , I will think 3. This is arguably the best museum in the whole country.
about starting my own family. I would like to get married and 4. In general, smoking is no longer fashionable in Canada. In
have children someday. Hopefully my future spouse will be many other parts of the world, however, smoking is still
easy to find. We will get married, find a home, and settle down. growing in popularity.
3. There are two primary purposes of this chapter. First, it 5. Researchers have found these substances almost everywhere
reviews the development of widespread literacy in various they have looked for them.

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 6. The risk to humans is uncertain in part because few tests Permissive parents have very few demands of their children.
have been done. They don’t make many rules, and when they do, they often fail to
7. In most cases, the assumption that wealthy countries have enforce them. These parents generally act more like friends
better education systems than poorer countries is correct. rather than parents . As a result, their children don’t learn much
8. Researchers have long suggested that in “noun-friendly” about good behavior and the consequences for bad behavior.
languages including English, infants’ attention is focused Children raised in this way can be impulsive and irresponsible.
mainly on objects, typically marked by nouns. Dictatorial parents are inflexible. They make strict rules and
9. The number of farm workers has decreased steadily over demand obedience. When their children disobey, they are usually
the years. This is primarily because the use of sophisticated punished very harshly. Dictatorial parents don’t trust their children
machines has reduced the need for labor. to make decisions for themselves , and they often don’t explain
why they make such strict rules. Consequently, their children are
Write about It
often not very good at making decisions.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Authoritative parents are in the role of authority figures, but
1. Deserts are dry regions, usually receiving less than ten inches
they are not dictators. They expect their children to obey their
of precipitation a year.
rules. However, they are caring, flexible, and often willing to listen
2. Mothers who work outside the home obviously have less
to their children’s opinions.
time to spend with their children. According to a recent study,
however, this does not always have a negative effect on their Emotions
children. According to psychologists, all humans show distinctive facial
3. This is perhaps the best museum in the whole country. expressions for six basic emotions: disgust, sadness, happiness,
4. For the most part, smoking is no longer fashionable in Canada. fear, anger, and surprise. Furthermore, these expressions appear
In many other parts of the world, however, smoking is still to be universal. This means that people from different cultures
growing in popularity. across the world use and recognize the same expressions for
5. Researchers have found these substances nearly everywhere the same emotions. Of course , not every person will have
they have looked for them. the same emotional responses to the same things, but we do
6. The risk to humans is uncertain partly because few tests have seem to have the same way of showing these six emotions
been done. without using language .
7. Most of the time, the assumption that wealthy countries tend In general , when we experience an intense feeling, we don’t
to have better education systems than poorer countries is just feel “normal” after that feeling passes . Instead, we often
correct. go beyond that middle ground and experience the opposite
8. Researchers have long suggested that in “noun-friendly” emotion. For example, if you have just given a presentation
languages including English, infants’ attention is focused to your classmates , one that you have dreaded for weeks , you might
primarily on objects, typically marked by nouns. feel wonderful when it’s over instead of feeling just OK. Similarly ,
9. The number of farm workers has decreased steadily over the it is not unusual to feel a little sad or depressed after experiencing
years. This is mostly because the use of sophisticated machines a lot of joy or excitement for a period of time . If your parents live
has reduced the need for labor. far away and they visit you only once a year for a short time , you
might feel very happy during their visit . However, once they leave ,
Activity 33: Using Linking Adverbials in Writing
you may experience some sadness or depression in their absence .
1. Many people think Japan is one large island; however, it is
actually thousands of islands. QUESTIONS
2. Much of Japan is mountainous; as a result, there is little 1. Answers will vary.
farmland. 2. See circled adverbials above.
3. Japan has only a small supply of minerals. It is nonetheless one 3. Some of the words the first writer uses to hedge claims are
of the world’s richest nations. generally, fairly, often, and usually. The second writer uses in
4. Volcanic eruptions take place frequently. In addition, general and often.
earthquakes are common occurrences.
5. Japanese trees are often cultivated as miniatures; likewise,
gardens are often designed as smaller versions of the Wrap-Up
surrounding landscape.
6. The largest of the main islands, Honshu, is less than 200 miles A
wide at its greatest width; consequently, no part of Japan is Answers will vary.
more than 100 miles from the sea.
7. Few inlets are found on the east coast north of Tokyo; however, B
south of Tokyo are many of the best harbors. Answers will vary.
8. Every valley in Japan has a stream; however, there aren’t any C
long, navigable rivers in Japan. Answers will vary.
9. In the Japanese mountains, there are about 200 volcanoes;
however, only about 60 are still active.
Activity 34: Choosing Linking Adverbials
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Parenting Styles
There are three basic styles of parenting: permissive, dictatorial,
and authoritative. Generally , each style has fairly predictable
effects on children.

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 Unit 6
Warm-Up Once she made her decision
by the time she was 12
A Although she loved classical music
1. Knowledge is the most valuable treasure because it can’t be Punctuation: comma
stolen or consumed. d 4. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
2. Don’t count your chickens before they hatch. g Mozart was a child prodigy. He composed and played music
3. When spider webs unite, they can tie up a lion. a well when he was very young.
4. A snake will emit poison even though you feed it on milk. b Activity 2: Identifying Verb Forms
5. The eyes are of little use if the mind is blind. f 1. When I have spent a lot of time exercising, I sleep better at
6. Make hay while the sun shines. c night. (present perfect/simple present)
7. Even though the old man is strong, he will not live forever. e 2. When I was younger, I thought a lot about my future. (simple
past/simple past)
B
3. My parents are important to me because they have always
True False been my best friends. (simple present/present perfect)
4. Once I start something, I don’t stop until I’m done. (simple
1. An adverb clause has a subject and
✓ present/simple present/simple present)
a verb.
5. I try to stay completely focused while I’m studying. (simple
2. Adverb clauses always come at the present/present progressive)
✓
end of a sentence. 6. My hometown has always been special to me because it’s so
3. An adverb clause is connected to beautiful. (present perfect/simple present)
✓ 7. Once I’ve made a decision, I never change my mind. (present
another clause.
perfect/simple present)
4. Adverb clauses always begin with
✓ 8. I didn’t have any friends while I was growing up. (simple past/
when or while.
past progressive)
9. A year after I had finished high school, I started college. (past
C perfect/simple past)
adverb clause: unless you are planning to go that way
10. Shortly after I moved here, I got a job. (simple past/simple past)
Activity 1: Noticing Adverb Clauses 11. Although I worked hard yesterday, I don’t feel like working
Students will circle the subject and verb in Question 1. this morning. (simple past/simple present)
Students will underline subordinators in Question 2. 12. I am applying to this college because my father attended the
Timeline of Vanessa-Mae’s Life same school. (present progressive/simple past)
age 3 had her first piano lesson
Think about It
age 5 started playing the violin Sentences 11 (simple past/simple present) and 12 (present
age 8 won a prize in a piano competition, had to choose progressive/simple past)
between piano and violin, decided to focus on violin
age 12 had made three recordings of classical music, got an Activity 3: Noticing Adverb Clauses of Time
electric violin, started playing rock music Good Bad
today known as a classical violin musician and a great advice advice
rock musician
1. Before you turn in an assignment, check
Like many famous musicians, Vanessa-Mae started playing music ✓
it over carefully.
at a very young age. She was only 3 years old when she had
her first piano lesson, and she started playing the violin when 2. It’s important to review your notes from
✓
she was just 5. Then, at the age of 8, she had to make a difficult class as soon as you get home.
decision. She had to choose between the violin and the piano. 3. Don’t study for a test until your
Although she had just won a prize at an important piano ✓
instructor tells you to.
competition, Vanessa-Mae decided to focus on the violin. Once
4. Take notes while you are reading
she made her decision, she worked hard to improve her playing, ✓
assigned texts.
and by the time she was 12, she had made three recordings of
classical music. Although she loved classical music, she wanted 5. Study with a large group of classmates
✓
to play other kinds of music, too. To many people’s surprise, whenever you can.
she got an electric violin and started playing rock music. Today 6. Ask to meet with your instructor
Vanessa-Mae is known as both a great classical violin musician whenever you are confused about the ✓
and a great rock musician. That’s quite a combination. course material.
QUESTIONS 7. As you read your class assignment,
3. Before the main clause: you should listen to loud music to ✓
Although she had just won a prize at an important help you think.
piano competition

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 8. Ask questions in class when you don’t Activity 5: Using Adverb Clauses of Time to Talk about the Future
✓
understand something. Prediction Plan
9. Always stay up late while you are 1. When the economy improves, more
✓ ✓
studying. people will have jobs.
10. Once you have read a text, don’t look 2. It will be years before the economy
at it again until you need to study for ✓ ✓
becomes steady again.
a test.
3. I won’t get a job unless I am very lucky. ✓
Write about it 4. Most students will start at low salaries
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: when they leave college.
✓
1. Before you turn in an assignment, be sure to put your name
on it. 5. When I graduate, I will get a job
✓
2. Make sure you organize your notes as soon as you get right away.
home. 6. As soon as I finish school, I will apply
✓
3. Don’t open the exam booklet until your instructor tells you to. for as many jobs as possible.
4. Sit in a quiet room while you are reading assigned texts.
7. I won’t look for employment until I
5. Review your notes whenever you can. ✓
graduate from college.
6. Study with a friend whenever you are confused about
the course material. 8. We won’t get good jobs unless we
✓
7. As you read your class assignment, take notes in learn new skills.
the margins. 9. I will try to get some work experience
✓
8. Write down questions when you don’t understand while I am in school.
something.
10. I will travel after I pass my final exams. ✓
9. Turn the music down while you are studying.
10. Once you have read a text, take time to look through
Write about It
your notes again before the test.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
11. Don’t wait until you need to study for a test to read
1. When the economy improves, people will start taking
the material.
vacations overseas again.
Activity 4: Understanding Subordinators 2. Things will need to change a lot before the economy becomes
1. As you grow older you will discover that you have two hands: steady again.
one for helping yourself, the other for helping others. (simple 3. I won’t get work experience this year unless I am very lucky.
present/future) 4. Most students will not have a job when they leave college.
2. Whenever I crave junk food, I want salty things like peanuts or 5. When I graduate, I will visit my sister in California.
potato chips. (simple present/simple present) 6. As soon as I finish school, I will try to find a place to live.
3. There’s only one way to have a happy marriage and as 7. I won’t have time to look for a job until I graduate from college.
soon as I learn what it is, I’ll get married again. (simple 8. We’ll have to take low-paying jobs unless we learn new skills.
present/future) 9. I am going to study very hard while I am in school.
4. Once you are over 30, 35 years old, I think everyone should 10. My parents will take me out to celebrate after I pass my
get down to the gym and start moving again. (simple final exams.
present/simple present)
Activity 6: Noticing Adverb Clauses of Reason
5. Life is what happens while you are busy making other plans.
1. Avoid very cold drinks as they can cause stomach pain.
(simple present/simple present)
2. Don’t assume the heat won’t make you sick just because you
6. I’ve now been in this country . . . since I was 17. So this is my
never had a problem before.
second home. (present perfect/simple past)
3. Avoid high-protein foods since they increase body heat.
7. I still love making hamburgers on the grill. I guess whenever
4. Don’t exercise in very hot, humid weather. Your body will sweat
I eat them, childhood memories come up for me. (simple
because it is hot, but the sweat won’t evaporate because of the
present/simple present)
high humidity.
8. Champions keep playing until they get it right. (simple
5. Since you lose most of your body heat through your head, it’s
present/simple present)
important to wear a hat in cold weather.
9. When you do the common things in life in an uncommon
6. Wearing layers of clothing helps keep you warm because your
way, you will command the attention of the world. (simple
body heat gets trapped between the layers.
present/future)
7. Don’t wear tight shoes or boots as they increase your chances
10. As soon as I hear music, something in me starts to
of getting frostbite.
vibrate. (simple present/simple present)
8. Be especially careful on cold, windy days because the wind can
11. I could develop a picture by the time I was 12. (simple past/
carry heat away from the body.
simple past)
12. A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth has a Think about It
chance to get its pants on. (simple present/simple present) Sentence 5 has a comma after the adverb clause, because it comes
before the main clause.
QUESTIONS
1. Sentences 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 Activity 7: Identifying Subordinators
3. Sentences 1, 3 and 9 (because they use a future verb form in 1. Because the cost of living has gone up, many people are
the main clause and a present verb form in the adverb clause) working longer hours.

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 2. More people are working during their vacations now that 2. “I’d like to show you some pictures of
they have access to the Internet. the poet T. S. Eliot since I’m going to be ✓
3. Since more people are watching TV, the programs are talking about him in today’s lecture.”
getting better.
4. It’s easier to do research now because there is so much 3. “As I was reading through your papers,
information on the Internet. I noticed that some of you had trouble
✓
5. Now that people can do research on the Internet, they don’t understanding a few of the concepts we
go to the library as often. discussed last week.”
6. People are driving less now that the price of gasoline has 4. “There are several things you need to
gone up. remember as we move forward in our
✓
7. Because there are so many cars on the road, driving has study of basic chemistry. I’m going to
become more dangerous. post these online for you to refer to.”
8. There is no real need to go shopping in stores as one can buy
5. “I’m going to read the poem to you in
almost anything online.
class since some of you weren’t able to
9. Since it’s easy to travel almost anywhere in the world, there ✓
get the packet of class materials from
are few unspoiled places left.
the bookstore.”
10. Now that smoking is illegal in many public places, more
people will probably quit smoking. 6. “As the semester goes on, I’ll go into
11. Since fewer people are smoking, deaths from lung cancer more detail about different styles of ✓
should go down. architecture.”
12. Because people are living longer, it’s even more important for 7. “There have been several new
them to have health insurance. developments in the field since we last
✓
met, and I’ll be discussing these over the
Write about It
next few weeks.”
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. Because the cost of living has gone up, fewer people are 8. “I can’t tell you exactly when the final
traveling overseas. exam will be since the department
✓
2. More people do their shopping online now that they have hasn’t made the schedule yet. But I’ll let
access to the Internet. you know soon.”
3. Since more people are watching TV, there are more programs 9. “Since I published my research paper on
to choose from. animal extinction, there’s been a lot of ✓
4. It’s easier for me to do my homework now because there is so interest in the subject.”
much information on the Internet.
10. “As none of you will be here next
5. Now that people can do research on the Internet, they don’t
semester, we’ll end this course with a ✓
buy as many reference books.
review of European economics.”
6. People are buying cars with better gas mileage now that the
price of gasoline has gone up.
Think about It
7. Because there are so many cars on the road, it takes longer to
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
go anywhere.
1. These are the things I’m going to emphasize when we go
8. My brother asks why anyone ever leaves the house as one can
through the course.
buy almost anything online!
2. I’d like to show you some pictures of the poet T. S. Eliot
9. Since it’s easy to travel almost anywhere in the world, more
because I’m going to be talking about him in today’s lecture.
people go overseas on vacation.
3. While I was reading through your papers, I noticed that some
10. Now that smoking is illegal in many public places, the workers
of you had trouble understanding a few of the concepts we
there are probably healthier.
discussed last week.
11. Since fewer people are smoking, more people should live longer.
4. There are several things you need to remember while we
12. Because people are living longer, they have to work until
move forward in our study of basic chemistry.
they’re older.
5. I’m going to read the poem to you in class because some of
Write about It you weren’t able to get the packet of class materials from the
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: bookstore.
1. Since I’ve downloaded Skype, I almost never use my telephone. 6. While the semester goes on, I’ll go into more detail about
I just talk to people online. different styles of architecture.
2. Because computers are so inexpensive, almost everyone I know 8. I can’t tell you exactly when the final exam will be because the
has one. department hasn’t made the schedule yet.
3. Now that I can buy clothes online, I almost never go to 10. Because none of you will be here next semester, we’ll end this
department stores. course with a review of European economics.

Activity 9: Adverb Clause of Time or Reason? Activity 10: Exploring Ways to Give Reasons
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Time Reason 1. We couldn’t understand him because he had a strong accent.
Clause Clause 2. My brother missed his flight because his car broke down.
1. “If you look at the course syllabus, you’ll 3. I couldn’t get to class since the weather was bad.
notice that I’ve marked three items in 4. I didn’t exercise because it was so hot out.
✓
blue. These are the things I’m going to 5. I can’t go out this weekend as I don’t have any money.
emphasize as we go through the course.” 6. I can’t email my family since I don’t have a computer.

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 7. I couldn’t go away for the weekend because I had to work. b. No, he didn’t. Columbus’s biggest ship, the Santa Maria,
8. We don’t see her very often because she works so much. sailed across the Atlantic Ocean even though it was only 70
9. I couldn’t do my homework because of the problems with feet long and not designed for exploration. (simple past/
my computer. simple past)
10. I had soccer practice, so I couldn’t do my homework. c. In 1502, Columbus sailed to America for the fourth time and
11. I couldn’t come to class last week. I was out of town. explored Central America though he was still hoping to land
12. I didn’t finish my homework, so I had to stay home. in China! (simple past/past progressive)
d. Although people have said Columbus discovered America,
Activity 11: Error Correction
this isn’t in fact true. There were many people living there
1. It’s hard to compare schools in the United States and Mexico
already, but of course, Columbus didn’t know that. (present
because my country has a different educational system.
perfect/simple present)
2. I did not do very well on the examination because of I did not
1. What did Mozart call himself? d
read the instructions carefully.
2. Was Mozart very rich? b
3. Since you weren’t here yesterday, you didn’t get the
3. What sort of music did Mozart compose? c
assignment.
4. How old was Mozart when he began to compose? a
4. I couldn’t sleep last night because I was worrying about
a. Even though it’s hard to believe, Mozart was only eight
the test.
years old when he composed his first symphony. (simple
5. Now that I have some money, I’m going to take a vacation.
present/simple past)
6. When I arrived here, I was happy because my sister was here
b. No, he wasn’t. Although he was very famous, Mozart was
and I hadn’t seen her in a long time. At the same time, I was sad
extremely poor when he died in 1791. His grave didn’t even
because I left my friends behind and I knew I would miss them.
have a stone on it. (simple past/simple past)
7. I’m proud of myself because now I can communicate with
c. Though Mozart is often remembered for writing cheerful
people in English, I have a good job, and I’m going to start
music and funny operas, not all his music was happy. He
college soon.
also wrote serious music and even funeral music. (simple
8. My parents always encouraged me to make my own decisions.
present passive/simple past)
This was very important to me because it made me trust
d. Mozart’s official name was Joannes Chrysostomus
myself.
Wolfgangus Theophilus although he called himself Gottlieb
9. I thought my parents would come here until the day my
until 1769. Then he began to call himself Amadeo. (simple
father called me.
past/simple past)
10. After I left my country, I moved to Germany. While I was living
there, I studied at a university. Activity 13: Using Adverb Clauses of Contrast
11. I want to go back home for as long as I can. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
12. When I will get older, I will look back at this time and laugh. 1. I got up early this morning even though I didn’t have to.
13. After they finished eating, they went to the bride’s house. 2. Although I don’t like coffee, I drank several cups of it.
14. At noon all my friends arrived. As soon as they arrived, they 3. Although I like to drive to work, I usually take the bus.
started to decorate my apartment. They finished at 5:00. 4. Although I got caught in traffic, I still got to work on time.
15. Because My country, Cambodia, has a very different 5. I worked all day even though I finished my work before lunch.
educational system. 6. I didn’t eat lunch even though I was really hungry.
7. Although I was very tired, I stayed up late watching TV.
Activity 12: Noticing Adverb Clauses of Contrast
8. Though it seemed like a bad idea, I ate the old food in the
1. What university did George Washington attend? d
refrigerator.
2. How many children did George Washington have? b
9. I never learned to drive a car even though it would have been
3. Did George Washington wear a wig? a
really helpful in college.
4. Is George Washington buried under the U.S. Capitol? c
10. I finished the assignment late though I had plenty of time.
a. No, he didn’t. Even though wigs were fashionable,
Washington didn’t wear one. Instead, he powdered his Activity 14: Using While in Contrast Clauses
hair. (simple past/simple past) Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
b. None. George Washington had no children of his own 1. While the number of programs on TV is increasing, their quality
although he helped raise two of his wife’s children from her is not getting better.
first marriage. (simple past/simple past) 2. While many parents don’t want their children to watch a lot of
c. No, he isn’t. Although Congress built a room under the TV, some parents let their children watch all of the time.
Capitol Building for this purpose, Washington is not buried 3. Some of the news programs on TV are OK while others aren’t
in it. (simple past/simple present passive) worth watching.
d. He did not attend college. Although Washington believed 4. Some people prefer news programs while others watch
strongly in formal education, the death of his father ended reality TV.
his formal schooling. (simple past/simple past) 5. While many people admit that they watch too much TV,
1. Did Christopher Columbus discover America? d not many people do anything about it.
2. Where was Columbus trying to go in 1502? c 6. While TV is still a popular source of news, the Internet is
3. Did Columbus sail in very large ships? b becoming more popular.
4. Was Christopher Columbus married? a 7. While TV can be beneficial for adults, it can also be harmful for
a. Yes, he was. Although no one writes about her often, children.
Columbus had a wife named Filipa Perestrelo, a Portuguese 8. While many TV channels show only sports programs, others
lady. Their wedding was on the Portuguese island of Porto show only educational programs.
Santo in 1479. (simple present/simple past)

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 Think about It 3. Although some bacteria are harmful, the vast majority of
Sentences that use while to contrast two aspects of the same bacteria are harmless.
thing: 1, 7 4. While some deserts are hot, dry places, others are cold and
Sentences that use while to make a direct contrast between two ice-covered.
different things: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 5. Even though the earth is slightly flat at the poles, we say it
is round.
Activity 16: Understanding Clauses with While
6. Although the banana plant looks like a tree, it is actually a very
Contrast Time large herb.
clause clause 7. Even though there were distractions, the researchers were able
to focus on their work.
1. While this disease can be deadly in
✓ 8. While ants are extremely small, they are very strong insects.
humans and animals, it is treatable.
2. While people are being treated for the Think about It
✓ Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
disease, they need constant care.
1. Although bamboo looks like a tree, it is actually a grass.
3. While animals can get this disease, 2. Although most people think water always boils at 212 degrees
✓
people cannot. Fahrenheit, this only happens at sea level.
4. While the river is being cleaned up, 3. While some bacteria are harmful, the vast majority of bacteria
✓
swimming will not be allowed. are harmless.
5. While the river is being cleaned up, 4. Although some deserts are hot, dry places, others are cold and
✓ ice-covered.
the surrounding area is not.
5. Despite the earth’s being slightly flat at the poles, we say it
6. While it would be wonderful to clean is round.
✓
up the river, it is unlikely to happen. 6. Even though it looks like a tree, the banana plant is actually
7. We couldn’t see or hear anything while a very large herb.
✓
we were swimming across the river. 7. Despite the distractions, the researchers were able to focus on
8. While it can be challenging to swim their work.
✓ 8. Although ants are extremely small, they are very strong insects.
across the river, it can be done.
9. Several protestors had to be taken Activity 20: Error Correction
from the room while the president ✓ 1. Because she is a good wife, we are a happy family.
was giving her speech. 2. I don’t know much about U.S. history. although I took
several courses.
10. While the president’s speech was
3. Even though they look very different, they have similar
informative, she didn’t address several ✓
personalities.
important issues.
4. Even though I was a good student, but I couldn’t get
11. While it would be nice to think that we a scholarship.
✓
don’t need this law, we do. 5. Although I had heard that word many times, so it sounded
12. The crime rate went down while the strange to me.
✓ 6. Although it wasn’t an old car, it didn’t run very well.
law was in effect.
7. He is very generous even though he doesn’t have much money.
13. While the law was effective, it was very
✓ He gives everything to his friends.
unpopular.
8. My family lives in a small house near Seattle, Washington.
Activity 18: Noticing Contrasting Words Even though the house has only three rooms, we never
1. Even though she’s older, she’s not really any wiser. feel crowded.
2. While it may help to take vitamins, it’s not absolutely Activity 21: Distinguishing Types of Adverb Clauses
necessary.
3. Someday I may want to move although I doubt it. Manner Reason Time
4. Even though I can understand Spanish, I can’t speak it. 1. My mother runs her house as
5. He was kind to me even though I didn’t deserve it. ✓
you would run a hotel.
6. I live a quiet life although I’m really a city person.
7. I respect your decision even though I don’t like it. 2. My sister always gets up just
✓
8. Although I disagree with many of the changes, I’m willing to as the coffee is ready.
try them out. 3. My father has a good pension
9. Even though I dislike politics, I think it’s important to vote. as he worked many years for ✓
10. While solar panels are a good source of energy, they’re the government.
very ugly. 4. He recited the poem perfectly
11. Although I don’t like loud music, I love listening to ✓
as he always does.
modern jazz.
12. I rarely get any exercise even though I know I should. 5. She raised herself on her
elbows as she stared into ✓
Activity 19: Exploring Different Ways to Contrast Ideas the night.
1. Despite looking like a tree, bamboo is actually a grass.
6. As I have said before, I’ll be
2. While most people think water always boils at 212 degrees ✓
leaving early tonight.
Fahrenheit, this only happens at sea level.

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 7. She dragged her feet as she 5. He had gained so much weight that no one recognized him. a
made her way out of the ✓ 6. She sounded like such a fascinating person that I wanted to
house. meet her. g
7. Joe let him go, pushing him back so hard that he almost fell. f
8. He is in great demand as he is 8. He looked at me with such sad eyes that I wanted to cry. b
✓
a good speaker.
Think about It
9. The event was a failure as
✓ So + adjective + that: so beautiful that, so funny that, so busy that,
only 20 people came.
so strong that
10. The hotel was not a So + adverb + that: so hard that
depressing place as I had ✓ So much + noncount noun + that: so much weight that
imagined it. Such + adjective + plural noun + that: such sad eyes that
11. People stood and applauded Such + a/an + adjective + singular noun + that: such a fascinating
✓ person that
as the parade went by.
12. She looked down as her Think about It
✓
mother kissed her goodbye. 1. We can / can’t use so before a singular noun.
13. As the musicians were late, 2. We can / can’t use such before an adjective or adverb alone.
there was no entertainment ✓ 3. We can / can’t use such before a/an + an adjective +
for the first hour. a singular noun.

14. He’s taking a nap as he always Write about It

✓ Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
does in the afternoon.
1. She was so beautiful that people often stared at her.
15. That’s a picture of me as I
✓ 2. He was so funny that he won a contest at a comedy club.
used to look.
3. He’d been so busy that he forgot to eat lunch.
16. As she opened the door, 4. The pain was so strong that he couldn’t stand up straight.
✓
she heard a sharp crack. 5. He had gained so much weight that his clothes didn’t fit.
6. She sounded like such a fascinating person that I bought
Activity 22: Using Adverb Clauses of Manner her biography.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 7. Joe let him go, pushing him back so hard that he stumbled
In picture 1, the woman looks as though she is in a hurry. backward.
In picture 2, the man looks as though he is very relaxed. 8. He looked at me with such sad eyes that I wanted to hug him.
In picture 3, the woman looks as if she is very confused
about something. Activity 25: Using Adverb Clauses of Result
In picture 4, the woman looks as if she is really surprised. 1. I’m studying so hard that I’m sure to do well in this course.
In picture 5, the man looks as though he is happy to be there. 2. She has such a strong accent that I can hardly understand her.
In picture 6, the woman looks as if she has a lot to do. 3. I have so little money that I can’t afford to buy a car.
In picture 7, the woman looks as if she feels pretty cold. 4. He was feeling so ill that he went home.
In picture 8, the family looks as though they are going to have 5. She takes such good care of her car that it looks new.
a good time. 6. He was so grateful that he couldn’t stop thanking me.
7. The flowers in the garden were so pretty that I wanted to
Activity 23: Using Adverb Clauses of Purpose pick them.
1. You should always wash a cut so it doesn’t become infected. 8. It happened such a long time ago that she can’t remember
2. It’s a good idea to wash your hands frequently so that you the details.
don’t spread germs. 9. I was so late for class that I took a taxi.
3. Drink plenty of water so you don’t get dehydrated. 10. It was such a beautiful day that I didn’t want to think about
4. You should exercise energetically so you raise your heart rate. my problems.
5. You should cover your skin when you are in direct sunlight
so you don’t get a sunburn. Activity 26: Analyzing Adverb Clauses
6. Quit smoking so that you don’t have health problems later. When digital audio players (DAPs) first appeared in the 1990s,
7. Brush your teeth twice a day so you don’t get cavities. they weren’t very popular. In 2000, Apple realized that customers
8. Get an annual checkup so you catch any health problems were not interested in DAPs because the players weren’t designed
early. well. Apple soon developed a new product: the iPod. It was
9. Eat more fruit and vegetables so that you lose weight. attractive and had a fast computer connection so that songs
10. Do small tasks immediately so you don’t have too much to do could quickly transfer from a computer to the player. Since Apple
at once. released the first iPod in 2001, it has released many different
11. Try yoga or meditation so that you feel less stressed. versions. Most iPods now have touch screens to play videos .
12. Aim for seven hours of sleep so you feel rested when you Others are so small that they can fit in your hand. Apple has
wake up. also developed similar products, such as the iPhone and the
iPad. Because of their excellent design, these products are some
Activity 24: Understanding Adverb Clauses of Result of the most popular devices for mobile communication and
1. She was so beautiful that he couldn’t find the words to entertainment.
describe her. d
2. He was so funny that I couldn’t stop laughing. c QUESTIONS
3. He’d been so busy that he’d completely forgotten to call her. e 1. six
4. The pain was so strong that she nearly fainted. h 2. one (so small that they can fit in your hand)

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 3. one (so that songs could quickly transfer from a computer to 5. (You) Make sure your flight is on time before you leave for
the player) the airport.
4. (see circled text above) Make sure your flight is on time before leaving for the airport.
5. It has a fast computer connection, it’s easy to use, and it’s 6. When you go through airport security, (you) take your
attractive. computer out of your carry-on bag.
When going through airport security, take your computer out
Activity 27: Analyzing Reduced Clauses of Time and Contrast
of your carry-on bag.
✓ 1. Although my sister was tired, she refused to stop working.
7. Most passengers have to take off their shoes when they go
✓ 2. Lots of people listen to the radio while they are driving.
through airport security.
3. They left the room before we announced the good news.
Most passengers have to take off their shoes when going
✓ 4. Brothers and sisters share a lot of experiences while they
through airport security.
are growing up.
8. When people are on an airplane for a long time, they should
✓ 5. I always feel good after I exercise outdoors.
do foot and leg exercises.
✓ 6. Although this method is complicated, it is highly reliable.
When on an airplane for a long time, people should do foot
✓ 7. Although the directions were written simply, they were
and leg exercises.
difficult to follow.
9. You have to have a passport when you travel to
✓ 8. After the committee members discussed the issues, they
a foreign country.
made a final decision.
You have to have a passport when traveling to
9. Although the engine was new, we couldn’t get it started.
a foreign country.
10. Although this issue is important, we aren’t ready to make
10. When you visit a foreign country, (you) follow the customs of
a decision.
that country.
✓ 11. Though the findings are based on only a few studies, they
When visiting a foreign country, follow the customs of
are very promising.
that country.
✓ 12. You should think about your career goals before you apply
11. Hotel rates are often cheaper when you travel with a large
to a college or university.
group of people.
✓ 13. Since Joe and I started to eat more healthily, we’ve both
12. (You) Take a small dictionary with you when you are
felt fitter and better.
traveling to a foreign country.
✓ 14. We aren’t allowed to use our cell phones while we are
Take a small dictionary with you when traveling to
at work.
a foreign country.
✓ 15. When I think about the future, I see myself changing
careers completely. Write about It
When traveling to a foreign country, make sure to pack plug
Write about It
adapters so you can use your computer and other electronic
1. Although tired, my sister refused to stop working.
equipment.
2. Lots of people listen to the radio while driving.
4. Brothers and sisters share a lot of experiences while growing up. Activity 29: Noticing Conditional Clauses
5. I always feel good after exercising outdoors. 1. You skip one credit card bill to pay another.
6. Although complicated, this method is highly reliable. Skipping payment of one credit card bill to pay another is
7. Although written simply, the directions were difficult unwise. If you usually find yourself unable to make your credit
to follow. card payments, you are already in trouble.
8. After discussing the issues, the committee members made 2. You charge more than you pay.
a final decision. Imagine trying to fill a hole while someone digs out more dirt
11. Though based on only a few studies, the findings are very than you put in. The hole would never get filled, would it? It’s
promising. the same with credit card debt. If you’re charging more than
12. You should think about your career goals before applying to you’re paying, your debt will always continue to increase.
a college or university. 3. You don’t have a plan to pay off your credit card debt.
13. Since starting to eat more healthily, Joe and I have both felt “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” If you’re not actively working
fitter and better. to pay off your credit card bill, you could end up paying for
14. We aren’t allowed to use our cell phones while at work. years to come.
15. When thinking about the future, I see myself changing 4. You use credit to “afford” expensive items.
careers completely. Credit cards trick us into thinking we can afford to buy more
than we really can. You are endangering your future income
Activity 28: Using Reduced Clauses
if you’re getting into debt to have a lifestyle you really can’t
1. When you travel with children, you should carry plenty of
afford.
water and snacks.
5. You have reached the limit on your credit cards.
When traveling with children, you should carry plenty of
If your credit cards are maxed out, you’re not headed for
water and snacks.
credit card debt; you’re already in it. What can you do? Make
2. When you pack your suitcase, you should roll your clothes
a decision to pay off your credit card debt and to make wiser
instead of folding them.
choices when you use your credit cards in the future.
When packing your suitcase, you should roll your clothes
instead of folding them.
3. When you carry your own luggage on an airplane, it is less
likely to get lost.
4. Although checked luggage rarely gets lost, you should put
extra clothes in your carry-on luggage.

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 Condition Result 9. Your heart rate will decrease if you quit
✓
you usually find yourself you are already in trouble smoking.
unable to make your credit 10. If you breathe deeply, you will feel
✓
card payments calmer.
you’re charging more than your debt will always continue
Activity 33: Unless or If?
you’re paying to increase
1. Generally I can sleep anytime, anywhere, anyplace, unless I’m
you’re not actively working to you could end up paying for anxious about work.
pay off your credit card bill years to come 2. If you dream it, you can do it.
you’re getting into debt to you are endangering your 3. Fishing is boring unless you catch an actual fish, and then
have a lifestyle you really can’t future income (if you do) it is disgusting.
afford 4. If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it
well enough.
your credit cards are maxed you’re not headed for credit
5. You can’t push anyone up the ladder unless he is willing
out card debt; you’re already in it
to climb.
Activity 30: Using Conditionals to Talk about Real Situations 6. Mistakes are always forgivable if one has the courage to
1. Any language is in trouble if it is spoken by only a few admit them.
people. d 7. If you don’t practice, you don’t deserve to win.
2. If you can speak two languages fluently, you are bilingual. f 8. Unless we remember, we cannot understand.
3. If my grandparents came to visit, we spoke with them 9. You may be deceived if you trust too much.
in Italian. g 10. Nothing will work unless you do.
4. It’s difficult to travel in a foreign country if you can’t speak Write about It
the language. a 1. Generally I can sleep anytime, anywhere, anyplace, if I’m not
5. If no one speaks a language anymore, the language has anxious about work.
become extinct. b 3. Fishing is boring if you don’t catch an actual fish, and then
6. You have a better chance of getting a job if you know more (if you do) it is disgusting.
than one language. c 5. You can’t push anyone up the ladder if he is not willing
7. I can understand Chinese if people speak it slowly. h to climb.
8. In the past, children were punished if they didn’t speak the 8. If we don’t remember, we cannot understand.
official language at school. e 10. Nothing will work if you don’t.
9. In Spanish, if you know how a word is spelled, you almost
always know how it is pronounced. j Activity 34: Identifying Uses of Unreal Conditionals
10. If you travel extensively, you probably know some basic words Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
in many languages. i 1. If I had known you were coming, I would have cooked
something special. c/d
Think about It 2. If the ice at both the North and South Poles melted, the seas
Fact or general truth: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9. 10 would rise by over 70 meters. c/e
Event that happened regularly in the past: 3, 8 3. It would help if you wrote the instructions down. b/d
Activity 31: Using If- Clauses in Predictions 4. If something happened to her, her parents would be
devastated. c
Fact Myth 5. If there were no gravity, things would spin off the earth. c/e
6. I’d laugh if I weren’t so tired. c
1. If you cross your eyes, they will stay
✓ 7. If you hadn’t wasted so much time, you’d be finished
that way.
by now. b/d
2. If both parents have poor eyesight, 8. If he had the skills to work, he would be able to find a job. c/d
✓
their children will, too. 9. If you had listened to me, we wouldn’t have gotten lost. c/d
3. If you eat a lot of carrots, you will have 10. If she had known the ice was thin, she wouldn’t have gone
✓ out on the lake. c
good eyesight.
11. If I had told you the truth, you wouldn’t have believed me. d
4. If both parents have blue eyes,
12. You would have been disappointed if I hadn’t come. c
they usually won’t have a child ✓
13. If you got up earlier, you wouldn’t be late. b/c
with brown eyes.
14. I would go to the doctor more often if I had health insurance. a/c
5. You will live longer if you exercise 15. Your essay would be better if it had a more interesting
✓
frequently. introduction. b/d
6. You will catch a cold if you go outside Think about It
✓
in cold weather with a wet head. 1. I didn’t know you were coming.
7. You will get smarter if you eat a lot 2. The ice at the North and South Poles hasn’t melted.
✓
of fish. 3. You didn’t write the instructions down.
8. You will drown if you go swimming 4. Nothing has happened to her.
✓ 5. There is gravity.
after a big meal.
6. I am very tired.
7. You wasted a lot of time.

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 8. He doesn’t have the skills to work. 4. a. If she hadn’t spent so much money, she could have
9. You didn’t listen to me. afforded a new car. (past)
10. She didn’t know the ice was thin. b. If she hadn’t spent so much money, she would still have
11. I didn’t tell you the truth. some money in the bank. (present)
12. I did come. 5. a. If the earth didn’t rotate, there would always be daylight
13. You didn’t get up earlier. on one side of it. (present)
14. I don’t have health insurance. b. If the earth didn’t rotate, there would be very
15. It doesn’t have an interesting introduction. little life. (present)
6. a. If I didn’t have to work, I would have gone shopping
Activity 35: Talking about Unreal Situations
this morning. (past)
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
b. If I didn’t have to work, I’d feel a lot more
1. If I won a lot of money, I would share it with my friends. e
relaxed. (present)
2. If I were the leader of my country, I would change the
7. a. If my brother had become a lawyer, he’d probably be
tax system. i
working at a law firm. (present)
3. If everyone could speak the same language, we
b. If my brother had become a lawyer, he wouldn’t have been
wouldn’t need translators anymore. g
very happy. (past)
4. If there were fewer people in the world, our cities wouldn’t be
8. a. If our city wasn’t so expensive, I’d buy a bigger house
so crowded. f
next year. (future)
5. If I could choose my dream job, I would be the president of
b. If our city wasn’t so expensive, I would have moved into
a company. a
a bigger apartment. (past)
6. If we were at the beach, we could go surfing. c
7. If you didn’t have any water to drink, you probably Write about It
wouldn’t live for more than a few days. b 1. If we hadn’t learned how to use electricity, our world would be
8. If I had more free time, I would learn a new sport. h very different. (present)
9. If I could take tomorrow off, I would go for a long hike. j 2. If I hadn’t lost my job, I wouldn’t be able to go to the park all
10. If I had a good boss, my job would be great. d day tomorrow. (future)
3. If he hadn’t been wearing his seat belt, he could have been
Think about It
hurt very badly. (past)
1. simple past/modal (future)
4. If she hadn’t spent so much money, she wouldn’t be asking me
2. simple past/modal (present)
for a loan. (present)
3. modal/modal (present)
5. If the earth didn’t rotate, the climate would be very
4. simple past/modal (present)
different. (present)
5. modal/modal (future)
6. If I didn’t have to work, I would have gone on a hike this
6. simple past/modal (present)
morning. (past)
7. simple past/modal (future)
7. If my brother had become a lawyer, he would have spent
8. simple past/modal (future)
three more years in school. (past)
9. modal/modal (future)
8. If our city wasn’t so expensive, I wouldn’t have to live with
10. simple past/modal (present)
a roommate. (present)
Write about It
Activity 38: Identifying Real and Unreal Conditionals
1. If I won a lot of money, I’d quit my job.
2. If I were the leader of my country, I would try to end poverty. Real Unreal
3. If everyone could speak the same language, many languages
would probably become extinct. 1. She’ll be worried if you’re late. ✓
4. If there were fewer people in the world, there would probably 2. I’d be happier if I lived near the ocean. ✓
be less hunger.
5. If I could choose my dream job, I’d be a rock star! 3. If you tell me the truth, I won’t get mad. ✓
6. If we were at the beach, we could play in the waves. 4. If my brother remembers my birthday,
7. If you didn’t have any water to drink, you would be very thirsty. ✓
I’ll be very surprised.
8. If I had more free time, I’d learn how to knit.
5. We would finish this work faster if we
9. If I could take tomorrow off, I’d go see a movie. ✓
could talk on the phone.
10. If I had a good boss, I’d probably work harder.
6. This will taste great if you add
Activity 36: Identifying the Time Frame ✓
a little salt.
1. a. If we hadn’t learned how to use electricity, we might still be
using candles at night. (present) 7. If you take a vacation, you’ll feel
✓
b. If we hadn’t learned how to use electricity, computers a lot better.
couldn’t have been invented. (past) 8. If you took the train, you’d save
✓
2. a. If I hadn’t lost my job, I would be able to afford a new some time.
car. (present)
9. I’d love it if you came to dinner. ✓
b. If I hadn’t lost my job, I wouldn’t be able to travel with my
family next week. (future) 10. If you book the hotel, I’ll pay you back. ✓
3. a. If he hadn’t been wearing his seat belt, he wouldn’t have
11. If he fixes my laptop, I’ll be amazed. ✓
survived the crash. (past)
b. If he hadn’t been wearing his seat belt, he wouldn’t be 12. If I’d gone to the meeting, I’d know
✓
alive today. (present) the decision.

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 6. Her eyes were very wide, and she looked as though she’d had
13. I’d feel better if I were more organized. ✓
a terrible scare. k
14. When I was young and got sick, I would 7. He looked very red, as if he’d been out in the sun for hours. d
always feel better if my mother brought ✓ 8. I remember my graduation day as if it were yesterday. j
me a cup of tea. 9. This isn’t a big problem but she feels as if it were enormous. h
15. When we were younger, my sister 10. They spoke in low voices as if they were in the library. b
✓ 11. He bent down suddenly as if he were going to pick up
would always help me if she could.
something. i
16. My sister doesn’t have much money,
but I know she would help me if ✓ Write about It
she could. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. I asked her to stop, but she went ahead as if I wasn’t there.
17. My mom doesn’t like to criticize anyone.
2. There is a photograph on his desk; it looks as though it’s of
If I did something wrong, I don’t think ✓
his family.
she would say anything.
3. He looked around and leaned toward me as if we were
18. When I was a child, if I did something close friends.
wrong, my mom would always say the ✓ 4. She was so thin. She looked as if she needed a good meal.
same thing. 5. He was walking as if he had a long way to go.
19. If I hadn’t eaten so much last night, I’d 6. Her eyes were very wide, and she looked as though she
✓
feel much better than I do now. wanted to run away.
7. He looked very red, as if someone had embarrassed him.
20. If I hadn’t had bad teeth as a kid, I
8. I remember my graduation day as though it had just happened.
wouldn’t have needed to go to the ✓
9. This isn’t a big problem but she feels as though it’s her fault.
dentist so often.
10. They spoke in low voices as if they didn’t want to be overheard.
Think about It 11. He bent down suddenly as if he’d dropped something.
1. She would be worried if you were late. a. He beckoned me over as though he wanted to tell me
2. I’ll be happier if I live near the ocean. a secret.
3. If you had told me the truth, I wouldn’t have gotten mad. b. They were surrounded by so many books it looked as if
4. If my brother remembered my birthday, I’d be very surprised. they were in the library.
5. We’ll finish this work faster if we can talk on the phone. c. He sat down on the soccer field as though he’d hurt
6. This would have tasted great if you had added himself.
a little salt. d. He looked hot and sweaty, as if he’d been out in the sun
7. If you took a vacation, you’d feel a lot better. for hours.
8. If you take the train, you’ll save some time. e. The clothes they wore in the photo were old, as if it were
9. I’d love it if you would come to dinner. taken in the 1950s.
10 If you would book the hotel, I’d pay you back. f. She put so much food on her plate it looked as though she
11. If he fixed my laptop, I’d be amazed. hadn’t eaten for weeks.
12. If I went to the meeting, I’d know the decision. g. She walked right by us as though she hadn’t heard me.
13. I’ll feel better if I’m more organized. h. It wasn’t a big spider but she felt as if it were enormous.
14. When I was young and got sick, I always felt better if my i. He stopped and looked at the ground as if he were going
mother brought me a cup of tea. to pick up something.
15. When we were younger, my sister would always have helped j. I remember my first day of school as if it were yesterday.
me if she could. k. She was breathing heavily, as though she’d had a terrible
16. My sister doesn’t have much money, but I know she’ll help me scare.
if she can. Activity 41: Error Correction
17. My mom doesn’t like to criticize anyone. If I did something 1. As if She had all that she needed.
wrong, she didn’t say anything. 2. If I knew more about grammar, I wouldn’t make so many
18. When I was a child, if I had done something wrong, my mom mistakes.
would always have said the same thing. 3. If this had happened in my country, he would have gone to jail.
19. If I didn’t eat so much last night, I would feel so much better 4. If nobody had told me to get glasses, I would not be
right now. successful in my classes.
20. If I didn’t have bad teeth as a kid, I wouldn’t need to go to the 5. If you ever go to California, you should go to Los Angeles.
dentist so often. (no errors)
Activity 40: Using As If and As Though 6. If you don’t wear a uniform, you can’t go to this school.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 7. If you want to buy something, you can probably order it on
1. I asked her to stop, but she went ahead as though she hadn’t the Internet. (no errors)
heard me. g 8. I knew I would have a better life if I studied hard.
2. There is a photograph on his desk; it looks as if it were taken 9. It is safer if you would travel with another person.
in the 1950s. e 10. If you don’t have self-confidence, you can’t lead other people.
3. He looked around and leaned toward me as though he (no errors)
wanted to tell me a secret. a 11. If my parents had been here, I wouldn’t have learned the
4. She was so thin. She looked as though she hadn’t eaten language so quickly.
for weeks. f 12. Her business wouldn’t have been successful if I hadn’t
5. He was walking as though he’d hurt himself. c supported her.

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 Activity 42: Using Real Conditionals in Conversation 5. A: If you’ll excuse me, I have to make a phone call.
1. A: Why do we have to spend so much money? B: Talk to you later, then.
B: We can talk about it. (pause) If you want. 6. A: I don’t think I want to work tonight.
A: I don’t think there’s anything to talk about. (pause) B: Look, if you’re not up for it, that’s OK.
Because we can’t really afford it. 7. A: This is delicious.
2. A: How long have you lived here? B: Thanks. You could have a little more, if you want.
B: Since I was 13. 8. A: If I may have a word, Mr. Jones . . .
3. A: How are you doing? B: Please, Tom, come in, come in.
B: Since the last time we talked? (pause) I don’t know. 9. A: Hey! Let’s go see a movie.
Could be better. B: Hmm. If you don’t mind, could we get some food instead?
4. A: How did you know Amanda was lying? I haven’t eaten.
B: Because she wouldn’t look at me. 10. A: If you have a moment, I’d like to talk to you.
5. A: Do you think I should drive or take the train? B: Sure. How can I help?
B: Take the train. Definitely take the train.
Activity 45: Using What If and Not If
A: OK. If you think I should.
1. A: Are you going to work at home today?
B: I do. I really do.
B: Not if I don’t have to.
6. A: This is a great place for a vacation.
2. A: I don’t feel like cooking tonight.
B: I told you it was.
B: What if we go out instead?
A: I know but I was hoping I wouldn’t enjoy it. You know why?
A: Sounds good to me.
B: Because you’re crazy?
3. A: What happened to your car?
7. A: I’m getting bored! When can we go?
B: A car ran into it.
B: Whenever you’re ready.
A: Wow! What if you hadn’t had your seat belt on?
8. A: I have something to tell you about James. (pause)
B: Yeah, I know. It would have been bad.
If you’re interested.
4. A: Is there any cake left?
B: Of course I am! What is it?
B: Yeah, one piece—but it’s mine.
9. A: Can we have pizza for dinner again tonight?
A: Not if I get there first.
B: I suppose so. If you insist.
5. A: Stop! There’s a car coming!
Activity 43: Using Real Conditionals in Conversation B: Yikes! He’s going fast.
1. A: I just can’t do this math problem. A: That’s crazy. What if I hadn’t seen him?
B: Come on. If you stick with it, you’ll figure it out. d B: I would have hit him for sure.
2. A: That’s not a nice thing to say! 6. A: Do I have time for a shower before we leave?
B: If I offended you, I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to. c B: Not if you want to get there on time.
3. A: I’ll drive you to Chicago if you pay for the gas. 7. A: Will you lend me some money?
B: That seems reasonable. You’re on! e B: What if I refuse?
4. A: If you could just listen for a minute, I’ll explain. A: Then I’ll tell Dad about the scratch on the car.
B: Sure. I’m sorry. Go ahead. c 8. A: What’s the matter?
5. A: Well, goodbye. It was nice working with you. B: I’m just nervous. I’m afraid I’m going to forget everything.
B: Yeah. I’m sorry if things didn’t work out so well. A: Not if you stay relaxed.
A: Me too. c 9. A: What time do you want to leave?
6. A: If you want to chat later, I’ll be up till midnight. B: What if I pick you up at eight?
B: Thanks a lot. I might do that. b A: Sounds good to me.
7. A: If you think I’m smart, then you’re a genius.
Activity 46: Identifying the Connection between Ideas
B: Oh, come on. You’re a lot smarter than me. a
1. Turn the television off and step away from the computer at
8. A: Look, if you hate this job, you should quit.
least one hour before you go to bed because they stimulate
B: I guess you’re right. d
your brain rather than relax it. (time, reason)
9. A: If that’s art, my two-year-old son is Picasso.
2. Before you get in bed, lie flat on the floor and stretch. (time)
B: I know what you mean. It’s not very good, is it? a
3. Although it’s sometimes difficult to find a comfortable position
10. A: If I can be honest, I think that tie is terrible.
when falling asleep, it’s a good idea to lie on your back and
B: Really? It doesn’t go with the shirt?
relax until you feel comfortable. If that doesn’t work, lie on your
A: It doesn’t go with anything. d
side. (contrast/time/condition)
11. A: OK, I’ll try a raw oyster if you will.
4. Some people use visualization to relax. You imagine yourself at
B: Let’s do it! e
a beautiful place such as the beach. If you are successful, you
12. A: If you have any questions, just call me.
feel as if you are really there. (condition/manner)
B: Great. Thanks so much. b
5. Deep breathing can help you sleep better. Slowly breathe
Activity 44: Softening a Request or Statement in so that your chest fully expands. Hold your breath for
1. A: Do you mind if I turn down the music? three seconds. Then breathe out. Repeat five to ten times.
B: No, please, go ahead. You should feel your body relax as you breathe.
2. A: Anna seems really distracted and I don’t know why. (manner/time)
B: If you want, I can talk to her. 6. You may want to fall asleep so much that you become too
3. A: I’m leaving for the bank. tense to let it happen. If this is the case, get out of bed and
B: OK if I come along? take a walk. Try stretching again before getting back into bed.
4. A: I’m going to study here if I’m not in your way. (result/condition/time)
B: No, please.

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 Write about It and tanning salons, skin cancer is becoming more common, says
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Mandeep Kaur. She’s a dermatologist, or skin doctor, at Wake
1. Drink a cup of herbal tea to help you relax before you Forest University School of Medicine.
go to bed. Although our skin works hard to protect us, few people work
2. Try to go to bed at the same time every night so that to protect it. The sun’s UV rays are the biggest threat because they
your body develops a rhythm. damage the cells of your skin. The tricky thing is that this process
can take 30 or more years to become evident. “It’s surprising how
Activity 47: Combining Ideas
long it takes,” says Meenhard Herlyn, a biologist at the Wistar
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Institute in Philadelphia. “Even if kids have big, blistering sunburns
1. I don’t drink coffee in the evening because it interferes with
every summer, they’re fine while they’re kids.”
my sleep.
Because coffee interferes with my sleep, I don’t drink it in Think about It
the evening. To set the scene for the following ideas: paragraph 1, sentences 1,
2. When Hassan came to the U.S., he began studying automotive 4, 5; paragraph 2, sentence 1
engineering. To make a connection back to information in a previous sentence:
Hassan began studying automotive engineering after he paragraph 1, sentence 8
came to the U.S.
Activity 49: Using Adverb Clauses
3. People are better off now than they used to be because they
don’t have to spend so much time preparing food. When I was about four, or maybe five, my parents bought a new
Because people don’t have to spend so much time preparing house in what would later become a small suburb of Nogales,
food, they are better off now than they used to be. Arizona, on the border of Mexico, some four miles outside town.
4. Clara Jbour’s parents sent her to the U.S. to attend college As we kept driving out to watch the house being built, my mother
after she graduated from high school. got to make a number of choices regarding details, among which
When Clara Jbour graduated from high school, her parents was the color of various rooms.
sent her to the U.S. to attend college. My mother, when asked what color she wanted the kitchen,
5. Parents may need coaching in parenting skills since they are said to the workers, who were all Mexican and who spoke very
not teaching their children correct behavior. little English, limón. She said it both because she wanted the
Because parents are not teaching their children correct kitchen to be yellow and because she wanted to start learning
behavior, they may need coaching in parenting skills. Spanish. The workers nodded yes. But when she came back the
6. If you maintain a healthy lifestyle, you are less likely to next day, the kitchen was painted bright green, like a small jungle.
get sick. Mexican limónes, my mother found out, are small and green, that
You are less likely to get sick if you maintain a healthy lifestyle. color exactly, no mistake.
7. Since he works as a wildlife photographer, Cody Huelskamp So that’s the color that wall stayed for the next 14 years, until
has traveled to 70 countries. I left home for college. She said it was a reminder to us all that
Cody Huelskamp has traveled to 70 countries because he there was a great deal to learn in the world. You might laugh at
works as a wildlife photographer. first, but after 14 years you start to think about it.
8. I missed most of the movie because I was worrying about QUESTIONS
my job. 1. In all of the sentences that contain adverb clauses.
Since I was worrying about my job, I missed most of 2. In those sentences where they appear at the beginning of
the movie. the sentence.
9. Although I love sweets, I try not to eat candy. 3. Since or because.
I try not to eat candy even though I love sweets. 4. Answers will vary.
10. Since many mothers work outside of the home, fathers must
share the responsibilities of running a house. Activity 50: Making Your Writing Cohesive
Fathers must share the responsibilities of running a house 1. Americans should be required to learn another language.
because many mothers work outside of the home. Because we live in an increasingly multicultural society, this
11. Since he continued to play football, his knee got worse. will benefit them in the future.
His knee got worse because he continued to play football. 2. Many people around the world are learning to speak English
12. Since roughly 36 percent of New Yorkers were born outside of as a second language. If more Americans learned to speak
the U.S., it’s very common to hear people speaking different foreign languages, communication would be even better.
languages. 3. Yoga improves your flexibility. Also, if you do classes, it is a
It’s very common to hear people speaking different languages great way to meet people.
because roughly 36 percent of New Yorkers were born outside 4. My favorite pastime is rock climbing. I enjoy it because it is
of the U.S. something I can do inside or outside.
5. In the U.S., children must be vaccinated against certain diseases.
Activity 48: Using Subordinators They must receive vaccinations before they can start school.
Students will circle sentences beginning with adverb clauses in 6. Competition can be very good for children. It is only a
the Think about It activity. problem when too much emphasis is placed on it.
When summer comes, I get sun crazy. I like to eat on the patio 7. In many families, both parents have full-time jobs. This can
and lie on the beach. I walk and bike everywhere. When I was create problems at home. When neither parent can be at
younger, I played in the sun without worry. Now that I’m 30, I home, children have to spend all day at school or daycare.
realize how important it is to protect myself. That’s because the 8. Brothers and sisters spend a lot of time together. They help
ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun harm the cells in our skin. You each other and take care of each other. Because they share so
can’t see the damage when you’re young, but its effects often many experiences while growing up, they understand each
show up much later. As crowds of young people go to beaches other very well.

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 9. People like to read essays that are well organized and wanted to become a famous detective, you’d still have to learn the
interesting. If you organize your essay well, readers will be job. You can’t become famous until you’ve proved you’re good.
able to follow your ideas easily.
10. Having children is very stressful and time-consuming, but the D
job can be easier if parents are patient with their children. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
11. Every home should have a pair of small, foldable scissors. As soon as you get off the plane in Belgium, you’ll start feeling
Because they fold up and are very small, they fit easily in a hungry! Before you start visiting the main tourist sites, be sure to
purse or pocket. get a good lunch in the town square. If you like mussels, you’re
12. The writer Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria. He chose to sure to love Brussels!
write in English even though he was African.
13. Plastic bags in the ocean are dangerous for sea turtles.
Because the bags look like jellyfish, the sea turtles try to eat
the bags.
14. A report concluded that 100,000 ocean mammals die each
year by eating or getting caught in plastic. They may drown
or become exhausted and die of starvation when they get
caught up in plastic.
15. In the 1970s, there was just one Pinta tortoise in the
Galapagos Islands. Because it was the last remaining Pinta
tortoise that scientists knew of, the Guinness Book of World
Records called it the “rarest living creature.”
16. In the past, people brought goats to the Galapagos to raise
for food. Unfortunately, the goats liked to eat the same food
that the tortoises ate. As the number of goats on the island
increased, the food supply for tortoises disappeared.
Activity 51: Making Your Writing Cohesive
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
A
Because I spend a lot of time on the road, I’ve seen a lot of stupid
behavior. Even though I could list at least 15 driving pet peeves,
I’ll limit myself to two. When people forget to turn off their
turn signal, it really bothers me. I hate to drive for miles behind
someone with a flashing turn signal because it’s very distracting.
Second, when people sometimes flash their headlights, it’s really
irritating. I don’t understand why people get so impatient.
B
One of my biggest pet peeves is irritating cell phone users. Many
people talk very loudly on their phone so that you can hear
everything they say. This is very annoying when you are trying to
read or to talk to someone else and you can’t. It also bothers me
when people always answer their phone when you are having a
conversation with them. This is extremely rude.

Wrap-Up
A
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
I chose the third picture. When the main character goes out into
the ocean, a big storm begins. If the boy can’t reach the shore
before night, he’ll be in a lot of danger. As soon as he realizes that
his life is in danger, he starts to panic.

B
Answers will vary.

C
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
I completely disagree with the first piece of advice. If you have
crazy dreams, you’re probably not going to achieve them.
Although it may seem like a good idea to have dreams, it can
be hard to make them come true. Instead, you should set
yourself easier goals so that you succeed. Even if you think that’s
unambitious, it’s a good idea to think about it. For example, if you

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 Unit 7
Warm-Up Abstract ideas: art, darkness, information, loneliness,
self-confidence
A School subjects: music, physics
1. Everything has its beauty, but not everyone sees it. f Names of categories: clothing, equipment, furniture,
2. Children are our most valuable natural resource. e transportation
3. Criticize a friend in private, but praise him in front of others. a Natural occurrences: fire, snow
4. It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is to use Things with tiny parts too small to count: hair, rice, salt
it well. b Illnesses: cancer, diabetes
5. An angry man opens his mouth and shuts his eyes. d Think about It
6. One may smile, and smile, and be a villain. c Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Sports, physical activities: basketball, cycling
B
Gases, liquids, materials: steel, water
True False Abstract ideas: innocence, knowledge
School subjects: geography, history
1. Nouns always come before verbs. ✓ Names of categories: countries, sports
2. Plural nouns always end in -s. ✓ Natural occurrences: hurricanes, ice
Things with tiny parts too small to count: pepper, sand
3. We use a singular verb after the pronouns Illnesses: arthritis, obesity
✓
everything and everyone.
Activity 3: Using Noncount Nouns
4. Pronouns sometimes take the place of a
✓ 1. Where can you get information about your ancestors?
noun or noun phrase.
2. How often do you have trouble controlling your anger?
5. We can use pronouns to talk about people 3. What was the best advice someone gave you?
✓
or things in general. 4. What was the most interesting thing in the news yesterday?
5. Do you think it’s possible to find happiness?
C 6. Do you always do your homework?
pronouns: it, your, someone 7. How can we reduce air pollution?
nouns: courage, dreams 8. Did you enjoy studying history in school?
Activity 1: Exploring Categories of Nouns 9. Do you always tell the truth?
10. Do you listen to music every day?
People Places Physical Abstract
things nouns Activity 4: Collocations with Noncount Nouns
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Joseph school book profession Where can you get information about different professions?
Priestley England electricity interests Do you always speak the truth?
minister illustrations number Do you always follow your best friend’s advice?
children gases fields Do you like to discuss politics with your family?
students oxygen lifetime Where do you go to do research for your classes?
artist religion Where do you go to buy furniture?
politics
education Activity 5: Distinguishing Count and Noncount Nouns
science (C) (C)
For about a hundred years, white coats were the standard
experiments (C) (C)
life uniform for most doctors. Doctors didn’t always wear white
discovery (C)
coats. Up until the early part of the twentieth century, they wore
Think about It (N) (N) (N)
street clothes—or even black clothes out of respect for the dead!
Answers will vary.
(N) (C)
Write about It They also did not have much training, and their methods were
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: primitive. In the late 1900s, doctors began to rely on scientific
Benjamin Franklin did many different things. He was a newspaper (N) (C) (C)
editor and printer when he was young. Then he became a evidence when it came to medical treatment. Scientists wore
diplomat. He was the American ambassador to France. He was (C)
knee-length white coats while doing experiments to protect their
also a politician. He was governor of Pennsylvania from 1785 to
(N) (N) (C)
1788. As a scientist, he did many experiments, and he invented clothing and skin from chemicals. Soon doctors started wearing
the lightning rod. He was also a successful writer. (C)
the white lab coats of the scientist to reassure their patients that
Activity 2: Grouping Noncount Nouns (N) (N) (C)
Sports, physical activities: karate, surfing, yoga their care was based on science and not superstition.
Gases, liquids, materials: gasoline, oil, smoke

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 (C) There are some common foods that will help you lose weight.
So, wearing white coats became a tradition for physicians. That I know many people who don’t own televisions.
He has never really enjoyed watching television.
tradition is changing, however, and your doctor may very well
(C) Write about It
wear a business suit during your next examination.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Think about It I eat a lot of cheese.
Answers will vary. I think French cheeses are the best.
The big windows let in a lot of light.
Activity 6: Count or Noncount Meaning? We have solar-powered lights in our backyard.
Count Noncount Activity 8: Error Correction
1. In the past, people recorded 1. We had a lot of fun on our way to the beach.
important information on paper. ✓ 2. People should just practice to get experience speaking English.
Today most people use computers. 3. People see a lot of advertisements when they watch television.
4. Being a good parent requires love and caring. Good parents tell
2. A 2005 planning paper considered
✓ their children every day that they love them.
several alternatives.
5. In school, we had a physical education every afternoon for
3. Recycled paper is used to produce an hour.
✓
newspapers. 6. Radio remains popular because our society is very mobile.
4. Ross has written several papers on People who use automobiles as their main form of
✓ transportation usually listen to the radio while they are driving.
climate change.
7. If you don’t have a self-confidence, you might appear nervous
5. To get a PhD, you have to write a
✓ at a job interview. Having information about the job and the
very long paper, or dissertation.
company can help you feel more confident.
6. Paper used to be made from 8. Many people believe that the Internet will greatly improve
✓
pieces of cloth. education, but I don’t agree. In the past, we had to spend a lot
7. Recycling one ton of paper saves of time searching for information. Now, a quick Internet search
✓ often gets us all the information we need. This is a good thing,
about 17 trees.
but it isn’t everything. Once we have information, we need to
8. You can go to the Internet to get
✓ analyze it and discuss it.
suggestions for writing a paper.
9. Many schools work hard to get Activity 9: Noticing Personal Pronouns
parents involved with their kids’ ✓ 1. If you have it , you want to share it , but if you share it , you
educations. don’t have it . What is it ? d
2. The more of them you take, the more you leave behind. What
10. A recent poll reported that 90 are they ? e
percent of Americans believe the 3. It has a face, two arms, and two hands, but it cannot move. It
✓
government should spend the counts to 12, but it cannot speak. It can still tell you something
same or more on education. every day. What is it ? f
11. For some careers—law, medicine, 4. If you take off my skin, I won’t cry, but you will. What am I ? a
engineering—a college education ✓ 5. I look at you and you look at me . I raise my right hand and you
is necessary. raise your left. What am I ? c
12. Many cities have their own laws 6. I run, but I have no legs. What am I ? b
✓
regulating education. Activity 10: Distinguishing Subject and Object Pronouns
13. In tough economic times, an 1. A: Did you call me?
education is more important ✓ B: Yes, I was wondering if you could help Ann and me.
than ever. 2. A: Do you know who John Bell is?
B: Sure. I listen to him on the radio all the time.
14. As time went on, more people
✓ 3. A: How is your sister doing?
wanted to join the team.
B: She’s OK. We had to take her to the hospital, but she’s OK.
15. They asked eight people at a time 4. A: Are these your keys?
✓
to play the game. B: Yes, thanks. Where did you find them?
16. This website has been visited more A: They were on the floor in the library.
✓ 5. A: Is something wrong?
than 11,000 times.
B: I don’t know.
17. There was a time when no one had
✓ A: Sure you do. Now, come on, tell me.
a television.
6. A: How do you folks like our hotel so far?
18. It is time to rethink our priorities. ✓ B: Oh, it’s just wonderful.
7. A: Are Tom and Lisa coming to the meeting?
Activity 7: Using Count and Noncount Meanings B: Oh, I forgot to tell them about it.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: A: That’s OK. They’re usually too busy to come anyway.
You shouldn’t judge a person based on beauty alone. 8. A: I’d like to check in, please.
Most people think she’s going to be a beauty when she grows up. B: How long are you planning on staying with us?
Nutritious food is necessary for healthy development. A: Just tonight.

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 9. A: Can you and John help me tomorrow? 6. A: Why is Cathy wearing your coat?
B: Afraid not. We both have to work. B: Because she doesn’t like hers.
A: I thought John didn’t have a job. 7. A: Do you want to take my car?
B: No, he just got one. His brother hired him to work on his house. B: No, I can use mine.
A: But yours needs gas.
Activity 13: Listening for Reduced Words
8. A: So when are they getting married?
1. A: What did you say to Jim?
B: I don’t know. The decision is theirs.
B: I told him to come back later.
2. A: Have you seen Paula today? Activity 17: Using Pronouns and Possessive Determiners
B: No, but I saw her yesterday. 1. A: Where do you want me to park my car?
3. A: Do you know Tom and Ron? B: Why don’t you leave it here? I’ll put mine over there.
B: I’ve met them, but I don’t know them very well. A: OK, but what about Jack and Tom? Where are they going to
4. A: How’s your new boss? park theirs?
B: Everyone likes her a lot. B: I don’t know. We’ll figure something out.
5. A: Are you in touch with Andrew? 2. A: Does anyone here know Ben Wilson?
B: No, but I talk to his brother every day. B: Actually, my brother is a good friend of his.
6. A: What should I say? A: Really? How long has he known him?
B: I think you should tell him the truth. B: They met in college.
7. A: Would you mind taking your brothers to the movie? A: Does your brother see him very often?
B: But I don’t want to go with them. B: No, but their children go the same school.
8. A: Can my friend Steve come, too? 3. A: How did you get in?
B: If he wants to. B: Jason gave me his key.
9. A: Why isn’t Sarah here? A: Why didn’t you use yours?
B: I asked her to come, but her parents are visiting. B: Because I left mine at school.
10. A: How’s your new teacher? 4. A: What do you think of their new house?
B: I think he’s great. B: It’s nice but it’s not as big as ours.
11. A: Mr. Evans is waiting for you. A: Are you sure? I thought theirs was bigger.
B: How long has he been here? 5. A: I can’t believe Martha is quitting her job.
12. A: Where are Tim and Lisa? B: Well, it’s true, and the decision was entirely hers.
B: I don’t know. Can you call them? A: Someday she’s going to regret it.
13. A: Why did you tell them I got a new job?
Activity 18: Error Correction
B: I didn’t know it was a secret.
1. My friends and I usually get together after class. Sometimes
14. A: What did you think of Lisa?
we go out for coffee and sometimes we have lunch together.
B: I don’t know. I only spent a few minutes with her.
Whatever we do, we have a good time.
Activity 14: Distinguishing Personal Pronouns and 2. My best friend and I are in the same class. I usually sit next to
Possessive Determiners her, and during the break we talk and laugh.
Not so long ago, when I was in college, I wrote a paper on Carl 3. Last weekend, my best friend and I spent the day at the beach.
Sagan. I wanted to find out as much as I could about Sagan’s My friend, he borrowed a car and we got there early in the
research as well as his writings. So, I called his secretary at morning when it was still cool. By ten o’clock, however, it was
Cornell University and asked her if she could send me Sagan’s very hot. We put up a huge umbrella and sat under it for the
vita. A vita is a brief list of a person’s education, jobs, awards, and next few hours.
publications. It’s usually a few pages long. She asked, “Are you sure 4. My parents were strict with my older brother and me. They
you want the whole thing?” I didn’t really understand what she didn’t allow us to travel alone until we were in college. Even
meant, but I said, “Yes.” A few days later, I got this thick package in then, they worried about us a lot. (no errors)
the mail. Inside was Sagan’s vita. It was 233 pages long! That’s how 5. Last year, my parents moved to my neighborhood. It made me
many pages it took to list this extraordinary man’s achievements, happy to see them almost every day. (no errors)
scientific papers, and popular articles. Although Carl Sagan died in 6. This girl she said I should apply for a job where she works. I
1996, his influence is still felt in books, TV series, articles, and even didn’t know her very well, but I decided to take her advice and
movies based on his ideas. apply for a job. I talked to the owner of the business and he
liked me a lot, but he didn’t offer me a job.
Activity 16: Pronouncing Possessive Pronouns 7. Several months ago, my friend and I had a big argument.
Students will circle the stressed pronouns in the Think about It Of course, she thought it was my fault, and I thought it
activity. was hers.
1. A: Is this my book? 8. My sister drives to school every day with a friend of hers.
B: No, it’s mine. 9. My sister and I have always been good friends. I can honestly
2. A: Whose book is this? say I have never gotten angry with her.
B: It’s mine.
3. A: Is this Stella’s computer? Activity 19: Identifying Indefinite Pronouns
B: No, she told me it was yours. The letters indicate the cartoons that match the captions.
A: Well, it’s definitely not mine. 1. “You work harder than anyone else.”
4. A: I forgot to bring my homework. 2. “Everybody feels a little depressed at this time of year.”
B: Yeah, I forgot mine, too. 3. “You think I do nothing all day.”
5. A: Here’s Tom’s book. 4. “I’ll be at lunch. If anyone calls, say I’m at the health club.” b
B: But this isn’t his. 5. “Does anyone know what the date is?”
A: If it’s not his, then whose is it? 6. “Nothing for me, thanks.” c

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 7. “Nobody lives forever.” 6. We had nothing to do with the accident.
8. “I’d like my daughter to know something about engines.” a 7. They didn’t do anything at all for two days.
9. “I like things nobody else likes.” 8. It costs nothing to look at a beautiful sports car.
10. “I think everybody bought everything they needed three or 9. We haven’t had anybody sign up for the workshop.
four years ago.” d 10. There is nothing wrong with your car.
11. It seems as if nobody was surprised.
Activity 20: Using Indefinite Pronouns.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Activity 24: Using Some- and Any-
1. I prefer to travel with someone I know. Agree/disagree answers will vary.
2. Everybody should have enough food to eat. 1. Don’t do anything active just before you go to bed. You might
3. Nobody in my class has a full-time job. not be able to sleep.
4. There isn’t anyone in my class who speaks Spanish. 2. If you have money problems, don’t tell anyone in your family.
5. If someone wants to be a success, he or she must work hard. 3. When you get angry about something, count to ten before
6. Everybody needs time to relax and have fun. speaking.
7. I couldn’t find anyone to help me. 4. When you don’t feel well, it helps to wear something
8. I need something to write with. comfortable.
9. I can’t think of anything better than being a teacher. 5. You shouldn’t take anything/something that doesn’t belong
10. A fad is something that becomes popular quickly for a short to you.
period of time. 6. Every day, take a few minutes to notice something positive
about life around you.
Activity 21: Singular or Plural Verb?
7. Don’t go to sleep while you’re mad at anyone/someone.
1. Is anyone absent today?
Resolve your disagreement first.
2. Are there enough chairs in the room for everyone?
8. Always try to think of something good about each person you
3. Is there anything interesting on the walls of our classroom?
work with.
4. Do we have everything we need in our classroom?
9. Don’t buy anything/something you can’t afford.
5. Does everyone in our class come from the same country?
10. Do something fun or creative with your friends every week.
6. Is anybody married?
7. Does somebody in the class have children? Write about It
8. Is someone wearing a red shirt? Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
9. Has anyone traveled to another country this year? Don’t get into a car with anyone you don’t know.
10. Has anybody in the class been to Japan? If you get lost, ask someone for directions.
11. Have we learned everything in this book? When you can’t find something, try to remember everything you
12. Has someone in your class helped you understand did since you last had it.
something better?
Think about It
Activity 22: Describing Indefinite Pronouns It is correct because something is the object of a positive verb in
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: the main clause, should drink.
1. A: Julia just bought something really expensive.
Activity 25: Review of Indefinite Pronouns
B: Oh no! What was it?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
A: A gold bracelet.
1. Have you ever done something scary?
2. A: You’re in big trouble.
2. Do you know anyone famous?
B: Why? I didn’t do anything wrong.
3. Have you met anyone tall recently?
A: Well, then, who broke the car window?
4. In school, did you learn anything about electromagnetism?
3. A: Was there anything interesting in the newspaper?
5. Have you ever forgotten something important at home?
B: Yeah. There’s a pretty good article about Greece.
6. Do you know anybody who lives in the Middle East?
4. A: I have something horrible to tell you.
7. Do you know anyone who speaks Chinese?
B: What is it?
8. Is there anything you don’t like about playing sports?
A: I just lost my job.
9. Do you know anything about making chocolate?
5. A: Let’s do something new and different today.
10. Does anyone else in your family ski?
B: Like what?
11. Have you ever made someone a cake?
A: Like, um, like . . . let’s go swimming at the lake.
12. Did you do anything adventurous on your last vacation?
6. A: Are you going on the school trip?
B: Is everyone at the club going? Activity 26: Referring Back to Nouns
A: Yes, I think so. 1. Listen carefully to other people when they speak, and don’t
7. A: Have you ever met someone from the movies? interrupt when you are part of the audience.
B: No, but I once saw the musician Yo-Yo Ma on the street. 2. Show other speakers that you respect their viewpoints even
8. A: Do you know anything about local farming? when you don’t agree with them.
B: I know there’s a farmers’ market downtown on Tuesdays. 3. (You) Think about the speaker’s main idea and try to put it in
your own words.
Activity 23: Using Any- and No-
4. Remember to turn off your cell phone before the speaker
1. There isn’t anybody here named Chris.
begins. You don’t want it to ring during the talk.
2. I don’t think anybody’s home.
5. When you are planning a presentation, think about
3. There was nothing good on TV last night.
your listeners. What do they already know about your topic?
4. I didn’t have anybody to talk to all day.
6. Try starting your presentation with a personal story. It will get
5. There isn’t anything better than a glass of cold water.
the attention of your audience.

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 7. Be sure that you don’t talk too fast, or no one will Activity 29: Using Plural Forms
understand you. It takes a special kind of person to be an effective leader. Effective
8. If you use pictures, make sure the people in the back of leaders have a confident attitude. They know what their goals
the room can see them. are and how they want to reach them. At the same time, they are
9. Be willing to answer questions at the end of your flexible. Good leaders can make changes to their plans when it is
presentation. If you don’t know an answer , volunteer to find necessary. The people around them can feel sure that they will be
out and share it later. good guides.
10. If you are making a series of points, organize them from most Effective leaders are good listeners. They pay attention to
important to least important. other people’s needs. They let people know that they are working
11. A good conversation is an exchange of ideas. Everyone needs for everybody’s interest, not just their own. Finally, effective
to be included in it. leaders know that they can’t do everything alone. They know
12. During a class discussion, encourage your classmates to talk how to ask other people for help. They know how to divide
by asking them questions. responsibilities among several people. Being a good leader takes
a certain kind of talent. Not everyone can do it well.
Write about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Activity 30: Referring Back to Indefinite Pronouns
Make eye contact with your classmates so you know they are 1. I hate it when people use their cell phones in a restaurant.
paying attention. They should at least get up and leave the table.
If you use charts, make sure they are clear and easy to understand. 2. It bothers me when people send text messages while they are
If you don’t understand something the speaker says, ask about it talking to me.
after the presentation. 3. It drives me crazy when people chew their food with their
mouths open.
Activity 27: Identifying Pronoun References
4. I don’t like it when people drive their cars really close behind me.
1. subway riders
5. When I call people in the evening, I’m always afraid I’ll disturb
2. the child’s
them.
3. the child
6. It bothers me when people don’t do their jobs.
4. the child’s
7. I don’t understand why people smoke. They should quit.
5. the babysitter
8. It’s irritating when people are late and they don’t even call to
6. the ball
tell you.
7. the train
9. I don’t like it when people disagree with me and they won’t
8. the child
listen to my viewpoint.
9. the witness
10. I don’t like it when people borrow something and they don’t
10. saving the child
return it.
Activity 28: Using Plural Forms
Write about It
1. Good doctors listen carefully to their patients.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
2. Carpenters need to take good care of their tools.
It bothers me when people ask me to meet them and then they
3. Horse trainers must be gentle with their horses. They should
arrive late.
never lose their tempers.
I don’t like it when people talk very loudly in restaurants.
4. Good parents encourage their children to talk to them.
It drives me crazy when people talk on their cell phones during
5. Office managers need to be organized so that they can make
a movie.
good decisions.
6. Good employers can communicate clearly with their Activity 31: One or It?
employees. 1. A: Do you need your book back?
7. Good teachers are able to change to meet their students’ B: No, you can give it to me later.
needs. 2. A: Sorry I broke your glass.
8. Lawyers must pass a state exam before they can practice law. B: No problem. I can replace it tomorrow.
9. Pilots in training must get 250 flight hours before they can fly 3. A: Is that a new hat?
commercially. B: Yeah, I bought it online.
10. Supervisors must be well-spoken so they can explain clearly A: Nice. I like it.
what needs to be done. 4. A: Did you buy a new hat?
B: Yeah, I found one online. I’ll bring it in tomorrow.
Think about It
5. A: Can I get you a cup of coffee?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
B: No, thanks. I’ve already got one.
Plural forms are more common because they represent both
6. A: Have you seen any good movies lately?
males and females without being too formal or repetitive.
B: Yeah, I saw one last week. It was called The 39 Steps.
Write about It 7. A: Can you do the grocery shopping?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: B: Yeah, but I need a list.
What makes a good store clerk? A: OK, I’ll put one together for you.
Good store clerks pay attention to what customers are looking at 8. A: My allergies are terrible today.
so they can offer suggestions. B: Did you take your allergy pill?
Good store clerks make sure to be easily available to customers A: Yeah. I took it an hour ago.
without bothering or distracting them.
Activity 32: What Does the Pronoun Refer To?
Good store clerks pay attention to how much they have of
1. another = another explanation
something so they know when to order more of it.
2. others = other people

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 3.another = another person Activity 37: Pronouncing Compound Nouns
4.others = other people
5.any = any food 1. compound noun ✓ adjective + noun
6.some = some sleep problems 2. compound noun ✓ adjective + noun
others = other sleep problems
7. others = other people 3. ✓ compound noun adjective + noun
8. one = one thing 4. ✓ adjective + noun
compound noun
another = another thing
9. some = some marathons 5. ✓ compound noun adjective + noun
some = some marathons 6. ✓ compound noun adjective + noun
others = other marathons
10. some = some scientists 7. compound noun ✓ adjective + noun
others = other scientists
8. ✓ compound noun adjective + noun
Activity 33: One, Another, Some, and Others
9. compound noun ✓ adjective + noun
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. There are several ways to cook eggs. One is to fry them in a 10. ✓ compound noun adjective + noun
pan. Another is to boil them in water. You can also scramble
them or bake them in a quiche or frittata. Activity 38: Identifying Compound Nouns
2. There are many different ways you can get the news. One is
to read it online. Another is to watch it on TV. Others may be The Huntsman Spider
available to you depending on your location. Imagine driving in your car. Suddenly, a huge spider runs across
3. Travelers have many options for buying airline tickets. Some the windshield . If you are in Australia, it is probably a huntsman
buy their tickets through a travel agent. Others buy them spider. Although the name is scary, the spider doesn’t actually
online. hunt men. In fact, the spiders are very beneficial creatures
because they eat insects. They are large (as large as your hand)
Activity 34: Making General Statements about People and hairy, and in Australia you can find them everywhere. They
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: live in woods, in living rooms , and even in bedrooms . They can
1. You can’t enjoy books unless you know how to read. run really fast and are hard to catch. In Sydney, people often come
2. You cannot think openly with a closed mind. home from work to find a huntsman spider on their dining table
3. If you can draw it, you can build it. or sitting in their favorite armchair . This often happens after
4. The dream of one is the nightmare of another. a thunderstorm as the spiders come inside for shelter. Most
5. All you need in life is knowledge and ambition, and then Australians have learned to live with them. They catch the spiders
success is sure. rather than kill them.
6. They say life has become too difficult for easy answers.
They are wrong. Water Found on Distant Planet
Water has been discovered on a planet beyond our solar system .
Activity 35: Using It as a Placeholder A telescope detected water vapor in the atmosphere of a
1. It is important to take care of your body and stay healthy, and gas giant that is 64 light years away from Earth. Although the
there are many different ways you can do this. planet is too hot to support life, the discovery suggests that water
2. It’s not easy to stay calm when someone makes you angry. may be commonly found on planets throughout the galaxy.
3. It’s not always possible to do well in school. According to Giovanna Tinetti of University College London, who
4. It isn’t easy to be a good parent. led the research group , the team will be able to use this method
5. Today it is common for mothers as well as fathers to have in the future to study other planets that are “life-friendly.”
a career.
6. When you travel to a foreign country, it is fun to visit Activity 39: Using Compound Nouns
someone’s home. Students will decide whether the compound nouns are count
7. It is essential for doctors to listen to their patients. nouns or noncount nouns in the Think about It activity.
8. It is unhealthy to work seven days a week. 1. You use about 200 muscles when you take one step. That’s a
(N)
9. Because of modern health care, it is not uncommon for lot of muscle power.
people to live into their eighties. (N)
10. It’s important to get some exercise every day. 2. Children grow faster in the springtime.
11. It’s difficult to have a good relationship with someone who (C)
3. Fingernails grow four times faster than toenails.
doesn’t tell the truth.
(C)
12. With modern technology, it is easy to keep in touch with 4. Each hair on your head has a lifespan of three to seven years.
friends and relatives. (C)
5. The surface area of the human lungs is equal to a tennis court.
Write about It (C)
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 6. Your thighbones are the bones in your upper leg. They are
It is important to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. stronger than concrete.
With a cell phone, it is easy to call for help if you need it.
It is common for students to bring laptop computers to class 7. In addition to unique fingerprints, humans have unique
(C)
with them. tongue prints.
It’s not easy to keep up with the changes in modern technology. (C)
It’s not difficult to learn how to use social media. 8. There are four main blood types in the world. The most
common is Type O.

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 (C) 4. freedom
9. There are about 86 billion nerve cells in the human brain. 5. friendship
(C) 6. fulfillment
10. Your jawbone is the hardest bone in your body.
(C) 7. happiness
11. When they fall out, eyelashes take seven to eight weeks to 8. imagination
grow back. 9. punishment
(C)
12. Babies are born with soft kneecaps. They don’t turn into bone Agree/disagree answers will vary.
until a child is two to five years old. a. “Actions speak louder than words.”
b. “Success is getting what you want. Happiness is wanting what
Think about It you get.”
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: c. “Let the punishment match the offense.”
bookshelf daycare d. “Freedom is never given; it is won.”
post office cell phone e. “Laughter is not at all a bad beginning for a friendship.”
stepfather toothbrush f. “The goal of life is living in agreement with nature.”
home-schooling website g. “A promise is a cloud; fulfillment is rain.”
light bulb mail room h. “Imagination is more important than knowledge.”
seat belt sports car
timeline Web page Activity 43: Forming Nouns with Suffixes
voicemail videoconferencing 1. I can’t decide. = I can’t make a decision.
2. I am proud of the things I have achieved. = I am proud of my
Activity 40: Noticing Spelling Changes achievements.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 3. My work isn’t ready to be evaluated. = My work isn’t ready for
evaluation.
Word Word + suffix Spelling change
4. It’s important to be free. = Freedom is important.
1. describe description Drop the -e, change -b to -p, 5. I don’t understand why this news is urgent. = I don’t
and add -tion. understand the urgency of this news.
2. happy happiness Change the -y to -i and add 6. How many miles is it to the nearest city? = What is the
-ness. mileage to the nearest city?
7. I’m not interested in becoming a member of this group. =
3. arrive arrival Drop the -e and add -al.
Membership in this group doesn’t interest me.
4. inquire inquiry Drop the -re and add -ry. 8. I can’t explain this. = I don’t have an explanation for this.
5. possible possibility Drop the -le and add -ility. 9. Do you need someone to assist you? = Do you need an
assistant?
6. urgent urgency Drop the -t and add -cy.
10. Why is this assignment important? = What is the importance
7. decide decision Drop the -de and add -sion. of this assignment?
11. You should be proud of the things you have accomplished. =
Activity 41: Identifying Nouns with Suffixes You should be proud of your accomplishments.
verb + adjective noun + 12. It’s important to participate in class discussions. =
suffix + suffix suffix Participation in class discussions is important.
13. The archeologists discovered something important this
1. A Portrait of the Artist as year. = The archeologists made an important discovery
✓
a Young Man this year.
2. Childhood’s End ✓ 14. About 4,000 people reside in this area. = There are about
4,000 residents in this area.
3. The Importance of
✓ 15. The two teams agreed to postpone the game. = The two
Being Earnest
teams made an agreement to postpone the game.
4. Crime and Punishment ✓
Think about It
5. Appointment in Samarra ✓ Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. The Loneliness of the Words Sample sentences
✓
Long-Distance Runner
1. education I want to get a good education.
7. A Handful of Dust ✓
2. election I have never voted in an election.
8. Great Expectations ✓ 3. narration She performed a wonderful narration.
9. Teach Us to Outgrow 4. anticipation The anticipation was almost as exciting as
✓
Our Madness the event itself.
10. The House of Silence ✓ 5. competition The competition was fierce.
6. jubilation The jubilation of the people was inspiring.
Activity 42: Forming Nouns with Suffixes
1. action 7. creation The sculpture was his favorite of all his
2. agreement creations.
3. bravery

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 Activity 44: Identifying Pronoun References 3. Sunlight mixes with pollution to create ozone. Ozone is helpful
1. With the new public transportation system, fewer people because it blocks the sun’s harmful rays. But close to Earth,
are driving their cars to work . This could be good for the ozone can be harmful to people. That explains why some
environment because cars give off pollution. people have health problems when the ozone level is high.
2. Many scientists believe that gases in the air are causing the 4. There are several ways to use the sun’s power to make
earth to gradually become warmer . That is called global electricity. One is called concentrating solar power. This
warming. involves using mirrors to focus the sun’s rays. This provides
3. Young children learn new words very quickly . Researchers heat, which helps power generators.
have called this the “vocabulary explosion.” 5. A team of researchers has found the bones of four different
4. The Apple computer company has sold over 15 billion digital kinds of dinosaurs at the same site in New Mexico. This suggests
songs from its iTunes program. This has made a lot of money that many different kinds of dinosaurs existed at the same time.
for record companies. 6. In science fiction movies, the characters always refer to “outer
5. In 1997, about 12 million people in the United States worked space.” This implies, somehow, that there’s also an “inner space.”
at home at least one day a month . That is very different from 7. After a job interview, it’s a good idea to send the interviewer a
today’s numbers. thank-you letter or email. This indicates that you are interested
6. Most green buildings have lights that automatically turn off in the job.
when people leave the room. They are also designed with lots 8. The college admissions process should help students evaluate
of windows . During the day, this allows people to use the sun their strengths. This requires careful thought and self-awareness.
instead of lamps for light.
Think about It
7. To cope with stress, many people practice yoga every evening .
Students should have underlined the following words in
This helps them relax after a long day. It also helps them get a
Activity 46:
good night’s sleep.
1. good feedback
8. People use a lot of unfamiliar words when they talk about the
4. concentrating solar power
inventor Buckminster Fuller. This is because Fuller invented
5. a team of researchers has found the bones of four different
words to describe his ideas and inventions.
kinds of dinosaurs at the same site
9. In the Peruvian Amazon, there is a type of ant that kills
6. In science fiction movies, the characters always refer to
all kinds of trees except one . That’s the finding of Megan
“outer space.”
Frederickson, a doctoral student at Stanford University.
7. it’s a good idea to send the interviewer a thank-you letter
10. The most intensive period of language development is during
or email
the first three years of a child’s life . This is the time when the
8. The college admissions process should help students evaluate
brain is developing.
their strengths.
Activity 45: Listening for This and That in Conversation
Activity 47: Recognizing This, That, and It References
1. Employee: Sorry I’m late. My car broke down.
1. it = doing an activity
Employer: Is that so?
that = doing an activity for the fun of it
Employee: Yeah, um, I had to take the bus.
it = doing an activity for the fun of it
2. Employee: I need to take a few days off. We’ve had a death
2. this = managing people
in the family.
it = managing people
Employer: I’m so sorry to hear that.
3. it = someone else’s work
3. Employee 1: I think we should send everyone an email.
this = plagiarism
Employee 2: That makes a lot of sense.
4. this = hacking
4. Employee 1: Did you hear the boss is quitting?
it = hacking
Employee 2: I can’t believe that.
it = hacking
Employee 1: It’s true.
5. this = getting along with someone
5. Employee: Is there anything else I can do before I leave?
it = getting along with someone
Employer: No, that’s all.
6. this = breathing deeply and counting to ten
6. Employee 1: Guess what? We have to work late again tonight.
it = breathing deeply and counting to ten
Employee 2: Oh, no. I can’t take this anymore.
7. that = teaching in a traditional way
7. Employee: I heard you’re leaving the company.
it = mathematics
Employer: That’s news to me.
8. that = my most prized possession is my Greek dictionary
8. Official: May I see your documents, please.
it = my most prized possession is my Greek dictionary
Passenger: Is this really necessary?
it = my Greek dictionary
Official: Yes, I’m required to check all identification.
Think about It
Think about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
They may have used different pronouns for variety and clarity.
The speakers chose to use this because it emphasizes the close
proximity of what “this” refers to. Activity 48: Interpreting the Meaning of Things
Activity 46: Common Verbs Used with This and That Objects Actions Ideas
1. Successful supervisors give good feedback to their employees.
This includes correcting their work and praising them for a job 1. I’m going to pass out a
well done. couple of things before
✓
2. If I only had a few months to live, I would eat my favorite food we get started. The first
as often as I could. That means I would eat pizza every night is a program evaluation.
for dinner.

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 2. There are seven things 6. A: You were here yesterday, weren’t you?
you can do to get ✓ B: Yeah, all day.
organized. 7. A: John seemed nervous, didn’t he?
B: Yeah, a little bit.
3. There are three 8. A: Cold today, isn’t it?
important things I’d like B: Yeah, freezing.
✓
to share with you about 9. A: The test was hard, wasn’t it?
being a teacher. B: Not really.
4. Of all the things I do 10. A: Your parents are coming, aren’t they?
during the day, the B: Yes, and my grandparents, too.
✓
best is interacting with 11. A: Your brother didn’t go, did he?
students. B: No, he stayed at home.
12. A: Time for lunch, isn’t it?
5. I rarely have large blocks
B: Absolutely.
of time when I can get ✓
things done. Activity 51: Choosing Appropriate Pronoun Forms
6. I try not to take a lot 1. A: Why is Sam making dinner?
of work home with me B: Because no one else can cook like he can.
on the weekend, but 2. A: Who should I send the package to?
✓ B: Just send it to Bill and me.
sometimes I have to
read students’ papers 3. A: Are you worried about the deadline?
and things like that. B: Well, just between you and me, I think it’s a serious problem.
4. A: Who taught you how to paint houses?
7. My subject area is
B: My father taught both my brother and me when we were
environmental science,
teenagers.
which has to do with ✓
5. A: Are you doing something with Tom tomorrow?
climate change and
B: Yeah. He and I are going to play tennis.
things like that.
6. A: Are you worried about Tom and Jill?
8. There are some things B: Not really. A lot of people have less money than they do.
you need to bring to ✓ 7. A: If Irene can go out, why can’t I?
every class. B: Because you’re younger than she is.
9. That’s one of the 8. A: Anne should go first because she’s the tallest.
important things B: But I’m as tall as she is.
✓ 9. A: Have you seen Sarah lately?
to ask when you are
interviewing for a job. B: Yeah. She and I had coffee yesterday.
10. A: I need a ride to the meeting.
10. You need to pay more
B: Do you want to come with Jim and me?
attention to the details.
Here I’m talking just Activity 52: Using Different Forms of the Same Word
about your writing— ✓ 1. Studies show that certain parts of the brain become active
commas, periods, during sleep. This activity could be the brain moving
spelling, and things memories from short-term to long-term memory.
like that. 2. Tests for cancer can fail to find problems. A failure like this can
be disastrous when a patient does not get treated right away.
Think about It 3. More than 50 percent of patients feel rushed when they visit
Answers will vary. their doctor. This feeling is more common among elderly
patients.
Activity 49: Recognizing Vague Words
4. As early as the 1950s, medical researchers investigated the
1. doohickey
connection between smoking and cancer. The investigation
2. thingy
led to the first anti-smoking laws.
3. whatshername
5. Medical insurance costs have increased dramatically in the
4. thingamajig
last ten years. As a result of this increase, many people cannot
5. whatchmacallits
afford insurance.
6. whatshisname
6. Over the years, many governments have invested heavily in
Activity 50: Using Pronouns in Tag Questions medical research. This investment has led to several important
1. A: That was a great meal, wasn’t it? medical breakthroughs.
B: Yeah, wonderful. 7. Not all medical discoveries are made in a scientist’s youth. The
2. A: Your sister isn’t coming, is she? scientist Benjamin Duggar discovered the use of tetracycline
B: No, I don’t think so. antibiotics when he was 76.
3. A: That was really funny, wasn’t it? 8. In 1777, General George Washington had his entire army
B: Yeah, sure. I guess so. vaccinated. This action was controversial at the time because
4. A: Ann’s really nice, isn’t she? few doctors believed in vaccinations.
B: Yeah, the best. 9. Some doctors are starting to use computers to help diagnose
5. A: That was your idea, wasn’t it? Alzheimer’s disease. This method of diagnosis is more
B: I can’t remember. accurate and faster than current methods.

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 10. Many people are allergic to peanuts. Some researchers 5. it = the bicycle
say the number of peanut allergies found in children has 6. him = my nephew
increased dramatically in the last ten years. 7. it = the bicycle
11. Tension headaches are caused by muscle contractions that 8. it = riding the bicycle
cause mild pain. This type of headache may not be extremely 9. he = my nephew
painful, but it lasts for a long period of time. 10. it = riding a bicycle
12. We cough in order to clear irritated airways so we can
Activity 56: Using Pronouns in Writing
breathe better. However, too much coughing can cause
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
further irritation to the lungs and throat.
1. My favorite sport is volleyball. I like it because it is fast-paced.
Think about It And I like how I have to stay focused on the game while I am
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: playing it. Volleyball is also a team sport, and I like being part of
4. The inquiry led to the first anti-smoking laws. a team.
5. As a result of this growth, many people cannot afford 2. If I could have a conversation with a famous person, I would
insurance. talk with Mahatma Gandhi. He has definitely inspired me in
my life. I’d like to talk with him about how we can change the
Think about It
world without violence. Gandhi said we should be the change
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb we desire to see. I think this is a wise saying, and I would talk to
him about it.
1. activity activate active actively 3. My main goal is to become financially secure. For me, financial
action act security means not having to worry about having enough
2. failure fail failed money for next month’s bills. It means having enough money to
fail save for something you really want. It means not worrying that
failing you will lose your apartment if you get injured and can’t work.
3. feeling feel feel-good 4. Your skin is the largest organ in your body. It keeps your
stomach and other organs from falling out. And it keeps germs
4. investigation investigate investigative from coming in. Skin allows you to feel pain, heat, and cold,
5. increase increase increased increasingly and through sweat, it rids your body of extra water and salt.
6. investment invest Can you imagine life without your skin?
investor 5. Lance Eton is an assistant professor of marine biology at the
University of Manchester. He has always been interested in
7. discovery discover science and how things work. Living by the ocean made him
discoverer curious about sea life, and he studied it in school.
8. vaccination vaccinate 6. People are finding new ways to make money. They might rent
vaccine a room in their houses or make stuff in their homes and try to
9. diagnosis diagnose diagnostic sell it.
7. Most doctors tell their patients to stop smoking. They explain
10. allergy allergic to their patients that smoking is bad for their health. But some
11. pain pain painful painfully of them continue smoking anyway.
painkiller pained 8. Antioxidants are chemicals in the body that fight cancer-
painless causing substances called free radicals. Free radicals naturally
painstaking occur in the body, but if there are too many of them, they can
12 irritation irritate irritable irritably damage the body and cause cancer.
irritability Activity 57: Evaluate
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Activity 53: Using Fewer Words 1. The writer repeats the word Internet in line 2, line 3, line 5, and
1. Extinction is a natural process. line 8. The writer repeats the word education in lines 4 and 8.
2. The disappearance of many species of fish from the ocean is The writer repeats the word information in lines 4–7.
now accelerating. 2. In line 5, the writer uses the word knowledge to replace
3. The effectiveness of the AZT treatment for AIDS is well known. information.
4. The decision of some companies to sell AZT at a discount will 3. In line 2, it refers back to the Internet and them refers back
save many lives. to Students.
5. The expression of many human emotions may be universal. In line 4, them and they refer back to students. This and it refer
6. The government’s investment in a national health-care system back to a quick Internet search often gets them the information
greatly improved the health of the British nation. they need.
7. The emphasis on the psychological side of human health In line 5, It refers back to Education.
nowadays has led to changes in patient care. In line 6, this refers back to learning to process that knowledge.
8. The conclusion that climate change is caused by human They refers back to students. It (two instances) refers back to
activity is accepted by many—but not all—scientists. information.
Activity 54: Understanding a Chain of References In line 7, it refers back to information.
1. him = my 12-year-old nephew In line 8, it refers back to the Internet.
2. it = empty it 4. Yes, this paragraph is cohesive. Most sentences have pronouns,
3. we = my nephew and I nouns, or noun phrases that refer back to information in
4. him = my nephew previous sentences.

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 Activity 58: Using Nouns and Pronouns in Writing E
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. Some decisions are easy to make while others are very difficult. In my ideal place, everyone has a job, but work doesn’t take more
For example, it’s usually easy to decide what you want to do for than half of each day to complete.
fun, but choosing a career can be very difficult. One of my most In my ideal place, there is something called a Justice Committee.
difficult decisions was choosing where to go to college. I had The job of this committee is to make sure that all problems
to decide what I wanted to study, and then I had to do research are resolved peacefully so that everyone is happy. In my ideal
to find out where the best programs in that field of study are. place, everyone has a place to live, either with their families or
Once I had a list of colleges, then I had to make other decisions, by themselves. There are plenty of parks and recreation facilities
like whether I wanted to study in the country or in the city so people can get plenty of exercise. There is a good public
and whether I wanted to study at a large university or a small transportation system so everyone can get to work easily without
college. having to drive a car all the time.
2. Each person has many large and small accomplishments. One
of my accomplishments is learning figure skating. I was very
nervous the first time I put on skates, but once I stepped onto
the ice, I felt comfortable. A friend was with me, and she helped
me with my first achievement: skating once around the ice.
With her help, I didn’t fall too many times. I enjoyed my first
time going skating, so I have been skating many times. I hope
that I will be able to achieve my next goal, learning to jump on
skates, soon.
3. Everyone should have goals in their lives. My goal is to
become a journalist. My plan is to go to school to learn about
journalism and then to work for a large newspaper. I would
really like to be a sports journalist who specializes in reporting
about soccer. My aim is to travel around the country reporting
on what is happening in the world of soccer. Once I have
worked as a journalist for a while, I plan to write a book about
my experiences traveling and reporting on sports.

Wrap-Up
A
Answers will vary.

B
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:

Parent Boss/ Leader of a Friend

Supervisor country
dependability confidence self-discipline tolerance
flexibility enthusiasm able to make empathy
creativity modesty decisions compassion
patience imagination courage trust
commitment persistence persistence interest in
love able to listen imagination others
caring well commitment unselfishness
unselfishness able to make dependability kindness
decisions strong work self-respect
self-discipline ethic

C
Answers will vary.

D
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
A focus on testing does not prepare students for careers in
business. This involves learning things such as teamwork,
interpersonal skills, and creative problem solving.

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 Unit 8
Warm-Up Write about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
A One of my most prized possessions is my camera. I have taken
1. There are (seven / five ) oceans on this planet. it with me on all of my vacations. When I look at the many
2. Most of the world’s population lives in the (southern / photographs I’ve taken with it, they bring back a lot of good
northern ) hemisphere. memories.
3. North America and Europe move ( about an inch / a few inches) Activity 2: Identifying Determiners
apart every year. Students will circle the plural count nouns and noncount nouns in
4. About (10,000 / 1.3 million ) earthquakes occur each year the Think about It activity.
around the globe. 1. Several hot days that follow each other are called a heat wave.
5. ( Most* / All) of the world’s tallest mountains are in the Experts say heat waves often become dangerous when the
Himalayas. nighttime temperature does not drop much from the highest
6. There are (not many / no ) rivers in the Bahamas. daytime temperature . This constant heat causes great stress on
7. Canada gets its name from a Native American word meaning the human body.
( the village / the city). 2. There are many things people can do to protect themselves
*A few are in the Karakoram Range. from the dangers of extreme heat . Drink lots of cool water . Try
to stay out of the sun. Wear light-weight clothes made from
B natural materials . Make sure the clothing is loose to allow
freedom of movement.
True False 3. Heat stress is the most common health problem linked to hot
1. We can use a noun immediately after a weather . The causes of heat stress include clothing that is
✓
determiner. too heavy, physical work or exercise , hot weather , and high
humidity ( the amount of water in the air ).
2. We can use an adjective immediately after
✓ 4. Most people suffer muscle pain because of heat stress . The
a determiner.
pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot. Doctors
3. We can use a verb immediately after a say those individuals suffering from muscle pain could be in
✓
determiner. danger . They should stop all activity and rest in a cool place.
4. A determiner can give information about Doctors say not to return to physical activity for a few hours .
✓
quantity.
Think about It
5. A determiner can give information about
✓ No determiner + plural No determiner + noncount
color or shape.
count noun noun
6. A determiner can give information about
✓ experts stress
possession.
heat waves heat
C people clothes
most, more, a materials weather
doctors clothing
Activity 1: Understanding Determiners work
1. My most prized possession is my computer. It lets me stay in exercise
contact with my friends on several continents. Computers humidity
make the world seem like a really small place. water
2. One of my prized possessions is my Greek dictionary. It might pain
sound silly, but it’s true. With my dictionary, I can read some of danger
the most beautiful literature in the world. It is also special to activity
me because it was a gift from my teachers. It reminds me of
the good experiences I had as a student in Greece. Activity 3: Using Determiners with Singular Count Nouns
3. My most prized possession is my guitar. This guitar is very Words in bold italic are the determiners that students should have
special to me because it was my father’s guitar, and he got inserted.
it from his father. My wife and I hope to give it to one of our 1. You cannot shake hands with a clenched fist.
children someday. 2. If you want to lose a friend, lend him money.
4. I have many prized possessions, but none are valuable. They 3. Laughter is not at all a bad beginning for a friendship.
are just things like old photographs and school papers. I also 4. Hold a true friend with both your hands.
have lots of old letters that my grandparents wrote. There are 5. I have never been in any country where they did not do
even a few letters from my great-grandparents. something better than we do it.
6. Even honey tastes bitter to a sick man.
QUESTIONS
7. Music is the universal language of mankind.
a. my, his, our
8. Giving your son a skill is better than giving him a thousand
b. several, many, lots of, a few
pieces of gold.
c. the, a, this

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 9. Banks are places where they lend you an umbrella in fair Activity 7: Using The
weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. Students will insert the reason numbers in the Think about It
10. I always tried to turn every disaster into an opportunity. activity.
11. Judge a man by his questions rather than his answers. 1
12. Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. One tourist attraction that I would consider a must-see is the
3
Activity 4: Using A and An Eiffel Tower in Paris. At the time of its construction in 1889, it
1. Can you recommend a good movie? 2 1
2. Is there a university near your home? was the tallest building in the world, and its appearance today is
3. Did you a get good night’s sleep last night?
virtually identical to its appearance then. Unlike most other tall
4. Are you an outgoing person?
3 1
5. Do you have a good sense of humor? buildings, the shape of the Eiffel Tower is unique and majestic,
6. How many minutes are in an hour?
7. What is a major source of air pollution? so it is often treated more like a work of art than a building. It
8. Is wood a synthetic material?
9. What are the qualities of a good boss? becomes even more beautiful when it is illuminated at night.
10. Can you name a famous work of art? 3 4
Visitors can go up the three levels of the tower, and since it is in
11. Did you ever dream of becoming an actor? 3
12. Have you ever met a famous person? the center of Paris, its view is second to none. No matter how
13. Is there a difference between American English and 1
British English? many pictures you see of it, seeing the Eiffel Tower in person is an
14. Do you know the name of a good, inexpensive
outstanding experience.
restaurant around here?
Write about It
Activity 5: Using A/An with Singular Count Nouns
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Central Park is a popular tourist attraction in New York City. On a
1. I have never seen an elephant.
sunny day, the park is full of people. Lots of families come to enjoy
2. I don’t own an air conditioner, but I wish I did.
the park. Many of them bring picnic lunches. It’s common to see
3. I would like to be a businessperson someday.
people walking their dogs in the park, especially in good weather.
4. My best friend is a teacher.
5. There is a globe in my classroom. Activity 8: Using The for Something Mentioned Before
6. I bought an umbrella last month. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
7. When I was a child, my parents gave me an allowance. 1. One of the strangest dreams I ever had took place in a
8. There is a museum in my city. shopping mall. It was in the middle of the day, but the
shopping mall was empty.
Think about It
2. I once dreamed that I was trying to climb to the top of a
1. Group 3
mountain, but I wasn’t wearing any shoes. The sides of the
2. Group 1
mountain were steep, and I had trouble walking.
3. Group 2
3. I had a dream that I was in a strange house with no windows.
Activity 6: Exploring Uses of The The walls of the house were painted purple.
(2) 4. In my dream, I heard a loud knocking noise. The noise should
1. The earliest process for making paper was invented by have scared me, but it seemed very natural.
(1) 5. One time I dreamed that I was all alone in an airplane.
Egyptians in the Nile Valley almost 5,000 years ago. In those
days, strips of a papyrus plant were stuck together to form paper. I was flying the airplane, and surprisingly, I knew what
(2) I was doing.
2. About 2,000 years ago, the ancient Chinese invented our 6. Last night I dreamed that I was riding an elephant in a desert.
modern paper-making process. In this process, raw materials The desert stretched for miles, and then it turned into an ocean.
(4) 7. I once had a dream that I was in a big city standing on the roof
like straw, wood, or the bark of trees are used. The raw of a tall building. I am afraid of heights, but standing on the
materials are pounded again and again until they become building in the dream didn’t bother me.
loose, and then they are soaked in water. After removing
(4) (4) Write about It
the water, a flat, thin form remains. When the form dries, it Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
becomes a sheet of paper. I once had a dream that I was the star of a Broadway musical. I
3. Europeans started using large machines for making paper near can’t sing or dance at all, and I have terrible stage fright, but in the
(3) (1) dream I loved being in the musical.
the end of the sixteenth century. In modern times, paper-
making is a very big business. However, it is still possible to Activity 9: Distinguishing A and The
(2) 1. a. I’m taking a day off next week. 2
make paper by hand using the same steps as those used with
b. I need to leave early the day after tomorrow. 1
(4)
the large machines. 2. a. We need a new refrigerator. 2
b. Could you put my lunch in the refrigerator? 1
Think about It 3. a. We went to the Museum of Modern Art while we
1. a papyrus plant: not talking about a specific thing were there. 1
2. a flat, thin form; a sheet of paper: not talking about b. We went to a museum while we were there. 2
a specific thing 4. a. I brought a computer with me. 2
3. a big business: describing a type of thing b. I brought the computer with me. 1

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 5. a. I’m having a small problem with my car. 2 I would also like to ask a famous science about his personal
b. They couldn’t fix the problem with our TV. 1 life. What does he do for fun? Does he read books and watch
movies? Does he enjoy science fiction movies, for example?
Think about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Activity 11: Using Some
In 1a, 2a, 3b, 4a, and 5a, the speaker is talking about the idea, Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
thing, or problem for the first time. 1. Did you have some vegetables for lunch yesterday?
In 1b, the listener will know what day today is and therefore 2. Did you drink some water this morning?
what day the day after tomorrow is. 3. Do you have some paper with you today?
In 2b, there is only one refrigerator. 4. Are there some museums in your city?
In 3a, the speaker mentions a specific museum. 5. Did you have some homework yesterday?
In 4b and 5a, the speaker is talking about a specific computer 6. Did you ever find some money on the street?
and a specific problem; it’s clear the listener already knows 7. Do you need some help?
about it.
Think about It
Activity 10: Choosing A or The Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
If I could have a conversation with a famous person, I would 1. Did you have some sandwiches for lunch yesterday?
choose to talk with the leader of our country. I have many Did you have some soup for lunch yesterday?
questions to ask him, both about his personal life and about 2. Did you drink some milk this morning?
his job. Did you drink some juice this morning?
Being the leader of this country must be a difficult and 3. Do you have some friends with you today?
stressful job. I would like to ask him how he makes important Do you have some luggage with you today?
decisions. Does he take advice from people who work for 4. Are there some sports teams in your city?
him? Does he research problems to make his own decisions? 5. Did you have some appointments yesterday?
I would also like to know what personal life is like for a world Did you have some cake yesterday?
leader. Does he have any free time? What does he do to relax? 6. Did you ever find some coins on the street?
Does he ever just sit back and watch TV or read a book Did you ever find some graffiti on the street?
for fun? 7. Do you need some boxes?
I would also choose to talk to the leader of our country Do you need some change?
because I appreciate his doing such a difficult job. I would like to
Activity 12: Noticing No Article
thank him for thinking about and trying to improve the quality of
Students will insert the plural count noun (p) and noncount noun
life for the people of his country.
(n) in the Think about It activity.
Think about It (p)
In #1, I chose “a” because the writer is not talking about 1. Many doctors have noticed an increase in eye problems
(p)
a specific person.
among children.
In #2, I chose “the” because the writer is talking about (p)
a specific person. 2. Many things can trigger allergies.
In #3, I chose “the” because the writer is talking about (n) (n)
a specific job. 3. Throughout history, many items have been used as money,
In #4 and #5, I chose “a” because the writer is classifying or (p) (n)
describing a type of job. including shells and salt.
In #6, I chose “a” because the writer is not talking about (n)
a specific book. 4. Some experts say that drinking several liters of water
In #7, I chose “the” because the writer is talking about (p) (n)
a specific person. each day will help adults lose weight.
In #8, I chose “a” because the writer is classifying or (p) (n)
5. Carrots are high in beta carotene, which is important
describing a type of job.
(n)
In #9, and #10, I chose “the” because the prepositional phrases for normal vision.
tell what kind of quality and which people the writer is talking
(p) (n)
about. 6. Scientists at Cornell University found that hot cocoa
Write about It (n)
may help fight cancer.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
If I could have a conversation with a famous person, I would 7. A recent study suggests that the number of severe
choose to talk with a famous scientist. I have many questions (p)
to ask him, both about his work as a scientist and about his hurricanes this year is normal.
personal life. (p) (n)
8. In the past few years, hurricanes have brought destruction
Most scientists advance their field of study. I would like
to the eastern U.S.
to ask a famous scientist what made him think of doing the
(n)
experiments that led to his biggest discoveries. Did he ask a
9. The sun makes life on our planet possible by providing
question as a student that nobody had an answer for? Did he (p) (n) (n)
get an idea from an experiment that gave him a result he wasn’t great amounts of light and heat.
expecting? (p) (n) (n) (n)
10. Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday
run out.

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 Activity 13: Grouping Noun Phrases Activity 16: Error Correction
Students will write the number of the reason in the Think about It 1. The weather in my city isn’t very nice. The sun rarely comes out.
activity. 2. I don’t like vegetables. (no errors)
3. He is the most optimistic person I know.
Ø + plural Ø +noncount The +plural The + 4. Now I live in Canada, and my friend lives in the my country.
count noun noun count noun noncount 5. People need to spend more time in the nature.
noun 6. Their actions changed the history.
Shallow dirt stone the world’s The earliest 7. He was diagnosed with the cancer.
holes best-known construction 8. I have a brown eyes and long black hair.
large pillars monuments (2) 9. At first my sister had a hard time in the U.S. because the
horizontal (2) culture was very different.
stones the stones (4) 10. My interests are traveling anywhere, listening to music,
workers the builders (4) and playing with my computer.
wooden the third and
Activity 17: Identifying Generic Statements
supports fourth rings
builders (1) Not
people the series (3) Generic
generic
particular the summer
1. A cell phone will not work in all
holes and and winter ✓
locations.
stones solstices (1)
solar and the months (1) 2. Cell phones are much less
✓
lunar expensive today.
eclipses 3. The cell phone on the desk is mine. ✓
Activity 14: Choosing No Article or The 4. Parents are the best advisors. ✓
1. What do the rings on the Olympic flag represent?
5. My best friend’s parents are getting
2. Do you have experience with computers? ✓
divorced.
3. Do you need energy and determination to play football well?
4. How big were the first electronic computers? 6. A parent has many responsibilities. ✓
5. Why do people live longer today? 7. The parents at our school meeting
6. How many sides does a hexagon have? ✓
learned a lot.
7. What are the most serious problems in the world today?
8. Do you like to talk about movies? 8. Young people should have
✓
9. Have you ever seen the sights of Paris? opportunities to travel.
10. What are the names of your two best friends? 9. The youngest person in my family is
✓
11. Do you know how to make bread? six years old.
12. Is the Internet a good place to get information? 10. A young person doesn’t understand
✓
Activity 15: Choosing A/An, The, or No Article how quickly time goes by.
Jake Nickell has always been a creative guy. When he was just 11. An eagle is a large bird. ✓
20 years old, he designed a T-shirt for an online competition.
He won, and an hour later, he decided to start his own 12. Eagles can fly 60 miles per hour. ✓
competition. He asked people to submit their own T-shirt 13. The eagle on a U.S. one-dollar bill is
designs, and he promised to print the best designs for everyone ✓
a bald eagle.
to wear. That’s how his successful company, Threadless.com,
began. Activity 18: A/An or No Article?
Through the company’s website, Jake asks everyone to
submit T-shirt designs. In the beginning, he enjoyed looking at Fact Opinion
T-shirt designs for fun, but when more people started to submit 1. Ø Television can be educational and
✓
designs, the website grew, and Jake’s career took off. Today, entertaining.
Threadless.com has 1.7 million users who submit T-shirt designs.
2. A television set has a tuner, a screen,
Jake and his staff print 2,000 T-shirts each year for sale to the ✓
and speakers.
general public. Jake is an example that you can turn a passion
into a career. 3. A soccer ball weighs between 14 and
✓
16 ounces.
Think about It
4. Ø People should be more considerate
✓
Singular count noun Plural count noun Noncount noun with their cell phone use.
a creative guy people the beginning 5. Ø Women are more patient than men. ✓
a T-shirt the best designs the general public
6. A man has more job opportunities
an online competition T-shirt designs ✓
than a woman.
an hour designs
the company’s website 7. Ø Male babies are 25 percent more
the website likely to die in infancy than female ✓
an example babies.

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 8. Ø Children have fewer bones 8. A human brain uses 15 to 20 percent of the body’s blood.
✓ 9. Humans have unique tongue prints and fingerprints.
than adults.
10. The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body.
9. Ø Teenagers aren’t mature enough to
✓ Think about It
make their own decisions.
1. The adult skeleton has 213 bones. Adult skeletons have
10. Ø Good advice is priceless. ✓
213 bones.
11. Ø Money doesn’t grow on trees. ✓ 2. Hearts beat more than 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime.
A heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime.
12. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. ✓ 3. An infant blinks once or twice a minute; an adult blinks about
13. A long-distance race of 42 kilometers ten times a minute. The infant blinks once or twice a minute;
✓ the adult blinks about ten times a minute.
is called a marathon.
4. Average human heads have about 100,000 hairs.
14. Ø Baby whales are called calves. ✓
5. Statement 5 cannot be rewritten because the subject has to
15. Ø Stress is a part of many people’s lives. ✓ stay plural.
6. A human thigh bone is stronger than concrete. The human
16. An effective leader is a good listener. ✓ thigh bone is stronger than concrete.
17. Ø Honesty is very important in most 7. Statement 7 cannot be rewritten because hair is a noncount noun
✓ in this instance.
situations.
8. Human brains use 15 to 20 percent of the body’s blood.
18. Ø Sports have become a multibillion-
✓ 9. A human has unique tongue prints and fingerprints. The
dollar industry.
human has unique tongue prints and fingerprints.
19. Ø Studies show that watching too
much TV leads to poor performance ✓ Activity 21: Writing Generic Statements
in school. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. A wireless keyboard is very useful.
Write about It 2. A piano needs to be tuned.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 3. A good friend keeps secrets.
Television can be educational and entertaining. In fact, the best 4. American food is popular.
programs are both. For example, I like to watch nature shows 5. Homework is important to do.
about predators and their prey because they’re exciting. 6. New technology comes along every day.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. While this might not be 7. A cactus needs very little water.
true literally, it’s important to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables to 8. Universities today can be very large.
stay healthy. If you eat healthy foods, you’re less likely to get sick. 9. The giraffe is the tallest land animal.
10. The palm tree grows in warm climates.
Activity 19: Exploring Different Ways to Write Generic Statements
1. A toad is poisonous. The toad is poisonous. Activity 22: Error Corrections
2. Giraffes’ tongues are blue. The giraffe’s tongue is blue. 1. Fifty years ago, the bathing suits were made of cotton.
3. A mosquito has 47 teeth. The mosquito has 47 teeth. 2. I think the women shouldn’t work.
4. An emu can’t walk backward. The emu can’t walk backward. 3. The Parents need to guide their children.
5. The dolphin sleeps with one eye open. Dolphins sleep with 4. A (or The) Nile crocodile can stay underwater for more than
one eye open. an hour.
6. The bull is color-blind. Bulls are color-blind. 5. The airplane was an important invention. (no errors)
7. A crocodile can go without food for two years. The crocodile 6. The blue whale may be the largest animal that ever lived.
can go without food for two years. (no errors)
8. Female lions do about 90 percent of the hunting. A female 7. The Children must be disciplined from an early age.
lion does about 90 percent of the hunting. 8. The French food is better than the Italian food.
9. An elephant can smell water that is several miles away. The
Activity 23: Using Possessive Determiners
elephant can smell water that is several miles away.
1. My parents enjoy the company of other people. Their favorite
10. Camels have three eyelids to protect themselves from
thing to do is to have people over for dinner.
blowing sand. The camel has three eyelids to protect itself
2. I have two brothers, and their names are Manuel and José.
from blowing sand.
3. My first teacher was a young man. His name was Mr. Cast.
Write about It 4. My aunt and uncle have three children. Their oldest child is 18.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 5. My youngest sister has lots of interests, but her favorite thing to
A cheetah can run at speeds of 70 to 75 miles per hour. do is write plays.
6. My father and I like to prepare meals together. Our favorite dish
Activity 20: Completing Generic Statements to make is lasagna.
1. An adult skeleton has 213 bones. 7. My mother and I are very close. I have always depended on her
2. The heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in an average helpful advice.
lifetime. 8. My sister and I live in Madrid, but our parents live in Lebanon.
3. Infants blink once or twice a minute; adults blink about ten
times a minute. Write about It
4. The average human head has about 100,000 hairs. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. Adult lungs have a surface area of about 70 square meters. 1. My friends enjoy music. Their favorite thing to do is
6. Human thigh bones are stronger than concrete. to go to concerts.
7. Hair is made of the same substance as fingernails. 2. I have one sister, and her name is Carla.

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 3. My first teacher was an older woman. Her name was Think about It
Ms. Gilbert.
4. My brother and his wife have two children. Their oldest child Quantifier + Quantifier + plural Quantifier +
is 10. singular count count noun noncount noun
5. My youngest cousin has lots of interests, but his favorite thing noun
to do is play soccer with his friends. no good reason a few days plenty of sleep
6. My sister and her husband like to prepare meals together. Their any situation all ages both coffee and
favorite dish to make is paella. each day a few hours tea
7. My brother and I are very close. I have always been able to call all young people any weather
him when I need help with something. most people neither food
8. My cousins live in New York, but their parents live in California. many ways a lot of stress
all students a little stress
Activity 24: Using Possessive Nouns
several languages no trust
1. About 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
a lot of problems much television
2. The sun’s light and warmth make it possible for life to exist
other people a little meat
on earth.
many
3. Mount Everest is located in South Asia’s Himalayan mountain
advertisements
range.
a lot of vegetables
4. Only half of a dolphin’s brain goes to sleep. The other half
no sweets
stays awake to tell the animal to come up for air.
5. Goats’ milk has more calcium than cows’ milk. Activity 26: Choosing Quantifiers
6. Everyone’s hair turns gray as they become older. 1. In my opinion, there should be a few free universities in
~
7. Los Angeles’ full name is El Pueblo de Nuestra Sen ora la Reina every country.
de los Ángeles de Porciuncula. 2. I think that many famous universities don’t provide a good
8. In general, women’s hearts beat faster than men’s hearts. education to their students.
9. Twenty-five percent of a person’s bones are in the feet. 3. In my opinion, a university should encourage students to look
10. The world’s libraries now store more than 100 million books. at several career paths.
11. A giraffe’s neck weighs about 600 pounds (272 kilograms). 4. Many people go to a university because they don’t know what
12. Two scientists shared this year’s Nobel Prize in physics (2010). else to do.
13. You can drive from New York to Los Angeles in about 5. I think that every college student should take physical
a week’s time. education classes.
14. A computer’s memory is similar to a human’s—it can 6. I think that college students need plenty of free time to
memorize both short and long things. explore new ideas.
Activity 25: Noticing Quantifiers 7. Every university student should work for a few hours a week
Agree/disagree answers will vary. while in school.
1. It takes only a few days to learn a new language. 8. I think that all students should take a year off before they
2. Zoos and aquariums are fun for people of all ages . start college.
3. Sleeping five hours a night is plenty of sleep . 9. In my opinion, students should take only a few classes outside
4. If you want to be healthy, you should avoid both coffee of their major course of study.
and tea . 10. Every student should get a free education.
5. There’s no good reason to ban cigarettes. 11. I believe the Internet helps provide more opportunities for
6. You can enjoy the outdoors in any weather . education.
7. Coffee gives you energy but it only lasts for a few hours . 12. Students should be able to attend any university they choose.
8. All young people should have the opportunity to travel 13. I think that students should spend less time taking tests.
abroad. Write about It
9. Most people like potato chips and French fries, but neither Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
food is good for you. 1. I think students should not decide their major course of study
10. There are many ways to look at any situation . until their third year of college.
11. All students should be encouraged to study several 2. In my opinion, universities should offer students more weekend
languages . activities.
12. Automobiles improve our lives in many ways , but they
also cause a lot of problems . Activity 27: Using Quantifiers
13. A lot of stress is a bad thing, but a little stress can be Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
a good thing. 1. I have a few things to do tonight.
14. It’s impossible to have good relationships with other 2. I read several good books last year.
people when there is no trust . 3. I get some mail every week.
15. Even if you don’t watch much television , you still see 4. Some people in my family live far away from me.
many advertisements each day . 5. I work many hours a week.
16. People should eat a lot of vegetables , just a little meat , 6. I’m happy when I have a little money.
and no sweets . 7. I saw a few good movies last year.
8. There are many countries that I want to visit someday.
9. There are no interesting things to do in this neighborhood.

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 10. I had plenty of free time yesterday. P
11. When I want to have some fun, I sometimes call my friends to 8. When children play games, they learn to interact with others.
go hiking. D
9. Parents today have less time and energy to give to their
12. When I have a little free time, I like to read a book.
children.
Activity 28: Using Other D P
1. Living in another / the other country gives you the 10. Ads tell us that some products work better than others.
opportunity to learn many new things. P
11. Fast food is usually high in sodium and fat, and both are bad
2. Today, we have greater access to information from around the for your health.
world than at any other / the other period in history. D P
3. Self-discipline is necessary for success, but other / the other 12. Most bacteria are harmless, and a few are even helpful to
things such as talent, patience, and confidence are important, humans.
too.
4. If you want to lose weight, you should avoid eating cakes, Think about It
cookies, and other / some other sweet things. 1. many = many people
5. In many parts of the U.S., people speak and hear only English. 2. more = more New Yorkers; other = language
They never hear another / any other languages spoken, and 3. another = another country
they don’t see any value in learning to speak another / the 4. others = other workers
other language. 5. others = other people
6. My father often told me to treat the other / other people 7. most = most kids
the way that I wanted to be treated. Now, whenever I have a 8. others = other people
problem with another / other person, I think of that advice. I 10. others = other products
don’t try to change some other / the other person, but I try 11. both = sodium and fat
to understand his or her point of view. This helps me get along 12. a few = a few bacteria
with another / most other people. Write about It
7. Television and radio are similar in some ways but very different Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
in the other / some other ways. For example, fictional shows In Europe, most people hear languages other than their own, and
are popular on television, but you are more likely to hear music many speak more than one language. This is because European
and talk shows on the radio. Most other / Another difference countries are very close to each other, so students usually learn
between radio and television is the way people use them. People foreign languages at an early age.
don’t usually do other / the other things while they are watching
television, but they do when they are listening to the radio. Activity 30: Using Quantifiers
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Think about It 1. Most teachers give some homework, but some don’t give any.
Only a few give a lot!
Quantifier + singular count Quantifier + plural count
2. Most students are happy to do their homework, but a few think
noun noun
it’s a waste of time.
another country other things 3. Most people communicate online or by text, but some still like
any other period other sweet things to communicate by phone or in person.
another language any other languages 4. Most people like soccer, but some like baseball, and others
another person other people prefer basketball.
the other person most other people 5. Most of my classmates have brown hair, but a few have blond
another difference some other ways hair, and one has purple hair!
6. Most of them speak Spanish, but one speaks Japanese, and
Activity 29: Determiner or Pronoun? another speaks Thai.
D
1. In Europe, most people hear languages other than their own. Activity 31: Error Correction
P 1. We knew there were a many opportunities here.
And many speak more than one language.
2. I have another sister who is two years younger than me.
2. The majority of New Yorkers speak English as a first language, 3. You can get information about all famous people on the Internet.
P P 4. I had to speak in front of the other students in my class.
and many more are fluent in one other. 5. It’s hard to learn another language like English.
P 6. I wish I had a lot of money.
3. Traveling from one country to another used to take days or 7. I don’t have a work experience in this field.
weeks. 8. My sister believes all people are good.
D P 9. Algebra is not an easy subject for most students.
4. It’s not fair that some workers do all the work while others
are lazy. 10. Each season has different weather.
D D P 11. I think I need to find the another job.
5. In many offices, a few people do all the work while the others 12. At the school where I work, the most children like to play
are wasting time. games outdoors.
D D
6. Lazy people try to get more money for doing less work than Activity 32: Quantifiers with and without Of
D Jamestown, Virginia
other people. The English formed a settlement at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. They
D P chose the area because there were a few rivers nearby, the water was
7. Some kids like to study, but most would rather watch TV. deep, and the native tribes didn’t live there. Unfortunately, much of

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 that land was not good for farming, and many of these settlers didn’t 13. I have seen or read some of William Shakespeare’s plays.
have the skills to grow crops on such difficult land. When they first 14. My friends and I enjoy all of the same activities.
arrived, some natives had welcomed the settlers and had given them 15. In the evening, I spend a little of my time working on a computer.
food. However, as time passed, the settlers began to demand more
Activity 35: Using the Correct Verb
of the natives’ supplies. War broke out between them. Overall, things
1. Most of the people in my class are from South America.
did not look promising for Jamestown, and a large number of the
2. None of the movies that she recommended was interesting
settlers died during the first four years.
to me.
Cave Paintings
3. All of the bad things that happened on that day were my fault.
A lot of information about our earliest ancestors has been lost.
4. Several of the things he said were untrue.
But there are several caves in France and Spain where visitors can
5. Many of my friends from high school want to visit me here.
still see some of the most fascinating paintings in the history of
6. Some of her advice was helpful but not all of it.
art. Thousands of years ago, artists drew murals on the walls of
7. Most of the movie was pretty good, but I didn’t like the ending.
the caves. Most of these paintings show animals in movement,
8. Every one of my students was able to pass the test.
and a few of the images have a stunning three-dimensional
9. One of the students in my class is trilingual.
effect.
10. Some but not all of my money is in the bank.
Think about It 11. Each of the schools sends two teams of students to the debate.
I didn’t use of in #1, #4, or #8 because the sentences did not refer 12. All of the information in this article is incorrect.
to a particular group of rivers (#1), settlers (#4), or caves (#8). 13. Neither of my parents knows how to speak English.
Another clue that of should not be used was that the quantifier 14. Most of his books are science fiction stories and mysteries.
was not followed by a determiner.
Activity 36: Using Quantifiers with Pronouns
Activity 33: Noticing Quantifiers + Of 1. New York has more than 20 different subway lines . Some of
1. Many of the cities in Japan are large and densely populated. them were built more than 100 years ago.
That’s because much of the country is mountainous. 2. Some of New York’s subway system runs above ground, but
2. English, Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic are important languages much of it operates beneath the city.
in the world today. Students should study at least two of 3. During the 1930s, bridges were built all over the U.S. Many of
these languages. them are still used today.
3. One of the world’s largest museums is the Hermitage in Saint 4. Canada is building a new bridge to Detroit, Michigan. The
Petersburg, Russia. It contains about 3 million works of art. Canadian government believes that the bridge is a good
4. Vaccinations have eliminated many diseases that were once investment, so it is willing to pay for almost all of it.
common. Some of these diseases are measles, mumps, and 5. Public transit reduces traffic and pollution for everyone, but
smallpox. few of us are willing to stop driving.
5. Some of the qualities of a good manager are patience, 6. Because of budget cuts, public transit is being reduced in many
fairness, and a sense of humor. communities. Several small towns could lose some or all of it
6. None of the mountains in Honduras is volcanic. within a year.
7. The first offices in the area were built about 150 years ago. 7. Suburban commuters in Copenhagen have many options for
Many of those buildings are still in use today. traveling to work. However, most of them choose to drive.
8. When couples have children, their lives change. Suddenly 8. The majority of people say they enjoy driving to work.
they have to focus most of their attention on the children. However, as gas becomes more expensive, each of us will need
9. Most of the water in the ground comes from precipitation. to explore alternatives.
10. Young children shouldn’t spend most of their time playing 9. Mopeds have become the number-one method of
competitive sports. transportation in Vietnam. However, driving one of them in city
11. Walking is one of the best ways to explore a new city. traffic can be difficult.
12. A number of specific things have increased life expectancy.
Think about It
Some of these things are vaccinations, workplace safety rules,
In sentences 5 and 8, us refers to people in general, including
and a decrease in smoking.
ourselves.
13. Jazz is one of the few uniquely American styles of music.
14. There is a joint between each of the bones in the spine that Activity 37: Choosing Quantifiers
allows them to move. A recent newspaper headline read: “Cat Burglar on the Loose!”
However, this wasn’t another of those stories about a thief who
Activity 34: Choosing Quantifiers
climbs up the outsides of buildings. This was about an actual cat.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
When Paula Steen discovered that she was missing one of her
1. I don’t live near any of my relatives.
necklaces, she thought she had lost it. However, when more of her
2. I am in touch with most of my cousins.
jewelry disappeared, she started to get worried. One day, she was
3. I can write clearly with one of my hands.
talking with one of her neighbors at the door. Neither of them
4. I know all of my classmates’ names.
noticed a neighbor’s cat, Mimi, sneak into Paula’s house. After a
5. I can see well with both of my eyes.
few minutes, Mimi returned with some earrings sticking out of
6. I am not younger than any of my siblings.
her mouth.
7. I don’t email either of my parents very often.
Both women were surprised, but then immediately started
8. I have visited many of the big cities in my native country.
laughing. They went to that neighbor’s house and, after a quick
9. I don’t miss any of my English classes every week.
search, found Paula’s jewelry in Mimi’s basket. All of it was there—
10. When I go shopping, I usually spend all of my money.
along with other neighbors’ jewelry. When the women told their
11. I don’t do any of my homework in the morning before class.
friends, none of them believed the story. But then Mimi did it
12. I don’t know the names of any of the best restaurants in
again—this time she stole some towels and other household items!
this city.

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 Think about It 11. A: I hear they’re starting a new program at your university.
Neither of is followed by them, which refers to Paula Steen and Have you heard anything about it?
the neighbor she was talking to. B: No, not a lot, actually.
All of is followed by it, which refers to Paula’s jewelry. 12. A: Do you speak Japanese?
None of is followed by them, which refers to the women’s friends. B: Yes, but very little. It’s a difficult language.
Write about It Activity 40: Describing Amounts with Measure Words
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. Next week’s weather could cause a load of trouble.
A recent newspaper headline read: “Cat Burglar on the Loose!” 2. I’ve seen this film hundreds of times.
However, this wasn’t one of those stories about a thief who climbs 3. A handful of people came to protest the event.
up the outsides of buildings. This was about an actual cat. 4. I’m supposed to get a ton of money at the end of the month.
When Paula Steen discovered that she was missing a necklace, 5. I don’t want to go see the boss. He’s just going to give me a
she thought she had lost it. However, when some more jewelry mountain of extra work to do.
disappeared, she started to get worried. One day, she was talking 6. When I went to the store, there were a bunch of people
with a neighbor at the door. Neither noticed a neighbor’s cat, already waiting in line.
Mimi, sneak into Paula’s house. After a few minutes, Mimi returned 7. My job started out slow at first, but now I’m getting a ton of
with a bracelet sticking out of her mouth. business.
The women were surprised, but then immediately started 8. I have a pile of unpaid bills. What am I going to do?
laughing. They went to that neighbor’s house and, after a quick 9. Everyone appreciates a little bit of kindness.
search, found Paula’s jewelry in Mimi’s basket. All of it was there— 10. They’ve made a website that has a bunch of information on it.
along with another neighbor’s jewelry. When the women told 11. The computers at the public library have loads of kid-friendly
their friends, none of them believed the story. But then Mimi did it software.
again—this time she stole a few towels and other household items! 12. A bunch of us are going to the movie at 3:00 on Saturday.
13. The writing center is there for students who need
Activity 38: Error Correction a bit of help.
1. Most of the time I get up before six. 14. Last year I got piles of tomatoes from my garden.
2. None of my friends thinks I should go to a school far away. 15. I have hundreds of papers to write before the
3. Last year I had to make one of the most important decisions end of the semester.
in my life.
4. Birthdays are one of a special day for young people. Activity 41: Using Quantifiers in Academic Contexts
5. Please give a paper to each one person. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. For many of my friends, attending college won’t be possible. 1. The school will pay for almost all of the travel expenses.
(no errors) The school will pay for most of the travel expenses.
7. Most of people in Singapore speak English as a first language. 2. A couple of errors were discovered during review.
8. Every one of the books that I read was different. A few errors were discovered during review.
9. One of the purposes of art is to make people think. 3. Despite a new advertising campaign, there was hardly any
10. Some of scientists believe that people are causing global improvement in sales.
warming. Despite a new advertising campaign, there was little
improvement in sales.
Activity 39: Using Simple Quantifiers in Conversation 4. A lot of the expert’s argument is based on guesswork.
1. A: So, did you get some sleep? Much of the expert’s argument is based on guesswork.
B: No, not much, unfortunately. 5. Nearly all of the experiments have proven nothing.
A: Me neither. I woke up at 6:00 and couldn’t get back Most of the experiments have proven nothing.
to sleep. 6. We can find a bunch of information about the environment
2. A: Would you like some juice to drink? online.
B: Sure, I’ll have some. Thanks! We can find a great deal of information about the
3. A: Hey, you don’t look so good. Are you OK? environment online.
B: I ate too much. I think I need to sit down. 7. A bit of knowledge can be more dangerous than no
4. A: If gas prices go down, I think we’ll save some money on knowledge at all.
our trip. A little knowledge can be more dangerous than no
B: I guess, maybe a little. knowledge at all.
5. A: I’m excited about the trip. So everyone in our class is 8. The exhibition was attended by plenty of people.
coming? The exhibition was attended by many people.
B: Yeah, all of them. It’ll be great! 9. The situation could easily be resolved with a bit of
6. A: I’m going to get rid of this coat. Do you want it? understanding.
B: Oh, thanks. It’s nice, but I have too many of them. The situation could easily be resolved with a little
7. A: How many chairs should I set up? understanding.
B: A lot! It’s going to be a really big event. 10. There aren’t a lot of scientists who now subscribe to that view.
8. A: Everybody’s sick these days. Have a lot of your classmates There aren’t many scientists who now subscribe to that view.
been out lately? 11. We made a handful of attempts to contact the head of the
B: Fortunately, not very many. company.
9. A: Hey, the ice cream is gone! How much did you eat? We made a few attempts to contact the head of the company.
B: All of it! Sorry. 12. I have spent a ton of time reading about the problem.
10. A: How’s your business doing? Have you gotten some new I have spent a large amount of time reading about the
customers? problem.
B: Well, just a few, unfortunately.

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 Write about It 9. More high school dropouts said their jobs were not satisfying.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 10. More people with low education levels lose their jobs in
1. Next week’s weather could cause a great deal of difficulty. difficult economic times.
2. I’ve seen this film a number of times.
Write about It
3. A few people came to protest the event.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. I’m supposed to get a large amount of of money at the end of
1. In college, many students meet people and make connections
the month.
that can help them find a job when they graduate.
5. I don’t want to go see the boss. He’s just going to give me a
2. Many colleges have job placement programs to help students
great deal of extra work to do.
find jobs when they graduate.
6. When I went to the store, there were a number of people
3. Many of the skills that students learn in college are the skills
already waiting in line.
employers want job applicants to have.
7. My job started out slow at first, but now I’m getting a great
deal of business.
8. I have a number of unpaid bills. What am I going to do?
9. Everyone appreciates a little kindness.
Wrap-Up
10. They’ve made a website that has a great deal of information on it.
11. The computers at the public library have a great deal of
A
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
software that is appropriate for children.
1. A good leader has the ability to influence other people.
12. A number of us are going to the movie at 3:00 on Saturday.
2. Most leaders have a few special strengths.
13. The writing center is there for students who need a little help.
3. The best leaders have a little modesty.
14. Last year I got a large number of tomatoes from my garden.
4. Some leaders have none of the communication skills that
15. I have a number of papers to write before the end of the
leaders need.
semester.
5. More leaders need some lessons in how to be good leaders.
Activity 42: Recognizing Quantified Statements 6. Most good leaders care about their followers.
1. Many people think a bicycle is a toy for children, not a serious 7. All leaders should want to keep learning and improving.
machine for cardiovascular exercise. 8. Every leader should want a chance to show his or her
2. Most scientists believe our climate is changing because we leadership abilities.
produce too much CO2.
3. Researchers believe that violent video games cause behavior B
problems in some children. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. Most Americans get the protein in their diet from meat. One of the world’s largest art museums is in Saint Petersburg.
5. In a few Western countries, people believe that parents should Many people died there during World War II.
let teenagers make their own decisions. It is one of the largest cities in Russia.
6. The negative effects of smoking became clear after the From 1712 to 1918, it was the capital of Russia.
completion of some long-term studies in the 1990s. St. Petersburg has dozens of islands and more than 500 bridges.
7. Many vegetarians say that eating meat is bad for health, It is one of Russia’s biggest industrial centers.
wastes resources, and creates pollution. C
8. Most of the parents in a recent study believe that homework Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
is helpful, not harmful.
9. Some people believe that actors and professional athletes are Characters Places Events
paid too much. Sophie Scholl Munich distributes
10. Most wind energy comes from windmills that are as tall as her brother, Hans pamphlets
a 20-story building and have 60-meter-long blades. Robert Mohr arrested
Think about It (interrogator) interrogated
They are important because they tell you whether the statement executed
is true for many, most, some, or a few people or items. In other The movie Sophie Scholl: The Final Days is based on a true story. It
words, they make the statement more accurate. is about a brother and sister in Munich during World War II. With
some of their friends, they belong to a resistance group called The
Activity 43: Making Accurate Statements
White Rose. One day, Sophie and her brother, Hans, take some
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
stacks of antiwar pamphlets to their university and leave them for
1. Many benefits of a college education are well known.
other students to find. With one of their friends, they are arrested.
2. Some people from low-income families don’t go to college or
A Gestapo officer, Robert Mohr, interrogates Sophie. The
earn a degree.
interrogation is very suspenseful. Sophie does well, and she is just
3. Most children of educated parents begin elementary school
about to be released when her brother confesses. Then she says
with basic knowledge.
many things about her true beliefs against the war. Sophie, Hans,
4. Some people with only a high school education need public
and their friend are quickly convicted at a trial and are executed.
assistance, but most college graduates do not.
5. Many college graduates pay 80 percent more in taxes each D
year than typical high school graduates. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. Many people with advanced degrees have never smoked, This graph shows how many hours a week students study and
have quit, or are trying to quit. do homework. According to the graph, most of these students
7. Many people with less education do not exercise, while many set aside between 5 and 14 hours for homework and studying.
people with higher education do. However, some set aside 4 hours or less. Only a few study more
8. A large number of college graduates reported that they were than 14 hours.
very satisfied with their jobs.

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 Unit 9
Warm-Up Activity 2: Identifying Uses of Noun Phrases
1. Everyone in my family lives in the same town. subject
A 2. I have many cousins. object of verb
Answers will vary. 3. My parents met in high school. object of preposition
4. I am the only person in my family who has lived
B abroad. complement
5. My father works as an engineer. object of preposition
True False 6. My mother is a doctor. complement
1. A noun phrase has at least one noun 7. On special holidays, my whole family gets together.
✓
or pronoun. object of preposition
8. I visit my aunts and uncles whenever I go home.
2. Noun phrases sometimes include
✓ object of verb
adjectives.
9. My mother-in-law is one of the nicest people I
3. Noun phrases always begin with a, know. subject
✓
an, or the. 10. When my brother and I were children, we played basketball
4. There is always a noun at the end of all the time. subject
✓
a noun phrase. 11. Not all sisters and brothers are good friends. complement
12. My parents sent all of their children to good
C universities. object of verb
The love of family
the admiration of friends Think about It
wealth and privilege 1. the same town object of preposition
2. I subject
Activity 1: Adding Noun Phrases 3. My parents subject
1. A lot of people love music, but it’s not easy to find many full- 4. I subject
time jobs in this field. 5. My father subject
2. A professional singer has a glamorous job, but it’s not usually 6. My mother subject
well-paid work. 7. my whole family subject
3. Many musicians teach in public and private schools. 8. I subject
4. A music teacher at the university level must have at least I subject
a master’s degree in music. home object of verb
5. Many different careers are possible in professional sports. 9. one of the nicest people I know complement
6. A sports reporter watches a sports event and gives other 10. children complement
people a detailed description of it. we subject
7. There is always a need for photographers and camera basketball object of verb
operators at sports events. time object of preposition
8. Teaching is another possible career in sports. 11. Not all sisters and brothers subject
9. Toy companies employ chemists to come up with new things 12. My parents subject
to entertain children. good universities object of preposition
10. Many chemists work in laboratories to improve everyday
items like paint or soap. Write about It
11. Chemists work in many different fields and have a wide Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
variety of jobs. My grandfather was a dentist. (my grandfather is the subject;
12. Some chemists are writers for newspapers and magazines. a dentist is the complement)
My cousins all live in the same big city. (My cousins is the subject;
Think about It the same big city is the object of a preposition)
1. A lot of people, music, it, this field My brother and I used to collect stamps together. (My brother and
2. A professional singer, a glamorous job, it I is the subject; stamps is the object of the verb)
3. Many musicians Someday I’m going to live in another country. (I is the subject;
4. A music teacher, a master’s degree in music another country is the object of a preposition)
5. professional sports
6. A sports reporter, a sports event, other people Activity 3: Understanding Noun Phrase Word Order
7. photographers and camera operators, sports events 1. I have a lot of good friends.
8. Teaching 2. I wish I had a few million dollars.
9. Toy companies, chemists 3. I can speak several foreign languages.
10. Many chemists, laboratories, paint or soap 4. There is a large grocery store near my house.
11. Chemists, many different fields 5. I would like to have a government job someday.
12. Some chemists, writers 6. In high school, my favorite subject was biology.
7. I am a famous movie star.
8. I don’t need any new clothes.

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 9. I would like to live in a modern apartment building. 3. Volunteering teaches kids a valuable lesson.
10. I do many different things to stay healthy. 4. The main sources of energy today are fossil fuels such as
natural gas, oil, and coal.
Activity 4: Exploring the Parts of a Noun Phrase
5. Tai chi is a graceful type of exercise.
I. M. Pei, one of the most famous architects in the world, was
6. Archeologists discovered a lost pyramid at an ancient burial
born in China in 1917. Pei came to the U.S. to study architecture
site near Cairo, Egypt.
when he was 17 years old. He worked for several years as an
7. This course covers a wide range of topics.
assistant professor at Harvard University while he was studying
8. The sun is a renewable source of energy.
for his master’s degree in architecture. Then he joined a New York
9. English is the international language of business.
real estate development corporation called Webb & Knapp in
10. We now have vaccines to prevent the spread of some deadly
1948. In 1955, Pei started his own architectural office. His designs
diseases.
soon became well-known for their geometric patterns and their
unique use of glass. Among his famous building designs are Activity 9: Noticing –ing or –ed Adjectives
the East Building of the National Gallery of Art in Washington and 1. Do all universities have required courses?
the New York City Convention Center. His accomplishments also 2. What are some examples of industrialized nations?
include updating the Louvre in Paris with a glass pyramid in one 3. Are there many unemployed people in your city?
of its courtyards. 4. Can you name an outstanding restaurant?
5. Does it bother you to ride in a crowded subway car?
Activity 5: Finding the Main Noun
6. What’s an interesting topic for a class discussion?
1. the tallest person in your family
7. Do you like to have unexpected visitors at home?
2. your favorite part of the Olympic Games
8. Did you learn some complicated math formulas in school?
3. a member of a sports team
9. What was the most exciting period in history?
4. the second month of the year
10. What should two friends do when they have opposing views
5. a city that you would like to visit
about something?
6. your favorite subject in high school
11. Why is it important to make an informed decision when you
7. the best job that you have ever had
buy something expensive?
8. your favorite thing for breakfast
12. Why shouldn’t you eat spoiled meat?
9. one thing that you really need
13. What is the most terrifying experience you’ve ever had?
10. the last item that you bought
14. Do you hope to have a challenging career?
Activity 6: Identifying Noun Phrases
Activity 10: Choosing -ing or -ed Adjectives
Students will circle the main noun in each underlined noun
1. a. We couldn’t believe the shocking news.
phrase in the Think about It activity.
b. The whole class fell into shocked silence.
1. The part of your leg that you stand on is your foot.
2. a. It was a very confusing situation for everyone.
2. The back part of your foot is your heel.
b. Irene had a confused look on her face.
3. The part of your face that you use to smell things is your nose.
3. a. Coughing is the body’s way of clearing irritated airways to
4. The body part above your neck is your head.
help you breathe.
5. The five things on your foot are your toes.
b. The most irritating habit I have is that I love to talk.
6. The piece of skin that covers your eye is your eyelid.
4. a. Heat can be one of the surprising annoyances of working in
7. The two things that you see with are your eyes.
Antarctica.
8. The main part of your body (not your head, arms, and legs) is
b. I could tell from the surprised look on her face that she
your torso.
wasn’t expecting us.
9. The part of your body that pumps your blood around inside is
5. a. My husband and I have a relaxed approach to parenting.
your heart.
b. I just want to have a relaxing time on my vacation.
10. The part that bends in the middle of your leg is your knee.
6. a. Librarians offer useful information to students, teachers, and
11. The body part between your hip and your knee is your thigh.
other interested individuals.
12. The thin, hard part at the end of your finger is your fingernail.
b. This study raises some interesting questions about
Activity 7: Adding Information to Pronouns classroom management.
1. Did you buy anything at the grocery store yesterday? 7. a. What do you think was the most exciting part of the movie?
2. Do you know everything in this book? b. I couldn’t see the children but I could hear their excited
3. When was the last time you ate something that tasted really good? voices.
4. Did you watch anything on TV last night? 8. a. He probably would have gotten the job, but he didn’t even
5. Do you know anyone who lives in Canada? apply for it. That was a missed opportunity.
6. Do you like movies? Can you name one that you saw last year? b. I don’t understand this report. There’s just too much missing
7. What is the best magazine for those who want accurate news? information.
8. Does anyone in your family live in Europe? 9. a. Given the pleased expression on her face, I’m guessing she
9. Do you think everyone should get medical care or just those got the job.
who can pay for it? b. They painted the house to give it a more pleasing appearance.
10. Many people have seen an elephant in a zoo, but have you
Think about It
ever seen one in the wild?
1. a. The news shocked us.
Activity 8: Using Adjectives b. The silence showed that we were shocked.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 2. a. The situation confused everyone.
1. I have a long list of the job qualifications. b. Irene was confused.
2. A recent study in the Journal of Modern Science provides 3. a. The airways are irritated, so we cough to clear them.
new information on this topic. b. I talk too much, so it irritates people.

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 4. a. Heat can surprisingly annoy people who work in Antarctica. Activity 12: Using Multi-Word Adjectives
b. She wasn’t expecting us, so she was surprised. 1. How often do you eat at fast-food restaurants?
5. a. My husband and I use a less strict approach. 2. Would you rather eat in a restaurant or have
b. I want to relax when I am on vacation. a home-cooked meal?
6. a. The information interests people. 3. What is one awful-tasting food?
b. This study interests me. 4. Puzzles are one type of mind-stimulating game. What are
7. a. This part of the movie excited me. some others?
b. The children sounded excited. 5. Trivial Pursuit is a knowledge-based game. You need to know
8. a. He missed the opportunity. a lot of facts. Can you think of any other games like this?
b. The report is missing too much information. 6. What are some common time-consuming activities?
9. a. She was pleased because she got the job. 7. Is there a highly favored team for the next World Cup?
b. They painted the house. The new color pleases them. 8. Why are action-packed movies so popular?
9. What is the fastest-growing sport?
Activity 11: Learning Multi-Word Adjectives
10. Would you rather have a full-time job or a part-time one?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
11. What are the advantages of working in a family-owned
1. big-name = famous
business?
Johnny Depp is a big-name actor.
12. Do hard-working people always succeed?
2. front-row = something in the first row at the front
13. Should all students go to a four-year university after
When I go to the theater, I like to sit in a front-row seat.
secondary school?
3. hair-raising = something that makes you afraid
14. Should education be a lifelong experience?
For me, riding a roller coaster is a hair-raising experience.
15. Should high-achieving students study separately from
4. single-story = a building that has only one story
average students?
In the suburbs, many people live in single-story houses.
5. slow-moving = something that is moving slowly Write about It
I hate commuting to work in the morning because I always Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
get stuck in slow-moving traffic. Do you try to shop at family-owned businesses?
6. long-term = happening over a long period of time What is the fastest-growing city in your country?
Researchers have not studied the long-term effects of cell Do you have many lifelong friends?
phone use.
Activity 13: Noticing Noun + Noun
7. carefully planned = something that has been planned carefully
1. Singapore’s Changi Airport has won many awards from
When I speak, I make sure I have a carefully planned
travel groups.
presentation to show my audience.
2. The airport has many comfortable areas for sleeping or
8. newly married = married recently
watching TV, as well as work desks and free Internet service.
Newly married couples often like to spend a lot of their
3. If you are tired, you can rent a nap room for a few hours.
time together.
4. The airport offers a free bus tour of Singapore.
9. eye-catching = something that attracts your attention
5. There is a hotel with a rooftop hot tub.
My favorite photographs include eye-catching colors.
6. There are several movie theaters.
10. law-abiding = following the law
7. The airport has a butterfly garden and an orchid garden.
Parents like to raise children who are law-abiding citizens.
8. If you spend $10 at one of the many airport stores, you get free
11. well-organized = well-planned or arranged
admission to the four-story tube slide (an enclosed slide made
A well-organized desk looks professional.
from a long tube).
12. hard-working = working with effort and energy
9. Terminal 3 is a little city with a pharmacy, grocery store, flower
Most families are hard-working families who provide for
shop, and jewelry stores. It even has an indoor amusement
themselves.
park for kids.
13. well-behaved = polite and using good manners
Well-behaved children are a pleasure to spend time with. Write about It
14. newly opened = just opened recently Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
The newly opened zoo has plenty of space for the animals. It rained when we were in London, so we took a bus tour instead
15. poor-quality = of low quality or in a bad condition of walking.
The poor-quality parts broke quickly. Can you stop at the grocery store on your way home, please?
16. award-winning = having gotten a prize for doing something well When we were children, my brother and I loved to visit the
She has written several award-winning poems. amusement park.
Think about It Activity 14: Forming Noun + Noun Combinations
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Adjective Adverb + -ed Adverb + Noun Noun + -ing business community health food
+ noun word -ing word + -ed word business center health insurance
word car insurance health plan
big-name carefully slow- hair-raising city police health report
front-row planned moving eye- community center insurance plan
single- newly married hard- catching family business school food
story well-organized working law-abiding family car world business
long-term well-behaved award- government report
poor- newly opened winning
quality

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 Think about It a leading orchestra in the U.S. Yet as famous as Dudamel is for his
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: conducting, he is also much admired for his leadership in music
food bank food stamp education. He is one of the leaders of El Sistema , Venezuela’s
food chain food supply widely praised music education program. El Sistema has put
food court comfort food musical instruments in the hands of about 250,000 Venezuelan
food pantry convenience food children. Many of them play in the program’s top orchestra , the
food poisoning health food Simón Bolivar Symphony Orchestra. Dudamel , a graduate of El
food processor junk food Sistema, is the orchestra’s conductor. Whether leading musicians
food science soul food young or old, Gustavo Dudamel is the most charismatic young
food service conductor in the world today.
Write about It Activity 18: Adding Appositives
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. Central Park, New York City’s largest open space, is a model for
For my mother’s birthday, we bought her a food processor. city parks around the world.
My sister exercises all the time and eats a lot of health food. 2. The Great Pyramid, a 147-meter-high tomb, was completed in
About once a week, I let my children eat junk food. 2600 BCE.
Don’t eat at that restaurant—Nan said she got food 3. The International Court of Justice (World Court) is located in
poisoning there! the Netherlands.
My cousin works at the food court in the mall. 4. The sun—a star made of intensely hot gases—is the
only source of light and the main source of heat in
Activity 15: Using Noun + Noun
the solar system.
1. Which country has a good health-care system?
5. Antarctica, the frozen continent, surrounds and covers
2. Is the post office a federal government agency?
the South Pole.
3. What do you think a sleep expert does?
6. The lower slopes of the Alps—a favorite destination for
4. How many people in your family are second language
skiers—are covered with forests.
speakers?
7. Honey, the only food that never spoils, was once used as
5. What does a project manager do?
a kind of money.
6. What can you put on an insect bite to make it stop itching?
8. Computers work with a number of different I/O (input/output)
7. What is the normal body temperature?
devices to exchange information.
8. Do you usually take an afternoon nap?
9. Unlike a fad—a sudden and briefly popular behavior—trends
9. Do you use plastic or cloth grocery bags?
may become popular slowly and may have long-term effects.
10. Have you ever written an essay for a college class?
10. Toothpaste, a 4,000-year-old invention, was originally made
11. Are you currently a university student?
with vinegar and ground stone.
12. What are some common cold symptoms?
11. About half of the world’s population speaks a language that
Activity 16: Identifying the Main Noun originally comes from Proto-Indo-European, a language
1. A bristlecone pine tree in California is the oldest recorded spoken well before 4000 BCE.
living tree. It is believed to be more than 4,600 years old. 12. As far back as 3600 BCE, the Sumerian people used simple
2. The Large Hadron Collider is the world’s highest-energy wheels (pieces of wood with rounded corners).
particle accelerator.
Think about It
3. In 2012, Joe Ayoob broke the long-distance paper airplane
In sentences 3, 5, and 8, the appositive gives another name for
flight record when he threw a paper airplane 226 feet,
the noun phrase.
10 inches.
In sentences 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 9–12, the appositive describes
4. Many scientists believe that an asteroid impact caused the
the noun phrase.
extinction of the dinosaurs.
5. The first coast-to-coast airplane flight in the U.S. took place Activity 19: Adding Information with Appositives
in 1911 and lasted 49 days. Punctuation will vary.
6. Fish species loss is accelerating, and soon we may have 1. Seoul, the capital of South Korea, is located on the Han River.
no more fish to eat from the oceans. 2. Much of the Sahara, the second largest desert in the world,
7. Pollution causes poor air quality, and it can be bad for is uninhabited.
your health. 3. Asia (the largest of the seven continents) is home to more
8. The orbiting Spitzer Space Telescope found water vapor in than one out of every two people in the world.
the atmosphere of a distant star. 4. Two countries in South America—Bolivia and Colombia—
9. Some scientists think that music training may help students were named for famous people.
with language problems. 5. La Paz—a city in Bolivia—is at about the same height as the
10. The fastest-growing plant in the world is the giant timber top of Japan’s Mount Fuji.
bamboo from China. It reaches its adult height of up to 6. Venice, one of the most beautiful cities in Italy, is slowly
18.3 meters in just two months. sinking.
11. Movie director James Cameron broke the world depth 7. Curitiba, a city in Brazil, has one of the best public bus systems
record when he descended nearly 7 miles in the Pacific in the world.
Ocean. 8. The Taj Mahal, a mausoleum in India, is one of the most
popular tourist attractions in the world.
Activity 17: Noticing Appositives
9. Los Angeles (the largest city in California) is a major center for
Gustavo Dudamel , the 31-year-old Venezuelan conductor, is
shipping, manufacturing, and finance.
at the center of the classical music world. In 2009, Dudamel
10. Ayers Rock (a popular tourist attraction in Australia) is located
became the music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic ,
in the center of the country.

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 Write about It Activity 22: Noticing Prepositional Phrases
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Answers to the question will vary.
Chongqing, my birthplace, is located on the Jialing River. 1. A team of researchers recently found the bones of four
Chongqing, known as the Fog City, has 100 days of fog per year. different kinds of dinosaurs at the same site in New
Chongqing—a major transportation hub—has an airport, a river Mexico.
port, and multiple train stations. 2. The first time that sales of computers to homes in the U.S.
were greater than sales of computers to businesses was
Activity 20: Combining Information with Appositives
in 1994.
1. Stephen Hawking, a renowned theoretical physicist, writes
3. As a person ages, the thickness of each hair on the head
about black holes.
gets smaller.
2. Fred Leverentz, a 72-year-old mountain climber, has climbed
4. Many species of fish in the oceans are now disappearing.
mountains all over the world.
5. A meteorite crashed through the roof of a house in New
3. Emily Dickinson, a famous American poet, published only
Zealand.
seven poems during her life.
6. The placement of an ice pack on an insect bite will relieve
4. Irène Curie, the second woman in history to win a Nobel Prize
the itch.
in science, was the daughter of the first woman to win the
7. The caffeine in three cups of coffee or tea may help to
same prize.
maintain mental sharpness in older women.
5. Yuri Gagarin, the first person to orbit the earth, died seven
8. Researchers at the Erasmus University Medical School
years later in an airplane crash.
in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, found that boiled coffee
6. Aesop, a Greek storyteller in the sixth century BCE, used
significantly increased cholesterol.
animal stories to teach lessons about life.
9. The most recent survey of time use in the U.S. suggests
7. Amelia Earhart, the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean in
that women still do most of the work at home.
an airplane, disappeared while trying to fly around the world.
10. Everything in the factories of the future will be run by
8. Mahatma Gandhi, a symbol of the power of peace, led the
smarter software.
nonviolent movement for independence in India.
11. A fifth of respondents to a Chinese local-newspaper
9. Alfred Hitchcock, one of the most famous movie directors in
survey said they had over 5,000 yuan of digital property.
history, made many film classics, including North by Northwest
12. One researcher found that managers with more money
and The Birds.
invested in their companies take fewer vacations.
10. Agatha Christie, a British crime writer of novels, short stories,
and plays, is the best-selling novelist of all time. Activity 23: Identifying Prepositional Phrases in Noun Phrases
11. The Rolling Stones, the longest-performing rock band of all Ocean storms develop when the temperature in one area is
time, first performed in 1962. different from the temperature in another nearby area. Warm
12. Lang Lang, the superstar Chinese piano player, loves opera, air rises and cool air falls, creating a difference in atmospheric
jazz, and hip-hop. pressure.
13. Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth president of the U.S., was a If the pressure changes in a large area, winds start to blow in
tailor before he was president. a huge circle. High-pressure air is pulled toward a low-pressure
center and thick clouds form. As the storm gains speed and
Write about It
moves over the ocean, very heavy rain begins to fall. And storms
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
can get even stronger if they are moving over warm waters.
Queen Victoria, the longest-reigning British monarch, celebrated
Under certain conditions, an ocean storm can strengthen
her Diamond Jubilee in 1897.
and become a hurricane. The center of the storm, known as
Nelson Mandela (the first black president of South Africa) was a
the eye, is fairly calm. However, the strongest, fastest winds of a
political prisoner for 27 years.
hurricane blow in the area around the eye known as the eyewall,
Harriet Tubman, a former slave, worked to end slavery in the U.S.
which can be about 16 to 80 kilometers wide.
Activity 21: Adding Prepositional Phrases Wind speeds in the most severe ocean storms have reached
Students will circle the main noun in each completed noun phrase in more than 250 kilometers per hour. Some storms have produced
the Think about It activity. more than 150 centimeters of rain. Many ocean storms cause
1. The most important qualities of a good parent are patience high waves and ocean surges. An ocean surge is a constant
and a sense of humor. movement of water that can reach as high as 6 meters or more.
2. Traveling to foreign countries is valuable for a number This can cause major damage to shore areas.
of reasons.
Think about It
3. The primary goal of any business is to make money.
“In one area” and “in another area” explain which temperature.
4. Some technological advances of the twentieth century had
“In atmospheric pressure” explains what kind of difference.
a negative effect on the earth’s atmosphere.
“In a large area” describes where the pressure changes.
5. You can easily learn about life in other countries by looking
“In a huge circle” explains where the winds start to blow.
on the Internet.
“Toward a low-pressure center” tells where the air is pulled.
6. The land in the center of a city should be a public park.
“Over the ocean” tells where the storm moves.
7. My teachers have been important figures in my life.
“Over warm waters” explains where the storms can move.
8. Fathers play an important role in their children’s lives.
“Under certain conditions” explains when an ocean storm
9. Stress is one of the worst things for your health.
can strengthen to become a hurricane.
10. There are many opportunities for work and entertainment
“Of the storm” describes “center.”
in a big city.
“Of a hurricane” explains what kind of winds.
11. There is very little need for money in today’s world.
“In the area” tells where the strongest, fastest winds of
12. There should be a separate section for children on all
a hurricane blow.
public transportation .
“About 16 to 80 kilometers wide” describes “the eyewall.”

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 “In the most severe ocean storms” tells which wind speeds. 16. Humor is an abstract idea.
“Of rain” tells what kind of centimeters (centimeters of what). 17. Art is an abstract idea.
“Of water” tells what kind of movement. 18. The word angry is an abstract idea.
“To shore areas” describes where the damage occurs. 19. Work is an abstract thing.
20. A year is an abstract thing.
Activity 25: Pronouncing Of
Activity 26: Using Of to Show Possession
Of /əv/ Of /ə/ Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. Do we usually have class in the middle of Manatees are water animals sometimes called sea cows because
✓
the day? of their large size and gentle nature. Although they do not have
many natural predators, the actions of people have interfered
2. Are you the owner of a red car? ✓
with manatees in recent years. Humans’ interference with the
3. How many years of education have habitats of manatees is one of the main problems. For example,
✓
you had? the manatees of Florida no longer migrate south as they once did,
but now stay near warm waters created by power plants. Another
4. Who is the author of your favorite book? ✓
problem is boats. The paddles of a boat can cut a manatee, killing
5. What day of the week is it? ✓ it or leaving terrible scars. This may occur partly because of the
sound of a boat. Large boats emit low-frequency sounds that
6. Do you ever watch the end of a movie
✓ manatees cannot hear. However, manatees will swim away from a
first?
boat with a higher frequency, according to the findings of some
7. Do you know the rules of basketball? ✓ researchers. Another major problem for manatees is the red tide.
8. Are you a member of any organizations? ✓ The growth of toxic algae causes the red tide, and the toxins
damage the nervous system of the manatee.
9. Have you ever left before the end of a
✓ Activity 27: Noticing Adjective Clauses
movie?
Answers to questions will vary. Possible answers include:
10. Are you worried about the state of the 1. Name a type of living thing that you are afraid of.
✓
economy? a grizzly bear
11. Are you excited about the future of the 2. Identify the countries that you have visited. Canada,
✓
country? the United Kingdom, France, Mexico
3. Identify a food that you can’t stand. liver
12. What was the result of the last election? ✓
4. Name a place that you enjoyed visiting. Wales
13. What’s on the cover of this textbook? ✓ 5. Name a person who you admire. Barack Obama
6. Name a person who has helped you in an important way.
14. What’s the name of the school? ✓
my father
15. Is anyone in your family the parent of a 7. Name a famous scientist who lived in the twentieth century.
✓
new baby? Albert Einstein
16. Do you have a good sense of humor? ✓ 8. Name a job that requires two or more languages. translator at
the United Nations
17. Is there a museum of art in your city? ✓ 9. Identify a city that is near some mountains. Queenstown, New
Zealand
18. What is the definition of angry? ✓
10. Name a tool that you can use to open a bottle. a bottle
19. How many hours of work did you do opener
✓
last week? 11. Think of a word that means “very good.” terrific
20. What is your favorite time of year? ✓ 12. Name an artist who is alive today. El Anatsui
Activity 28: Adding Adjective Clauses
Think about It 1. A wind turbine mechanic repairs the turbines that are on top
1. A day is an abstract thing. of the 140-foot towers. g
2. A car is a nonliving thing. 2. Food stylists arrange the food that is used in magazine
3. Education is an abstract idea. advertisements. c
4. A book is a nonliving thing, and the possessive phrase is 3. A wildlife rehabilitator helps wild animals that have been
more than two words long. injured. j
5. A week is an abstract thing. 4. A sports event coordinator is the person who plans special
6. A movie is a nonliving thing. events for a game. h
7. Basketball is an abstract thing. 5. A sports psychologist helps athletes who want to improve
8. Organizations are nonliving things. their performance. i
9. A movie is a nonliving thing. 6. Salvage divers find things that have been lost in deep
10. The economy is an abstract idea. water. b
11. A country is an abstract thing. 7. Flight attendants assist people who are traveling by plane. a
12. An election is an abstract thing, and the possessive phrase is 8. A dietician helps people who want to lose weight. d
more than two words long. 9. An archeologist studies the past by studying old buildings
13. A textbook is a nonliving thing. that are buried underground. e
14. A school is a nonliving thing. 10. In a movie, a stunt person does the dangerous things that a
15. The possessive phrase is more than two words long. famous actor isn’t allowed to do. f

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 Write about It 3. Global warming is the most serious problem we face today.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 4. There are many things I like about tennis.
Food stylists arrange the food that is used in magazine 5. The first thing I do in the morning is to drink a cup of coffee.
advertisements. They should have cooking skills as well as 6. A good friend is someone I trust.
photography skills. A food stylist might work with a company to 7. The best advice I ever received was from my father.
develop new recipes. After the recipes are tested, the stylist will 8. The most important aspect of a job is the money a person
arrange the food and kitchen accessories so the photographer earns.
can take pictures. 9. There are many different things you can do to stay healthy.
10. The worst thing an employee can do is to steal from the
Activity 29: Using Adjective Clauses
company.
1. Tycoon is a Japanese word that means “a successful
businessperson.” Write about It
2. Revenue is a French word that means “the income of a Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
government or company.” 1. The nicest thing I own is a sweater from my mother.
3. Tornado is a Spanish word that means “a violent storm with 2. Effective public speaking is the most important skill I have
strong winds that blow in a circle.” learned.
4. Soprano is an Italian word that means “the highest singing 3. Overpopulation is the most serious problem we face today.
voice.” 4. There are many things I like about swimming.
5. Pajamas is a Persian word that means “loose pants and a top 5. The first thing I do in the morning is to eat some fruit.
that you wear to bed.” 6. A good friend is someone I can rely on.
6. Catsup is an English word that means “a thick sauce that is
Activity 32: Combining Sentences
made with tomatoes.”
The order of some clauses will vary. Possible answers include:
7. Chorus is a Greek word that means “a large group of people
1. I have many friends who email me all the time.
who sing together.”
2. There were a lot of people on the street who were wearing
8. Memo is a Chinese word that means “a note that you write to
costumes.
someone at work.”
3. I read an interesting article that explains the benefits of
Activity 30: Noticing Adjective Clauses crying.
1. Are children who play sports less likely to get into trouble 4. When I was in Turkey, I met some of my relatives who still live
than children who don’t play sports? in my parents’ village.
2. What is the most important subject that students should 5. My brother is a doctor who works with cancer patients.
study in high school? 6. Many people who eat a lot of fruit and vegetables are
3. Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, concerned about their health.
what are the qualities of a good neighbor? 7. I have a good friend who is always giving me advice.
4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 8. My brother lives in a building downtown that was once a
People should sometimes do things that they do not factory.
enjoy doing. 9. An introduction is part of a book or essay that comes at the
5. Countries, businesses, and schools are three areas that need beginning.
good leaders. Choose one of these areas and describe the 10. Two students who were injured went to the hospital.
most important qualities of a leader in that area.
Activity 33: Subject/Verb Agreement
6. What is one skill that every person needs to learn?
1. The six official languages of the United Nations (U.N.) are
7. In your opinion, what is the most important characteristic
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.
(for example, honesty, intelligence, a sense of humor) that a
2. The most common name in the world is Mohammed.
person can have? Why?
3. In nearly every language, the word for mother begins with
8. Some people choose friends who are different from
a /m/- sound.
themselves. Others choose friends who are similar to
4. The only language that capitalizes the first-person
themselves. What are the advantages of having friends
singular (I) is English.
who are different from you?
5. Seoul , the South Korean capital, means “the capital” in the
9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The
Korean language.
decisions that people make quickly are always wrong.
6. One of the few people who single-handedly invented an
10. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
alphabet for a living language was Sequoyah, a Cherokee
People should read only those books that are about real
Indian.
events and real people.
7. In Chinese, the characters (or symbols) for danger and
Write about It opportunity form the word crisis.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 8. Only four common words in the English language end in
One skill that every person needs to learn is typing. Most -dous: hazardous, horrendous, stupendous, and tremendous.
employers are looking for employees who can use a computer 9. The only common 15-letter word in the English language
and other modern technology. People who can type quickly and that can be spelled without repeating a letter is
accurately are more likely to find a good job. And keyboards aren’t uncopyrightable.
just used with computers anymore. Smartphones have keyboards 10. Children who study another language score higher on
too, and it’s easier to use them if you know how to type. basic skills such as reading and math.
11. The most widely spoken forms of the Chinese language
Activity 31: Identifying Adjective Clauses
are Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min, Wu, and Xiang.
1. The nicest thing I own is a piece of jewelry from my mother.
12. The longest word in the English language with all the
2. Good writing is the most important skill I have learned.
letters in alphabetical order is almost.

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 13. A person who speaks several languages has more job developing countries like China and Brazil. This is unfortunate,
opportunities than a person who speaks just one language. since research in Uganda, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka shows that
14. The Germanic family of languages includes Danish, Dutch, bicycle ownership can lead to a noticeably higher income—as
English, German, and Swedish, among others. much as 35 percent.
15. Most countries in Europe have a number of regional or
Think about It
minority languages, some of which have become official
They generally sound more formal.
languages.
Activity 36: Using Longer Noun Phrases
Activity 34: Strengthening/Softening Adjectives in Speaking
1. Physical fitness, the result of exercise, proper diet, and nutrition,
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
can improve mental health and self-esteem.
1. A: Sarah is graduating next week, but I don’t know what to
2. Physical exercise, which can help with weight loss, should be
get her.
frequent and intense.
B: Hmm. How about a watch?
3. Aerobics, which is a kind of exercise of relatively low intensity,
B: Oh, yeah. That’s a really nice idea.
increases oxygen available to the body.
2. A: $120 for a textbook! Can you believe it?
4. Bicycling, a kind of low-intensity exercise for the whole body, is
B: Why do we need such an expensive textbook?
also the second most popular spectator sport in the world.
A: I know. It’s ridiculous.
5. Anaerobic exercise refers to a high-intensity activity of short
3. A: How did you lose your wallet?
duration that promotes strength and speed.
B: I don’t know. Sometimes I’m not a very smart person.
6. Weight training, which is a kind of strength exercise, is popular
4. A: The snow has been falling all morning.
with professional athletes.
B: I know—it looks like a pretty bad storm.
7. Exercise releases endorphins, which are the body’s natural feel-
5. A: I think I’m going to quit my job and go back to school.
good chemicals that can even temporarily relieve pain.
B: Really? I don’t think that’s such a good decision.
8. There is convincing evidence that exercise usually improves
A: Why not?
sleep for most people.
6. A: What happened to you? You look exhausted.
B: I had a really awful day, and I didn’t get much sleep Think about It
last night. appositives, dependent (adjective) clauses, complement
7. A: Where’s Carlos today?
B: Didn’t you hear? He was in a very serious bicycle accident. Activity 38: Identifying the Main Noun
A: Oh, no! 1. After we’ve finished, we’ll have a few minutes to relax and
8. A: Did you like the pictures I posted online? take that much-needed coffee break .
B: Absolutely. You’re such an amazing photographer! 2. The Thinker, one of the most significant works of art in the
9. A: What did your father want? world, was created by Auguste Rodin in 1902.
B: I’m not sure. He said he had a very important question to 3. The effects of music on the human body include both
ask me. mental and physical benefits.
10. A: My phone keeps turning itself off. Do you think I should get 4. The speakers will discuss reasons for the dramatic increase
a new one? in health-care costs.
B: That doesn’t sound like a very serious problem. Let me see 5. A doctorate is the highest degree that a student can earn.
if I can fix it. 6. The salaries of community college graduates are higher
than those of people with just a high school education.
Activity 35: Strengthening/Softening Adjectives in Writing 7. Freshly picked raw green leaves are an excellent source of
In some countries today, a fairly large percentage of the vitamin C.
population uses bicycles for basic transportation. For example, 8. Traditional African clothing depends on the natural
in China, Bangladesh, and some parts of the Netherlands, people resources of different areas and materials that people can
use bicycles for more than 40 percent of all trips. Other countries, produce cheaply.
like the U.S. and Canada, however, have significantly lower bicycle 9. After many thousands of years, African people began to make
use—an embarrassingly low 1 percent. How do we explain these new kinds of clothes that were lighter and cooler.
differences? 10. India’s Internet population was 112 million in 2011, making it the
In countries like the Netherlands, people think of bicycles as third largest market in the world after China and the U.S.
transportation. As a result, their cities have been developed with
Think about It
an extremely large number of bicycle routes. Some streets are
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
marked as “car-free zones,” and some traffic lights are timed for
Many of the noun phrases contained prepositional phrases.
bicycles, not cars. These cities are considerably safer places to ride
Sometimes it was hard to tell the difference between the object of
and have very low numbers of bicycle accidents.
a prepositional phrase and the subject of the noun phrase.
In countries like Canada and the U.S., people have quite a
different way of thinking about bicycles. People usually ride Activity 39: Using Noun Phrases to Connect Ideas
bicycles for exercise or fun—not transportation. Cities are not Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
designed to accommodate bicyclists. These cities tend to be 1. There are many possible ways to solve the problems in our
more spread out, and the long distances between places makes schools. One possible solution is to increase funding for
riding a bicycle impractical. Other common problems include a education.
relatively small number of bicycle parking spaces and unfriendly 2. Some hospitals use music as a pain management technique
treatment of bicyclists by car drivers. for their older patients. This management technique helps
In some developing countries, there is a completely different calm patients and often results in less pain.
type of problem. In India, a bicycle has a substantially greater 3. Enrollment at universities has declined a great deal in the last
cost. In fact, a bicycle costs twice as much in India as in other five years. As a result of this decline in enrollment, tuition has
increased.

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 4. We really need to change parts of our voting system in some Wrap-Up
major ways. While some of these major changes might be
difficult to carry out, they would increase voter turnout. A
5. The government has invested heavily in new energy sources Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
recently. These investments in new energy sources have led to a sandwich shop
several important developments. tasty food and low prices
6. Many patients think their doctors don’t listen carefully to a medium-sized place
them. This feeling is more common among elderly patients. delicious chicken salad sandwich
7. Speaking and writing differ significantly in several ways. The homemade vegetable soup
most important of these differences is that speakers usually friendly atmosphere
know who they are talking to, but writers do not. high-quality service
8. Many scientists believe that gases in the air are causing earth
temperatures to rise. The rise in temperatures is called global
Peaches Grill is a medium-sized sandwich shop near my
warming.
apartment. For very little money, you can get a delicious
9. Young children begin to learn new words very quickly at
chicken salad sandwich on homemade bread or a large bowl of
about 18 to 24 months of age. Researchers have called this
homemade vegetable soup. The friendly atmosphere at Peaches
age the “vocabulary explosion.”
Grill, the tasty food, the high-quality service, and the low prices
10. Home prices have been increasing rapidly in some parts of
will make you want to return many times.
the country. Rapid price increases have made it more difficult
to get a loan. B
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Activity 40: Connecting Sentences
business trip During a recent business trip, my plane was
In the Think about It activity, students will underline the idea
delayed.
introduced in the first sentence and circle the noun phrase in the
furniture store I need to go to the furniture store to buy
second sentence that helps connect the ideas.
a new bed.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
job fair If Carlos is still looking for a job, he should go to
1. There are many advantages to having a cell phone.
the job fair next week.
One of the most important benefits is that you can call for help
in an emergency. C
2. If young children are permitted to use cell phones, they need Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
to have some rules. One rule might be that the phone can only This is a photograph of some of my friends. When I took this
be used to call family members. photo, they were playing an Italian game called bocce. In this
3. Unfortunately, scientists have also found a number of problems game, one person throws a small ball toward the end of the
with using cell phones for long periods of time. playing area. The same person then throws a larger ball toward
One possible problem is an increased risk of cancer. the small ball. The goal of the game is to get close to the small
4. Recently, more people have begun to educate their children ball without touching it. The other players then try to throw balls
at home. Home schooling can have both good and bad effects even closer to the small ball. In this photograph, my friend Steven
on a child. One positive effect is that students learn at their is about to take his turn. None of us could play very well, but we
own pace. still had fun.
5. Attending public schools can provide students with some
advantages. One advantage is that students learn how to D
interact with many different types of people. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. However, not all public schools provide good learning The Great Barrier Reef is a site of remarkable variety and beauty
environments. An example of a poor learning environment is on the northeast coast of Australia. It contains the world’s largest
one where there are too many students in the classroom. collection of coral reefs, with 400 types of coral, 1,500 species
7. There are many benefits to experiencing life in a foreign of fish, and 4,000 types of mollusks. It also holds great scientific
country when you’re young. One major benefit is that young interest as the habitat of species such as the dugong (“sea cow”)
children can learn a language other than the one spoken at and the large green turtle, which are threatened with extinction.
home.
8. In their early years, children are influenced by many aspects
of the culture around them. One aspect of culture that may
influence them is a different way of dressing.
9. At the same time, moving to a new country as a child can also
be difficult. One difficulty is moving away from friends and
possibly extended family.
Think about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
In addition to helping the reader connect ideas, repeating
information helps to make the writing clear for the reader. These
things help the reader follow the writer’s argument and make
writing cohesive.

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 Unit 10
Warm-Up Activity 2: Identifying Adjective Clauses
Agree/Disagree answers will vary.
A 1. People who have more money are happier .
1. Thomas Edison, who invented the light bulb, once said that he 2. A student that cheats should be expelled from school .
was afraid of the dark. 3. Products that cost more money are usually better .
2. The active ingredient in most toothpaste is sodium fluoride, 4. You should never trust a person who has lied to you before.
which can be lethal if swallowed. 5. Friends are people who never let you down.
3. Ireland, New Zealand, Greenland, and Iceland, which are all 6. Most people want a job which will make them rich and
islands, have no native land snakes. famous.
4. The man who invented the phonograph was almost deaf. 7. The person that works the hardest has the most success .
5. There are birds that can fly over 300 miles a day. 8. You should never tell people things that might hurt their
6. There is a plant that was grown in a lab from 2,000-year-old feelings.
seeds. 9. Most people who succeed in life are smart, hard-working,
7. Vincent Van Gogh’s brother bought one of the only paintings and honest .
Van Gogh sold during his life. 10. Any person who commits a crime should be punished .
Think about It
B
Middle:
True False who have more money
1. Adjective clauses always begin with that cheats
✓
who, which, or that. that cost more money
2. Adjective clauses come before the that works the hardest
✓ who succeed in life
nouns they describe.
who commits a crime
3. Adjective clauses can describe both
✓ End:
people and things.
who has lied to you before
4. Adjective clauses are always at the
✓ who never let you down
beginning of a sentence.
which will make them rich and famous
5. We sometimes use commas before that might hurt their feelings
✓
and after an adjective clause.
Think about It
C Noun + adjective clause with who:
who won’t read, who can’t read people who have more money
Activity 1: Noticing Adjective Clauses in Noun Phrases person who has lied to you before
Students will circle the main noun in each noun phrase as part of people who never let you down
the Think about It activity. people who succeed in life
It is hard to imagine a time before movies, but before the person who commits a crime
1870s, motion pictures did not exist. Early photographers who Noun + adjective clause with that :
first experimented with motion and photography, such as student that cheats
Eadweard Muybridge, used innovative cameras that could take products that cost more money
as many as 24 pictures per second. These cameras were the first person that works the hardest
step toward movies, but there was still no easy way to show these things that might hurt their feelings
images to an audience. It was two French brothers who finally
accomplished this in 1895. Noun + adjective clause with which:
Auguste and Louis Lumière invented a machine that they job which will make them rich and famous
called a Cinématographe. This was a camera that could shoot,
QUESTIONS
develop, and project film. Audiences of all sizes could gather
1. The clauses in sentences 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 10.
around a screen and watch the brothers’ short films , which
2. The clauses in sentences 3, 6, and 8.
showed people sneezing, boarding a train, or leaving work.
3. We use who or that to describe nouns that are people. We use
Though these movies didn’t tell a story, they were the beginning
that or which to describe nouns that are things.
of the biggest art form of our time.
Write about It
Think about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
The adjective clause should be close to the noun it describes
People who have more money are not always happier.
so that the reader knows what noun the adjective clause is
Products that cost more money are often better.
describing.
You should sometimes tell people things that might
hurt their feelings.

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 Activity 3: Noticing Adjective Clauses That Describe People I’d rather have friends who like to go out and have fun.
and Things I’d rather not have friends who are lazy and unreliable.
1. The man who repaired my guitar did a great job. I’d rather have neighbors who have a good sense of humor.
2. What was that dish that tasted like almonds? I’d rather have a boss who explains everything clearly.
3. The customers who came in before 5:00 got a discount. I’d rather not have co-workers who talk a lot.
4. My grandmother had a device that helped her breathe I’d rather have a teacher who corrects my work.
at night. I’d rather have neighbors who are active.
5. Did you ever talk to that woman who worked in the
Write about It
front office?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. She never wore clothes that were out of style.
1. I’d rather have co-workers who will stay late when we have a lot
7. They served desserts that were just amazing.
of work to do.
8. They had one son that sang really well and another son that
2. I’d rather not have a boss who doesn’t communicate effectively.
danced really well.
3. I’d rather not have neighbors who have a lot of loud parties.
9. The woman who lived in that house was always really friendly.
4. I’d rather have a roommate who is neat and tidy.
10. I didn’t know the people that lived across the street.
Activity 7: Describing Things with Adjective Clauses
Think about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
The adjective clauses in sentences 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, and 10 can use
I like neighborhoods that are quiet at night.
who or that because they describe people.
I like books that have interesting characters.
Activity 4: Using That or Who for People and Things I don’t like movies that are scary or violent.
1. A: David is going to help out today. I like music that helps me relax.
B: Is he the one that/who helped last week? I don’t like new technology that is hard to understand.
A: No, that was James. I like cities that have a lot of nightlife.
2. A: How was the restaurant? I like cities that have large green areas.
B: It was pretty fancy. There was a guy that/who met us at the I like movies that make me laugh.
door and took our coats. I’m interested in new technology that makes my life easier.
3. A: You remember that woman that/who fell down the stairs? I’m interested in books that teach me about the world.
B: Yeah. That was terrible.
Write about It
A: Well, I saw her yesterday, and she’s doing fine now.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. A: Where did you buy that T-shirt?
1. I like cities that have good public transportation.
B: At the new store on Cherry Street. You know, the one that
2. I don’t like books that tell a story very slowly.
opened last month.
3. I’m interested in new technology that lets me talk to my friends
A: Yeah. I haven’t been there yet.
in other countries.
5. A: The woman that/who left her glasses here came back.
4. I like music that is happy and cheerful.
B: Oh, I bet she was glad to find them.
6. A: What’s the name of that song that starts with a long Activity 8: Error Correction
guitar solo? 1. We read several authors who/that talked about this issue.
B: Hmm. I know the song, but I don’t know what it’s called. 2. There were a lot of students who/that missed class yesterday.
7. A: I want to live in a city that has free Wi-Fi everywhere. 3. The employee who/that works the night shift didn’t show up
B: That would be nice. last night.
8. A: Have you seen the student that/who sits next to the desk? 4. Did you meet the professor who he visited the class
B: No. I think she’s absent today. last week?
9. A: Do you know the man that/who owns Java Café? 5. I met a really interesting woman that designs furniture.
B: Yeah. That’s my favorite coffee place. His name’s John. 6. There’s a photograph that shows what he looked like
10. A: Do you have one of those things that pulls staples out? 20 years ago.
B: Yeah, somewhere. Check the desk drawer. 7. The toy train that looked so realistic was really expensive.
8. Everybody loves the soccer player who he made the
Activity 5: Verb Forms in Adjective Clauses
winning goal.
1. The man who repairs my guitar does a great job.
9. Please put this where people who are interested can see it.
2. What is that dish that tastes like almonds?
10. I have a good friend that goes to that school.
3. The customers who come in before 5:00 get a discount.
4. My grandmother has a device that helps her breathe at night. Activity 9: Adding Adjective Clauses
5. Do you ever talk to that woman who works in the front office? Students will identify the subject relative pronouns and object
6. She never wears clothes that are out of style. relative pronouns as part of the Think about It activity.
7. They serve desserts that are just amazing. 1. The Andromeda Galaxy is the most distant object that you
8. They have one son that sings really well and another son that can see without a telescope (O), 2.4 million light years away.
dances really well. 2. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature (S).
9. The woman who lives in that house is always really friendly. 3. The longest string of numbers that most people can
10. I don’t know the people that live across the street. remember easily (O) is seven.
4. Honey doesn’t spoil or go bad. A person could safely eat
Activity 6: Describing People with Adjective Clauses
honey that is a thousand years old (S).
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. Your brain uses 20 percent of the oxygen that enters your
I’d rather not have a boss who treats people unfairly.
bloodstream (S).
I’d rather have a roommate who is relaxed and friendly.
6. A person that doesn’t sleep (S) experiences problems more
I’d rather not have a teacher who lets people leave early.
quickly than a person that doesn’t eat.

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 7. There are small, microscopic animals that live in most people’s 5. Do you ever buy things you don’t need (O)?
eyelashes (S). 6. How often do you have dreams you remember in the
8. There is a part of your brain that specializes in recognizing morning (O)?
faces (S). 7. Who is a famous person you want to meet someday (O)?
9. The width that you can stretch out your arms (O) is about 8. What is the most fun you have ever had (O)?
the same as your height. 9. Can you name a movie that scared you (S)?
10. In 2007, researchers found a clam that had lived for over 10. What is the most beautiful place you have ever seen (O)?
400 years (S).
Activity 13: Noticing Adjective Clauses with Pronouns
11. People who go into space (S) may get up to 3 percent taller
Students will cross out pronouns if they are not necessary in the Think
while they are up there.
about It activity.
Activity 10: Noticing Subjects and Verbs in Adjective Clauses 1. The receptionist is the one who answers the office phone.
Students will identify the subject relative pronouns and object 2. The desk clerk is the one that talks to clients at the counter.
relative pronouns as part of the Think about It activity. 3. The salespeople are the ones who you ask if you want to place
1. A: Who’s Isabel? an order.
B: She’s the girl that I introduced you to last week (O). 4. The secretaries are the ones who keep track of all of the orders.
2. A: Where’s the teacher that we had yesterday (O)? 5. The warehouse foreman is the one who creates the schedule
B: She’s sick. She’s supposed to come back for the next class. for the warehouse workers.
3. A: There’s one thing that Idon’t understand (O) about 6. The warehouse workers are the ones who put the orders
this movie. together.
B: What’s that? 7. The truck drivers are the ones who deliver the product to
A: Why didn’t the hero just call the police for help? the stores.
4. A: Do you have the money that l left you (O)? 8. The accountant is the one who makes out the paychecks.
B: Oh, I do! Sorry I forgot to pay you back. 9. The boss is the one who signs the paychecks.
5. A: Did they change the carpet? 10. The office manager is the one that employees talk to about
B: Yeah. The one that used to be here (S) was blue and white. any problems.
6. A: This is the best soup that I’ve ever tasted (O).
Think about It
B: Thanks. It’s my mom’s recipe.
The relative pronouns in sentences 3 and 10 are unnecessary
7. A: I can’t stand people who are always late (S).
because they are object relative pronouns.
B: I know. It’s really annoying.
8. A: What happened to the keys that were on this table (S)? Activity 14: Adding Adjective Clauses
B: I don’t know. I didn’t touch them. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
9. A: This guy who I know (O) is starting his own T-shirt business. 1. How do you help someone you don’t know very well?
B: Sounds like a hard way to make money. 2. What do you say to someone who/that always interrupts you?
10. A: What’s International Day? 3. Have you ever accidentally said something that hurt
B: It’s a big cultural event that we have here every year (O). someone’s feelings?
It’s fun. 4. Is there anyone famous you would really love to meet?
5. Have you ever met anyone who/that has a really strange job?
Activity 11: Adding Relative Pronouns
6. Have you ever eaten anything you will never eat again?
1. Nowadays, it’s hard to find a job that doesn’t require some
7. Is there anybody you miss right now?
technical skill.
8. What would you say to somebody who/that asked to copy
2. Employers want the people X they hire to have good
your homework?
communication skills.
9. Do you have anything you regret buying?
3. Probably the most important personal quality X employers
10. Is there something most people don’t know about you?
look for is honesty.
4. Employers are looking for workers who/that get along well Write about It
with others. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. Other skills X employers value are leadership, problem 1. It’s not hard to help someone you don’t know very well. Just
solving, and the ability to work independently. ask the person how you can help.
6. The money X an employee earns is important, but it’s not the 2. There are a couple of things you can say to someone who/
only thing that matters. that always interrupts you. You can ask them to please wait
7. Most employees want a job that gives them responsibility. until you finish speaking before they start to speak.
8. More and more employees want to work for companies that 3. Yes, I have accidentally said something that hurt someone’s
offer flexible hours. feelings.
9. Many employees want a boss who/that will give frequent 4. I would really love to meet the president of the U.S.
feedback. 5. Yes, I have met someone who/that has a really strange job.
10. People like to work for companies that allow them to be creative. I didn’t believe it was a real job at first!
6. I have eaten several things I will never eat again.
Activity 12: Using Adjective Clauses
7. There are several people I miss right now. I don’t live near
Students will identify the subject relative pronouns and object
my family.
relative pronouns as part of the Think about It activity.
8. I’m not sure what I would say to somebody who/that asked to
1. What do you remember about the first time that you came to
copy my homework? I would say no, but I might ask why they
this school (O)?
wanted to copy it.
2. What is one thing that makes you really happy (S)?
9. I do have something I regret buying. It’s a really ugly sweater!
3. Who is the first person you talk to every day (O)?
10. There is something most people don’t know about me, but
4. What is one thing that annoys you a lot (S)?
I’m not telling!

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 Activity 15: Noticing Reduced Adjective Clauses with 4. Grover Cleveland was the first president married in the
Past Participles White House.
1. Research conducted in the Tule Valley of Mexico has identified 5. The first woman pictured on a U.S. stamp was Queen Isabella
a new method of filtering water—cilantro! Contaminated water of Spain.
causes a number of problems in the area, but the methods 6. The first U.S. president inaugurated in Washington, D.C.,
normally used to clean water are too expensive for local was Thomas Jefferson.
residents. So far, tests show that cilantro works well to reduce 7. Herbert Hoover was the first U.S. president born west of
some of the contamination. the Mississippi.
2. Most children under age 10 think that the earth is flat. A survey 8. The first woman awarded a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie.
carried out for the U.S. National Science Teachers Association 9. The first living thing sent into space was a dog.
showed that most children are taught that the earth is round at 10. The first computers designed as laptops went on sale in 1982.
about age 10. Before then, they rely on their own perceptions.
Activity 17: Identifying Adjective Clause Forms
3. The use of a drug known to the ancient Egyptians has been
suggested for the treatment of certain cancers. Dr. Richard L. Reduced Not
Edelson, in a recent Scientific American article, describes how reduced
cancerous cells removed from a patient’s body are damaged by
1. The markets of the world are full of
the drug, known as 8-MOP. ✓
cut flowers grown in Colombia.
4. Clams collected from rivers can provide information about
contamination in the water. A clam eats by pulling in water and 2. In 1967, a graduate student named
absorbing food from it, so any toxins in the water will build David Cheever wrote a paper
up inside the clam’s body. By testing clams, biologists have suggesting that Bogota, Colombia, ✓
discovered chemicals buried years ago that are now leaking would be a good place to grow
into river water. flowers.
5. NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has detected a chemical used to 3. Cheever pointed out that the soil,
make food containers, car bumpers, and other consumer water, and weather that Colombia
products on Saturn’s moon Titan. This chemical is usually put ✓
has would be perfect for growing
together in long chains to form a plastic called polypropylene. carnations.
This is the first time the chemical has been discovered on any
4. Nowadays, flowers bought by people
moon or planet other than Earth.
all over the world are grown and ✓
Think about It packaged in Colombia and Ecuador.
1. Research that was conducted in the Tule Valley of Mexico has 5. You may wonder how a delicate
identified a new method of filtering water—cilantro! (simple flower traveling thousands of miles ✓
past passive) can stay fresh.
. . . the methods that are normally used to clean water are too
expensive for local residents. (simple present passive) 6. Growers quickly discovered that
2. A survey that was carried out for the U.S. National Science flowers that are kept cold for the
✓
Teachers Association showed that most children are taught entire journey can stay fresh for
that the earth is round at about age 10. (simple past several days.
passive) 7. Flowers going from a field in
The use of a drug that was known to the ancient Egyptians has Colombia to the U.S. spend about 48 ✓
been suggested for the treatment of certain cancers. (simple hours on the journey.
past passive) 8. In recent years, Colombian flower
3. Dr. Richard L. Edelson, in a recent Scientific American article, growers have had to compete with
describes how cancerous cells that were removed from a ✓
flower industries expanding in other
patient’s body are damaged by the drug, known as 8-MOP. nations.
(simple past passive)
4. Clams that are collected from rivers can provide information 9. In addition, growers now have to
about contamination in the water. (simple present passive) think about customers who are
✓
By testing clams, biologists have discovered chemicals that concerned about the sustainability of
were buried years ago that are now leaking into river water. the flowers they buy.
(simple past passive) 10. Particularly in Europe, more
5. NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has detected a chemical that is used customers want to see information
✓
to make containers, car bumpers, and other consumer products describing how the flowers are
on Saturn’s moon Titan. (simple present passive) grown.
This chemical is usually put together in long chains to form a
plastic that is called polypropylene. (simple present passive) Think about It
3. The adjective clause can’t be reduced because the relative
Activity 16: Reducing Passive Forms pronoun is not the subject.
1. Dr. Antonia Novello was the first woman named surgeon 6. Growers quickly discovered that flowers kept cold for the entire
general of the United States. journey can stay fresh for days.
2. The first automating banking machines connected to 9. In addition, growers now have to think about customers
computers were made in the 1970s. concerned about the sustainability of the flowers they buy.
3. Golf was one of the first sports cut from the modern The second adjective clause can’t be reduced because the relative
Olympics. pronoun is not the subject.

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 Activity 18: Using Reduced Adjective Clauses 5. The woman working at the front desk was friendly.
1. The number of people who use smartphones has increased 6. I don’t want to live in a house that was built before 1950.
dramatically. 7. The guy who I was talking to last night was really smart.
The number of people using smartphones has increased 8. We spoke to several people who were given promotions.
dramatically. 9. That book written by Michael Pollan is very interesting.
2. There are more laws that require companies to explain their 10. People looking for a new place to eat dinner should try
privacy policies. Millie’s Restaurant.
There are more laws requiring companies to explain their
Activity 20: Using Defining Adjective Clauses
privacy policies.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
3. These days there are more students who have trouble paying
1. A friend is someone who talks to you when you’re sad.
for college.
2. A happy person is a person who sees the best in everything.
These days there are more students having trouble paying
3. Your family are the people who love you no matter what.
for college.
4. An interesting book is one that I’ll read many times.
4. Nowadays, products that contain dangerous substances must
5. A great city is one that has lots of interesting things to do.
carry warning labels.
6. The best TV shows are the ones that make me laugh.
Nowadays, products containing dangerous substances must
7. It’s important to have someone who listens to you.
carry warning labels.
8. I would like to have a machine that would clean my
5. The cars that we buy these days are safer than cars from ten
apartment.
years ago.
9. I would like to visit a place that I’ve never been to before.
(Cannot be reduced.)
10. I like music that reminds me of my friends.
6. In recent years, accidents that involve pedestrians have been
on the rise. Think about It
In recent years, accidents involving pedestrians have been on Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
the rise. Subject: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
7. People who are looking for environmentally friendly products Object: 4, 9
have a lot more choices now.
People looking for environmentally friendly products have Write about It
a lot more choices now. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
8. There are more and more jobs that require advanced training. I like photos that remind me of fun vacations with my family.
There are more and more jobs requiring advanced training. I would like to have a car that can drive itself.
9. Many surgeries are now performed by doctors that use It’s important to have a job that you enjoy doing.
advanced technology. A friend is someone who helps you when you need it.
Many surgeries are now performed by doctors using Activity 21: Noticing Defining and Non-defining
advanced technology. Adjective Clauses
10. There are now universities that award degrees to students Tori Murden McClure began the adventure of a lifetime when she
who take all of their classes online. attempted to be the first woman to row across the Atlantic
There are now universities awarding degrees to students (ND)
taking all of their classes online. Ocean. McClure, who had already skied across Antarctica and
11. Most places have laws that concern cell phones and driving. climbed mountains, was no stranger to adventure. In June 1998,
Most places have laws concerning cell phones and driving. she departed from the east coast of the U.S. in a 23-foot wooden
12. Nowadays, most of the news that people read is online. boat with no motor and no sail. She had many problems,
(Cannot be reduced.) (ND)
13. There are more companies that are offering flexible time including the loss of her communication equipment, fatigue, and
schedules and work-at-home options. (D)
loneliness. But the worst thing she encountered in her three
There are more companies offering flexible time schedules
(D)
and work-at-home options. months at sea was a powerful hurricane that destroyed her boat
Think about It and almost killed her. She was rescued and taken back home. She
1. The adjective clauses in sentences 5 and 12 cannot be reduced felt like a failure.
because the relative pronoun is not the subject. After her failed attempt to cross the Atlantic in a rowboat,
2. Only sentences 7 and 13 have a continuous verb in the full McClure got a job with the famous boxer Muhammad Ali,
(ND)
adjective clause. who encouraged her to try again. Ali told her he didn’t get to be
Write about It “world champ” three times until he’d gotten knocked down twice.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: So McClure tried again in 1999. She rowed for 81 days and this
1. There are more laws requiring companies to label ingredients time she made it across the Atlantic.
in our food. (ND)
McClure, who is now a college president, describes herself as
2. There are more companies selling high-tech products.
a “seeker of truth” more than an adventurer. She says, “I wanted
3. There are more people living in cities instead of in the country.
to row across the ocean because I knew I would learn something
Activity 19: Error Correction (D) (D)
1. We saw a large seal was lying on the beach. that I did not know.” She wrote a book that describes her journey
2. The doctor uses methods that are based on his experience (D)
called A Pearl in the Storm: How I Found My Heart in the Middle of
in combat.
the Ocean. She is an inspiration to many.
3. We buy a lot of products that are made in China.
4. They asked him a lot of questions concerning his time overseas.

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 Activity 23: Using Non-defining Adjective Clauses 8. Carlos needs to sell the house that he inherited from his
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: grandfather.
1. The Great Fire of London of 1666, which destroyed about 9. Emma was walking with a friend who I’ve met several times.
13,000 houses, only killed eight people. 10. Toshi was playing soccer with his friends, who were much
2. The Minoan civilization, which suddenly disappeared in 1600 better at the game than he was.
BCE, may have been destroyed by an earthquake.
Think about It
3. Amelia Earhart, who was the first female pilot to fly solo
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
across the Atlantic Ocean, disappeared in 1937.
In sentences 2, 3, 6, 8, and 9, the adjective clause makes the
4. Christiaan Barnard performed the first human heart
meaning of the sentence complete, so they are defining adjective
transplant, which was a major medical accomplishment,
clauses.
in 1967.
The adjective clauses in sentences 1, 4, 5, 7, and 10 include
5. The Taj Mahal, which was completed in 1648, is one of the
additional information that’s not necessary to make the meaning of
most beautiful buildings in the world.
the sentence complete, so they are non-defining adjective clauses.
6. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, which became the
first widely used antibiotic. Activity 25: Combining Sentences with Whose
7. Antarctica, which is almost completely covered with ice, was 1. I recently met a woman whose daughter was a professional
not discovered until the 1800s. violinist.
8. The Polynesian Islands, which are spread over 70.1 million 2. The professor was talking to a student whose name
miles of ocean, have been populated for thousands of I don’t know.
years. 3. Do you know a woman whose first name begins with Z?
9. Oranges, which probably originated in Southeast Asia, were 4. They gave the award to Hassan, whose work has been
being grown in China as far back as 2500 BCE. excellent this year.
10. Coffee, which was discovered in Ethiopia, was a popular drink 5. How do I contact someone whose email I don’t know?
in many countries by 1100. 6. The police were talking to a woman whose purse was stolen
in the park.
Think about It
7. The police are looking for a man whose car was left by the
Subject: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10
side of the road.
Object: 4, 6
8. Most people want to have talented co-workers whose skills
Write about It are at the same level.
1. The Great Fire of London of 1666, which only killed eight 9. The sailor whose boat sank last weekend is recovering in the
people, destroyed about 13,000 houses. hospital.
2. The Minoan civilization, which may have been destroyed by 10. I have a great friend whose taste in music is exactly the same
an earthquake, suddenly disappeared in 1600 BCE. as mine.
3. Amelia Earhart, who disappeared in 1937, was the first female
Activity 26: Noticing Whose
pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.
1. The early astronauts were test pilots. These were men whose
5. The Taj Mahal, which is one of the most beautiful buildings in
lives were full of excitement and danger.
the world, was completed in 1648.
Their lives were full of excitement and danger.
7. Antarctica, which was not discovered until the 1800s, is
2. Today’s space programs select astronauts whose skills include
almost completely covered with ice.
working well with others.
8. The Polynesian Islands, which have been populated for
Their skills include working well with others.
thousands of years, are spread over 70.1 million miles of
3. The International Space Station, whose first component was
ocean.
sent to space in 1988, has been continuously occupied since
9. Oranges, which were being grown in China as far back as
2000.
2500 BCE, probably originated in Southeast Asia.
Its first component was sent to space in 1988.
10. Coffee, which was a popular drink in many countries by 1100,
4. Sixteen countries take part in the space station program,
was discovered in Ethiopia.
whose main goal is scientific experimentation.
QUESTIONS Its main goal is scientific experimentation.
Answers on whether one version of the rewritten sentences 5. Several tourists have visited the International Space Station.
sounds better than the other will vary. These private citizens, whose flights cost millions of dollars,
There is no alternative version for sentences 4 and 6 because the have spent as long as two weeks in space.
information in the adjective clause describes the object, so it can’t Their flights cost millions of dollars.
be exchanged with information in the main clause that describes 6. Space station astronauts, whose bones get weak in space
the subject. without exercise, must work out for at least two hours
every day.
Activity 24: Using Defining and Non-defining Adjective Clauses
Their bones get weak in space without exercise.
1. The children, who couldn’t swim, stayed out of the water.
7. It’s amazing to see astronauts whose spacesuits weigh about
2. The children who couldn’t swim stayed out of the water.
280 pounds floating around in space.
3. Mary took a book that was on the table.
Their spacesuits weigh about 280 pounds.
4. I finally read Coleman’s book, which was very interesting.
8. NASA has six active missions focused on the planet Mars,
5. My sister, who has never liked the water, just learned how to
whose red color has fascinated humans for hundreds of years.
scuba-dive.
Its red color has fascinated humans for hundreds of years.
6. Kate’s sister who lives in Washington is getting married.
9. The first “space tourist” was Charles D. Walker, whose private
7. Sam’s plan is to fix up the house, which is in a lovely
flight on the space shuttle cost $40,000.
neighborhood near downtown.
His private flight on the space shuttle cost $40,000.

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 10. You would weigh much less on a planet whose gravitational 10. A: Look! There’s the hotel that we stayed in last time.
pull is not as strong as the earth’s. B: Really? I don’t think so.
Its gravitational pull is not as strong as the earth’s.
Think about It
Think about It No relative pronoun: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9
Non-defining: 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 You could use that. For 7, you could also use who.
Think about It Activity 29: Using Adjective Clauses with Preposition + Which or
People: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9 Whom
Things: 3, 8, 10 1. You’ll find Deep Waters very different from the book on which
Organization: 4 it is based. The hero is much like the character in the book, but
the setting in which he works has been changed to modern-
Activity 27: Noticing Adjective Clauses with Prepositions
day New York.
1. He’s the best boss I’ve ever worked for .
2. Maple Town is a heart-warming show with a number of
2. She’s the person I spoke to the most often when I first
delightful characters to whom you’ll get very attached by the
moved here.
end of the season. Thursday’s episode, in which Sam is reunited
3. The house that I grew up in was knocked down a few years ago.
with his long-lost brother, is particularly moving.
4. I went shopping yesterday, but the shoes I was looking for
3. This silly show features a competition in which contestants
weren’t on sale anymore.
win big prizes for cooking and eating strange foods.
5. Having a job that I believed in made me happier.
Fortunately, the producers have done a great job choosing
6. My brother is one of those people you can always rely on .
people who are fun to watch. Last spring they received
7. I think I saw a man take something he didn’t pay for .
over a thousand video applications, from which they chose
8. Last night I went to the same restaurant that I go to every
the funniest and most creative. As a result, the show is
Wednesday.
surprisingly entertaining.
9. I would never show up at an event I wasn’t invited to .
4. Monday night we finally see the return of the show for which
10. My home is one of the many things I am grateful for .
we’ve been waiting all summer. Dr. Soto is back, curing patients
Write about It and solving mysteries. Last season ended with the doctor’s
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: mysterious phone call. Monday we learn the identity of the
It’s the best company I’ve ever worked for. strange woman to/with whom she was speaking.
The town that I grew up in is about 50 miles from here.
Activity 30: Using Quantity Words with Which and Whom
The librarian said someone already checked out the book I was
1. Yosemite Valley gets about 4 million visitors a year, most of
looking for.
whom come from the U.S.
My brother found something in his shopping bag he didn’t pay for.
2. It has 1,504 campsites, a few of which are reserved for large
I met your sister at the English club meeting that I go to every
groups.
Wednesday.
3. It has 10 waterfalls, some of which are visible from the
Think about It valley floor.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 4. In Teotihuacan, you can visit Mayan pyramids, one of which is
She’s the person to whom I spoke the most often when I first 210 feet tall.
moved here. 5. You can see the ruins of ancient stone temples, all of which
Having a job in which I believed made me happier. were originally painted bright colors.
My brother is one of those people on whom you can always rely. 6. Walk along the Avenue of the Dead, about half of which is
I would never show up at an event to which I wasn’t invited. recognizable now.
My home is one of the many things for which I am grateful. 7. Over 100,000 people lived in the ancient city, some of whom
were potters, jewelers, and craftsmen.
Activity 28: Using Adjective Clauses with That + Preposition 8. There are three enormous pits containing over 8,000
1. A: Is that the car you came in? terracotta soldiers and other figures, only a few of which have
B: Yeah, it is. It’s my brother’s. been dug up.
2. A: We’ll be discussing solar energy. 9. The soldiers, most of which carry real weapons, are life-sized.
B: Oh, good. That’s something I’m interested in. 10. Special viewings of the soldiers have been granted to a few
3. A: Why is James so happy? important visitors, one of whom was Queen Elizabeth.
B: He finally got that computer he’s been saving up for.
4. A: What did you get your brother for his birthday? Write about It
B: Oh, no. I knew there was something I had forgotten about. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. A: What’s the name of that song you were listening to In London you can ride the famous red buses, some of which have
yesterday? two levels.
B: I’m not sure. It was on the radio. The island of Hawaii has several active volcanoes, one of which is
6. A: You look worried. erupting.
B: Yeah. I just took a test that I wasn’t prepared for.
Activity 31: Error Correction
7. A: Who’s that guy John was shouting at?
1. The student that I talked to on the first day of class was
B: His name is Matt. I don’t know why John is so mad at him.
very nice.
8. A: You seem kind of nervous.
2. The study included 45 participants, many of whom had just
B: Yeah. A project that I contributed to is being graded today.
graduated from high school.
9. A: I don’t think I did very well on that quiz.
3. All students need to return the equipment to the department
B: The quiz isn’t important. It’s next week’s test you should be
from which they borrowed it.
worried about!
4. He tends to get very angry at people with whom he disagrees.

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 5. We were never given a receipt for the item we paid for it. 2. A: I heard they promoted Lonnie to manager.
6. They watched five movies, most of which she had seen before. B: Which is the smartest thing they’ve ever done. d
7. We still have the pen with which the president signed the She’s great.
document. (no errors) 3. A: This coffee is terrible.
8. The room in which the children sleep is down the hall to B: Which is why I always order tea at this place! f
the left. 4. A: Jake said that he can’t help us with the project.
9. There were several authorities to whom he had to report B: Which probably means that he doesn’t want to help. h
the incident to. 5. A: We have to finish the presentation by Friday.
10. We have 135 residents here, many of whom are over B: Which doesn’t give us much time. a We need to get to
70 years old. work now.
6. A: Alan never showed up yesterday.
Activity 32: Referring to an Earlier Idea
B: Which doesn’t sound like him at all. b I wonder what’s
1. A: Rob just bought a boat, which is pretty surprising. c
going on.
B: I know! He’s always saying he doesn’t have any money.
7. A: Emma left all of her dirty dishes in the sink.
2. A: They said the gift will arrive tomorrow, which is possible,
B: Which really shouldn’t surprise you. i She’s kind of a slob.
I guess. b
8. A: It says here that he only attended school for two years.
B: But you just ordered it!
B: Which is hard to believe. c He’s so brilliant.
3. A: I spent the whole day working in the garden, which was
9. A: The new printer broke down already.
really relaxing. j
B: Which is what I told you would happen if you bought the
B: Ha! That doesn’t sound very relaxing to me.
cheap one. e
4. A: Sam’s out sick again, which means that I have to do all of
his work. i Activity 34: Identifying Adjective Clauses
B: Oh, that’s too bad. 1. Tlacoyo, a Mexican treat made with corn flour and stuffed with
5. A: We’re supposed to bring the textbook on the first day of beans, potatoes, or mushrooms, is an ancient food. The first
class, which I can’t do because mine hasn’t arrived yet. a Spaniards who came to Mexico wrote about buying tlacoyos
B: Really? Mine came two weeks ago. from vendors selling them on the street. But the tlacoyos sold
6. A: They want us to be there at 5:00, which is too early back then were healthier than the ones that are popular now
for me. e because pre-Hispanic street vendors didn’t grill them in oil.
B: That’s right. You work ‘til 4:30, don’t you? 2. Jiaozi is the Chinese name for dumplings, which are eaten
7. A: This trip is becoming very expensive, which is why I didn’t throughout the year but are particularly important for holidays
want to come in the first place. f in northern China. Dumplings, consisting of dough filled with
B: I know. But we’re here, so we may as well make the meat or vegetables, are usually boiled and can be served hot
best of it. or cold.
8. A: I got a 91 on the test, which is the best I’ve done all 3. Baklava is a dessert from the Middle East. It is prepared by
semester. d spreading out layers of pastry dough separated with melted
B: Congratulations! butter in a large pan and covering them with chopped nuts.
9. A: Anna is an hour late, which means that her car probably After the pastry is baked, a syrup containing honey or rose
broke down. h water is poured over the pastry. At one time, baklava was a
B: She really needs to get a new one. food that people ate only on special occasions, but nowadays it
10. A: If they beat the Lions next week, which isn’t very likely g, is a popular dessert eaten year-round.
they can still make it to the championship.
QUESTIONS
B: Well, let’s hope for the best!
1. Reduced:
Think about It a Mexican treat made with corn flour and stuffed with beans,
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: potatoes, or mushrooms
made with corn flour and stuffed with beans, potatoes,
Evaluation or feeling:
or mushrooms
which is pretty surprising
selling them on the street
which was really relaxing
sold back then
which is too early for me
consisting of dough filled with meat or vegetables
which is the best I’ve done all semester
filled with meat or vegetables
Likelihood: separated with melted butter
which is possible, I guess containing honey or rose water
which isn’t very likely eaten year-round
2. Tlacoyo, a Mexican treat made with corn flour and stuffed with
Reason: beans, potatoes, or mushrooms, is an ancient food.
which I can’t do because mine hasn’t arrived yet The first Spaniards who came to Mexico wrote about buying
which is why I didn’t want to come in the first place tlacoyos from vendors selling them on the street.
Interpreting Information: But the tlacoyos sold back then were healthier than the ones
which means that I have to do all of his work that are popular now because pre-Hispanic street vendors
which means that her car probably broke down didn’t grill them in oil.
Dumplings, consisting of dough filled with meat or vegetables,
Activity 33: Noticing Adjective Clauses as Responses are usually boiled and can be served hot or cold.
1. A: She said she’d be here at 6. At one time, baklava was a food that people ate only on
B: Which isn’t very likely. g She’s always late. special occasions, but nowadays it is a popular dessert
eaten year-round.

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 3. Subject adjective clauses: Activity 36: Identifying Adjective Clauses
a Mexican treat made with corn flour and stuffed with beans, San Francisco is a coastal city surrounded by water on three
potatoes, or mushrooms sides. It is famous for its many hills, from which you can see San
made with corn flour and stuffed with beans, potatoes, Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. Alcatraz Island, sitting in the
or mushrooms middle of the bay, used to be a prison but is now a popular tourist
who came to Mexico destination. The famous Golden Gate Bridge spans the bay at its
selling them on the street narrowest point. Everyone has seen pictures of the bridge, which
sold back then is easily recognized by its orange color and elegant structure.
that are popular now
Think about It
which are eaten throughout the year but are particularly
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
important for holidays in northern China
The second paragraph sounds better because it doesn’t use just
consisting of dough filled with meat or vegetables
short sentences but a mix of longer and shorter sentences.
filled with meat or vegetables
separated with melted butter Activity 37: Connecting Ideas
containing honey or rose water Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
eaten year-round 1. Sebastopol is a small town located in Northern California. The
Object adjective clauses: town has two main streets. They are lined with small shops,
that people ate only on special occasions most of which are small and locally owned. The town is a one-
4. Defining: hour drive from San Francisco. It is home to many commuters,
made with corn flour and stuffed with beans, potatoes, who are willing to drive a long distance for the pleasure of
or mushrooms living in a small town.
who came to Mexico 2. Visalia is a mid-sized town in Central California rarely visited
selling them on the street by tourists. It is a few miles off of the main highway that leads
sold back then to Fresno and the mountains of the Sierra Nevada. Visalia
that are popular now is surrounded by farmland which is home to many farm
filled with meat or vegetables laborers. The town is quiet and residential. There is a pleasant
separated with melted butter downtown, which has a busy farmers’ market on the weekends.
containing honey or rose water
that people ate only on special occasions Write about It
eaten year-round Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Sedona is a small town in Arizona that is very popular with
Non-defining: tourists. The town is a two-hour drive from Phoenix. The town
a Mexican treat made with corn flour and stuffed with beans, is famous for its red rocks, which get their color from iron in the
potatoes, or mushrooms sandstone. The Chapel of the Holy Cross, built into the rock, is one
which are eaten throughout the year but are particularly of the town’s well-known landmarks.
important for holidays in northern China
consisting of dough filled with meat or vegetables
5. that people ate only on special occasions → people ate only Wrap-Up
on special occasions (less formal)
Activity 35: Using a More Formal Style A
1. The first people who tried to climb Mount Everest weren’t Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
able to reach the top. 1. This is a famous person who has a late-night television show.
2. There were strong winds which forced the first climbers back 2. This is a TV show in which patients are treated at a hospital’s
down the mountain. emergency room.
3. Later climbers had oxygen that they used to survive in the 3. This is a date on which we celebrate the anniversary of U.S.
thin air. independence from Great Britain.
4. In May of 1953, Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans almost 4. This is a place that we studied in Tuesday’s English lesson.
made it to the top. They described the route to the team 5. This is a building that people want to see when they visit
members who would come after them the next day, Edmund Barcelona.
Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. 6. This is a writer who writes mysteries about a Belgian
5. Hillary and Norgay, for whom the information was very useful, detective.
became the first climbers to reach the top of Everest. 7. This is an athlete who is the most famous soccer player
6. Nowadays, reaching the top of Everest is an achievement to in the world.
which many mountain climbers aspire. 8. This is a person to whom most people bow.
7. Falling ice, strong winds, and freezing temperatures are 9. This is a person whose English notebook is blue.
dangers on Mount Everest. But the biggest danger that 10. This is a food that people believe can improve your eyesight.
climbers face is the lack of oxygen.
B
8. Climbers who get injured are in serious trouble because they
Answers will vary. Possible survey questions include:
usually cannot be rescued.
1. Tell me about one time you made people laugh.
9. There are many climbers who have set records on Everest,
2. Name one person who you look up to.
including the oldest and the youngest to reach the top
3. What is something you like to do on weekends?
(80 years old and 13 years old).
4. Have you ever done anything that really scared you?
10. The Sherpas who climbers pay to carry their equipment
5. Name one book that you would recommend to anyone.
up the mountain have a dangerous job.
6. What is one place that you would really like to visit?

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 7. Name one animal that you would find in a zoo.
8. What is one food that you can eat raw?
9. What is one way to peel an apple?
10. What is one reason to sleep late?

C
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Alexander the Great founded 20 cities that bore his name, most
notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander’s settlement of Greece
resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, which was still evident
in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-fifteenth
century. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero, and he
features prominently in the history and myth of Greek and non-
Greek cultures. He became the measure against which military
leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout
the world still teach his tactics.

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 Unit 11
Warm-Up 10. If you dress properly, you
can exercise even in the ✓
A pouring rain.
1. The point of good writing is knowing when to stop. d 11. Many children today start
2. To teach is to learn twice over. b specializing in one sport at
3. The only thing better than singing is more singing. g ✓
an early age. This can lead
4. It’s better to be alone than in bad company. a to injuries.
5. Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. c
6. To sing well and to dance well is to be well educated. f 12. Most athletes regularly
7. The essential ingredient in politics is timing. e do exercises for building ✓
strength.
B
Write about It
True False Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. Gerunds include an -ing form of a verb. ✓ 1. Playing soccer is good exercise.
2. Golf is not an especially tiring sport.
2. We always use a gerund before a verb. ✓ 3. Planning a daily routine can help you stay with
3. A to- infinitive includes to + the base form of an exercise program.
✓ 4. Public speaking can build self-esteem.
a verb.
4. We can use a gerund or a to - infinitive as Activity 2: Identifying Gerunds
✓
the subject of a sentence. (S)
In most situations, honesty is very important. Having good
5. We use both gerunds and to - infinitives in relationships with people is impossible when there is no trust.
✓
different ways in a sentence. Your friends and colleagues won’t trust you if they think you
C (O) (S)
are capable of lying. However, lying in certain situations may
gerunds: learning, writing, reading
actually be good for a friendship. For example, a friend may have
to- Infinitives: to write, to read
cooked a nice dinner for you, but the food doesn’t taste very
Activity 1: Noticing -ing Forms (S)
good. In this case, saying the food is delicious causes less harm
Main Adjective Noun (S)
verb phrase than telling the truth does. And if you don’t like a friend’s new
(O)
1. Swimming is good exercise. ✓ haircut, it’s better to avoid telling the truth. That would only hurt
your friend’s feelings.
2. Golf is not an especially
✓ (S)
exhausting sport. In my opinion, telling small lies in order to make other people
3. Setting a specific goal (S)
can help you stay with an ✓ feel good is OK, but the telling of lies for personal gain is never
exercise program. appropriate.

4. Playing on a sports team Think about It

✓ Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
can build self-esteem.
One-word gerund: lying
5. You burn about 8.5 calories
Gerund with an object: having good relationships with people
a minute when you are ✓
Gerund that begins with a determiner: the telling of lies for
running.
personal gain
6. Before they compete, most Gerund with an expression of time or place: lying in
successful athletes try certain situations
✓
to avoid any distracting
thoughts. Activity 3: Using Gerunds as Subjects
1. Voting is an important responsibility of all citizens.
7. You should stretch 2. Getting a first job is usually one of the most important events
frequently to keep your ✓
in a person’s life.
muscles from getting tight. 3. Doing something you love is the key to success in life.
8. Stretching before you 4. Feeling a lot of stress is bad for your health.
exercise won’t necessarily ✓ 5. Exercising regularly has several benefits.
prevent sore muscles. 6. Having a good boss can make a job better.
9. Walking may be the perfect 7. Raising children requires patience and understanding.
exercise. It’s safe and simple 8. Living in different countries helps you learn about
✓ other cultures.
and it doesn’t require
practice.

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 9. Lying is usually unacceptable behavior. 10. The best part of my day is having
10. Being a parent is one of the most important jobs a person has. ✓
dinner with my family.
11. Learning a new language is a good way to exercise the brain.
12. Cooking for yourself doesn’t have to be boring. 11. My biggest problem is not having a
✓
place to study.
Write about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 12. My problems are getting worse. ✓
1. Paying taxes is an important responsibility of all citizens. 13. One of my goals is getting in shape. ✓
2. Getting married is usually one of the most important events
in a person’s life. 14. I think the problem is getting
✓
3. Having a job you enjoy is the key to success in life. worse.
4. Eating a lot of junk good is bad for your health. 15. My job is getting harder by
✓
5. Eating fresh fruits and vegetables has several benefits. the minute.
6. Having talented co-workers can make a job better. 16. The next step is getting a job. ✓
7. Being a teacher requires patience and understanding.
8. Hosting an exchange student helps you learn about 17. My hope is finding a good place
✓
other cultures. to study.
9. Stealing is usually unacceptable behavior. 18. My teacher is finding a good place
10. Raising children is one of the most important jobs ✓
for me to study.
a person has.
11. Doing crossword puzzles is a good way to exercise Activity 6: Using Be + Gerund
the brain. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
12. Exercising doesn’t have to be boring. 1. The key to a successful marriage is communicating with your
husband or wife.
Activity 4: Using Not + Gerund
2. One common cause of arguments is not listening to your
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
husband or wife.
1. a. Going too fast can cause a car accident.
3. The most difficult thing about marriage is not having enough
b. Not paying attention to the road can cause a car accident.
personal space.
c. Talking on the phone while driving can cause a car accident.
4. The easiest thing about marriage is being able to rely on your
d. Not obeying the speed limit can cause a car accident.
husband or wife.
2. a. Students’ not participating in class drives some
5. The most rewarding thing about marriage is sharing a life
teachers crazy.
together.
b. Not coming to class on time drives some teachers crazy.
6. The key to cooking a great meal is following the recipe.
c. Not listening in class drives some teachers crazy.
7. One common cause of bad food is not understanding how
d. Not doing your homework drives some teachers crazy.
foods mix.
3. a. Exercising can help you stay healthy.
8. The most difficult thing about cooking a great meal is getting
b. Not eating a lot of sweets can help you stay healthy.
the timing correct.
c. Not smoking can help you stay healthy.
9. The easiest thing about cooking a great meal is finding fresh
d. Not eating a lot of junk food can help you stay healthy.
ingredients.
Activity 5: Be + Gerund or Be + Main Verb? 10. The most rewarding thing about cooking a great meal is
sharing it with others.
Be + Be + main
gerund verb Activity 7: Distinguishing Subjects and Subject Completers
1. My computer was working when A third of workers would quit a job because of the irritating
✓
I left home.
2. My last job was working with behavior of their co-workers, according to a new survey.
✓ (SC)
computers.
Examples of annoying behavior were listening to voicemails
3. I don’t know anyone who (SC) (SC)
✓ on speakerphone, swearing at computers, and receiving emails
is working there.
4. Nothing is working . ✓ from someone who sits nearby. Of the 2,318 people surveyed, 32
5. My favorite way to spend time (SC)
✓ percent said that talking loudly was the most annoying behavior.
is working on old cars. (S)
6. My dream is having a car of Twenty-two percent said that talking on a speakerphone was the
✓ (SC)
my own.
No. 1 pet peeve. Other irritating behaviors were not cleaning up
7. One common symptom of the flu is (SC)
✓
having a fever. after yourself, bringing strong-smelling food for lunch, and
(SC)
8. Seek help if your child is having taking things without permission .
✓
trouble with homework assignments.
Think about It
9. The hard drive on my laptop
✓ Irritating, according to, and annoying are used as adjectives.
is having problems.
Write about It
Answers will vary.

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 Activity 8: Error Correction 6. Kate complained about being too hot.
1. Coming to this country was a dream come true. 7. John insisted on going with Nick.
2. I don’t think that getting a lot of money is a good goal. 8. Matt put off visiting his uncle.
3. Attending a university helps people to get a better job. 9. Rob succeeded in getting the job.
4. My father was visiting me when I got sick. (no errors) 10. Carlos is thinking about going home.
5. The worst thing about it was looking for a place to live. 11. Mary gave up on trying to finish the report tonight.
6. I think that studying was an important part of the job. 12. Toshi ended up missing a doctor’s appointment.
7. Carrying on a conversation in English is really hard for me. 13. Sam keeps on making the same mistake.
(no errors)
Write about It
8. My favorite thing is meeting my friends after class.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
9. Going to school together is good for girls and boys.
I never feel like getting up in the morning.
Activity 9: Using Verbs + Gerunds Tom is looking forward to his summer vacation.
1. An extrovert is someone who enjoys being around Daisuke ended up getting a new job.
other people. Sarah forgot about her English test.
2. An introvert is someone who dislikes spending too much Lara apologized for forgetting my birthday.
time with other people. Marla succeeded in finishing her homework.
3. A couch potato is someone who enjoys sitting on the couch
Activity 14: Using an Adjective or a Noun + Preposition + Gerund
all day.
1. I’m pretty good at remaining calm.
4. A workaholic is someone who can’t stop working.
2. There is nothing more important in making movies than
5. A homebody is someone who prefers spending time at home.
the screenplay.
6. A spendthrift is someone who loves spending money.
3. A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of
7. A procrastinator is someone who postpones doing what he or
winning.
she needs to do.
4. The individual person is responsible for living his own life and
8. A health nut is someone who hates eating unhealthy food.
for “finding himself.”
9. A globetrotter is someone who enjoys traveling around
5. I’m more interested in enjoying my life and looking after my
the world.
family than being hugely successful.
10. A control freak is someone who can’t stand not being in
6. I never get tired of hearing compliments.
charge.
7. Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of
11. A slob is someone who doesn’t mind living in a messy house.
knowledge.
12. A blabbermouth is someone who can’t resist telling a secret.
8. Without the faintest possibility of finding a job, I decided to
13. A worrywart is someone who can’t stop worrying.
devote myself to literature.
Write about It 9. Children born today have a 50–50 chance of living to 100.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 10. I toyed with the idea of pursuing a career as a lawyer just
I’m an extrovert because I enjoy being around other people. I’m because I like to argue.
also a worrywart because I’m always worrying about my job.
Write about It
Activity 10: Using Verbs + Gerunds Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: My sister is afraid of flying in airplanes.
1. I enjoyed drawing pictures and eating ice cream. Carlos is pretty good at playing basketball.
2. I disliked following instructions and doing my homework. I like the idea of doing a job I love.
3. I hated doing dishes and cleaning my room. John says there is the possibility of not having a test this week.
4. I regret being mean to my brother and not cleaning my room.
Activity 15: Using Gerunds as Objects
5. I regret not studying harder and not playing sports.
6. I practiced playing the piano and singing. Jonas Salk is among the most admired medical scientists of the
twentieth century. He initially planned on becoming a lawyer,
Activity 11: Using Prepositions + Gerunds but he became interested in studying biology and chemistry and
1. In many countries, people greet each other by shaking hands ended up attending New York University medical school. There,
2. In some cultures, people kiss on the cheeks instead of in 1938, he began working with the scientist Thomas Francis, Jr.,
shaking hands. who was looking for a flu vaccine. Together, they developed a flu
3. In some countries, people shake hands by taking your hand vaccine for the army to use during World War II.
in both of their hands. In 1947, Salk became the head of the Virus Research Lab
4. Americans sometimes greet people at a distance by waving. at the University of Pittsburgh. He felt the flu vaccine could be
5. In some cultures, strangers welcome each other by embracing better, so he concentrated on improving it. He also began to
and then rubbing each other’s back. study the poliovirus with hopes of creating a vaccine against polio
6. It’s rude to walk past a friend without saying hello. as well. With help from the research of many other scientists, Salk
7. In France, people often kiss each other on both cheeks upon succeeded in developing a polio vaccine. In 1952, he vaccinated
meeting and leaving. his first volunteers, including himself, his wife, and their three
8. People don’t usually leave without saying goodbye. sons. No one became ill, and in that same year, thousands of
children started receiving the polio vaccine.
Activity 13: Using a Verb + Preposition + Gerund
1. David apologized for being late. Activity 16: Error Correction
2. Amanda worries about getting to school on time. 1. Advertising is everywhere. Wherever we go for news or
3. James forgot about having Tom’s book. entertainment, we see advertisements. These ads make us
4. Anna is looking forward to going to New York. think we need things that we don’t really need. I used to pay
5. Ava feels like staying home. attention to ads, and sometimes I would even consider to

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 buying the product. Eventually I got tired of seeing so many Activity 19: Noticing To- Infinitives
ads, and I stopped watching television and listening to the (O)
radio. Now I think there should be a law against showing ads 1. If I could visit any country in the world, I would choose to visit
in public places. (O)
Poland. I want to visit Poland because my grandparents grew
2. Anger is an appropriate response in certain situations. Being
(O)
treated unfairly, for example, is a good reason for feeling anger. up there. I would like to see their home and meet my relatives
Examining why you are angry and then taking appropriate (O)
action is a good way to get a positive result from becoming there. I also want to learn more about the culture and history of
angry or upset. In fact, suppressing anger can be harmful to Poland.
your health. 2. If I could go anywhere in the world for two weeks, I would
3. Doing what you love is the key to success. No matter how (O)
hard you work, your success depends on doing what you love. choose to go to Iran. My family is from Iran and I have always
When you love your job, you are totally committed to doing (O) (S)
wanted to go there. To stay in Iran for two weeks would be a
your best. You won’t mind working extra hard when something dream come true for me.
difficult gets in your way. (O)
3. I have always wanted to go to Japan. To me, everything about
Activity 17: Using Passive Gerunds
Japan is interesting—the music, the food, the customs. I really
1. I hate being told what to do.
(O)
2. I don’t like being laughed at. want to learn the language, too. I would actually prefer not to
3. I love being invited to dinner. (O)
4. I don’t like being ignored. travel with a friend or family member. By traveling alone, I think
5. I’m tired of being made to feel guilty. I would meet people more easily.
6. I don’t like being misunderstood.
Think about It
7. I don’t appreciate being called too early.
Based on the above, it is more common to use a to- infinitive as
8. I don’t appreciate being asked to drive all the time.
an object.
9. When I was a child, I liked being told I was a good athlete.
10. When I was a teenager, I hated not being allowed to go out Think about It
in the evening.
To- infinitive with an object To- infinitive with a
Write about It prepositional phrase
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
to visit Poland to go to Iran
I like being asked to play on a sports team.
to see their home and meet to stay in Iran for two weeks
I don’t like being asked to clean up all the time.
my relatives there to go to Japan
Activity 18: Identifying Passive Gerunds to learn the language
1. a. She is being treated like a child.
✓ b. Most people don’t like being treated like a child.
2. ✓ a. Stop throwing things at me. I don’t like being used as To- infinitive with an adverb To- infinitive with not
target practice. to go there not to travel with a friend or
b. Most people hope that their tax dollars are being family member
used wisely.
3. ✓ a. He’s afraid of being hurt again. Write about It
b. Why did they stop the game? Nobody was being hurt. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. a. Am I being punished for something? If I could go anywhere in the world for two weeks, I would go
✓ b. My being punished for this isn’t fair. to New Zealand. A number of movies have been filmed in New
5. ✓ a. I don’t like being called ridiculous. Zealand, and I’d like to see some of the rugged terrain for myself.
b. She is being ridiculous. I’d also like to go white-water rafting in New Zealand.
6. a. I apologized for being mean.
✓ b. I don’t appreciate being made fun of. Activity 20: Choosing To- Infinitive Subjects
7. a. Don’t worry. The arrangements are being made. 1. To be rich isn’t everything, but it certainly helps. c
✓ b. I’m not happy about being made to do all the work. 2. To deny everything is to confess everything. f
8. ✓ a. Their son won’t do anything without being told. 3. To lend [money] is to buy a quarrel. b
b. We were just being told the news when he called us. 4. To talk without thinking is to shoot without aiming. a
5. To be brave from a distance is easy. d
Think about It 6. To teach is to learn. g
1. a. as a helping verb in a passive form 7. To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive. e
2. b. as a helping verb in a passive form
3. b. as a helping verb in a passive form Write about It
4. a. as a main verb in a progressive form Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
5. b. as a main verb in a progressive form 1. To be rich doesn’t mean you are happy.
6. a. as part of an active form of a gerund 2. To deny everything is to admit it all.
7. a. as a helping verb in a passive form 3. To lend [money] often results in an argument.
8. b. as a helping verb in a passive form 4. To talk without thinking is to shoot blindly.
5. To be brave from a distance isn’t very hard.
6. To teach others is to teach yourself.
7. To travel hopefully is better than arriving.

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 Activity 21: Using It + Be + Adjective + To- Infinitive 6. The lawyer’s advice was for the employees to talk to the owner.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 7. The agreement was to sit down and discuss the problem.
1. It’s not important to be rich. 8. Everyone’s hope was to come up with a better solution.
2. It’s important to listen to other people.
Write about It
3. It’s helpful to know about the past.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
4. When something makes you angry, it’s useful to stay calm.
My last big decision was to buy a new washing machine.
5. It is better to have a brother or sister than to be an only child.
One of my worst decisions was to stop exercising every day.
6. Today it’s common for young people to study in other
countries. Activity 24: Error Correction
7. It used to be common to work for the same company 1. Everything I tried seemed to make things worse.
your whole life. 2. It is difficult to live on one income for many families. In many
8. Five hundred years ago, it was very dangerous to cross households, both the husband and the wife need to work.
the ocean in a boat. Under these circumstances, it can be difficult for to take care of
9. With a cell phone, it’s easy for me to stay in touch with the children.
my friends. 3. My plan for saving money was to stop eating out in restaurants.
10. It’s more difficult to cook something from scratch than 4. It is better to have brothers and sisters than to be an only child.
heat up a frozen pizza. I say this because I am an only child, and I didn’t like not having
11. It is impossible to have a good relationship with someone a sibling.
when there is no trust. 5. It is normal to feel afraid when your life is in danger. If you don’t
12. It’s good for high school students to start planning for their want to get hurt, you should pay attention to your feelings.
future before they graduate. 6. It is impossible to have a good relationship with someone you
don’t trust. It’s necessary in a relationship, for you to be honest
Write about It
with each other.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. I think it’s important to have a job you enjoy. Activity 25: Using Verbs + To- Infinitives
2. I think it’s dangerous to use a cell phone while driving. 1. A: Do you promise to be home by 9?
3. I think it’s difficult to make a cake from scratch. B: Yes, yes. I’ll be back by then.
4. I think it’s impossible to understand quantum physics. 2. A: This is heavy! How did you manage to get it here
5. I think it’s good to take chances sometimes. by yourself?
6. I think it’s useful to know how to cook. B: I didn’t. Hassan helped me.
3. A: Where did you learn to do that?
Activity 22: Noticing Linking Verbs + To- Infinitives
B: What?
1. Running my own business was difficult at first, but it soon
A: Erase everything like that.
proved to be a lot of fun.
B: Pretty neat, huh? I taught myself.
2. I didn’t make any noise because he seemed to be asleep.
4. A: Did you offer to help Sarah?
3. I thought she would be nervous but she seemed to be
B: No, she asked me for help.
very calm.
5. A: How’s David?
4. It ’ s not an idea that proved to be correct.
B: He seems to be better.
5. Something appears to be wrong.
6. A: How long do you plan to be here?
6. Over the years, they grew to be close friends.
B: Oh, until about 3.
7. We grew to love our new home.
7. A: Where’s my magazine?
8. All I need is for you to do the dishes.
B: I gave it to Isabel.
9. Their household grew to include four generations.
A: To Isabel? Why? She won’t bother to read it.
10. The best advice I ever received was to always tell the truth.
B: Probably not. But maybe she’ll look at the cartoons.
11. My childhood dream was to become a famous photographer.
8. A: I hear Khalid is in trouble at work. What’s going on?
12. One of my goals is to learn several languages.
B: Well, now that he’s married, he refuses to travel. His boss
Think about It isn’t very happy about it.
Based on the examples, adjectives and noun phrases can follow 9. A: How long have you worked here?
a linking verb. B: More years than I care to remember.
10. A: Ouch! You just stepped on my foot.
Write about It
B: Sorry, I didn’t mean to do it.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
When I was a child, my dream was to be a Supreme Court justice. Activity 26: Using Verbs + To- Infinitives
Over time I grew to enjoy reading books about people. 1. This year I plan to get organized. I can never find anything and
All I really need is a better job. I don’t want to live this way.
One of my goals is to learn to speak Spanish. 2. I haven’t been reading enough books, so I decided to read a
The best advice I ever received was to believe in myself. book a month. And I really mean to ride my bike more often
My first year in school proved to be quite difficult. and to lose about 20 pounds.
3. I’ve started a new business, so I want my business to be
Activity 23: Using Linking Verbs + To- Infinitives
successful in the new year.
1. The company’s hope was to make a profit but it didn’t.
4. This year I want to learn to play my guitar really well. I hope to
2. The owner’s advice was for the managers to come up with
take lessons and join a band.
a plan.
5. This year I intend to stop buying shoes online.
3. The managers’ plan was to lay off 20 percent of the employees.
6. I’ve had a lot of resolutions in the past, and mostly I don’t
4. The employees’ decision was to go on strike.
follow through on them. So, this year I’ve resolved not to make
5. The owner’s threat was to close the company.
any resolutions.

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 Activity 27: Using a Verb + Noun Phrase + To- Infinitive Think about It
1. John advised his son to go to bed. You could use either the -ing or the to- infinitive form of the verb
2. Matt promised his mother not to leave the house. in sentences 3 and 7.
3. Rob asked James to move some furniture.
Activity 32: Noticing Differences in Meaning
4. Mika reminded Toshi to put some gas in the car.
1. A: Why did you leave the door open this morning?
5. Sun-Hee warned Sarah not to drive on the icy roads.
B: I left the door open? I don’t remember doing that.
6. Sam encouraged Hassan to go with him.
2. A: Where’s your computer?
7. Asad can’t wait for Khalid to get back to school.
B: Oh, no. I didn’t remember to bring it.
8. Isabel arranged for Sara to meet Carla for coffee.
3. A: Did you pick up some milk on your way home?
Activity 28: Choosing Wh- Words B: Oh, sorry. I forgot to stop at the store.
Yes/No answers will vary. 4. A: Did you have a good time at the White House?
1. Have you ever learned how to take someone’s pulse? B: Absolutely. I’ll never forget being there.
2. Do you know what to do for a fever? 5. A: Somebody has been smoking in here.
3. Do you know what to do if someone is choking? B: Not me. I stopped smoking a year ago.
4. Can you show me how to do CPR? 6. A: Why are you so late?
5. Do you know where to buy a first aid kit? B: I stopped to talk to some friends.
6. Can you explain what to do if someone stops breathing? 7. A: Why didn’t you move the car this morning?
7. Do you know how to stop a nosebleed? B: I tried to move it but it wouldn’t start.
8. Do you know where to buy medicine? 8. A: Is David feeling any better?
9. Can you teach me how to give an injection? B: I don’t think so. He tried taking a vacation but he still
10. Do you know who to call if you need emergency help? doesn’t feel very good.
9. A: Are you tired?
Write about It
B: Yeah, really tired. I don’t think I can go on doing this
Answers will vary.
much longer.
Activity 29: Using a Wh- Word + To- Infinitive 10. A: What did your sister do after college?
1. Could you show me how to turn on the GPS on this phone? B: She went on to study engineering at graduate school.
2. Could you tell me where to put this? 11. A: Do you enjoy skiing?
3. Can you teach me how to make this? It’s delicious. B: Not especially. In my opinion, skiing means being cold all day.
4. Can you tell me where to buy cheap furniture? 12. A: What happened to the window?
5. Can you show me how to get downtown? B: I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to break it.
6. Do you know how to fix this?
Activity 33: Gerund or To- Infinitive?
7. Can you explain to me how to do that?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
8. Do you know how to save money on airfare?
Most people go on vacation because they want to relax. However,
Activity 30: Error Correction if you are not well prepared, your vacation can turn into a disaster.
1. I admire Michelle Kwan, the skater who competed in several First, it is important to bring everything you need with you.
Olympic Games but never won a gold medal. While this was a Before you pack, check the weather at your destination so you
terrible disappointment for her, she continued to work hard. In know what kind of clothes you will need. Don’t forget to pack a
fact, not getting a gold medal seemed to make her even more bathing suit if you are going to the beach. Remember to take your
determined. I think Kwan is a role model for young people passport if you are going to another country.
because she teaches them to know how to keep trying even You also have to think about the things you leave behind.
when things are going badly. Consider asking someone to keep an eye on your house while you
2. One person who has had an important effect on my life is my are away. Don’t forget to leave a house key and emergency phone
boss. She is the person who advised me to improve my English. numbers for this person. Ask the post office to hold your mail. If
My job requires me to read business contracts and study trade you get a daily newspaper, ask the newspaper office to stop your
agreements. Many of these contracts and agreements are in subscription while you are away.
English, and I need to understand them perfectly. My boss Once you leave, stop worrying about things at home. Relax
also encouraged me to study American culture. She said that and enjoy your vacation.
cultural differences often caused problems in business and that
Activity 34: Understanding Differences in Meaning
I needed to understand about these differences.
1. I totally forget about snowboarding in the summertime.
Activity 31: Gerund or To- Infinitive? 2. I forgot to shake hands and be friendly. It was an important
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: lesson about leadership.
1. I saw on your resume that you enjoy playing chess. How did 3. Don’t call the world dirty because you forgot to clean
you get interested in that? your glasses.
2. Why do you want to work here? 4. Don’t forget to love yourself.
3. What kind of people do you like to work with? 5. I do remember actually learning chords to Beatles songs.
4. Were you ever asked to take a pay cut? I thought they were great songwriters.
5. Where do you hope to be professionally in five years? 6. In adversity, remember to keep an even mind.
6. What made you choose to become an engineer? 7. I don’t remember deciding to become a writer.
7. When you begin working with new people, how do you get to 8. I once tried standing up on my toes to see far out in the
understand them? distance, but I found that I could see much farther by
8. Describe a situation where you failed to reach a goal. climbing to a high place.
9. In my early days in Hollywood I tried to be economical. I
designed my own clothes, much to my mother’s distress.

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 10. I tried studying classical guitar when I was 16 but it got really 4. Do you think wives should make their husbands work
hard. I could never play a lead to save my life. outside the home?
11. I always tried to turn every disaster into an opportunity. 5. Do you think husbands should help their wives raise
their children?
Activity 35: Gerund or To- Infinitive?
6. Do you think employers should help their employees pay for
I had problems with this rice cooker from the first time I used it. professional development?
The instruction booklet says to use 1 cup of water per 1 cup of 7. Do you think husbands should let their wives spend time with
rice. When I did this, the rice ended up being hard and burned. their friends?
Next, I tried using 1½ cups of water per 1 cup of rice. After 8. Do you think parents should make their children get jobs
cooking the rice for the correct amount of time, I found that the when they are in high school?
rice at the top was edible, but the rice at the bottom was burned. 9. Do you think employers should make their employees
Then I decided to use 2 cups of water per cup of rice, and that work overtime?
worked just about right. 10. Do you think teachers should let their students ask questions
A second serious problem with this rice cooker is that in class?
the heat timer doesn’t always work. The heat timer has two
positions. You press it down when you want to cook the rice Activity 38: Bare Infinitive, To- Infinitive, or Gerund?
and up when you just need to keep the rice warm. To cook the Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
rice, you put the water and rice in the cooker and press the A few years ago, you couldn’t have made me take a class online.
heat timer down. After about 15 minutes, the heat timer should It seemed to me that the experience of sitting in the same room
pop up to the “keep warm” position. Instead, the rice keeps on and seeing a professor face-to-face was necessary for learning.
cooking. This could be dangerous. It also means you can’t stop After taking an online course, though, I now realize that being
watching the rice. able to watch a lecture whenever I want has helped me learn
better. Being able to pause and review the lecture over and over
Think about It again lets me really think about the information. I’m not worrying
There were two other forms: cooking and to cook the rice. the whole time about trying to write down everything the
Write about It professor says. And I can still interact with the professor and the
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: other students by attending small group discussion sessions and
I have no complaints about this washing machine. It is so easy to by emailing the professor. I can definitely see myself taking more
use. To do your laundry, you just open the washer and put your online courses in the future.
clothes inside, then add detergent, bleach, and fabric softener. No Write about It
more pouring in fabric softener just before the rinse cycle—this Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
machine knows when to add it. This washer holds a lot of clothes, I don’t really like online learning. The classes can be more
too. It’s easy to do laundry for the entire family. convenient because they’re available all the time and you don’t
Activity 36: To- Infinitive or Bare Infinitive? have to go to class at a specific time. But it’s easier for me to
Medical researchers say most people need to sleep more. When ask questions face-to-face. Expressing myself in writing isn’t
people don’t get enough rest, they often have more health something I’m good at, and I prefer talking to my professors. So I
problems and greater difficulty dealing with stress. A recent study don’t think online classes are for me.
suggests that short naps in the middle of the day can help reduce Activity 39: Bare Infinitive or Gerund?
stress and improve general health. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Some companies in Europe and Latin America allow workers 1. The last time I was in New York City, I saw a young woman
to nap in the middle of the day. They have workers go home walking down the street in a wedding dress. It was strange
and rest for a short time. (Some shops even close for a few hours because she was alone.
around midday.) Most employers say that the naps make people 2. One time my father saw some kids throw a bag of empty
feel more energetic when they return. soda cans out of the window of their car. My father actually
Now some American companies are letting employees nap picked up the bag, ran after them, and threw the bag back
after lunch, and the results have been positive. When workers into their car.
stop to rest, it helps them to relax and makes them happier. 3. One time I was on an airplane and we hit some turbulence.
Think about It The plane started shaking and suddenly we all heard a voice
laugh. It was a very deep laugh, and it sounded as if it was
Verb + (noun phrase) + to- Verb + (noun phrase) + bare coming from outside the plane. What was it? Later I found out
infinitive infinitive it was one of those birthday cards with sound. The card was
need to sleep can help reduce / improve in someone’s luggage in the overhead compartment, and the
allow workers to nap have workers go / rest turbulence must have set it off.
stop to rest make people feel 4. At my college graduation on a hot May day, I felt the sweat
helps them to relax are letting employees nap dripping down my face and wanted to take off my gown, but I
didn’t see anyone else doing that. In that heat, how could my
Activity 37: Using Bare Infinitives friend next to me look so cool, even though he was wearing
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: a long-sleeved shirt and dark pants? When I asked him, he
1. Do you think parents should let their children shrugged and opened his gown. He was wearing only a pair
stay home alone? of shorts, two sleeves, cut off at the elbows, and two pant legs,
2. Do you think teachers should make their students cut off at the knees. The sleeves and pant legs were held up
do homework? with rubber bands! With his gown on, you couldn’t tell at all!
3. Do you think children should help their parents 5. One day I was walking down Lexington Avenue in New York. A
do housework? handsome man was walking toward me. When he got close, he

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 looked up, and I saw him smiling at me. That’s when I almost Write about It
did a double-take—it was the actor Sean Connery. Imagine, Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
007 in New York! 1. Stir the water occasionally to mix the herbs into the sauce.
2. Stretch after you exercise to keep your muscles from aching.
Write about It
3. Take up a hobby or join a club to meet new people.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Last summer my friends and I went to Los Angeles. There were a lot Activity 44: Noticing Different Forms of To- Infinitives
of people seeing the sights. Taking a picture of the Hollywood sign 1. A: Where’s Mary? She should be here by now.
was something I’ve always wanted to do, so that was our first stop. B: Yeah. She seems to have forgotten about the meeting.
2. A: What’s the matter with the refrigerator?
Activity 40: Adjectives + To- Infinitives
B: What do you mean?
1. I’m sorry to bother you.
A: Well, look at the water. It seems to be leaking.
2. I’d be happy to help you.
3. A: Did you tell your sister to do her homework?
3. I’m so excited to finally have some free time.
B: I don’t think she needs to be told.
4. I’m proud to be a citizen of my country.
4. A: Are you going to help Sam move?
5. The sun is likely to rise tomorrow morning.
B: I offered but he doesn’t like to be helped.
6. I was surprised to get an invitation to the dinner.
5. A: Was your new boss at the dinner?
7. Teachers are usually pleased to have hard-working students.
B: Yes, and I’m so happy to have finally met her.
8. A good manager must be willing to fire a dishonest employee.
6. A: Do you have any money on you?
9. On a nice day, I’m apt to jump on my bicycle and go for a ride.
B: No, I’m still waiting to be paid.
10. I’m sorry to say I can’t come to your house for dinner
7. A: How’s your new job?
next week.
B: I love it. It’s so nice to be working for a good company.
Activity 41: Noun Phrases + To- Infinitives 8. A: Where’s all the food?
1. I don’t need anything to do. B: Somebody seems to have eaten it all.
2. I have work to do. 9. A: Why is Anne in such a good mood?
3. San Francisco is a great city to visit. B: I think she’s just relieved to have finally finished her project!
4. She’s looking for an apartment to rent. 10. A: Do you want to be picked up Friday morning? I think I’m
5. He didn’t give me anything to say. going to the same meeting.
6. Mississippi is a hard word to spell. B: Oh, that’d be nice. Then I won’t have to drive.
7. A good way to meet people is joining a club. 11. A: The snow finally seems to be stopping. Do you want
8. I have lots of things to keep track of. to go out?
9. Playing a game is a great way to relax. B: Sure.
10. Not everyone has the opportunity to go to college. 12. A: So which letters are ready to be mailed?
B: Well, the ones I put by the front door. The rest can wait.
Activity 42: Adjectives and Nouns + To- Infinitives
1. On a rainy day, I’m not likely to sit outside. e Think about It
2. I’m always ready to help my friends. f
Progressive form Perfect form
3. I would never be willing to steal someone’s money. c
(to be + present participle) (to have + past participle)
4. Babies are apt to start crying at any time. g
5. Newborn babies aren’t able to walk. b to be leaking to have forgotten
6. Teachers are likely to give homework. d to be working to have finally met
7. Many people never have the opportunity to travel abroad. h to be stopping to have eaten
8. Exercising is a great way to reduce stress. a to have finally finished

Write about It
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Active form Passive form
1. On a rainy day, I’m not likely to play tennis. (to + base form) (to be + past participle)
2. I’m always ready to go for a walk. to do to be told
3. I would never be willing to cheat on a test. to help to be helped
4. Babies are apt to make a mess when they eat. to drive to be paid
5. Newborn babies aren’t able to speak. to go out to be picked up
6. Teachers are likely to ask questions in class. to be mailed
7. Many people never have the opportunity to see Mt. Everest.
8. Exercising is a great way to stay healthy. Write about It
Activity 43: Using a To- Infinitive of Purpose Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. Put a little water in the pan and cover it to keep the 1. I think she has forgotten about the meeting.
moisture in. e Activity 45: Answering Questions with a To- Infinitive
2. Stir the water occasionally to separate the pasta. h 1. A: Why are you calling Matt again?
3. Store coffee properly to ensure a fresh taste. d B: To ask him a question.
4. Clean your coffeemaker frequently to avoid a bitter taste. a 2. A: Why are you going out so early?
5. Allow at least two hours before you exercise to digest B: To get some exercise.
your food. c 3. A: Why did you turn the TV back on?
6. Stretch after you exercise to reduce stiffness and soreness. g B: To hear the weather report.
7. Try drinking hot milk to help you fall asleep. f 4. A: Why did you want to see me?
8. Take up a hobby or join a club to avoid boredom. b B: Just to talk.

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 5. A: Where’d Sam go? Activity 48: Writing Topic Sentences
B: To buy something for dinner. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. A: What are you going to use all these rocks for? 1. Living in many different places has had a major impact on my life.
B: To build a wall. 2. Being multilingual has many benefits.
7. A: Do you need some help? 3. Burping in public is never appropriate.
B: To do what? 4. Improving the economy should be one of this country’s most
A: To clean up the kitchen. important goals.
B: Sure. I’d love some help. 5. Living with roommates has several disadvantages.
8. A: Can I use the car today? 6. Voting for elected government representatives is one of the
B: What for? most important duties of a citizen.
A: Just to go to the store. 7. Taking a basic economics course should be a requirement for
9. A: What do you need to go to the store for? every college student.
B: To get some eggs.
Write about It
10. A: What do you need eggs for?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
B: To make a cake.
Raising children is a very important job.
Activity 46: Noticing To- Infinitives in Conversation Being an only child can sometimes be lonely.
1. A: Do you want to do something tonight? Asking for help is nothing to be ashamed of.
B: Sure, I’d love to.
Activity 49: Noticing To- Infinitives
2. A: Did you go for a swim?
B: No, I was afraid to. All work emails need a clear purpose. The first rule of letter writing
3. A: Can you help me with this? is to make your purpose clear to your reader. What are you telling
B: Sure, I’d be glad to. your manager or coworkers? Write the subject on the subject line.
4. A: Did you stop at the grocery store? Then tell your reader the point of your message at the beginning
B: No, I didn’t need to. of your email. The second rule is to include all the information
5. A: Did you play tennis? that your reader needs in as few words as possible. Try to keep a
B: No, I didn’t want to. clear focus in your message.
6. A: Do you want to join us for lunch? It’s also important to keep your words simple and direct. Use
B: I’d love to but I’ve already eaten. short words and sentences and avoid using jargon and slang.
7. A: We’re going for coffee. Want to come? When you have finished writing, don’t forget to go back and cut
B: I’d like to but I don’t have time. any unnecessary words. Editing always improves an email.
8. A: Did you get a hold of Anna? Activity 50: Introducing an Important Point
B: I tried to but she’s not at home. 1. The first rule of advertising is to have a good product to
Think about It advertise. h
The speakers left out the verbs that follow to in their responses 2. The first rule of being a good businessperson is to surround
because the meaning is understood from the questions. yourself with good people. a
3. The first rule of friendship is to forgive your friends no matter
Activity 47: Using Gerunds in Conversation what they do. g
1. A: Would you mind helping me with this? 4. The goal of science is to acquire knowledge of the world. e
B: Helping you with what? 5. The goal of a business is to make money. c
A: Moving this table. 6. One good way to learn a language is to read a lot of books. b
B: Oh, sure. 7. The first step in any research project is to define the problem. f
2. A: Did you postpone going again? 8. The best method for storing tea is to put it in an airtight
B: Going where? container. d
A: To register the car.
B: Oh, no. I forgot. Activity 51: Introducing an Important Point
3. A: Don’t you love watching this? Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
B: Watching what? 1. One way to meet new people is to join clubs and organizations.
A: The ice skating. Another way is to travel to new places.
B: Oh, is there ice skating on TV? 2. One of my reasons for taking this course is to learn more about
4. A: I wish you would stop doing that. English.
B: Doing what? Another reason is to practice my speaking.
A: Changing the channel every ten seconds. 3. The first step in buying an airline ticket is to find a good travel
5. A: I hate reading about this. website online.
B: Reading about what? The next step is to decide when you will travel.
A: The economy. I’m sick of it. 4. One way to discipline a child is to put the child in timeout.
6. A: When are you going to start cleaning? An alternative way is to take away a favorite toy.
B: Cleaning what? 5. One challenge for travelers in foreign countries is to learn some
A: You know. The garage. of the new language.
7. A: I really don’t enjoy doing this. Another challenge is to find their way around a new city.
B: Doing what? You mean cleaning the windows? 6. One method for learning new words is to keep a vocabulary
A: Right. notebook.
8. A: Did you finish doing everything? Another method is to make flash cards.
B: What do you mean? 7. One of my goals is to be able to finish my college degree.
A: You know. Doing the dishes and putting away the food. Another goal is to be a fluent English speaker.
B: Yeah, everything’s done.

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 Activity 52: Writing a Series of Ideas
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. You can improve your grades by studying hard, reading the
textbook, and practicing your speaking.
2. Three of my personal goals are earning a degree, getting a
good job, and having a family.
3. For me, the three worst household chores are doing the dishes,
cleaning the floors, and cleaning the shower.
4. For many people, “fun” involves playing games, watching
movies, and spending time with their friends.
5. A healthy lifestyle requires eating fresh food, drinking lots of
water, and exercising regularly.
6. The three most difficult things for a parent are being patient,
being consistent, and managing time for their children and for
themselves.
7. Parents can promote good reading habits in their children by
reading to their children, encouraging their children to read,
and reading good books themselves.
8. Three important human rights are having freedom, being in
control of one’s own body and thoughts, and being able to get
an education.

Wrap-Up
A
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
A: Do you agree or disagree with this statement? It is important
never to contradict your boss at work.
B: I disagree because nobody is perfect and even your boss
can make a mistake. If you think your boss is really saying
something wrong, you need to speak up. At the same time, I
think you need to be very polite so your boss doesn’t get angry.

B
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
I would advise a person in this situation to talk to his manager. It’s
not fair for Paul to keep doing someone else’s work. His manager
needs to tell Paul’s co-worker to stop talking on the phone and
playing games and to spend more time doing his work.

C
Answers will vary.

D
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Owning a car has several disadvantages. Perhaps the biggest
disadvantage is that having a car is very expensive. When you
own a car, it costs money to keep it in good shape. You also
need to pay for car insurance and gasoline, and this can get very
expensive. Another disadvantage is that you need to have a safe
place to park your car at night, and this can be difficult if you live
in a big city. While many people think that they can’t live without
a car, there are actually some good reasons to live without a car.

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 Unit 12
Warm-Up 11. if
12. that
A 13. that
Agree/disagree answers will vary. 14. that
Think about It
B Yes, there’s an adverb clause in quotation 12, and it’s inside the
True False noun clause.

1. A noun clause always comes at the Think about It

✓ Report someone’s words or ideas: 8
end of a sentence.
Express a degree of certainty or an attitude: 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12,
2. Noun clauses usually answer the
✓ 13, 14
question what.
3. Noun clauses always begin with the Activity 2: Identifying Noun Clauses
✓ Students will identify how each noun clause is used in each
word that.
sentence in the Think about It activity.
4. A noun clause has a subject and (O)
✓
a verb. 1. Some experts believe that Van Gogh was the greatest artist of
5. We often use noun clauses in all time.
✓ (O)
sentences about opinions or feelings.
2. It’s hard to believe that Van Gogh was once almost unknown.
C (O)
3. Most people know that Van Gogh painted Starry Night.
noun clause: What is wrong today (O)
4. Many people don’t realize that he also painted a large number
Activity 1: Identifying Subjects and Verbs in Noun Clauses
of pictures of himself.
1. I’m not interested in how people move , but what
(SC)
moves them. 5. One of Van Gogh’s problems was that few people appreciated
2. I don’t care what people say about me. his art.
3. Keep trying and see what fate brings . (S)
4. Don’t ask whether it is going to be easy . Ask whether 6. That he sold very few paintings during his lifetime is
it is worth it. surprising.
5. Sometimes it is more important to discover what one (S)
cannot do than what one can do . 7. Van Gogh was killed by a gun. Whether or not he killed
6. Practice what you preach . himself is uncertain.
7. I often think that the night is more alive and more richly (OP)
8. There have been several documentaries focusing on how he
colored than the day.
died.
8. My doctor told me I would never walk again. My mother
(SC)
told me I would . I believed my mother. 9. The truth is that Van Gogh suffered from mental illness all
9. It took me a hundred years to figure out I can’t change his life.
the world. I can only change Bessie. (O)
10. I can’t understand why people are frightened of new ideas. 10. If he shot himself, his illness may explain why he did it.
I’m frightened of the old ones. (S)
11. I don’t know if a song is going to be a hit or . . . a flop. 11. What Van Gogh accomplished in his lifetime is amazing.
I never know. (O)
12. Today most people agree that he made a huge contribution
12. My opinion is that you never find happiness until you to the art world.
stop looking for it.
13. The more I live, the more I think that humor is the Activity 4: Identifying Uses of That
saving sense. 1. This is the house that Bill Gates lived in. c
14. I worry that life is getting faster and faster. 2. We all know that she’s intelligent. d
3. I like that painting in our classroom. b
Think about It
4. She thinks that I’m wrong. d
1. how
5. I decided that I should leave. d
2. what
6. That cannot be true! a
3. what
7. Is this the restaurant that you want to go to? c
4. whether/whether
8. Let’s rent that new action movie. b
5. what/what
9. That’s not what I said. a
6. what
10. The problem is that I have to work on Saturday. d
7. that
11. He moved! I didn’t know that. a
8. I/I
12. Did you hear that loud noise? b
9. I
10. why

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 Activity 5: Noticing That Clauses (SC)
1. It’s obvious that you learn a lot when you travel. provide personal information. The problem is that other people
2. It surprises me that people travel to other countries. I like can find and use this information—people you don’t know at
staying at home. all. This is called identity theft. Criminals use this information to
3. Traveling allows you to understand the similarities and get credit cards or make purchases in your name. They know that
differences between different people and places. (SC)
police rarely investigate online crime. The fact is that this can
4. The fact that travel can be expensive doesn’t bother me. I love it!
happen to anyone. So, always be cautious online. Remember
5. I enjoy traveling because it gives me the chance to see
that someone may be watching!
beautiful new places.
6. The fact that you can meet new people and experience Activity 9: Using That Clauses as Subject Complements
different cultures is the best thing about visiting a new 1. a. One problem in some areas is the hot climate.
country. One problem in some areas is that it’s very hot and dry.
7. It’s very clear that travel can change your view of the world. b. One result is crop failure.
8. I think it’s possible that traveling makes you more confident One result is that farmers cannot grow enough food.
in life. 2. a. One advantage of computers is the ability to work
9. I love to simply get on a plane, train, or bus and go from home.
somewhere new! One advantage is that people can work from home.
10. For me, it’s disappointing that I can’t travel all the time. b. A disadvantage is the lack of human interaction.
A disadvantage is that you don’t see other people regularly.
Think about It
3. a. A big concern is worldwide debt.
It: 1, 2, 7
A big concern is that countries all over the world owe money.
The fact: 4, 6
b. The result is poverty and unemployment.
Think about It The result is that people have no money and no jobs.
It may be because beginning a sentence with a that clause isn’t 4. a. The main problem at the office is staff dissatisfaction.
very common. The main problem is that employees are unhappy.
b. The reason is bad management.
Activity 6: Giving Opinions with That Clauses The reason is that managers have made poor decisions.
1. It’s obvious that Paris is popular. 5. a. The biggest problem in the city is the amount of traffic.
2. It’s annoying that there are long lines for the Eiffel Tower. The biggest problem is that there are too many cars.
3. It’s not surprising that the food is generally very good. b. One cause is the lack of public transportation.
4. It’s appropriate that Paris is called “the City of Light.” One cause is that public transportation isn’t good.
5. It’s wonderful that they light up the Eiffel Tower at night.
6. It’s possible that the shopping in Paris is the best in the world. Think about It
7. It’s too bad that many people visit the Louvre Museum just to The first sentence in each pair sounds more academic or formal
see the Mona Lisa. because they don’t have an expression of attitude or certainty.
8. It’s great that you can go on a boat ride on the Seine River
Activity 10: Using That Clauses after Adjectives
and canals.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
9. It’s interesting that so many famous people are buried in the
1. Their presentation was inaccurate. The sales team
Père-LaChaise cemetery.
was worried .
10. It’s well known that the Sorbonne is one of Europe’s oldest
The sales team was worried that their presentation
universities.
was inaccurate.
Think about It 2. The number of hurricanes is increasing. Climate scientists
The original sentences are factual. The revised sentences express are concerned .
the writer’s attitude about the information. Climate scientists are concerned that the number of
hurricanes is increasing.
Activity 7: Using That Clauses 3. The archaeologists were able to excavate the site.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: They were grateful .
1. It’s surprising that some people don’t like to study grammar. The archaeologists were grateful that they were able to
2. The fact that the climate is changing worries me. excavate the site.
3. It annoys me that some people don’t use their turn signals. 4. They would get an interview with the celebrity. The journalists
4. The fact that it’s snowing now doesn’t surprise me. were sure .
5. It’s strange that people don’t spend more time outdoors. The journalists were sure that they would get an interview
6. It bothers me that people are mean to other people. with the celebrity.
7. The fact that I have a day off makes me happy. 5. She would win the election. The candidate was confident .
8. It’s too bad that I missed your concert. The candidate was confident that she would win the election.
9. It’s obvious that she needs to work on this more. 6. During the investigation, the detective would solve the case.
10. The fact that you finished early pleases me. He was convinced .
Activity 8: Identifying That Clauses as Subject Complements During the investigation, the detective was convinced that he
Students will underline the subject in the Think about It activity. would solve the case.
Social media provide great ways to share news and connect with 7. Scientists will find a cure for the disease. They are certain .
people. But what about the disadvantages of social media? One of Scientists are certain that they will find a cure for the disease.
the biggest problems with any activity on the Internet is that you 8. Three students failed the exam. The professor is disappointed .
(SC) The professor is disappointed that three students failed
risk your privacy. To use a social media site, you have to the exam.

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 9. The patient needs surgery. The doctors are positive . 6. I know that he wants to be a circus clown.
The doctors are positive that the patient needs surgery. 7. I know that he’s really good at trivia.
10. The rescue workers arrived in time to help. They were 8. I know that he likes slapstick comedies.
relieved . 9. I know that he was born in Italy.
The rescue workers were relieved that they arrived 10. I know that he’s afraid of spiders and snakes.
in time to help.
Activity 15: Using That Clauses in Conversation
11. Her paintings are selling so well. The artist is amazed .
1. A: You can leave now.
The artist is amazed that her paintings are selling so well.
B: I know I can. I just need to finish one thing.
12. He needed to decrease the workers’ wages. The manager
2. A: It’s late. We should go.
was sorry .
B: I suppose we should.
The manager was sorry that he needed to decrease the
3. A: Is this too expensive?
workers’ wages.
B: I think it is.
Activity 11: Writing That Clauses 4. A: Shall I call Nick?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: B: No, I think he’ll call us later.
1. I’m positive that I’ll continue to study English. 5. A: It’s already noon. Where’s the train?
2. I’m glad that I get a day off once in a while. B: I hope it isn’t late.
3. I’m confident that we’ll get the work done on time. 6. A: Is there a bank near here?
4. I’m sorry that we’re not able to attend your dinner. B: I believe there’s one.
5. I’m concerned that you’re not sleeping enough. 7. A: Where’s Amy?
6. I’m grateful that you were there to help me when I needed it. B: I suppose she’s coming later.
7. I’m amazed that you were able to find me here. 8. A: I love my job.
8. I’m encouraged that the project is going so well. B: I imagine you do.
9. I’m sure that we’ll be able to come up with a compromise. 9. A: I’m hungry!
10. I’m happy that you’re pleased with the product we sent you. B: I guess I am, too.
10. A: Joe’s getting married.
Activity 12: Using That Clauses as Objects
B: I know he is. I heard.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. I know that there are many types of endangered birds. Think about It
2. I understand that many different species of penguins are Short answers: 1, 2, 8, 10
endangered.
Think about It
3. Scientists believe that human activity is a threat to birds.
Yes, that can be added to these sentences. The sentences might
4. Many people assume that one of the biggest threat to birds is
sound more formal. No, the meaning of the sentences doesn’t
agriculture.
change.
5. I suppose that the changing climate is another reason birds
are in danger. Activity 16: Omitting That in Conversation
6. I guess that some types of birds probably can’t be saved. 1. A: What did Professor Cook just say?
7. I feel that they should be protected. B: He explained that we need to summarize the text.
8. I see that some governments are protecting areas for birds to 2. A: You don’t look good. Are you tired?
live in. B: Yes, I suppose that I am.
9. I imagine that some charities give money to protect birds. 3. A: Why are you keeping that old watch?
10. I think that people should take an interest in wildlife. B: I guess that I just like it.
4. A: Mary seems really mad at you.
Think about It
B: I know. I understand that she’s upset, but I was trying
Instead of being statements, the rewritten sentences express the
to help.
subject’s attitude toward what is being said.
5. A: This coffee tastes awful!
Activity 13: Reporting Your Thoughts and Beliefs B: I guess that it’s gotten cold.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 6. A: Is there a pool at the hotel?
I know that the moon goes around the earth. B: I really hope that there is.
I assume that space exploration is extremely expensive. 7. A: What did the driver say?
I hope that we will discover life on other planets. B: He argued that it wasn’t his fault. It was an accident.
I don’t suppose that I’ll go to the moon. 8. A: Did you hear Joey’s news?
I doubt that people will take vacations in space someday. B: Yes, I heard that he’d been promoted.
I guess that space travel is becoming cheaper. 9. A: What did you do when she asked you to help her?
I believe that space exploration is important. B: I just replied that I was too busy.
I understand that space is endless. 10. A: I think that we should call the police.
I regret that I can’t travel into space. B: Hmm. I guess so.
I think that scientists are searching for signs of life on Mars.
Think about It
Activity 14: Using That Clauses as Objects Sentences that need that: 1, 7, 9. The verbs explain, argue,
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: and reply require the use of that.
1. I know that he’s an accountant.
Activity 17: Using the Base Form Verb in a That Clause
2. I know that he enjoys going to baseball games.
1. I recommend that you be on time for the lecture.
3. I know that he likes my spinach dip.
2. It is critical that he go to a doctor.
4. I know that he lives near Boston.
5. I know that he’s married and has two children.

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 3. I insist that you pay your rent. 6. I love your clothes! I love what you’re wearing! c
4. She suggests that we keep notes. 7. I don’t know the problem. I don’t know what’s wrong. h
5. He demands that he see our passports. 8. I remember your address. I remember where you live. g
6. It’s important that we get to the exam room on time. 9. I don’t understand her behavior. I don’t understand
7. He proposes that she go back home early. why she acts that way. e
8. She asks that we not make too much noise. 10. I know the subject of the presentation. I know
9. She advises that he leave immediately. what it’s about. i
10. It’s essential that everyone be careful on board the ship. 11. I don’t know him. I don’t know who he is. k
11. She asks that we be quiet in the theater. 12. I don’t understand your actions. I don’t understand
12. He requests that we not park there. why you’re doing that. j
Think about It Activity 21: Word Order in Wh- Clauses
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. Can you tell me how you got to school today?
People are likely to give orders or strong recommendations such 2. Do you remember when the last day of class is?
as these in emergency situations. 3. Can you tell me what time it is?
4. Do you know when we have our next holiday break?
Activity 18: Using That + the Base Form of the Verb
5. Can you explain why you moved to this city?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. Do you know how old your parents are?
1. I always recommend that everyone research the company
7. Can you tell me when your grandparents were born?
in advance.
8. Do you remember where your grandparents grew up?
2. It’s essential that women wear appropriate clothing.
9. Can you explain why you study English?
3. I would advise that men wear a suit and tie.
10. Do you understand what we learned in class today?
4. I feel it’s critical that you not criticize your previous job.
5. It’s always very important that we learn about the position. Write about It
6. It’s vital that an interviewee act appropriately during 1. Can you tell me what your favorite music is?
the interview. 2. Can you tell me what you do in your spare time?
7. Many people insist that you show up ten minutes early. 3. Can you tell me what your favorite food is?
8. I suggest that you talk to people who work at the company. 4. Can you tell me what your address is?
9. Most employers ask that a job candidate go through a 5. Can you tell me who your best friend is?
background check.
Activity 22: Wh- Clauses with Prepositions
10. Finally, it is important that every interviewee thank the
1. I can’t talk about what I saw.
interviewer for the opportunity.
2. My friends were upset about what you said.
Activity 19: Identifying Wh- Noun Clauses 3. He knows nothing except what I told him.
Students will identify how the wh- clauses are used in the Think 4. I’m confused about where my father went.
about It activity. 5. No one is interested in why she is laughing.
(O) 6. You seem nervous about what he might say.
A new documentary on TV this spring examines what happens 7. I was fascinated by what he was saying.
when we see something, or someone, beautiful. It’s a program 8. The readers were happy with how the story ended.
about things that have symmetry, that is, things that are 9. There was a lot of discussion about why some people
mirror images of one another. The documentary focuses on should attend the meeting and others shouldn’t.
(OP) (S) 10. We’re thrilled with what you’ve done.
how symmetry affects us. What’s interesting about this is that
every human being reacts to symmetry. As far as humans are Write about It
concerned, symmetry is almost equivalent to beauty. And there’s Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
no doubt at all that symmetry is important. Think about it: almost I like to talk about what’s happening in the news with my friends.
(S) I was confused about what the teacher said in class today.
everything around us is symmetrical. What you’re sitting on is I was upset about how I did on that test.
symmetrical. Butterflies have symmetry—each half of a butterfly
is identical. A glass or a plate has symmetry. In fact, it’s pretty hard Activity 23: Error Correction
to think of anything that isn’t symmetrical in some way. 1. I have often wondered where do birds go at night.
(SC) 2. What I think isn’t important. You should ask a zoologist.
The most interesting question is why we find symmetry (no errors)
attractive. It seems that symmetry appeals to us because we like 3. I like what we are listening to. Is it jazz?
things that match. We are naturally attracted to people whose 4. Please tell me where the station is.
faces are symmetrical. Take a look at your friends! Essentially, 5. What’s important is the scene of the crime. (no errors)
the presenter suggests that we can’t help falling in love with 6. What did you told me isn’t correct. It’s not the right answer.
symmetry. 7. No, I have no idea where does she lives.
8. Tell me about what you liked doing when you were a child.
Activity 20: Using Wh- Clauses
(no errors)
1. I know her age. I know how old she is. d
9. I’m annoyed about that what he did.
2. I know his favorite food. I know what he likes most. f
10. I don’t understand what the problem is.
3. I can’t repeat her words. I can’t repeat what she said. l
4. I don’t know the school he attends. I don’t know where he Activity 24: Recognizing the Functions of If/Whether Clauses
goes to school. b 1. Everyone is talking about whether or not the economy will
5. I don’t understand this word. I don’t understand what the improve soon. OP
word fortunate means. a 2. No one is sure if scientists will ever cure cancer. AC

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 3. Everyone wonders if we’ll ever have world peace. O 9. I wonder if it’s a good idea or not to take so many risks.
4. Whether or not global warming will ever slow down is 10. The real question here is whether or not to sell the house.
a big question. S
Activity 28: Using Noun Clauses with If and Whether
5. One question is whether or not we can save our forests. SC
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
6. I don’t know if it’s a good idea for people to get married when
1. I don’t know if I’m going to class tomorrow.
they are young. O
2. I’m not sure if it’ll rain tonight.
7. Leaders need to make a decision about whether or not they
3. I can’t decide whether or not I’m going to take English
will cooperate. OP
next semester.
8. Does anyone know if there’s life on other planets? O
4. I don’t know if our class will finish on time.
9. It’s not clear whether or not technology has improved
5. I’m not sure whether or not I’ll buy a new computer this year.
our lives. AC
6. I don’t know whether the next assignment will be difficult.
Activity 26: Distinguishing Noun Clauses and Adverb Clauses 7. I’m not sure if information on the Internet is always true.
8. I can’t decide whether to eat in or eat out tonight.
Noun Adverb 9. I’m not certain whether I’ll ask friends over this weekend.
Clause Clause 10. I don’t know if my favorite TV show is going to be on tonight.
1. My teacher would be able to help me if
✓ Write about It
she were here.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
2. You may feel discouraged if you get a I don’t know if I’ll travel much next year. How about you?
✓
poor grade. I’m not sure whether or not my car will start in this cold weather.
3. Sometimes I’m not sure if I’ve I can’t decide whether to go for a walk or take a nap.
✓
understood the lectures.
Activity 29: Noun Clause Review
4. I don’t know if I want to drop this class Students will identify the function of each noun clause in the
✓
or not. Question #1.
5. You won’t do well if you wait until the The Ancient Art of Feng Shui
✓
last minute to do the assignment. (O)
Have you ever wondered if you can make your life better? Maybe
6. I’m not certain if I can finish this essay in the past you’ve taken up a new sport, started eating more
✓
in time. healthily, or changed your lifestyle in some way. But have you
7. You won’t understand everything if considered changing the place you live in? The art of feng shui
✓
you don’t do the reading before class. is well known nowadays because people have been practicing it
8. I can’t decide if I want to transfer to a (S)
✓ for years. Whether or not it works is uncertain, but many people
different school. arrange their bedrooms, offices, and apartments according to
9. I wonder if the academic advisor can the principles of feng shui. They firmly believe that a few simple
✓
help me. (O)
actions will have a positive influence on their lives . In 2005,
10. You can consider repeating a course if Disneyland Hong Kong even moved its main entrance after
✓
you finish it with a low grade. talking to a feng shui expert!
11. Ask your classmates for help if you But what exactly is feng shui? Feng shui originally came from
✓
need more ideas. China. In English, these two words mean “wind and water.” It’s
12. I can’t tell if I’m doing well or not. ✓ a belief that we can balance human life with our environment.
The main concept behind feng shui is something called chi—the
Write about It Chinese word for energy flow. And the question is whether or
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: (SC)
not we can encourage this force to move in more positive ways
I don’t know if the test is today or tomorrow. around the spaces we live in . At its simplest, feng shui is the
You’ll do well on the test if you read the chapter (OP)
and do the homework. examination of how the placement of objects around you can
affect the movement of energy.
Think about It
(O)
Adjective complements: 3, 6 Feng shui specialists say that the way you design the space
Activity 27: Using or Not you live in can benefit your life . For example, make sure that your
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: (O)
home is tidy and that you have good-quality light and air . It’s not
1. I’m not sure if I’ll go to Tibet or Switzerland.
(AC)
2. My professor and I talked about whether or not Latin and certain if you’ll see immediate results , of course, but learning a
Greek were important. little about this ancient art may make life more pleasant.
3. The question is whether we should move or stay where
we are. QUESTIONS
4. I just can’t decide if I should call the company and complain 2. I would arrange my home according to feng shui. Right now it’s
or not. cluttered and messy, and that’s not healthy.
5. A doctor can tell you whether or not you have a real problem. Activity 30: Using Indirect Speech
6. Whether you join us or stay at home is really your decision. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
7. Well, I have no idea whether or not you need to be worried! 1. She said that the next election would take place in four years.
8. I just don’t know if I was awake at the time or not. 2. He said that the candidates in the election had been chosen.

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 3. She said that George W. Bush had a collection of signed 4. Our coach said that basketball has been part of the Summer
baseballs. Olympics since 1936.
4. He said that Thomas Jefferson had spoken six different 5. The tour guide said that kangaroos can’t walk backward.
languages. 6. The dictionary says the word orchestra means “dancing place”
5. She said that the next election would be exciting. in Greek.
6. He said that Theodore Roosevelt had been the first president 7. The farmer told us that the average chicken lays 250–270 eggs
to travel outside the United States. a year.
7. She said that Theodore Roosevelt had been the first president 8. Our professor said Shakespeare never used the word October
to be known by his initials: T. R. in his plays.
8. He said that Lyndon B. Johnson had been an auto mechanic
Think about It
and teacher.
No, it was not necessary because the information in the noun
9. She said that the capital of Liberia was named after James
clauses is still true or relevant.
Monroe.
10. He said that Herbert Hoover’s son had had two pet alligators! Activity 36: Reporting Questions
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Activity 31: Using Indirect Speech
1. What are you doing tomorrow?
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
2. What did you do yesterday?
1. He said that hope was a good breakfast but a bad supper.
3. Have you ever been to Paris?
2. She said that all children had creative power.
4. Are you going to go to the concert next week?
3. He said that a quick temper would make a fool of you
5. Did you come to class last week?
soon enough.
6. Where does your family live?
4. He said that it was better to be alone than in bad company.
7. Where is the best place to get coffee?
5. He said that money was only useful when you got rid of it.
8. How often do you do your homework?
6. She said that the only thing better than singing was
9. Are you a good artist?
more singing.
10. Where do you get your lunch?
7. He said that it was going to be a season with lots of accidents.
11. Were you a student here last year?
8. He said that we didn’t know a millionth of one percent
12. Does your commute to school take a long time?
about anything.
9. He said that you could only lead from behind. Activity 37: Using Say and Tell
10. She said that you could not find peace by avoiding life. Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
11. He said that a man might be a fool and not know it. 1. Why didn’t you tell me that you couldn’t go?
12. He said that everybody was talking about the economy. 2. I never said that you couldn’t go.
3. She didn’t tell me we had to leave.
Activity 33: Using Indirect Speech
4. How do you feel now that they told you that you’ve won
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
the prize?
1. She said she didn’t want to go.
5. He says/said that our presentation will be a great success.
2. He said he’d just seen his brother.
6. Did/Has anyone tell/told the students how to find the
3. He said that he was going on vacation next week.
lecture hall?
4. She said that she had left her book there.
7. She said it was going to rain tomorrow.
5. He said that they were going to the library.
8. I wish you had told me you were coming!
6. She said they had to sell the house.
9. The doctor says/said I’m very healthy.
7. He said that they had enjoyed the match.
10. Why didn’t he tell me that I should book the flight?
8. She said Max was working there with her.
9. He said he was very happy in London. Activity 38: Using Tell
10. He said that he’d meet us there at two tomorrow. 1. Jim told Tom that he didn’t believe him.
11. She said she’d call me. She promised. 2. Maria told Susan that her book had won a prize.
12. She said that I could help her with her assignment. 3. Ann told June that it was raining.
13. He said he’d been working. 4. Martin told Nick that he was selling his apartment.
14. She said that they were having a meeting. 5. Louise told Bill that the meeting is tomorrow.
15. She said that she wasn’t there. 6. Andrew told James that he had quit his job last month.
7. Sally told Jo that her daughter was studying music.
Write about It
8. David told Stephen that he’d already been to Rome.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
9. James told Nicky that it was too late to leave.
Eleanor Roosevelt said it was not fair to ask of others what you
10. Sam told Ben that he had done the research.
were unwilling to do yourself.
Chinua Achebe said one of the true tests of integrity was its blunt Activity 39: Using Different Reporting Verbs
refusal to be compromised. 1. My brother finally admitted that he took my phone.
Akira Kurosawa said that in a mad world, only the mad were sane. 2. The customer complained that the computer is too expensive.
3. I wonder if the meeting has started because I can’t find
Activity 35: Reporting Facts
my colleagues.
1. The professor said that the total number of people who have
4. The terrified child shouted that he was in danger.
ever lived is about 108 billion.
5. Several journalists reported that the situation was calm.
2. The report says that 3 percent of the world’s energy comes
6. At today’s conference, the president announced that the
from wind power.
economy is improving.
3. The artist told us that Mickey Mouse’s ears are perfect circles.
7. In the meeting this morning, a co-worker agreed that I was right.

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 8. My old friend wanted to know whether we met in 2007 or 2008. 2. First of all, I want you to think about what you already know
9. The team leader proposed that we try a different plan. about sociology. What I want is your ideas as well as mine for
10. Two people reported that they had seen the suspect. each class discussion.
11. The little girl claimed that she’d seen a dinosaur. 3. My goal is to provide a framework for you. What I want to
12. We both wonder whether there is a better solution to explain to you is exactly what the study of sociology is.
the problem. 4. You’ll need to do some research during the semester. What this
means is you’ll need to spend time online and in the library.
Think about It
5. I’m here to help you, of course. What I suggest is a weekly
Reported questions: 3, 8, 12.
appointment with me in my office to discuss the topics
I know this because the noun clause is an if/whether clause.
we cover.
Activity 40: Expressing an Opinion or Uncertainty 6. It will help you to work with your classmates. So, what I also
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: recommend is that you form study groups and meet regularly
I think you’re right. in the library.
I don’t know whether I like this dish.
Activity 44: Focusing on Information
I don’t care if he’s home.
1. What John Travolta likes the most is flying airplanes.
I don’t think anyone called me.
2. What Barack Obama wanted was cooperation between
I wonder if it’ll rain.
political parties.
I guess I’ll work tonight.
3. What made Michael Jackson famous was his unique style.
I don’t think it’s wrong.
4. What Mahatma Gandhi wanted was independence for India.
I think it’s fun to travel.
5. Surprisingly, what Albert Einstein loved more than anything
Activity 41: Using Noun Clauses in Speaking else was music.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 6. What Nelson Mandela worked for was peace in his country.
1. I think you should probably see a doctor. 7. What Julius Caesar didn’t want anyone to know was that he
2. I think you really ought to study. was bald.
3. I guess what you really must do is apologize. 8. What was amazing was Dr. Seuss’s ability to write a book with
4. I think maybe it’s time you went home. just 50 words.
5. I guess maybe the question is really whether you want to
Activity 45: Identifying Reported Ideas in Academic Writing
switch colleges.
Students circle the reporting verbs in Question #2.
6. I think you probably should leave as soon as possible. It’s late.
Staring out the window at the trees and plants outside isn’t
7. I think you really need to decide whether to go or not.
necessarily a sign that you are daydreaming. You might actually
8. I think maybe the problem is that you’re making too
be recharging your batteries. Recent studies published in the
much noise.
Journal of Environmental Psychology and reprinted on the website
Activity 42: Contradicting Someone Science Daily (www.sciencedaily.com) demonstrate that being
1. A: So you said you’re buying an apartment? around nature can give you more energy and make you feel more
B: No, that’s not what I said. I said I was moving to a new alive. A lot of people think that they can wake themselves up with
apartment! I can’t afford to buy one! a cup of coffee or an energy drink, but Richard Ryan, author and
2. A: Pam tells me you’re moving to Paris! You have family there, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester, says that
don’t you? connecting with nature works better.
B: Yes, but that’s not why I’m moving. I’m moving because A number of studies have shown that hiking or walking in
I got a great new job. the woods gives people energy, but scientists weren’t sure if the
3. A: Hey, look, here’s your computer. Right here on the table. physical activity or simply being around other people during
B: Oh. That’s weird. That’s not where I left it. I thought I put it these activities explained the increase in energy. The new studies
over there. went further. The researchers tested college students in natural
4. A: Thanks for your email. I love the picture of your dog. settings and inside buildings. They found that spending time in
It’s so funny! nature or even imagining a natural environment increased the
B: What dog? I sent you a document. Let me see that. students’ vitality. Physical activity was not the key factor. They had
That’s not what I attached! How did that get there? more energy simply because of the presence of nature.
5. A: The pasta you made was delicious. You used olive oil The good news is that just 20 minutes a day in nature
in the sauce, didn’t you? is enough to create the beneficial effects of greater energy.
B: Nope. That’s not what I used. It has cream in it. According to Ryan, “Nature is something within which we flourish,
6. A: I saw you in the supermarket this morning. so having it be more a part of our lives is critical, especially when
B: That’s impossible. That’s not where I was. I was at work. we live and work in built environments.” We all know that we feel
7. A: So this morning I called your company and spoke to tired when we’re indoors all day. Now we know how we can make
your manager. things better.
B: That’s not who you spoke to. You spoke to my assistant!
QUESTIONS
8. A: OK, I’ve figured it out. To turn the phone’s volume down,
1. Reporting other people’s research or ideas: that being around
you press this button.
nature can give you more energy and make you feel more
B: No, that’s not what you do. You just press and hold this
alive; that they can wake themselves up with a cup of coffee
button for two seconds.
or an energy drink; that connecting with nature works better;
Activity 43: Using Wh- Clefts that hiking or walking in the woods gives people energy;
1. What this class is going to be is a thorough examination of that spending time in nature or even imagining a natural
all aspects of sociology environment increased the students’ vitality

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 Activity 46: Expressing Opinions
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
1. I think that an actor needs to have an excellent memory.
2. It’s clear that a doctor needs to understand how the
body works.
3. It’s important that a teacher be able to be patient when
students don’t understand.
4. I believe that an architect needs to be good at math.
5. I think that a writer needs to have a good imagination.
6. It’s important that an attorney understand the law well.
7. I think that a psychiatrist needs to be sympathetic to
the ideas of others.
8. I believe that a business executive needs to have the
best interests of the customer in mind.

Wrap-Up
A
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
Example (picture 1): I’m not sure who they are. It’s possible that
they’re a husband and wife and they’re on vacation. They went
shopping in the market square and saw a bird that was in a cage.
Maybe they’ll decide to buy the bird.

B
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
I don’t completely agree with the first statement. I love the job I
have, but I didn’t really choose it. What makes it fun is the energy
I put into it. I don’t know whether I’ll do the same kind of work
all my life, but for now, it’s fine. What people don’t realize is that
you can make your work satisfying if you try hard enough. The
problem is that people often don’t see that.

C
Answers will vary.

D
Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
“I was reading a health and fitness website and this is what I
found. It’s an example of a wh- noun clause as object. ‘People
should buy just what they need, serve smaller portions, and
understand the difference.’”

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