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Membrane Separation: Name:amera Kadhim Adnan Supervise:prof - Dr.Raid Al-Kateeb

Membrane separation uses semi-permeable membranes to selectively separate components of a mixture based on size, shape, and other properties. There are various types of membrane separation including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis that separate materials of different sizes. While membrane separation offers advantages like low energy use and simple process design, it also presents challenges like concentration polarization reducing performance and potential membrane fouling. Careful membrane and system design aims to minimize these issues and optimize separation.

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30 views18 pages

Membrane Separation: Name:amera Kadhim Adnan Supervise:prof - Dr.Raid Al-Kateeb

Membrane separation uses semi-permeable membranes to selectively separate components of a mixture based on size, shape, and other properties. There are various types of membrane separation including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis that separate materials of different sizes. While membrane separation offers advantages like low energy use and simple process design, it also presents challenges like concentration polarization reducing performance and potential membrane fouling. Careful membrane and system design aims to minimize these issues and optimize separation.

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سراء حيدر كاظم
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Membrane separation

Name :amera kadhim adnan


supervise :prof.Dr.Raid Al-kateeb
Membrane

membrane can be defined as a 


heterogeneous phase, which acts as a
barrier to the flow of molecules and ionic
species in liquid or vapour phases. If one
component of the mixture travels faster
in the membrane, a separation can be
achieved. Based on their nature,
heterogeneous barrier membranes can
be classified into solid and liquid
membranes.
membrane separation

All membrane separation processes are accompanied by a 


phenomenon called ‘concentration polarization’ in which the
composition at the feed–membrane interface differs from the
composition in the bulk of the feed mixture. This gradient in composition
is generated by the separation performed by the membrane and, as
such, cannot be avoided. However, it is important to minimize the
effects of concentration polarization because the gradient in
composition reduces the separation performance of the membrane
and increases the potential for membrane fouling. Therefore, minimizing
concentration polarization is one of the most important objectives in
designing and engineering membrane separation systems.
Membrane separation

is a technology which selectively 


separates (fractionates) materials via
pores and/or minute gaps in the
molecular arrangement of a continuous
structure. Membrane separations are
classified by pore size and by the
separation driving force. These
classifications are: Microfiltration (MF),
Ultrafiltration (UF), Ion-Exchange (IE), and
Reverse Osmosis (RO).
In the below figure are examples of variant
substances shown in approximate correspondence
to the pore size of the membrane separation
method that may be employed
the membrane separation process is based on
the presence of semi permeable membranes.
The principle is quite simple
the membrane acts as a very specific filter that will let 
water flow through, while it catches suspended solids and
other substances.
There are various methods to enable substances to 
penetrate a membrane. Examples of these methods are
the applications of high pressure, the maintenance of a
concentration gradient on both sides of the membrane
and the introduction of an electric potential.
Membrane technology

Membrane technology has become a dignified separation technology over the 


past decennia. The main force of membrane technology is the fact that it works
without the addition of chemicals, with a relatively low energy use and easy and
well-arranged process conductions. Membrane technology is a generic term for a
number of different, very characteristic separation processes. These processes are of
the same kind, because in each of them a membrane is used. Membranes are used
more and more often for the creation of process water from groundwater, surface
water or wastewater.
Membrance technology
Degrees Of Membrane Separation

Microfiltration
Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration
Reverse 
Osmosis
MICROFILTRATION

refers to the separation of suspended material such as bacteria by 


using a membrane with pore sizes of 0.1 to 10um OThe various
applications of microfiltration in biotechnology include:
1. Cell harvesting from bioreactors 
2. Virus removal for pharmaceutical products 
3. Clarification of fruit juice and beverages 
4. Water purification 
5. Air filtration 
6. Sterilization of products 
ULTRA FILTRATION

membranes can retain macromolecular 


solutes. Solute retention is mainly determined
by solute size. However, other factors such as
solute-solute and solute- membrane
interactions can affect solute retention.
ODepending on the protein to be retained,
membrane NMWLS in the range of 1 kD to
1000 kD are used. OTwo types of UF are Virus
filtration(VF) and High Performance
tangential flow filtration (HPTFF).
NANO FILTRATION

membranes allow salts and other small 


molecules to pass through but retain larger
molecules such as peptides, hormones and
sugars. OPore size is of order of nanometers
ODriving force: pressure difference
OCommon applications: partial softening of
feed water, removal of contaminants from
water or acid streams, and pretreatment for
reverse osmosis or other high purity systems
REVERSE OSMOSIS

Reverse osmosis (RO) separates salts and small 


molecules solutes(typically less than 100 daltons)
at relatively high pressures using membranes
with NMWLS of1 k Da or lower. • Reverse osmosis
systems are primarily used to purify tap water to
purities that exceed distilled water quality. from
low molecular weight
advantge disadvantge
1-Because membrane processes can separate at the 1-Membrane processes seldom produce 2 pure products,
molecular scale up to a scale at which particles can that is, one of the 2 streams is almost always contaminated
actually be seen, this implies that a very large number of with a minor amount of a second component. In some
separation needs might actually be met by membrane cases, a product can only be concentrated as a retentate
processes. because of osmotic pressure problems. In other cases the
permeate stream can contain significant amount of
materials which one is trying to concentrate in the retentate
because the membrane selectivity is not infinite.

2-Membrane processes generally do not require a phase change to 2-Membrane processes cannot be easily staged compared to
make a separation (with the exception of pervaporation). As a processes such as distillation, and most often membrane processes
result, energy requirements will be low unless a great deal of energy have only one or sometimes two or three stages. This means that the
needs to be expended to increase the pressure of a feed stream in membrane being used for a given separation must have much
order to drive the permeating component(s) across the membrane higher selectivities than would be necessary for relative volatilities in
distillation. Thus the trade-off is often high selectivity/few stages for
membrane processes versus low selectivity/many stages for other
processes.

3-Membrane processes present basically a very simple flowsheet. 3-Membranes can have chemical incompatibilities with process
There are no moving parts (except for pumps or compressors), no solutions. This is especially the case in typical chemical industry
complex control schemes, and little ancillary equipment compared solutions which can contain high concentrations of various organic
to many other processes. As such, they can offer a simple, east-to- compounds. Against such solutions, many polymer-based
operate, low maintenance process option. membranes (which comprise the majority of membrane materials
used today), can dissolve, or swell, or weaken to the extent that their
lifetimes become unacceptably short or their selectivities become
unacceptably low.
Membrane gas separation

Gas mixtures can be effectively separated by synthetic


membranes made from polymers such
as polyamide or cellulose acetate, or from ceramic
materials
While polymeric membranes are economical and
technologically useful, they are bounded by their
performance, known as the Robeson limit
(permeability must be sacrificed for selectivity and
vice versa).[2] This limit affects polymeric membrane
use for CO2 separation from flue gas streams, since
mass transport becomes limiting and CO2 separation
becomes very expensive due to low permeabilities..
membranes are employed in:

1-The separation of nitrogen or oxygen from air (generally only up to 99.5%) 


2-Separation of hydrogen from gases like nitrogen and methane 
3-Recovery of hydrogen from product streams of ammonia plants 
4-Recovery of hydrogen in oil refinery processes 
5-Separation of methane from the other components of biogas 
6-Enrichment of air by oxygen for medical or metallurgical purposes. One of the 
methods used for commercial production of nitrox breathing gas for underwater
diving.
Chemical Design of Separation Membranes
depended on:
1-the development of systematic structure/property relationships in 
membrane materials to provide separation membranes with
enhanced performance;

2-the ease of membrane preparation; 

3-their stability under application conditions, such as pH, 


temperature, and pressure.
The membranes separation process
flow diagram

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