UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT
SEMESTER 1
SESSION 2019/2020

TITLE: FROM SITE CLEARING, SET UP PLATFORM OF PILLING MACHINE,

SETTING OUT PILE POSITION, INSTALLATION OF REINFORCE CONCRETE
(RC) PILE, CUT OF PILE, STARTER BARS, PILE CAP, STUMP, GROUND BEAM
AND GROUND SLAB

COURSE NAME : CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE : BFC 21002
SECTION NUMBER :3
GROUP NUMBER :9
LIST OF NAMES : 1. MUHAMAD FAIZ BIN BASHIR AHAMED (AF180189)
2. MUHAMMAD HILMI BIN MOHD NOR (AF180131)
3. AHMAD JAUSYAN BAQIRI BIN JAZMI@ZUHRI
AAAAAA(AF180134)
4. MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN CHE DAUD (AF180116)
5. NAZATHUL SHAREENA BINTI NASARUDDIN
aaaaaaaa(AF180063)
LECTURER NAME : DR. AHMED MOKHTAR ALBASHIR BUDIEA

SUBMISSION DATE : 8 DECEMBER 2019

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 .........................................................................................................................................2

Introduction................................................................................................................................2
1.0 Project introduction ..............................................................................................................2
1.1 Scope of study .......................................................................................................................4
Chapter 2 .........................................................................................................................................5

Project .........................................................................................................................................5

2.0 Objective................................................................................................................................5

2.1 Scope of project ......................................................................................................................6

2.2 Significance of study...............................................................................................................7

Chapter 3 .........................................................................................................................................8

3.0 Site clearing............................................................................................................................8

3.1 Set up platform of pilling machine .......................................................................................10

3.2 Setting out pile position ........................................................................................................13

3.3 Installation of reinforced concrete (RC) pile .......................................................................18

3.4 Cut of pile .............................................................................................................................21

3.5 Starter bars ...........................................................................................................................23

3.6 Pile cap ................................................................................................................................25

3.7 Stump ...................................................................................................................................28

3.8 Ground beam ........................................................................................................................29

3.9 Ground slab ..........................................................................................................................32

Chapter 4 .......................................................................................................................................34

4.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................34

4.1 References ............................................................................................................................35

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 CHAPTER 1

1.0 PROJECT INTRODUC TION

Construction engineering, is a course that offers hands-on activities and real world experiences
related to the skills essential in residential, commercial and civil building construction. Students
will be introduced to the history and traditions of construction trades. They will also learn and
apply knowledge of the care and safe use of hand and power tools as related to each trade. In
addition, students are introduced to blueprint reading, applied math, basic tools and equipment
usage, and safety. Students will demonstrate building construction techniques, including
concrete and masonry, framing, electrical, plumbing, dry walling, HVAC, and painting as
developed locally in accordance with available space and technologies. Besides, students study
construction technology topics such as preparing a site, doing earthwork, setting footings and
foundations, building the superstructure, enclosing the structure, installing systems, finishing the
structure, and completing the site.Moreover, students also investigate topics related to the
purchasing and maintenance of structures, special purpose facilities, green construction and
construction careers.

But in our reports we focus in site clearing, set up platform of pilling machine, setting out pile
position, installation of reinforce concrete (RC) pile, cut of pile, starter bars, pile cap, stump,
ground beam and ground slab.

So in site clearing it involves the demolition or wrecking of building sites and sale of materials
from demolished structures. Site preparation also entails blasting, test drilling, landfill, levelling,
earth moving, excavating, land drainage and other land preparation. Site clearing also includes
fixing the construction such as existing road.

For pile driving it is the process of installing a pile into the ground without previous excavation.
Historically, the oldest method of driving a pile, and the method most often used today, is by a
hammer. No doubt, the earliest bearing piles were driven by hand using a wooden mallet of some
sort.

Setting out is done with the reference to grid lines. When the grid lines are given in the drawing,
setting out are done with reference to these grid lines using any type of technique means Suring

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angles or distances. In the absence of any kind of grid lines detail first the location is at the site.
Considering other requirements of usage and setting out is done with reference to any base line
or permanent structure. In site the base line has marked in the side of the Moors road and all
grid lines are marked on around of the boundary wall.

Next, installation of reinforce concrete (RC) pile, cut of pile, starter bars, pile cap, stump,
ground beam and ground slab. Is also important to support the structure of the construction and
is use in the foundation of the building. But for ground slab, it is a substructure of building and it
plays it important roles to make sure the construction is well function and perfect.

So all of this is one of the among things that needed in to make a construction

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 1.1 SCOPE OF STUDY

Construction engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the designing, planning,
construction and management of infrastructures such as roads, tunnels, bridges, airports,
railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities and other projects. Civil engineering is a related
field that deals more with the practical aspects of projects. Construction engineers learn some of
the design aspects similar to civil engineers as well as project site management aspects. At the
educational level, civil engineering students concentrate primarily on the design work which is
more analytical, gearing them toward a career as a design professional. This essentially
requires them to take a multitude of challenging engineering science and design courses as part
of obtaining a 4-year accredited degree. Education for construction engineers is primarily
focused on construction procedures, methods, costs, schedules and personnel management. Their
primary concern is to deliver a project on time within budget and of the desired quality. The
difference between a construction engineer and a civil engineer is that construction engineering
students take basic design courses as well as construction management courses.

Construction engineers are required to plan construction activities, supervise the installation of
structural elements and inspect the building upon completion. Construction engineers work with
Architects and Engineeres technicians on building design and on-site problem solving.
Construction engineers also compile reports which detail the cost feasibility and estimation of
the project. Use of Computer Aided Design software is common, although not to the same extent
as a structural engineer. Construction engineers combine project management skills and
mathematical knowledge. The health of the construction industry in each country determines the
demand for construction engineers.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.0 OBJECTIVES

1. To learn construction method in constructing a building

2. To know the steps of constructing a building from beginning unill the building is
completed.
3. To make sure we have the ability to apply the knowledge learned in class and able to
practice on site.
4. To make sure we have strong background in construction planning and management.

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 2.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The project is about the step of substructure construction from the beginning to the slab and how
it done. The substructure is the lower part of a building which is constructed below the ground
level. The function of substructure is the transfer of loads from the superstructure to the
underlying soil. So, the substructure is in direct contact with supporting soil. Substructure
involves footing and plinth of a building. All buildings will start with the substructure, all of the
structure below ground up to and including the damp proof course (DPC). The purpose of the
substructure is to receive the loads from the main building (superstructure) and transfer them
safely down to a suitable load- bearing layer of ground. The main part of the substructure is the
foundations. When a building is at the planning stage, the entire area – including the soil - will
be surveyed to check what depth, width and size of foundation will be required. This is vital: the
wrong foundation could lead to a disaster of the building subsiding or even collapsing. A lot of
step and suitable material are need to a strength structure based on the building that planned to
be constructed.

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 2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The knowledge of the study will be of great benefit to the following :

Students
The knowledge will help student to emphasize students on their learning of basic structure of
buildings and how it started. It will give students to understand more on how substructure effect
the stability or the quality of a building. It also gives the student a complete guide lines on the
procedure and material used on substructure. At the end of the study, student will know the
procedure from the starts how substructure is constructed.

Lecturers
The given fact and procedure will help lecturers to explain about substructer better and with the
right guidelines and to understand the right procedure on their lectures.

Workers
It wil help worker especially that have been work on the field of construction engineering and it
can be a revision for them.

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 CHAPTER 3

3.0 SITE CLEARING

Defined as,
the part of enabling works, carried out to prepare a site for construction and a process of
clearing the site before the actual construction works can begin.

It involves clearing the site ,

 to allow other remedial, treatment or demolition works
 of any machinery or equipment, unwanted surplus materials, rubbish
 from vegetation and surface soil

Process :
1. A site waste management plan (SWMP) may be prepared before site clearance begins.
This describes how materials will be managed efficiently and disposed of legally,
explaining how the re-use and recycling of materials will be maximized.
2. Cut the trees and remove the unwanted things on the site.
3. Levelling and preparing the ground for the planned construction works (Care should be
taken to ensure that there are the correct approvals in place, particularly for trees which
may be protected.)

Why it is important?
For construction crews to begin to make way for utility lines, building foundations,
infrastructure, and much more. If proper site clearing does not commence, this can jeopardize
the quality of the build and even prove to be dangerous for construction crews and visitors alike.

Types of site clearing

 Clearing of Vegetation
Trees are typically cut down — either in sections or felled whole. The wood from felled
trees is taken away to be recycled or appropriately discarded. Smaller trees and bushes

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 can be pulled out using excavators or by hand. Remaining stumps from felled trees must
be removed either by pulling or uprooting them using excavators with ripper
attachments. Removing the remnants of trees is crucial in preparing the site for
construction as shown in figure 3.0.1

Figure 3.0.1

 Clearing of Rocks
The rocky terrain can also hinder construction projects. To prepare a construction site,
larger rocks present in the soil are cleared from the site. This is done with the help of
excavators with hammer and bucket attachments.

 Clearing of Refuse & Debris

Lands that have not been developed or maintained may contain a fair amount of refuse
or debris. This is due to either legal or illegal dumping. Before construction is to begin,
all trash and debris has to be wholly removed. Once removed, crews do their best to
separate any salvageable metals and recyclables in or to limit the amount of the refuse
that will find its way into landfills.

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 3.1 SET UP PLATFORM OF PILING MACHINE

Why use Pile Foundation ?

Pile foundations area type of deep foundation, principally used to
transfer loads from superstructures, through weak, compressible strata or water onto stronger,
more compact, less compressible and stiffer soil or rock at depth. They are formed by long,
slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or
sometimes timber.

They are constructed by displacement (driven) shown in figure 1 or replacement (bored) shown
in figure 2

Figure 1

Figure 2

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.

A piling mat is a type of working platform used for piling rigs to travel on, providing a stable
base on which they can move around the site and operate.

The design of piling mats will depend on the ground conditions and the piling equipment being
used, as well as the rig loading (which typically range from 5 to over 150 tonnes). If a piling
mat is too deep it will be incurring unnecessary costs, whilst if it is too shallow it may need time-
and cost-inefficient repairs. A soft spot in the surface of just 1 sq. m, can be enough to unbalance
a rig.

Typically, the top of a piling mat will be around 600 mm above the pile cut-off level, and it will
extend beyond the outermost pile positions by at least 2 m. The edges of the mat and
the ramps onto and off it should be clearly marked.

The most suitable materials for piling mats are generally well-graded natural gravels, clean-
crushed concrete, crushed hard rock, and so on. As long as it has rebar and timber removed,
graded recycled demolition material can also be used. Mats are rolled and compacted in layers.
The mat should be free-draining to prevent any build-up of water or slurry on its surface.
On sites with a high water table, a separating membrane may be positioned between the mat and
the sub-grade to prevent the upward migration of fine-grained soils into the mat.

Piling mats should be inspected daily to ensure they are in proper working condition. If
any excavations, trenches or holes have formed in the surface, they must be properly back filled
to ensure they are as stable as the rest of the mat.

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It is mandatory that every site with an operational piling rig has a Working
Platform Certificate (WPC) that states the piling mat has been correctly designed and installed.
The WPC must be signed by the principal contractor and provided for
the piling contractor before any piling commences on the site.

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 3.2 SETTING OUT PILE POSIT ION

Scope
This procedure details for setting up the piling rig at a pile position, and ensures that the rig is
set up accurately and correctly. The procedure considers:

i) Setting up over a pile position marked by a setting out pin.

ii) Setting up over a pile position marked by a scalloped guide wall.
iii) Setting up in special situations different from above e.g. over water.

Procedure

Figure 3.2.1
Step 1:
i) Setting up over a pile position that marked by a setting out pin (Figure
3.2.1).
ii) Track the piling rig into a position where it can bore the pile with the
tracks flat and level, ensure the upper and lower works are symmetrical,
this will ease adjustments to casing position later if required.

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 iii) Ensure that the spoil can be removed using an excavator from the
operators side and an exclusion zone can be established.
iv) Position the auger approximately over the setting out pin

Step 2:

Figure 3.2.2

i) The mast is adjusted to a vertical orientation, both front to back and side
to side, using the levels attached to the mast or a spirit level (Figure
3.2.2).
ii) The auger is repositioned more accurately over the setting out pin using a
combination of tracking and slewing (Fig 3.2.2).
iii) Repeat previous steps as necessary.

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Step 3:

Figure 3.2.3

i) Set up a sighting bar at right angles to the pile position measure out
reference pins that will be used as positional checks during the Casing
installation (Fig 3.2.3).
ii) When the auger is accurately positioned, a final check is made by rotating
the auger. Slew the rig off to the side for at least two times ensuring the
machine is not rocking.
iii) Complete a final verticality check prior.
iv) Pile construction can be started.
v) The pile number and the time taken on the digging and concrete sheet
recorded.

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Step 5:

Figure 3.2.4

i) Setting up over a pile position marked by a scalloped guide wall (Figure

3.2.4).Track the piling rig into a position where it can bore the pile with
the tracks flat and level, ensure the upper and lower works are
symmetrical, this will ease adjustments to Casing position later if
required.
ii) Ensure that the spoil can be removed using an excavator from the
operators side and an exclusion zone can be established.
iii) Position the auger approximately over guide wall position.
iv) The mast is adjusted to a vertical orientation, both front to back and side
to side, using the levels attached to the mast or a spirit level. The auger is
repositioned more accurately over the guide wall using a combination of
tracking and slewing. Repeat steps previous steps as necessary.
v) Set up a sighting bar (MP5000 only). When the auger is accurately
positioned with a vertical mast a final check is made by rotating the auger.
Slew the rig off to the side at least two times ensuring the machine is not
rocking.

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 vi) Complete a final verticality check prior to commencing boring and pile
construction can commence and record the pile number and time of
commencing boring in the Banksmans book.

Setting up in special situations different from above e.g. over water

Special set up of the piling rig pile position over water will follow a similar procedure to that
detailed above however this may involve procedures such as setting up over a guide frame or
from setting out instruments. These situations will be dealt with by a separate procedure that is
specific to the particular situation.

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 3.3 INSTALLAT ION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC) PILE

Scope of Work

Piling Works consist of installation of precast reinforced concrete square pile inclusive of
pitching, driving, lengthening, cutting and preparation of pile heads shown on drawings.

Material Used

1. OKA Precast Concrete Square Pile 150mm x 150mm x 6m

2. OKA Precast Concrete Square Pile 150mm x 150mm x 3m

Machinery Used

1. Piling Machine (Hydraulic Hammer – Type IPH 2.5 Ton)

2. Welding Set

Sequence of Works

1. Setting Out of Piling Point.

Pile point as shown on approved construction drawings to be set out accurately by
license surveyor, and the pile point is mark using steel rod as its position (Figure 3.3.1).

Figure 3.3.1
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2. Handling & Pitching
Pile to be lift and pitch accurately in the position marked. The pile to be pitch during driving
until set by the hammer cap on the piling machine. This is to maintain its position and
prevent the damage on pile.

3. Driving of Pile

Figure 3.3.2

Every pile to be driven continuously until the set is achieved, or to the maximum penetration
depth 24m. The number of blows for every 0.5m penetration of pile to be count and record.
The final set of the pile to be recorded as penetration in millimeters per 10 blows with a set
graph. A metal helmet with 75mm timber cushion to be used as protection of pile head during
driving of pile to prevent cracking and splitting. The pile to be driven in approved sequence
to reduce the effects of heave and lateral displacement of the ground.

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4. Pile Joint

Figure 3.3.3

Joints butt-welded on connection plates, treated with one coat of iron oxide paint.

5. Cutting Off Pile Heads

Pile to be cut off at the designed level using air breaker.

6. Damage Pile Head

Damaged pile head to be repair for further driving by cutting/hacking off damaged area.
Loose particles to be brushing off by wire brush and wash with water. Approved epoxy grout
to be fill into the new metal pile head. The new pile head to be cure until sufficient strength
as state in specification before continue for driving. On the other hand, the method of
rectification of damaged pile head depend on the severity of extend of damaged pile head
and its subject to the approval of Resident Engineer or Clerk of Work.

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 3.4 CUT-OFF PILE

Defined as,
Pile cut-off level is the actual level at which the piles below pier are made to be of the same
level. The concrete of pile is cut-off at the specified level given in the specifications or drawings
while the steel is kept projected in-to the pile cap to make an effective bond between pile cap and
piles as Figure 3.4.1.

Figure 3.4.1

Functions :

Pile are generally adopted for the following reasons :

i. So that the rebar (the reinforcement) is revealed.

ii. To make an effective bond between pile cap and piles.
iii. To be easily combined with a concrete superstructure
iv. Heavy loads from the superstructure for which shallow foundation may not be
economical.

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Procedure (4 steps);

1. While we cast the piles under water we use tremie method of concreting. In this
method the shaft of concrete pile is casted by using a tremie pipe which is lowered
below the water level or the interfacing concrete and concrete is poured with
pressure while the slurry and other raw concrete or weak concrete comes up. For
tremie method slump mix should be greater than 175 mm.

2. Pile cut-off level can be above or below the group. When it is above ground,
Concrete should overflow from the pile head on completion. Due to tremie method
the upper part of pile consists of weak concrete as well as some contaminated boring
debris.

3. In case the pile cut-off below the ground, the concrete level should be raised to
allow for around 1 m for trimming off the weak concrete.

4, Traditionally the cropping or trimming process to achieve the required cut off
level is done using a jackhammer or hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS).

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 3.5 STARTER BARS

Defined as,
Starter bars are reinforcing bars cast into a member to give a lapped connection to further
reinforcement in another concrete element to be cast against it as Figure 3.5.1..

Figure 3.5.1

Function ?

Used to tie reinforced masonry or concrete walls to slabs or footings.

Procedure (6 steps);

1. Drill holes to the required dimensions, as per structural calculation.

2. Clean the holes. Ideally the holes should be washed out the day before the product
application and allowed to dry overnight.
3. Mix resin components together for at least 2 minutes using a slow speed electric drill
until the material becomes smooth and even in colour.
4. Introduce into the holes that perfectly dry, clean and free of dust, the mixed resin
using an injection gun. The resin must fulfil the complete hole.
5. Place the starter bar into position, screwing the bar by hand to reinforce the fixation
as Figure 3.5.2.

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 Figure 4.5.2.

6. Allow resin to set undisturbed for at least 12 hours at 25 °C.

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 3.6 PILE CAP

Defined as,
A concrete block cast on the head of a pile, or a group of piles, to transmit the load from the
structure to the pile or group of piles Cap as shown in Figure 3.6.1. (BS 8004).

or ,

Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column
loads to the piles.

Figure 3.6.1

When it is used ?

First we must to understand the importance of pile, as pile is necessary when the bearing
capacity of soil below the structure is insufficient for a spread footing. It transfers the load to
deeper, firmer strata. Piles used where the soil particularly affects by seasonal changes, to
transfer the load below the level of such influence.

The load support exceeds the bearing capacity of a single pile, a group of piles uses.The group
capped by a spread footing or a cap to distribute load to all piles in the group. Where there are a

25
large number of closely space piles, provide individual caps. It is more economical to provide
just one large cap, forming a piled raft.

Function
1. To tie the piles together so they can act as a unit
2. To distribute a single load equally over the pile group and thus over a greater area of
bearing potential.
3. To laterally stabilise individual piles thus increasing overall stability of the group.
4. To provide the necessary combined resistance to stresses set up by the superstructure
and/or ground movement.

Important To Know
a pile cap is much deeper than a pad footing of similar dimensions, because it is subjected to
much higher concentrated reactions, and consequently to much higher bending moments and
shear forces.

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 3.7 STUMP

Defined as,
the simplest yet the most familiar footing used for the vertical support and the transfer of
building loads to the foundation.

When it is used ?

to support timber-framed houses for which they are currently the most cost effective as shown in
Figure 3.7.1.

Figure 3.7.1
Types of material :

 timber

 concrete

 steel.

Function ?

to support the load of the building and transfer it to the footing as shown in Figure 3.7.2 .

Important to know, that stumps must have a concrete or timber footing placed underneath the
base of the stump as shown in Figure 3.7.3. This is to spread the load transferred to the stump
from the building. This support beneath the stump is called a 'pad' or 'soleplate'. Usually
concrete stumps are provided with concrete pads poured in situ on the site. Timber stumps are
provided with timber soleplates.

27
Figure 3.7.2

Figure 3.7.3

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 3.8 GROUND BEAM

Defined as,
the structure of beam located on the ground that constructed from concrete, and for low-rise
buildings of superstructure are commonly constructed. (Refer to Figure Figure 3.8.1)

or ,

a reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, joists, etc., at or near ground level, itself either
resting directly upon the ground or supported at both ends by piers or as known as groundsill.

Figure 3.8.1

Function ?

1. To support brick/blockwork or to form a permanent shutter to the edge of in-situ

concrete floor slab.

2. To link the piles together and provide a platform for further superstructure
construction.

3. To support building walls, joists, etc.

Important To Know ,

1. A ground beam is a reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls at ground level.

29
 2. Ground beams are very important in swampy areas where the foundation needs
reinforcement.

3. The ground beam is placed at the bottom and another layer added which will
create a void between the ground and the underside of the beam to stop any pressure
on the footings caused by ground heave

How Beam Is Constructed?

Figure 5
The ground beam construction procedure (10 steps);

1. Clearing the ground.

2. The span between the columns or piers is rammed and compacted.
3. A blinding layer is done with quarry dust.
4. The column or pier reinforcements should be left a foot high to join with the beam.
5. The reinforcements are then tied and bent separately.
6. Once ready, they are carried and laid over the columns and blinding.
7. The reinforcement is laid straight with spacer blocks put at the bottom.
8. Once the beam steel is in place, form work is erected to the sides. These must be firmed
into the ground and made very tight. This will prevent the escape of the cement slurry
when vibrating.

30
9. After the form work is complete, concrete is prepared and poured into the forms. The
process continues while vibrating to ensure the concrete is well bonded with the steel.
10. The top is tamped to be smooth. The forms are removed after seven days while curing.

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 3.9 GROUND SLAB

Defined as,
the slabs that are poured directly into excavated trenches in the ground and they entirely relied
on the existing ground for support as shown in Figure 3.9.1 .

or,

marked by construction in which a foundation slab is laid directly on the ground without a
basement.

Conditions of slab that can be design,

 Non-Suspended Slab (Refer to Figure 3.9.1)
1. Built when the ground is good enough to carry the load from the building.
2. In this condition, the slab is designed to carry the load of the building with the help
from the ground support.

Figure 3.9.1

 Suspended Slab, (Refer to Figure 3.9.2)

1. Is built when the ground is not good enough to carry the load from the
building.
2. In this condition, the slab is design just like the floor of upper floor that can
carry the load without the help from the ground support.
3. In this case, more cost is needed.

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 Figure 3.9.2
Function ?

1. To support column and stump.

2. To receive the load from the building.
3. To reduce the pressure on the column and stump.
4. The main base of construction to ensure that the construction will done well.
5. Create the easier job on floor finishes.

Important To Know,

1. Concrete slabs are similar to beams in the way they span horizontally between
supports and may be simply supported, continuously supported or cantilevered to
reduce the pressure of the load.
2. Slabs are relatively thin structural members which are normally used as floors and
occasionally as roof systems in multi-storey buildings.
3. Slabs are constructed of reinforced concrete poured into formwork on-site or into
trenches excavated into the ground.
4. Slabs transmit the applied floor or roof loads to their supports.

33
 CHAPTER 4

4.0 CONCLUSION

In Conclusion, the success and failure of a construction project depends on the earthwork
activities as it is the first activity in any construction project. In many instances, may unforeseen
circumstances that effect the estimates of plant performance, output, and hence the duration of
activities, fall short of the actual situation once construction start. Therefore, before the
construction begins, the purpose of site clearance is very important to ensure the location of the
site are free from any hazards, obstacles or unsightly mess. Clearing vegetation is typically the
first stage of the clearing process, beginning with the undergrowth. The undergrowth is more
easily cleared and typically free up space and room for equipment and labour to clear larger
vegetation such as trees. The planning, scheduling, and supervising of earthwork operations are
major importance in obtaining an efficiently operated construction project. To plan a schedule,
the quantities of clearing, grubbing and stripping as well as the quantities and positions of the
cuts fills, must be known.

Through this project,we gained a great deal of experience in problem solving during the
construction process, as well as knowledge and we learned about the site clearing, set up
platform of piling machine, setting out pile position, installation of reinforce concrete(RC) pile,
cut of pile, starter bars, pile cap, stump, ground beam and ground slab and its important in
construction.

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 4.1 REFERENCES

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Gopal Mishra. (2017). PILES AND PILE CAPS. Accessed 2 December 2019. Retrieved from
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/piles-and-pile-caps/6162/.

Er.T.RangaRajan. (2015). PILE CAP DESIGN. Accessed 2 December 2019. Retrieved from
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811a.

Abbu Riyaz. (2018). PILE CAP. Accessed 2 December 2019. Retrieved from
https://www.cforcivil.com/pile-cap/.

John Sam. (2017). Stump pad footings. Accessed 3 December 2019. Retrieved from
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/Toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/09_footing_systems/03_
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