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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

I. Functions of the Cell
A. List and describe the main functions of the cell:
1. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

II. How We See Cells

A. Light microscopes allow us to ________________________________________
B. Electron microscopes are used to _____________________________________
C. What type of electron microscope is used to observe surfaces? ______________
D. What type of electron microscope can see through structures? ______________

III. Plasma Membrane

A. Outermost Component of a Cell
1. Substances inside the plasma membrane are _________________________
2. What does “intercellular” mean? ____________________________________
3. Functionally the plasma membrane:
a. Encloses and ________________________________________________
b. Attaches to _________________________________________________
c. Ability to ____________________________________________________
d. Determines what _____________________________________________
4. Membrane potential or charge difference across the plasma membrane:
a. The outside of the cell is: ____________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

b. The inside of the cell is: ____________________

c. Allows cells to function like ______________________________
5. Chemical composition of the plasma membrane is:
a. 45-50% ____________________
b. 45-50% ____________________
c. 4-8% ____________________
d. Carbohydrates and lipids combined form ____________________
e. Carbohydrates and proteins combined form ____________________
f. The glycocalyx is composed of ______________________________
B. Membrane Lipids
1. Phospholipids
a. Assemble to form a ______________________________
b. Hydrophilic heads are _________________________________________
c. Hydrophobic heads are ________________________________________
2. Cholesterol
a. Interspersed among ______________ and accounts for ______________
b. Amount present determines ____________________________________
C. Membrane Proteins
1. What does the “fluid-mosaic model” say about the plasma membrane?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Integral (intrinsic) proteins are found where? __________________________
3. Peripheral (extrinsic) proteins are found where? _______________________
4. Marker molecules do what? _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. Integrins are involved in __________________________________________
6. Channel Proteins
a. Integral proteins arranged to form ______________________________
b. Nongated ion channels are always ____________________
c. What is a ligand? _____________________________________________
d. List 2 types of gated ion channels: ______________ and _____________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

7. Receptor Molecules
a. Proteins in the plasma membrane that can attach to _________________
b. Receptors can be linked to __________________________________ or
________________________________________
8. What catalyzes chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the
plasma membrane? ____________________
9. Carrier proteins function to ________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

IV. Movement Through the Plasma Membrane

A. Selectively Permeable
1. Means that the membrane allows ___________________________________
2. Describe the 4 ways that material can pass through the plasma membrane:
a. Directly through the phospholipid membrane _______________________
______________________________________________________________
b. Membrane channels __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
c. Carrier molecules ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
d. Vesicles ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
B. Diffusion
1. A solute is _____________________________________________________
2. A solvent is ____________________________________________________
3. Diffusion is the movement of __________ from an area of _______________
to an area of ____________________
4. Diffusion occurs due to the constant ________________________________
5. The term “concentration gradient” refers to ___________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

6. The rate of diffusion is influenced by:

a. ____________________ b. ____________________
c. ____________________ d. ____________________
7. Viscosity is a measure of ________________________________________
C. Osmosis
1. Osmosis is the diffusion of __________ across ________________________
a. Water diffuses from _______________________________________ and
into __________________________________________________________
2. Osmotic pressure is: _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. The osmotic pressure provides information about ______________________
________________________________________________________________
4. Isosmotic solutions have _________________________________________
5. A hyperosmotic solution has ______________________________________
6. A hyposmotic solution has ________________________________________
7. What happens to a cell placed in an isotonic solution? __________________
8. What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution? _________________
9. What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution? __________________
10. What does crenation mean? _______________________________________
11. The process called lysis does what to a cell? __________________________
D. Filtration
1. In filtration, the liquid and small molecules move across the partition from:
_______________________________________________________________
E. Mediated Transport Mechanisms
1. Mediated transport mechanisms involve carrier proteins that _____________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. List and define the three characteristics of mediated transport mechanisms:

a. ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

b. ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Facilitated Diffusion
a. Facilitated diffusion moves substances into or out of cells from _________
______________________________________________________________
b. Does facilitated diffusion require metabolic energy? __________________
c. The rate of transport is ________________________________________
4. Active Transport
a. Does active transport require metabolic energy? ____________________
b. The maximum rate of transport depends on ________________________
c. Active transport is important because it can move substances _________
______________________________________________________________
d. Active transport can also move __________________________________
e. Some active transport mechanisms ______________________________
5. Secondary Active Transport
a. Describe how secondary active transport works: ____________________
______________________________________________________________
b. Cotransport means movement of the molecules is ___________________
c. Countertransport means movement of the molecules is _______________
6. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
a. Endocytosis refers to the bulk ___________________________________
b. A vesicle is _________________________________________________
c. Describe how endocytosis works: ________________________________
______________________________________________________________
d. Phagocytosis or "cell-eating" applies to ___________________________
______________________________________________________________
e. Pinocytosis or "cell-drinking" refers to _____________________________
______________________________________________________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

f. What mechanism allows endocytosis to exhibit specificity? ____________

______________________________________________________________
g. Describe the process of exocytosis and what it is used for: ____________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

V. Cytoplasm
A. Cytosol
1. Cytosol consists of ______________________________________________
a. The fluid portion is ____________________________________________
2. Cytoskeleton
a. What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? ________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
b. Microtubules
1. Hollow tubules composed ___________________________________
2. Provide ____________________ and __________________________
3. Involved in the process of ____________________, ______________
____________________, and form ______________________________
c. Actin Filaments or Microfilaments
1. Are small fibrils that form ____________________________________
2. Provide structure ____________________ and __________________
3. They support the ____________________ and __________________
d. Intermediate Filaments
1. They provide _____________________________________________
3. Cytoplasmic Inclusions
a. Cytoplasmic inclusions are _____________________________________

VI. Organelles
A. Centrioles and Spindle Fibers

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

1. Centrioles
a. What shape is a centriole? _____________________________________
b. Two centrioles are normally located ______________________________
c. Wall of centriole is composed of __________ evenly spaced, __________
oriented, __________ units, or __________
d. Each unit is composed of ______________________________________
e. The two centrioles double in number _____________________________
f. During cell division the centrioles produce _________________________
B. Cilia and Flagella
1. Cilia
a. What does the 9+2 arrangement refer to? _________________________
______________________________________________________________
b. Movement of cilia is important for? _______________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Flagella
a. Movement of the flagella accomplishes? __________________________
C. Microvilli
1. They are cylindrical shaped extensions of the _________________________
2. They function to ________________________________________________
D. Ribosomes
1. Ribosomes are sites of ________________________________________
2. They are composed of 2 subunits one __________ and one __________
3. Chemically the subunits are composed of ____________________________
4. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins ______________________________
5. Endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes produce proteins ____________________
E. Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. The endoplasmic reticulum consists of ______________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. The interior spaces are called ______________________________
3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has attached ___________________________
a. The ribosomes of the rough ER are ______________________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is without ____________________________

a. Functions to manufacture ______________________________________
b. Smooth ER also participates in __________________________________
c. In skeletal muscle cells the smooth ER ____________________________
F. Golgi Apparatus
1. The Golgi apparatus is composed of ________________________________
2. Thought of as a ____________________ and ____________________
because it _____________________________________________________
3. The Golgi apparatus receives vesicles from the ________________________
4. Forms glycoproteins by __________________________________________
5. Forms lipoproteins by ____________________________________________
6. What are the proteins packaged into? ______________________________
7. How does material leave the Golgi apparatus? ________________________
G. Secretory Vesicles
1. Pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and ______________________________
2. Contents leave the cell by the process of _____________________________
H. Lysosomes
1. Formed by the Golgi apparatus and contain __________________________
that function ______________________________
2. List and describe 3 ways that lysosomes function:
a. ___________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
I. Peroxisomes
1. Peroxisomes are ____________________ than lysosomes.
2. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that _________________________________
3. What does catalase do? __________________________________________
J. Proteasomes
1. Proteasomes consist of __________________________________________
2. Proteasomes function to __________________________________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

K. Mitochondria
1. Mitochondria provide ________________________________________
2. Constantly change shape from _____________________________________
3. They are the major sites of ________________________________________
4. Each mitochondrion has a __________ outer membrane and a __________
inner membrane.
a. Infoldings that project into the interior of the mitochondria are __________
5. Where is the matrix found? ________________________________________
6. Enzymes of the citric acid (Kreb's) cycle are located in __________________
7. Enzymes of the electron transport chain are __________________________

VII. Nucleus
A. Structure
1. The nucleus contains ____________________________________________
2. It is described as a large __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. The nucleus consists of __________________________________________

a. The nuclear envelope is composed of ____________________________
1. How are nuclear pores formed? ______________________________
2. What do nuclear pores do? __________________________________
B. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
1. The proteins associated with DNA are ____________________
2. Since the DNA and protein can be stained they are called _______________
3. When is the chromatin more functional? _____________________________
4. Chromosomes form during ______________ when chromatin ____________
5. DNA ultimately determines ________________________________________
6. DNA functions by means of an intermediate called _____________________
C. Nucleolus
1. A nucleolus is described as _______________________________________
2. How many nucleoli per cell? _______________________________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

3. What happens in the nucleolus? ___________________________________

________________________________________________________________

VIII. Overview of Cell Metabolism

A. Cell Metabolism
1. Cell metabolism is the sum of ______________________________________
2. Energy is released by ___________________________________________
3. Released energy is used to _______________________________________
4. What is used to drive other processes? ______________________________
5. Where in the cell does ATP production occur? ________________________
6. The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid occurs in ____________________
a. The chemical reactions are collectively called ______________________
B. Aerobic Respiration
1. This process requires ____________________ to occur.
2. The pyruvic acid molecules enter ______________________________
3. The pyruvic acid molecules are converted to __________ and __________
a. What 2 series of reactions are responsible for the conversion?
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
4. How many ATP molecules can be produced by aerobic respiration? _______
5. What is the oxygen we breathe in used for? __________________________
6. Where does the carbon dioxide we breathe out come from? _____________
C. Anaerobic Respiration
1. Occurs when there is no ____________________
2. The process includes the conversion of _______________ to ____________
3. How many ATP's are produced by anaerobic respiration? ________________

IX. Protein Synthesis

A. General
1. DNA information for one amino acid is contained in a ___________________
2. A gene is ______________________________________________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

3. Transcription is the copying of DNA information to _____________________

a. The copy is called: ______________________________
b. This process occurs in the ____________________
4. Translation uses the information in the copy to make ___________________
a. The amino acids are transported by ______________________________
b. This process occurs in the ____________________
B. Transcription
1. Synthesis of mRNA based on the sequence of ________________________
2. Occurs when DNA double strands ______________________________
3. One of the strands serves as a ______________________________
4. Nucleotides “complementarily base pair” how?
a. DNA adenine pairs with RNA __________
b. DNA thymine pairs with RNA __________
c. DNA guanine pairs with RNA __________
d. DNA cytosine pairs with RNA __________
5. RNA polymerase enzymes form a long mRNA by joining together
nucleotides through ______________________________
6. The mRNA contains ____________________________________________
7. The “genetic code” is carried in:
a. Three nucleotides in the DNA called: __________
b. Three nucleotides in the mRNA called __________
8. The region of DNA between a start code and a stop code is called a
____________________
C. Translation
1. List the three types of RNA involved in the process:
a. __________ b. __________ c. __________
1. All three types are produced in _____________ by ______________
2. Each kind of tRNA combines with a specific ____________________
3. Each tRNA has a three-nucleotide message called ____________________
4. During the process of translation the tRNA __________ must combine with
the mRNA __________ based on pairing relationships.

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

5. During the process of matching up __________ align the tRNA and mRNA.
6. As the amino acids join together ___________________________________
7. Several ribosomes may attach to the same mRNA called a ______________
8. Each ribosome attached to the mRNA produces _______________________
D. Regulation of Protein Synthesis
1. If all cells of the body have the same DNA why is a muscle cell different from
a bone cell or a neuron? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

X. Cell Life Cycle

A. Interphase
1. This is the phase between ____________________
2. What is the cell doing during interphase?
a. ________________________________________
b. ________________________________________
c. ________________________________________
3. The preparation for cell division includes:
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
B. DNA Replication
1. During replication the two strands of each DNA molecule ________________
2. Each strand then functions as ______________________
3. New nucleotides ____________________ with existing nucleotides
4. The process is catalyzed by ____________________
5. The process produces ____________________ DNA molecules
5. Each new DNA molecule has one strand from ____________________
and one strand ______________________________
C. Cell Division
1. Involves division of the ____________________ and ___________________
2. Nuclear division is called ____________________
3. Cytoplasmic division is called ____________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

D. Mitosis
1. Each nucleus produced by mitosis has ______________________________
2. Chromosomes are ________________________________________
3. A somatic cell is ______________________________
4. A somatic cell contains __________ chromosomes and is __________
5. The chromosomes of a somatic cell are organized into __________________
a. One member of each pair comes from a person’s __________
b. The other member of each pair comes from a person’s __________
6. Females have ____________________ sex chromosomes that look alike
7. Males have one ____________________ and one ____________________
a. Which is smaller? ____________________
E. Cytokinesis
1. Refers to division of ________________________________________
2. When does cytokinesis begin? ____________________
3. When does cytokinesis end? ____________________
4. The first sign is formation of a ____________________
5. Actin filaments form a ____________________ that pulls plasma
membrane inward.

XI. Meiosis
A. Gamete Formation
1. Meiosis produces ____________________
2. In meiosis the nucleus undergoes ____________________
a. The resulting nuclei contain ______________________________
3. The male gamete is called ____________________
4. The female gamete is called ____________________
5. A gamete contains 23 chromosomes, which is the _____________ number
6. In prophase I, the four homologous chromatids join together or __________
a. This joining together forms a ____________________
b. While in this form chromatids can exchange pieces of DNA referred to as
____________________

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Seeley, Stephens, and Tate: Anatomy and Physiology, 6 ed. Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

XII. Cellular Aspects of Aging

A. List and describe five major theories of cell aging:
1. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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