WORKED SOLUTIONS

Chapter no. 3 Journal Writing (Page 67)

Class Discussion (Actual and Approximated Values) • A developer wants to build a house on a plot of land that has a height
restriction of 10 m. The height from the floor to the ceiling of each
1. The actual values indicated in the article include ‘42 038 777
level is about 2.6 m.
passengers’, ‘13.0%’, ‘24 awards’ and ‘four terminals’ while
Number of levels the developer can build = 10 m ÷ 2.6 m
approximated values include ‘over 360 awards’ and ‘73 million
= 3.85 (to 3 s.f.)
passengers’. Actual values are exact numbers while approximated
The nearest whole number to 3.85 is 4. However, a house with
values are values which are usually rounded off.
4 levels will be taller than 10 m, and thus will go against the
2. (a) It is not necessary to specify the actual number of awards won,
height restrictions. Hence, the maximum number of levels that the
as an approximation is sufficient to show that Changi Airport
developer can build is 3.
has won many awards.
• The boiling point of oxygen, i.e. the temperature at which liquid
(b) A headline serves as a brief summary of the article to draw
oxygen boils to form gaseous oxygen, is –183 °C. The maximum
readers’ attentions, thus it is more appropriate to use an
temperature, correct to the nearest 10 °C, at which liquid oxygen
approximated value instead of the actual value.
can be stored is –190 °C as oxygen will be in its gaseous state at a
temperature of –180 °C.
Investigation (Rounding in Real Life)
Teachers may wish to note that the list is not exhaustive.
Scenario 1
Total number of passengers = 215 + 5
= 220
Investigation (The Missing 0.1% Votes)
1. The percentage of votes for each candidate given is correct to
Number of buses required = 220 ÷ 30
3 significant figures. Due to rounding errors in the intermediate
1
=7 steps, there is a follow-through error, resulting in the missing 0.1%
3
of the votes. If the final answer is correct to 2 significant figures, we
1 will obtain 100%. Hence, the final answer can only be accurate to
The nearest whole number to 7 is 7. However, 7 buses are not enough
3 2 significant figures.
to carry 220 passengers, thus we round up to find the number of buses
188
required to carry all the passengers. 2. Percentage of votes for Vishal = × 100%
301
\ The number of buses required is 8. = 62.5% (to 3 s.f.)
Scenario 2 52
Percentage of votes for Rui Feng = × 100%
301
Maximum mass of lift = 897 kg
= 17.3% (to 3 s.f.)
= 900 kg (to the nearest 100 kg)
61
Percentage of votes for Huixian = × 100%
If the maximum mass of the lift is given as 900 kg, it means that the 301
lift is able to carry a mass of  900 kg. However, the maximum mass = 20.3% (to 3 s.f.)
allowed is only 897 kg. Total percentage of votes = 62.5% + 17.3% + 20.3%
\ The maximum mass of the lift should be given as 800 kg. = 100.1%

Scenario 3 The percentage of votes for each candidate given is correct to

In Singapore, the issue of 1-cent coins has ceased since 2002; while 3 significant figures. Due to rounding errors in the intermediate
the coins are legal tender and are still in circulation, most shops have steps, which results in a follow through error, the total percentage of
stopped accepting 1-cent coins. As such, when people wish to pay for votes is 100.1%. If the final answer is correct to 2 significant figures,
their purchases in cash, the prices of their purchases have to be rounded we will obtain 100%. Hence, the final answer can only be accurate
off to the nearest 5 cents which is now considered to be the smallest to 2 significant figures.
denomination of currency in Singapore.
Thinking Time (Page 69)
Teachers may wish to ask students to explain why when other methods
of payment are used, it is not necessary to round off the prices of their 1. (i) When the population of City A is approximately 2.5 million, it
purchases to the nearest 5 cents. is possible for the exact population size to be 2.47 million.
(ii) When the population of City A is approximately 2.5 million, it
is possible for the exact population size to be 2.6 million.

01
2. (i) When the population of City B is equal to 2.5 million (to 2 s.f.), Performance Task (Estimation in Our Daily Lives)
it is possible for the exact population size to be 2.47 million as it
1. Use surveys, questionnaires or verbal questioning to find out the
is equal to 2.5 million when rounded off to 2 significant figures.
number of hours spent surfing the Internet by each student in the
(ii) When the population of City B is equal to 2.5 million (to 2 s.f.),
class on a weekday and on a Saturday or Sunday. Ensure that students
it is not possible for the exact population size to be 2.6 million
have a common understanding of the phrase ‘surfing the Internet’.
as it is still equal to 2.6 million when rounded off to 2 significant
figures. Calculate the total number of hours spent surfing the Internet by all
the students in the class on a weekday and on a Saturday or Sunday.
Note: There is a difference between ‘approximately 2.5 million’ and
‘equal to 2.5 million (to 2 s.f.)’. Total amount of time spent surfing the Internet by all the students
in the class on a weekday = x hours
Investigation (Rounding and Truncation Errors in
Total amount of time spent surfing the Internet by all the students
Calculators)
in the class on a Saturday or Sunday = y hours
For this activity, the calculator model used is SHARP EL-509VM.
Estimate the total number of hours spent surfing the Internet by all
(a) 1. 0.727 922 061
the students in the class in a month. Assume that the average number
2. 7.27 922 061 3
of weekdays and the average number of Saturdays and Sundays in
3. 2.7 922 061 3
a month are 22 and 8 respectively.
The calculator stores 12 digits.
The calculator truncates the value of 162 at the 12th digit to give Total amount of time spent surfing the Internet by all the students
12.727 922 061 3, instead of rounding 162 to 12.727 922 061 4. in the class in a month ≈ (22x + 8y) hours
(b) 5. 6.999 999 999 2. Assume that there are 8 slices in a large pizza. Use verbal questioning
to find out the number of slices needed to feed one class (e.g. about
Investigation (Use of a Smaller Quantity to Estimate a 40 students) in the school when they go for an excursion.
Larger Quantity)
Number of slices needed to feed one class in the school = x
For this investigation, the smaller box used is of length 9.2 cm, width
x
5.6 cm and height 2.7 cm. Number of pizzas needed to feed one class in the school =
8
Three trials are carried out to find the average number of 10¢ coins that Find out the number of classes in the school. Ensure that there
can fill the box. The result of each trial is shown in the table. is approximately the same number of students in each class,
e.g. 40 students.
Trial Number of 10¢ coins
Number of classes in the school = y
1 294
Estimate the amount of pizza needed to feed all the students in the
2 280 school during an excursion.
3 284
Total number of pizzas needed to feed all the students in the school
Average number of 10¢ coins that can fill the smaller box xy
≈
294 + 280 + 284 8
=
3 3. Find out the opening hours of the drinks stall on a weekday and
858 determine the durations of the peak (e.g. recess and lunchtime) and
=
3
non-peak periods respectively.
= 286
Duration of peak period = x hours
Volume of smaller box = 9.2 × 5.6 × 2.7
= 139.104 cm3 Duration of non-peak period = y hours

Volume of tank = 50 × 23 × 13 Find out the amount of money collected by the drinks stall in half an
= 14 950 cm3 hour during the peak period and half an hour during the non-peak
period.
286
Number of 10¢ coins that can fill the tank = × 14 950
139.104 Amount of money collected by drinks stall in half an hour during
= 30 737 (to the nearest peak period = $p
whole number)
Amount of money collected by drinks stall in half an hour during
\ Amount of money in the tank = 30 737 × 10¢
non-peak period = $q
= $3073.70

02
 Estimate the total amount of money collected for both the peak and (c) The number 3.0021 has 5 significant figures.
non-peak periods. (d) The number 70.8001 has 6 significant figures.

Total amount of money collected by drinks stall during peak period

Practise Now (Page 64)
≈ $2px
1. (a) The number 0.10 has 2 significant figures.
Total amount of money collected by drinks stall during non-peak
(b) The number 0.500 has 3 significant figures.
period ≈ $2qy
(c) The number 41.0320 has 6 significant figures.
Hence, (d) The number 6.090 has 4 significant figures.
2. 4.10 cm is more accurate because 4.10 cm is measured to 3 significant
Total amount of money collected by drinks stall on a weekday
figures, while 4.1 cm is measured to 2 significant figures.
≈ $(2px + 2qy)

Practise Now (Page 65)

Practise Now 1
(a) The number 0.021 has 2 significant figures.
1. (a) 3 409 725 = 3 409 730 (to the nearest 10) (b) The number 0.603 has 3 significant figures.
(b) 3 409 725 = 3 409 700 (to the nearest 100) (c) The number 0.001 73 has 3 significant figures.
(c) 3 409 725 = 3 410 000 (to the nearest 1000) (d) The number 0.1090 has 4 significant figures.
(d) 3 409 725 = 3 410 000 (to the nearest 10 000)
2. Largest possible number of overseas visitors = 11 649 999 Practise Now (Page 65)
Smallest possible number of overseas visitors = 11 550 000
(a) 3800 m, which is corrected to the nearest 10 m, has 3 significant
figures.
Practise Now 2
(b) 25 000 km, which is corrected to the nearest km, has 5 significant
1. (a) 78.4695 = 78.5 (to 1 d.p.) figures.
(b) 78.4695 = 78 (to the nearest whole number) (c) 100 000 g, which is corrected to the nearest 10 000 g, has 2 significant
(c) 78.4695 = 78.47 (to the nearest hundredth) figures.
(d) 78.4695 = 78.470 (to the nearest 0.001)
2. No, I do not agree with Jun Wei. 8.40 is rounded off to 2 decimal Practise Now 4
places which is more accurate than 8.4 which is rounded off to
1. (a) 3748 = 3750 (to 3 s.f.)
1 decimal place.
(b) 0.004 709 89 = 0.004 710 (to 4 s.f.)
(c) 4971 = 5000 (to 2 s.f.)
Practise Now 3
(d) 0.099 99 = 0.10 (to 2 s.f.)
Cost of 450 kWh of electricity = 450 × $0.29 0.099 99 = 0.100 (to 3 s.f.)
= $130.50 2. Since 67 0X1 (to 3 s.f.), then the possible values of X are 5, 6, 7, 8
or 9.
Cost of 38 m3 of water = 38 × $1.17
If 67 0X1 is a perfect square, then by trial and error, X = 8.
= $44.46

Total amount of money the household has to pay = $130.50 + $44.46 Practise Now 5
= $174.96
= $175 (to the nearest (i) Length of square = 105
dollar) = 10.2 m (to 3 s.f.)
(ii) Perimeter of square = 10.25 × 4
= 41.0 m (to 3 s.f.)
Practise Now (Page 64)
(a) The number 192 has 3 significant figures. Practise Now 6
(b) The number 83.76 has 4 significant figures.
(c) The number 3 has 1 significant figure. 1. 798 × 195 ≈ 800 × 200
(d) The number 4.5 has 2 significant figures. = 160 000
\ Nora’s answer is not reasonable.
2. (a) 5712 ÷ 297 ≈ 5700 ÷ 300
Practise Now (Page 64)
= 19
(a) The number 506 has 3 significant figures. Using a calculator, 5712 ÷ 297 = 19.2 (to 3 s.f.).
(b) The number 1.099 has 4 significant figures. \ The estimated value is close to the actual value.

03
 (b) 63 × 3
129 ≈ 64 × 3
125 5. No, I do not agree with Kate. She needs to put a ‘0’ in the ones place
=8×5 as a place holder after dropping the digit ‘2’, i.e. 5192.3 = 5190 (to
= 40 the nearest 10).
6. Largest possible value of Singapore’s population = 5 077 499
Using a calculator, 63 × 3 129 = 40.1 (to 3 s.f.).
Smallest possible value of Singapore’s population = 5 076 500
\ The estimated value is close to the actual value.
7. No, I do not agree with Farhan. 27.0 is rounded off to 1 decimal
250
3. Time taken to drive from Singapore to Malacca = place which is more accurate than 27 which is rounded off to the
80
nearest whole number.
240
≈ hours
80
Exercise 3B
Practise Now 7 1. (a) The number 39 018 has 5 significant figures.
Rp 10 000 ≈ S$1.50, so Rp 20 000 ≈ S$3, Rp 5000 ≈ S$0.75 (b) The number 0.028 030 has 5 significant figures.
\ The price of the pair of earrings is Rp 25 000 ≈ S$3.75. (c) 2900, which is corrected to the nearest 10, has 3 significant
figures.
Practise Now 8 2. (a) 728 = 730 (to 2 s.f.)
(b) 503.88 = 503.9 (to 4 s.f.)
For option A, 300 ml costs about $9. (c) 0.003 018 5 = 0.003 019 (to 4 s.f.)
Thus 100 ml will cost about $3, and 50 ml will cost about $1.50. (d) 6396 = 6400 (to 2 s.f.)
\ For option A, 350 ml will cost about $9 + $1.50 = $10.50. 6396 = 6400 (to 3 s.f.)
For option B, 350 ml costs $10.40 which is $0.10 cheaper than option A. (e) 9.9999 = 10.0 (to 3 s.f.)
However, for option A, 300 ml actually costs $8.80 which is less than $9. (f) 8.076 = 8.08 (to 3 s.f.)
Thus for option A, 350 ml will cost at least $0.20 less than the estimated 3. Possible values of x = 4, 5 or 6
$10.50.
1
\ Option A is better value for money. 4. (a) = 0.010 10 (to 4 s.f.)
99
(b) 871 × 234 = 203 814
Practise Now 9 = 200 000 (to 2 s.f.)
2 212
Percentage of shaded region = × 100% (c) = 2013.698 63
3 0.219
2 = 2013.7 (to 5 s.f.)
= 66 %
3 3.913 – 2.1
(d) = 9.0 (to 2 s.f.)
6.41
Exercise 3A 5. Greatest number of sweets that can be bought
1. (a) 698 352 = 698 400 (to the nearest 100) $2
=
$0.30
(b) 698 352 = 698 000 (to the nearest 1000)
= 6 (to the nearest whole number)
(c) 698 352 = 700 000 (to the nearest 10 000)
2. (a) 45.7395 = 45.7 (to 1 d.p.) 6. (i) Length of square = 264
(b) 45.7395 = 46 (to the nearest whole number) = 16.2 cm (to 3 s.f.)
(c) 45.7395 = 45.740 (to 3 d.p.) (ii) Perimeter of square = 16.25 × 4
3. (i) Perimeter of land = 2(28.3 + 53.7) = 65.0 cm (to 3 s.f.)
= 2(82) 136
7. (i) Radius of circle =
= 160 m (to the nearest 10 m) 2p
(ii) Area of grass needed to fill up the entire plot of land = 21.6 m (to 3 s.f.)
= 28.3 × 53.7 (ii) Area of circle = p(21.65)2
= 1519.71 m2 = 1470 m2 (to 3 s.f.)
= 1500 m2 (to the nearest 100 m2) 8. Since 21 X09 = 22 000 (to 2 s.f.), then the possible values of X are
4. (a) 4.918 m = 4.9 m (to the nearest 0.1 m) 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9.
(b) 9.71 cm = 10 cm (to the nearest cm) If 21 X09 is a perfect square, then by trial and error, X = 6.
(c) $10.982 = $11.00 (to the nearest ten cents) 9. Largest possible number of people at the concert = 21 249
Smallest possible number of people at the concert = 21 150
1
(d) 6.489 kg = 6.49 kg (to the nearest kg) 10. (i) 987 654 321 + 0.000 007 – 987 654 321 = 0.000 007
100
(ii) 987 654 321 + 0.000 007 – 987 654 321 = 0

04
 (iii) No, the answers for (i) and (ii) are different. This is because the 10. KRW 900 ≈ S$1
calculator truncates the value of 987 654 321 + 0.000 007 to \ Price of handbag = KRW 26 700
give 987 654 321. Hence, the answer for (ii) is 0. ≈ KRW 27 000
= 30 × KRW 900
Exercise 3C ≈ 30 × S$1
= S$30
1. 218 ÷ 31 ≈ 210 ÷ 30
=7
Review Exercise 3
\ Priya’s answer is not reasonable.
Using a calculator, 218 ÷ 31 = 7.03 (to 3 s.f.). 1. (a) 6479.952 = 6500 (to the nearest 100)
\ The estimated value is close to the actual value. (b) 6479.952 = 6000 (to the nearest 1000)
2. (a) 2013 × 39 ≈ 2000 × 40 (c) 6479.952 = 6480.0 (to the nearest tenth)
= 80 000 2. (i) 4.793 = 4.8 (to 2 s.f.)
Using a calculator, 2013 × 39 = 78 507. 39.51 = 40 (to 2 s.f.)
\ The estimated value is close to the actual value. (ii) 4.793 ÷ 39.51 ≈ 4.8 ÷ 40
(b) 145.6 ÷ 3
65.4 ≈ 144 ÷ 3
64 = 0.12 (to 2 s.f.)
= 12 ÷ 4 3. Smallest possible mass of chocolate truffle = 0.0245 kg
=3 4. Rp 10 000 ≈ S$1.50, so Rp 30 000 ≈ S$4.50, Rp 5000 ≈ S$0.75.
\ The price of the toy is Rp 35 000 ≈ S$5.25.
Using a calculator, 145.6 ÷ 3 65.4 = 2.99 (to 3 s.f.).
5. Total mass = 3 × 109 + 2 × 148 + 5 × 84
\ The estimated value is close to the actual value.
≈ (3 × 110 + 2 × 150 + 5 × 80) g
3. (i) 3.612 = 3.6 (to 2 s.f.)
28.2
29.87 = 30 (to 2 s.f.) 6. Number of batteries required =
4.03
(ii) 3.612 ÷ 29.87 ≈ 3.6 ÷ 30
28
= 0.12 (to 2 s.f.) ≈
4
274 80
4. Amount of petrol used = 7. Price of hard disk in Store A after a 20% discount = × $85.05
9.1 100
270 80
≈ l ≈ × $85
9 100
5. Ratio of area of shaded region to that of unshaded region = 1 : 2
90
6. Total amount of money that the shopkeeper has to pay Price of hard disk in Store B after a 10% discount = × $76.05
100
= 32 × $18 + 18 × $8 + 47 × $26 + 63 × $23 + 52 × $9 90
≈ × $76
≈ 30 × $20 + 20 × $10 + 50 × $30 + 60 × $20 + 50 × $10 100
= $600 + $200 + $1500 + $1200 + $500 8. For option A, 250 ml costs about $15.
= $4000 (to the nearest hundred dollars) Thus 50 ml will cost about $3, and 100 ml will cost about $6.
7. RM10 ≈ S$4, so RM20 ≈ S$8, RM5 ≈ S$2. \ For option A, 300 ml will cost about 3 × $6 = $18.
\ The price of the bag is RM25 ≈ S$10. Furthermore, for option A, 250 ml actually costs $15.20 which is
8. For option A, 300 g costs about $6. $0.20 more than $15.
Thus 100 g will cost about $2. Thus for option A, 300 ml will cost at least $0.20 more than the
\ For option A, 500 g will cost about 5 × $2 = $10. estimated $18.
For option B, 500 g costs $9.90 which is $0.10 cheaper than \ Option B is better value for money.
option A.
However, for option A, 300 g actually costs $5.80 which is $0.20 Challenge Yourself
less than $6.
1. 987 × 123 is more than 988 × 122 because 987 × 123
Thus for option A, 500 g will cost at least $0.20 less than the
= 987 × (122 + 1), i.e. there is an additional 987 × 1; but
estimated $10.
988 × 122 = (987 + 1) × 122, i.e. there is only an additional
\ Option A is better value for money.
1 × 122. In fact, 987 × 123 – 988 × 122 = 987 – 122 = 865.
80
9. Price of dress in Shop A after a 20% discount = × $79.50 2. This question tests students’ sense of mass. The mass of an ordinary
100
car is likely to be 2000 kg.
80
≈ × $80 Teachers may wish to get students to give examples of objects with
100
90 masses of 20 kg, 200 kg and 20 000 kg, e.g. 2 10-kg bags of rice
Price of dress in Shop B after a 10% discount = × $69.50 have a total mass of 20 kg, 5 Secondary 1 students have a total mass
100
90 of about 200 kg and a rocket has a mass of about 20 000 kg.
≈ × $70
100

05
WORKED SOLUTIONS (iii) When n = 8,

Class Discussion (Expressing Mathematical Relationships

2n = 2 × 8 Chapter no. 4
= 16
using Algebra)
When n = 9,
1. 2n = 2 × 9
In words Algebraic expression = 18
(a) Sum of 2x and 3z 2x + 3z When n = 10,
(b) Product of x and 7y 7xy 2n = 2 × 10
= 20
3ab
(c) Divide 3ab by 2c 3. A B C D E F
2c

(d) Subtract 6q from 10z 10z – 6q 1

(e) Subtract the product of x and y (p + q) – xy 2 n 2n 2+n n2 2n2 (2n)2
from the sum of p and q 3 1 2 3 1 2 4
(f) Divide the sum of 3 and y by 5
3+ y 4 2 4 4 4 8 16
5
5 3 6 5 9 18 36
(g) Subtract the product of 2 and c
from the positive square root of b
b – 2c 6 4 8 6 16 32 64

(h) There are three times as many It is given that x represents the
7 5 10 7 25 50 100
girls as boys in a school. Find an number of boys.
expression, in terms of x, for the \ 3x represents the number of girls. 4. • 2n and 2 + n
total number of students in the Total number of students = x + 3x
Referring to columns B and C on the spreadsheet, the
school, where x represents the = 4x
number of boys in the school. expressions 2n and 2 + n are equal only when n = 2. When n < 2,
(i) The age of Nora’s father is thrice It is given that y represents Nora’s 2n < 2 + n. When n > 2, 2n > 2 + n.
hers. The age of Nora’s brother age. • n2 and 2n
is 5 years more than hers. Find \ Nora’s father is 3y years old. Referring to columns B and D on the spreadsheet, the expressions
an expression, in terms of y, for Nora’s brother is (y + 5) years old.
the sum of their ages, where y Sum of their ages = y + 3y + y + 5
n2 and 2n are equal when n = 2. By observation, they are also
represents Nora’s age. = (5y + 5) years equal when n = 0. When n < 0 or n > 2, n2 > 2n. When 0 < x < 2,
(j) The length is three times as long It is given that b represents the n2 < 2n.
as the breadth of the rectangle. breadth of the rectangle in m. • 2n2 and (2n)2
Find an expression, in terms of b, 3b represents the length of the By observation, the expressions 2n2 and (2n)2 are equal when
for the perimeter and the area of rectangle in m.
the rectangle, where b represents Perimeter of rectangle = 2(3b + b) n = 0. For any value of n ≠ 0, (2n)2 > 2n2.
the breadth of the rectangle. = 2(4b)
= 8b m Journal Writing (Page 85)
Area of rectangle = 3b × b
= 3b2 m2 By observation, the expressions 5 + n and 5n are equal only when
Table 4.3 1 1 1
n=1 . When n < 1 , 5n < 5 + n. When n > 1 , 5n > 5 + n.
4 4 4
Investigation (Comparison between Pairs of Expressions)
Class Discussion (The Distributive Law)
2. A B C D E F
1 1. (a) 2(–x – 4) = –2x – 8
2 n 2n 2+n n 2
2n 2
(2n) 2 (b) –2(–x – 4) = 2x + 8
(c) 3(y – 2x) = 3y – 6x
3 1 2
(d) –3(y – 2x) = –3y + 6x
4 2 4
5 3 6 2. a(b + c) = ab + ac
6 4 8
7 5 10

(i) The value of 2n changes as n changes.

(ii) We multiply the given value of n by 2 to obtain the
corresponding value of 2n.

06
Thinking Time (Page 96) 3. G and N
3( x + 3) 4(2 x + 3) 9( x + 3) – 16(2 x + 3)
–(x – 5) + 6x – (7x – 2) + 12 = –x + 5 + 6x – 7x + 2 + 12 – =
4 3 12
= –x + 6x – 7x + 5 + 2 + 12
9 x + 27 – 32 x – 48
= –2x + 19 =
12
Possible ways: 9 x – 32 x + 27 – 48
• –(x – 5) + 6x – 7x – (2 + 12) = –(x – 5) + 6x – 7x – 14 =
12
= –x + 5 + 6x – 7x – 14 –23 x – 21
=
= –x + 6x – 7x + 5 – 14 12
= –2x– 9 Students may mistakenly match B and G due to an error in their
• –x – (5 + 6x) – (7x – 2) + 12 = –x – 5 – 6x – 7x + 2 + 12 working as shown:
= –x – 6x – 7x – 5 + 2 + 12 3( x + 3) 4(2 x + 3) 9( x + 3) – 16(2 x + 3)
– =
= –14x + 9 4 3 12
• –x – (5 + 6x) – 7x – (2 + 12) = –x – (5 + 6x) – 7x – 14 9 x + 27 – 32 x + 48
=
= –x – 5 – 6x – 7x – 14 12
= –x – 6x – 7x – 5 – 14 9 x – 32 x + 27 + 48
=
= –14x – 19 12
–23 x + 75
=
12
Class Discussion (Equivalent Expressions)
4. I and M
The five pairs of equivalent expressions are as follows: 2x – 3[5x – y – 2(7x – y)] = 2x – 3(5x – y – 14x + 2y)
1. D and F = 2x – 3(5x – 14x – y + 2y)
3(x – 2y) – 2(3x – y) = 3x – 6y – 6x + 2y = 2x – 3(–9x + y)
= 3x – 6x – 6y + 2y = 2x + 27x – 3y
= –3x – 4y = 29x – 3y
Students may mistakenly match D and O due to an error in their Students may mistakenly match L and M due to errors in their
working as shown: working as shown:
3(x – 2y) – 2(3x – y) = 3x – 6y – 6x – 2y 2x – 3[5x – y – 2(7x – y)] = 2x – 3(5x – y – 14x – 2y)
= 3x – 6x – 6y – 2y = 2x – 3(5x – 14x – y – 2y)
= –3x – 8y = 2x – 3(–9x – 3y)
2. A and E = 2x – 27x – 9y
x–3 2x – 5 3( x – 3) – 2(2 x – 5) = –25x – 9y
– =
2 3 6 5. C and J, C and K or J and K
3 x – 9 – 4 x + 10 7ay – 49y = 7(ay – 7y) = 7y(a – 7)
=
6
3 x – 4 x – 9 + 10 Teachers may wish to get students to indicate the expression which
=
6 is obtained when the expression 7ay – 49y is factorised completely.
–x + 1
=
6 Practise Now 1
1– x
= 1. (a) 5y – 4x = 5(4) – 4(–2)
6
= 20 + 8
Students may mistakenly match E and H due to an error in their
= 28
working as shown:
1 1
x–3 2x – 5 3( x – 3) – 2(2 x – 5) (b) –y+3= –4+3
– = x −2
2 3 6
3 x – 9 – 4 x – 10 1
=– –4+3
= 2
6
1
3 x – 4 x – 9 – 10 = –4 + 3
= 2
6
1
– x – 19 = –1
= 2
6

07
 2 2. (i) 2p – 5q + 7r – 4p + 2q – 3r = 2p – 4p – 5q + 2q + 7r – 3r
 1
2. p2 + 3q2 =  –  + 3(–2)2 = –2p – 3q + 4r
 2
1 1 1
= + 3(4) (ii) When p = , q = – , r = 4,
4 2 3
 1  1
1 –2p – 3q + 4r = –2   – 3  –  + 4(4)
= + 12  2  3
4
= –1 + 1 + 16
1
= 12 = 0 + 16
4
= 16
Practise Now (Page 87)
Practise Now (Page 92)
(a) 3x + 4x = 7x
(b) 3x + (– 4x) = –x (a) –(3x + 2) = –3x – 2
(c) –3x + 4x = x (b) –(3x – 2) = –3x + 2
(d) –3x + (– 4x) = –7x (c) –(–3x – 2) = 3x + 2
(d) –(2x + y – 4) = –2x – y + 4
Practise Now (Page 88)
Practise Now (Page 92)
(a) 4x – 3x = x
(b) 4x – (–3x) = 4x + 3x (a) x + 1 + [–(3x – 1)] = x + 1 – 3x + 1
= 7x = x – 3x + 1 + 1
(c) – 4x – 3x = –7x = –2x + 2
(d) – 4x – (–3x) = – 4x + 3x (b) 5x – 3 + [–(4x + 1)] = 5x – 3 – 4x – 1
= –x = 5x – 4x – 3 – 1
=x–4
Practise Now (Page 89) (c) 3x + 2y + [–(–y + 2x)] = 3x + 2y + y – 2x
= 3x – 2x + 2y + y
(a) x + 2 + 5x – 4 = x + 5x + 2 – 4
= x + 3y
= 6x – 2
(d) – 4x + 2y + [–(–x – 5y)] = – 4x + 2y + x + 5y
(b) 2x + (–3) – 3x + 5 = 2x – 3x + (–3) + 5
= – 4x + x + 2y + 5y
= –x + 2
= –3x + 7y
(c) –x – y – (–2x) + 4y = –x – y + 2x + 4y
= –x + 2x – y + 4y
Practise Now (Page 93)
= x + 3y
(d) –3x – 7y + (–2y) – (– 4x) = –3x – 7y + (–2y) + 4x (a) 3(5x) = 15x
= –3x + 4x – 7y + (–2y) (b) 3(–5x) = –15x
= x – 9y (c) –3(5x) = –15x
(d) –3(–5x) = 15x
Practise Now 2
Practise Now 3
1. (a) 2x – 5y + 4y + 8x = 2x + 8x – 5y + 4y
= 10x – y (a) 3(x + 2) = 3x + 6
(b) 11x – (–5y) – 14x – 2y = 11x + 5y – 14x – 2y (b) –5(x – 4y) = –5x + 20y
= 11x – 14x + 5y – 2y (c) –a(x + 2y) = –ax – a(2y)
= –3x + 3y = –ax – 2ay
(c) –9x – (–y) + (–3x) – 7y = –9x + y – 3x – 7y
= –9x – 3x + y – 7y Practise Now (Page 95)
= –12x – 6y (a) x + 7 + 3(x – 2) = x + 7 + 3x – 6
1 1 3 2 = x + 3x + 7 – 6
(d) x– x= x– x
2 3 6 6 = 4x + 1
1 (b) 3(x + 2) + 2(–2x + 1) = 3x + 6 – 4x + 2
= x
6
= 3x – 4x + 6 + 2
7 5 14 5
(e) y– y= y– y = –x + 8
4 8 8 8
(c) 2(–x – y) – (2x – y) = –2x – 2y – 2x + y
9
= y = –2x – 2x – 2y + y
8
= – 4x – y
08
(d) –(x + 4y) – 2(3x – y) = –x – 4y – 6x + 2y Practise Now 6
= –x – 6x – 4y + 2y
x–3 2 x – 5 3( x – 3) 2(2 x – 5)
= –7x – 2y 1. (a) + = +
2 3 6 6
3( x – 3) + 2(2 x – 5)
Practise Now 4 =
6
1. (a) 6(4x + y) + 2(x – y) = 24x + 6y + 2x – 2y 3 x – 9 + 4 x – 10
=
= 24x + 2x + 6y – 2y 6
= 26x + 4y 3 x + 4 x – 9 – 10
=
6
(b) x – [y –3(2x – y)] = x – (y – 6x + 3y)
7 x – 19
= x – (–6x + y + 3y) =
6
= x – (–6x + 4y)
= x + 6x – 4y x–2 2x – 7 3( x – 2) 4(2 x – 7)
(b) – = –
4 3 12 12
= 7x – 4y
3( x – 2) – 4(2 x – 7)
(c) 7x – 2[3(x – 2) – 2(x – 5)] = 7x – 2(3x – 6 – 2x + 10) =
12
= 7x – 2(3x – 2x – 6 + 10)
3 x – 6 – 8 x + 28
= 7x – 2(x + 4) =
12
= 7x – 2x – 8 3 x – 8 x – 6 + 28
= 5x – 8 =
12
2. (i) Michael’s present age = (p + 5) years –5 x + 22
=
(ii) Vishal’s present age = 3(p + 5) 12
= (3p + 15) years x –1 1 2 x – 3 4( x – 1) 6 3(2 x – 3)
(iii) Sum of their ages in 6 years’ time 2. (a) + – = + –
3 2 4 12 12 12
= p + p + 5 + 3p + 15 + 3 × 6 4( x – 1) + 6 – 3(2 x – 3)
=
= p + p + 5 + 3p + 15 + 18 12
= p + p + 3p + 5 + 15 + 18 4x – 4 + 6 – 6x + 9
=
= (5p + 38) years 12
(iv) Sum of their ages 3 years ago = p + p + 5 + 3p + 15 – 3 × 3 4x – 6x – 4 + 6 + 9
=
= p + p + 5 + 3p + 15 – 9 12
= p + p + 3p + 5 + 15 – 9 –2 x + 11
=
= (5p + 11) years 12
x–4 2 x – 5 9(2 x ) x–4 3(2 x – 5)
Alternatively, (b) 2x + – = + –
9 3 9 9 9
Sum of their ages 3 years ago = 5p + 38 – 3 × 9
9(2 x ) + x – 4 – 3(2 x – 5)
= 5p + 38 – 27 =
9
= (5p + 11) years
18 x + x – 4 – 6 x + 15
=
9
Practise Now 5 18 x + x – 6 x – 4 + 15
=
9
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
(a) x+ y– y– x = x– x+ y– y 13 x + 11
2 4 5 3 2 3 4 5 =
9
3 2 5 8
= x– x+ y– y
6 6 20 20
1 3 Practise Now 7
= x– y
6 20 (a) –10x + 25 = –5(2x – 5)
1 1 (b) 18a – 54ay + 36az = 9a(2 – 6y + 4z)
(b) [–y – 3(16x – 3y)] = (–y – 48x + 9y)
8 8
1 Exercise 4A
= (–y + 9y – 48x)
8
1 1. (a) ab + 5y (b) f 3 – 3
= (8y – 48x) 2w
8 (c) 6kq (d)
= y – 6x 3 xy
2p
(e) 3x – 4 z (f)
5q

09
2. (a) 4x – 7y = 4(6) – 7(–4) (d) 6x – 20y + 7z – 8x + 25y – 11z
= 24 + 28 = 6x – 8x – 20y + 25y + 7z – 11z
= 52 = –2x + 5y – 4z
5x 5(6) 5. (a) Required answer = 2x + 4y + (–5y)
(b) +x= +6 = 2x + 4y – 5y
3y 3(– 4)
30 = 2x – y
= +6
–12 (b) Required answer = –b – 4a + 7b – 6a
1 = – 4a – 6a – b + 7b
= –2 + 6
2 = –10a + 6b
1 (c) Required answer = 6d – 4c + (–7c + 6d)
=3
2 = 6d – 4c – 7c + 6d
(c) 2x2 – y3 = 2(6)2 – (– 4)3 = – 4c – 7c + 6d + 6d
= 72 – (–64) = –11c + 12d
= 72 + 64 (d) Required answer = 3pq – 6hk + (–3qp + 14kh)
= 136 = 3pq – 6hk – 3qp + 14kh
x 6 = 3pq – 3qp – 6hk + 14kh
(d) 3x + – y2 = 3(6) + – (– 4)2
y –4 = 8hk
1 6. (a) (a + b)2 – 3 3 xy
= 18 – 1 – 16
2
(b) Total value = (20x + 500y) cents
1
= 16 – 16 3a – b 3a – c 3(3) – (– 4) 3(3) – (–2)
2 7. (a) + = +
2c c–b 2(–2) –2 – (– 4)
1
= 9+4 9+2
2 = +
–4 –2 + 4
3. (a) a(3c – b) = 3[3(6) – (–5)]
13 11
= 3(18 + 5) = +
–4 2
= 3(23)
1 1
= 69 = –3 + 5
4 2
(b) ab2 – ac = 3(–5)2 – 3(6)
1
= 3(25) – 18 =2
4
= 75 – 18 2c – a 5a + 4 c 2(–2) – 3 5(3) + 4(–2)
(b) – = –
= 57 3c + b c–a 3(–2) + (– 4) –2 – 3
b c –5 6 –4 – 3 15 – 8
(c) – = – = –
a b 3 –5 –6 – 4 –5
2 1 −7 7
= –1 + 1 = –
3 5 –10 –5
7 7 2
=– = +1
15 10 5
b+c a+c –5 + 6 3+ 6 1
(d) + = + =2
a b 3 −5 10
1 9 a + b + 2c 5c 3 + (– 4) + 2(–2) 5(–2)
= + (c) – = –
3 –5 3c – a – b 4b 3(–2) – 3 – (– 4) 4(– 4)
1 4 3– 4 – 4 –10
= –1 = –
3 5 –6 – 3 + 4 –16
7 –5 5
= –1 = –
15 –5 8
4. (a) 5x + 22 – 6x – 23 = 5x – 6x + 22 – 23 5
= –x – 1 =1–
8
(b) x + 3y + 6x + 4y = x + 6x + 3y + 4y 3
=
= 7x + 7y 8
(c) 6xy + 13x – 2yx – 5x = 6xy – 2yx + 13x – 5x
= 4xy + 8x

10
 11. (i) Raj’s age 5 years later = (12m + 5) years
b–c  bc ac 
(d) ÷  + (ii) Present age of Raj’s son = 12m – 9m
3c + 4 b  a b 
= 3m years
– 4 – (–2)  (– 4)(–2) 3(–2) 
= ÷  + Age of Raj’s son 5 years later = (3m + 5) years
3(–2) + 4(– 4)  3 – 4 
Sum of their ages in 5 years’ time = 12m + 5 + 3m + 5
–4 + 2  8 –6  = 12m + 3m + 5 + 5
= ÷  3 + –4 
–6 – 16   = (15m + 10) years
–2 2 1 12. Amount of money Huixian had at first
= ÷  2 + 1  = 8 × $w + 7 × $m + $(3w + 5m)
–22  3 2
1 1 = $8w + $7m + $(3w + 5m)
= ÷4
11 6 = $(8w + 3w + 7m + 5m)
6 = $(11w + 12m)
=
275 5
13. (a) Number of people who order plain prata = a
8. (a) 15x + (–7y) + (–18x) + 4y = 15x – 7y – 18x + 4y 2
= 15x – 18x – 7y + 4y 2
(b) Number of people who order egg prata = b
= –3x – 3y 5
(b) –3x + (–5y) – (–10y) – 7x = –3x – 5y + 10y – 7x 2
(c) Number of people who order egg prata = c
= –3x – 7x – 5y + 10y 7
= –10x + 5y
(c) 9x – (–2y) – 8x – (–12y) = 9x + 2y – 8x + 12y Exercise 4B
= 9x – 8x + 2y + 12y 1. (a) –(x + 5) = –x – 5
= x + 14y (b) –(4 – x) = – 4 + x
(d) –7x – (–15y) – (–2x) + (–6y) = –7x + 15y + 2x – 6y (c) 2(3y + 7) = 6y + 14
= –7x + 2x + 15y – 6y (d) 8(2y – 5) = 16y – 40
= –5x + 9y (e) 8(3a – 4b) = 24a – 32b
1 1 3 4 (f) –3(c + 6) = –3c – 18
9. (a) x+ x = x+ x
4 3 12 12 (g) – 4(d – 6) = – 4d + 24
7 (h) 2a(x – y) = 2ax – 2ay
= x
12 2. (a) 5(a + 2b) – 3b = 5a + 10b – 3b
2 1 6 5
(b) y– y = y– y = 5a + 7b
5 3 15 15
(b) 7(p + 10q) + 2(6p + 7q) = 7p + 70q + 12p + 14q
1
= y = 7p + 12p + 70q + 14q
15
= 19p + 84q
3 3 15 21
(c) – a+ a =– a+ a (c) a + 3b – (5a – 4b) = a + 3b – 5a + 4b
7 5 35 35
6 = a – 5a + 3b + 4b
= a
35 = – 4a + 7b
9 4 27 16 (d) x + 3(2x – 3y + z) + 7z = x + 6x – 9y + 3z + 7z
(d) b– b= b– b
4 3 12 12 = 7x – 9y + 10z
11 3. Present age of Khairul’s uncle = 4(x + 5)
= b
12 = (4x + 20) years
10. (i) 3p + (–q) – 7r – (–8p) – q + 2r = 3p – q – 7r + 8p – q + 2r 4. Total cost = 4x + 6(x – y)
= 3p + 8p – q – q – 7r + 2r = 4x + 6x – 6y
= 11p – 2q – 5r = (10x – 6y) cents
1 5. Total cost of skirts Devi bought
(ii) When p = 2, q = –1 , r = –5,
2 = 7 × $x + n × $12 + (2n + 1) × $15 + 4 × $3x
 1 = $7x + $12n + $15(2n + 1) + $12x
11p – 2q – 5r = 11(2) – 2  –1  – 5(–5)
 2
= $7x + $12n + $(30n + 15) + $12x
= 22 + 3 + 25
= $(7x + 12n + 30n + 15 + 12x)
= 25 + 25
= $(7x + 12x + 12n + 30n + 15)
= 50
= $(19x + 42n + 15)
6. (a) 4u – 3(2u – 5v) = 4u – 6u + 15v
= –2u + 15v

11
 (b) –2a – 3(a – b) = –2a – 3a + 3b 9. Average monthly salary of the female employees
= –5a + 3b  2000( m + f ) – m (b + 200) 
=$ 
(c) 7m – 2n – 2(3n – 2m) = 7m – 2n – 6n + 4m  f
= 7m + 4m – 2n – 6n  2000 m + 2000 f – mb – 200 m 
= 11m – 8n = $  f 
(d) 5(2x + 4) – 3(– 6 – x) = 10x + 20 + 18 + 3x  2000 m – 200 m – mb + 2000 f 
= 10x + 3x + 20 + 18 = $  f 
= 13x + 38
 1800 m – mb + 2000 f 
(e) – 4(a – 3b) – 5(a – 3b) = – 4a + 12b – 5a + 15b = $  f 
= – 4a – 5a + 12b + 15b
= –9a + 27b
(f) 5(3p – 2q) – 2(3p + 2q) = 15p – 10q – 6p – 4q Exercise 4C
= 15p – 6p – 10q – 4q
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 9p – 14q 1. (a) x+ y– x– y = x– x+ y– y
4 5 6 10 4 6 5 10
(g) x + y – 2(3x – 4y + 3) = x + y – 6x + 8y – 6
3 2 2 1
= x – 6x + y + 8y – 6 = x– x+ y– y
12 12 10 10
= –5x + 9y – 6 1 1
= x+ y
(h) 3(p – 2q) – 4(2p – 3q – 5) = 3p – 6q – 8p + 12q + 20 12 10
= 3p – 8p – 6q + 12q + 20 2 1 3 2 1 3
(b) a – b + 2a – b = a + 2a – b – b
= –5p + 6q + 20 3 7 5 3 7 5
(i) 9(2a + 4b – 7c) – 4(b – c) – 7(–c – 4b) 2 6 5 21
= a+ a– b– b
= 18a + 36b – 63c – 4b + 4c + 7c + 28b 3 3 35 35
= 18a + 36b – 4b + 28b – 63c + 4c + 7c 8 26
= a– b
= 18a + 60b – 52c 3 35
(j) – 4[5(2x + 3y) – 4(x + 2y)] = – 4(10x + 15y – 4x – 8y) 5 3 7 4 5 7 3 4
(c) c+ d– c– d = c– c+ d– d
9 4 8 3 9 8 4 3
= – 4(10x – 4x + 15y – 8y)
40 63 9 16
= – 4(6x + 7y) = c– c+ d– d
72 72 12 12
= –24x – 28y
23 7
7. (a) Required answer = 2x – 5 – (–6x – 3) =– c– d
72 12
= 2x – 5 + 6x + 3
5 9 1 28 5
= 2x + 6x – 5 + 3 (d) 2f – h + k – f – k+ h
3 4 2 5 4
= 8x – 2 1 5 5 9 28
= 2f – f – h + h + k – k
(b) Required answer = 10x – 2y + z – (6x – y + 5z) 2 3 4 4 5
= 10x – 2y + z – 6x + y – 5z 4 1 20 15 45 112
= f– f– h+ h+ k– k
= 10x – 6x – 2y + y + z – 5z 2 2 12 12 20 20
= 4x – y – 4z 3 5 67
= f– h– k
(c) Required answer = – 4p – 4q + 15sr – (8p + 9q – 5rs) 2 12 20
= – 4p – 4q + 15sr – 8p – 9q + 5rs  3 3 
2. (a) 5a + 4b – 3c –  2 a – b + c 
= – 4p – 8p – 4q – 9q + 15sr + 5rs  2 2 
= –12p – 13q + 20rs 3 3
= 5a + 4b – 3c – 2a + b – c
2 2
(d) Required answer = 10a – b – 4c – 8d – (8a – 3b + 5c – 4d)
3 3
= 10a – b – 4c – 8d – 8a + 3b – 5c + 4d = 5a – 2a + 4b + b – 3c – c
2 2
= 10a – 8a – b + 3b – 4c – 5c – 8d + 4d
8 3 6 3
= 2a + 2b – 9c – 4d = 3a + b + b – c – c
2 2 2 2
8. (a) –2{3a – 4[a – (2 + a)]} = –2[3a – 4(a – 2 – a)]
11 9
= –2[3a – 4(–2)] = 3a + b– c
2 2
= –2(3a + 8) 1 1
(b) [2x + 2(x – 3)] = (2x + 2x – 6)
= –6a – 16 2 2
(b) 5{3c – [d – 2(c + d)]} = 5[3c – (d – 2c – 2d)] 1
= (4x – 6)
= 5[3c – (–2c – d)] 2
= 5(3c + 2c + d) = 2x – 3
= 5(5c + d)
= 25c + 5d

12
 2 2 3y – 1 2 y – 3 3(3 y – 1) 2(2 y – 3)
(c) [12p – (5 + 2p)] = (12p – 5 – 2p) (f) – = –
5 5 4 6 12 12
2 3(3 y – 1) – 2(2 y – 3)
= (12p – 2p – 5) =
5 12
2 9y – 3 – 4y + 6
= (10p – 5) =
5 12
= 4p – 2 9y – 4y – 3 + 6
=
1 1 12
(d) [8x + 10 – 6(1 – 4x)] = (8x + 10 – 6 + 24x)
2 2 5y + 3
=
1 12
= (8x + 24x + 10 – 6)
2 a–2 a+7 2( a – 2) a+7
(g) – = –
1 4 8 8 8
= (32x + 4)
2 2( a – 2) – ( a + 7)
=
= 16x + 2 8
x 2x 5x 4x 2a – 4 – a – 7
3. (a) + = + =
2 5 10 10 8
9 2a – a – 4 – 7
= x =
10 8
a a 4a 3a a – 11
(b) – = – =
3 4 12 12 8
1 3 p – 2q 4 p – 5q 4(3 p – 2 q ) 3(4 p – 5 q )
= a (h) – = –
12 3 4 12 12
2h h +1 10 h 7( h + 1) 4(3 p – 2 q ) – 3(4 p – 5 q )
(c) + = + =
7 5 35 35 12
10 h + 7( h + 1) 12 p – 8 q – 12 p + 15 q
= =
35 12
10 h + 7 h + 7 12 p – 12 p – 8 q + 15 q
= =
35 12
17 h + 7 7
= = q
35 12
3x x+2 3x 2( x + 2) 4. (a) 12x – 9 = 3(4x – 3)
(d) – = –
8 4 8 8 (b) –25y – 35 = –5(5y + 7)
3 x – 2( x + 2) (c) 27b – 36by = 9b(3 – 4y)
=
8 (d) 8ax + 12a – 4az = 4a(2x + 3 – z)
3x – 2 x – 4 (e) 4m – 6my – 18mz = 2m(2 – 3y – 9z)
=
8 2
5. (a) y – (9x – 3y) = y – 2(3x – y)
x–4 3
=
8 = y – 6x + 2y
4x + 1 3x – 1 2(4 x + 1) 5(3 x – 1) = – 6x + y + 2y
(e) + = +
5 2 10 10 = – 6x + 3y
2(4 x + 1) + 5(3 x – 1) 1
= (b) – {6(p + q) – 3[p – 2(p – 3q)]}
10 3
8 x + 2 + 15 x – 5 1
= = – [6(p + q) – 3(p – 2p + 6q)]
10 3
8 x + 15 x + 2 – 5 1
= = – [6(p + q) – 3(–p + 6q)]
10 3
23 x – 3 1
= = – (6p + 6q + 3p – 18q)
10 3
1
= – (6p + 3p + 6q – 18q)
3
1
= – (9p – 12q)
3
= –3p + 4q

13
 7( x + 3) 5(2 x – 5) 21( x + 3) 10(2 x – 5) 2( x + 3) 1 3x – 4 8( x + 3) 10 5(3 x – 4)
6. (a) + = + (f) – + = – +
2 3 6 6 5 2 4 20 20 20
21( x + 3) + 10(2 x – 5) 8( x + 3) – 10 + 5(3 x – 4)
= =
6 20
21x + 63 + 20 x – 50 8 x + 24 – 10 + 15 x – 20
= =
6 20
21x + 20 x + 63 – 50 8 x + 15 x + 24 – 10 – 20
= =
6 20
41x + 13 23 x – 6
= =
6 20
3x – 4 3( x – 1) 2(3 x – 4) 15( x – 1) a +1 a+3 5a – 2
(b) – = – (g) – –
5 2 10 10 2 3 4
2(3 x – 4) – 15( x – 1) 6( a + 1) 4( a + 3) 3(5 a – 2)
= = – –
10 12 12 12
6 x – 8 – 15 x + 15 6( a + 1) – 4( a + 3) – 3(5 a – 2)
= =
10 12
6 x – 15 x – 8 + 15 6 a + 6 – 4 a – 12 – 15 a + 6
= =
10 12
–9 x + 7 6 a – 4 a – 15 a + 6 – 12 + 6
= =
10 12
3( z – 2) 4(2 z – 3) 15( z – 2) 16(2 z – 3) 13
(c) – = – =– a
4 5 20 20 12
15( z – 2) – 16(2 z – 3) x +1 x+3 5x – 1 3( x + 1) 2( x + 3) 5x – 1
= (h) + – = + –
20 2 3 6 6 6 6
15 z – 30 – 32 z + 48 3( x + 1) + 2( x + 3) – (5 x – 1)
= =
20 6
15 z – 32 z – 30 + 48 3x + 3 + 2 x + 6 – 5 x + 1
= =
20 6
–17 z + 18 3x + 2 x – 5 x + 3 + 6 + 1
= =
20 6
2( p – 4 q ) 3(2 p + q ) 4( p – 4 q ) 9(2 p + q ) 10
(d) – = – =
3 2 6 6 6
4( p – 4 q ) – 9(2 p + q ) 5
= =
6 3
4 p – 16 q – 18 p – 9 q 2
= =1
6 3
4 p – 18 p – 16 q – 9 q 2( a – b ) 2 a + 3b a+b
= (i) – +
6 7 14 2
–14 p – 25 q 4( a – b ) 2 a + 3b 7( a + b )
= = – +
6 14 14 14
2b 3( a – 2 b ) 10 b 9( a – 2 b ) 4( a – b ) – (2 a + 3b ) + 7( a + b )
(e) – – =– – =
3 5 15 15 14
–10 b – 9( a – 2 b ) 4 a – 4 b – 2 a – 3b + 7 a + 7 b
= =
15 14
–10 b – 9 a + 18 b 4 a – 2 a + 7 a – 4 b – 3b + 7 b
= =
15 14
9
–9 a – 10 b + 18 b = a
= 14
15
x+3 5(3 x + 4) 2( x + 3) 5(3 x + 4) 6
–9 a + 8 b (j) + +1 = + +
= 3 6 6 6 6
15
2( x + 3) + 5(3 x + 4) + 6
=
6
2 x + 6 + 15 x + 20 + 6
=
6
2 x + 15 x + 6 + 20 + 6
=
6
17 x + 32
=
6
14
7. (a) –39b2 – 13ab = –13b(3b + a) x–y 3( y + 4 z ) 5( x + 3z )
(d) 4 – – +
(b) 5x + 10x(b + c) = 5x[1 + 2(b + c)] 3 4 8
= 5x(1 + 2b + 2c) 96 8( x – y ) 18( y + z ) 15( x + 3z )
= – – +
(c) 3xy – 6x(y – z) = 3x[y – 2(y – z)] 24 24 24 24
= 3x(y – 2y + 2z) 96 – 8( x – y ) – 18( y + z ) + 15( x + 3z )
=
= 3x(–y + 2z)
24
96 – 8 x + 8 y – 18 y – 18 z + 15 x + 45 z
(d) 2x(7 + y) – 14x(y + 2) = 2x[7 + y – 7(y + 2)] =
24
= 2x(7 + y – 7y – 14)
96 – 8 x + 15 x + 8 y – 18 y – 18 z + 45 z
= 2x(y – 7y + 7 – 14) =
24
= 2x(–6y – 7)
96 + 7 x – 10 y + 27 z
(e) –3a (2 + b) + 18a(b – 1) = 3a[–(2 + b) + 6(b – 1)] =
24
= 3a(–2 – b + 6b – 6)
= 3a(–b + 6b – 2 – 6) Review Exercise 4
= 3a(5b – 8)
1. (a) 4a + 5b = 4(–2) + 5(7)
(f) – 4y(x – 2) – 12y(3 – x) = 4y[–(x – 2) – 3(3 – x)]
= –8 + 35
= 4y(–x + 2 – 9 + 3x)
= 27
= 4y(–x + 3x + 2 – 9)
(b) 2a2 = 2(–2)2
= 4y(2x – 7)
=8
5( p – q ) 2q – p 2( p + q )
8. (a) – – (c) (2a)2 = [2(–2)]2
2 14 7
35( p – q ) 2q – p 4( p + q ) = (– 4)2
= – – = 16
14 14 14
35( p – q ) – (2 q – p ) – 4( p + q ) (d) a(b – a) = (–2)[7 – (–2)]
=
14 = (–2)(7 + 2)
35 p – 35 q – 2 q + p – 4 p – 4 q = (–2)(9)
=
14 = –18
35 p + p – 4 p – 35 q – 2 q – 4 q (e) b – a2 = 7 – (–2)2
=
14 =7–4
= 32 p – 41 q =3
14 (f) (b – a)2 = [7 – (–2)]2
2a + b  3( a – 3b ) 4( a + 2 b ) 
(b) – –  – = (7 + 2)2
3  2 5 
= 92
2a + b 3( a – 3b ) 4( a + 2 b )
=– – + = 81
3 2 5
3 x – 5 y 2 – 2 xyz 3(3) – 5(– 4)2 – 2(3)(– 4)(2)
10(2 a + b ) 45( a – 3b ) 24( a + 2 b ) 2. =
=– – + x y 2
3 (– 4)2
30 30 30 – –
y z –4 2
–10(2 a + b ) – 45( a – 3b ) + 24( a + 2 b )
= 9 – 80 + 48
30 =
3 16
–20 a – 10 b – 45 a + 135 b + 24 a + 48 b – –
= 4 2
30
–23
–20 a – 45 a + 24 a – 10 b + 135 b + 48 b =
= 3 32
30 – –
4 4
– 41a + 173b
= –23
30 =
35
3( f – h ) 7( h + k ) 5( k – f ) –
(c) – + 4
4 6 2
22
9( f – h ) 14( h + k ) 30( k – f ) =2
= – + 35
12 12 12
3. (a) 3ab – 5xy + 4ab + 2yx = 3ab + 4ab – 5xy + 2yx
9( f – h ) – 14( h + k ) + 30( k – f )
= = 7ab – 3xy
12
(b) 4(3p – 5q) + 6(2q – 5p) = 12p – 20q + 12q – 30p
9 f – 9 h − 14 h – 14 k + 30 k – 30 f
= = 12p – 30p – 20q + 12q
12
9 f – 30 f – 9 h – 14 h – 14 k + 30 k = –18p – 8q
=
12
–21 f – 23h + 16 k
=
12

15
 (c) 2a + 3[a – (b – a)] + 7(2b – a) = 2a + 3(a – b + a) + 7(2b – a) h+ f f +k 4h – k
(d) – +
= 2a + 3(a + a – b) + 7(2b – a) 3 2 5
= 2a + 3(2a – b) + 7(2b – a) 10( h + f ) 15( f + k ) 6(4 h – k )
= – +
= 2a + 6a – 3b + 14b – 7a 30 30 30
= 2a + 6a – 7a – 3b + 14b 10( h + f ) – 15( f + k ) + 6(4 h – k )
=
= a + 11b 30
(d) –2[3x – (4x – 5y) – 2(3x – 4y)] = –2(3x – 4x + 5y – 6x + 8y) 10 h + 10 f – 15 f – 15 k + 24 h – 6 k
=
30
= –2(3x – 4x – 6x + 5y + 8y)
10 f – 15 f + 10 h + 24 h – 15 k – 6 k
= –2(–7x + 13y) =
30
= 14x – 26y
–5 f + 34 h – 21k
(e) 4{h – 3[ f – 6( f – h)]} = 4[h – 3( f – 6f + 6h)] =
30
= 4[h – 3(–5f + 6h)]
4 p – 3q q – 4p
= 4(h + 15f – 18h) (e) 3q – –
5 6
= 4(15f + h – 18h) 90 q 6(4 p – 3q ) 5( q – 4 p )
= – –
= 4(15f – 17h) 30 30 30
= 60f – 68h 90 q – 6(4 p – 3q ) – 5( q – 4 p )
=
(f) 5(x + 5y) – {2x – [3x – 3(x – 2y) + y]} 30
= 5(x + 5y) – [2x – (3x – 3x + 6y + y)] 90 q – 24 p + 18 q – 5 q + 20 p
=
= 5(x + 5y) – (2x – 7y) 30
= 5x + 25y – 2x + 7y –24 p + 20 p + 90 q + 18 q – 5 q
=
= 5x – 2x + 25y + 7y 30
= 3x + 32y – 4 p + 103q
=
30
2x 5–x 8x 3(5 – x )
4. (a) + = + 4( x – 5)  5( x – y ) 7 x – y 
3 4 12 12 (f) –  +
7  6 21 
8 x + 3(5 – x )
= 4( x – 5) 5( x – y ) 7x – y
12 = – –
7 6 21
8 x + 15 – 3 x
= 24( x – 5) 35( x – y ) 2(7 x – y )
12 = – –
42 42 42
8 x – 3 x + 15
= 24( x – 5) – 35( x – y ) – 2(7 x – y )
12 =
42
5 x + 15
= 24 x – 120 – 35 x + 35 y – 14 x + 2 y
12 =
42
x–y 3x – 2 y 3( x – y ) 2(3 x – 2 y )
(b) – = – 24 x – 35 x – 14 x + 35 y + 2 y – 120
8 12 24 24 =
42
3( x – y ) – 2(3 x – 2 y )
= –25 x + 37 y – 120
24 =
42
3x – 3y – 6 x + 4 y
= 5. (a) 21pq + 14q – 28qr = 7q(3p + 2 – 4r)
24
(b) 4x – 8(y – 2z) = 4[x – 2(y – 2z)]
3x – 6 x – 3y + 4 y
= = 4(x – 2y + 4z)
24
−3 x + y 6. (a) Total value of 5-cent coins = 5x cents
=
24 (b) Total value of 10-cent coins = (3x × 10) cents
4(2 a – b ) 2(3a + b ) 20(2 a – b ) 6(3a + b ) = 30x cents
(c) – = –
3 5 15 15 3
(c) Number of 10-cent coins = x
20(2 a – b ) − 6(3a + b ) 7
=
15  3 
Total value of coins =  5 x + 7 x × 10  cents
40 a – 20 b – 18 a – 6 b
=
15  30 
=  5 x + 7 x  cents
40 a – 18 a – 20 b – 6 b
=
15  35 30 
=  7 x + 7 x  cents
22 a – 26 b
=
15 65
= x cents
7

16
 x
7. Distance Farhan can cycle in 1 minute = 3. Let the two numbers be xy and xz , where y + z = 10.
3 × 60
xy = 10x + y
x
= km xz = 10x + z
180
\ xy × xz = (10x + y)(10x + z)
xy
Distance Farhan can cycle in y minutes = km = 10x(10x + z) + y(10x + z)
180
8. (a) Required difference = 3y × 60 – 25y = 100x2 + 10xz + 10xy + yz
= 180y – 25y = 100x2 + 10x(y + z) + yz
= 155y seconds = 100x2 + 10x(10) + yz
(b) Required sum = 50(3z – 2) × 60 + 4(z + 1) × 3600 = 100x2 + 100x + yz
= 3000(3z – 2) + 14 400(z + 1) = 100x(x + 1) + yz
= 9000z – 6000 + 14 400z + 14 400
= 9000z + 14 400z – 6000 + 14 400
= (23 400z + 8400) seconds
9. (i) Total amount Shirley earned = $[(25 – 5) × x + 5 × 1.5x]
= $(20 × x + 5 × 1.5x)
= $(20x + 7.5x)
= $27.5x
Total amount Kate earned = $[(18 – 4) × y + 4 × 1.5y]
= $(14 × y + 4 × 1.5y)
= $(14y + 6y)
= $20y
Total amount they earned = $(27.5x + 20y)
(ii) Amount Kate was paid per hour = $5.50 + $0.50
= $6
Total amount they earned = $[27.5(5.5) + 20(6)]
= $(151.25 + 120)
= $271.25
10. (i) Total score obtained by Michael in the first two papers
= p – 3q + 13 + 3p + 5q – 4
= p + 3p – 3q + 5q + 13 – 4
= (4p + 2q + 9) marks
(ii) Score obtained by Michael in the third paper
= 10p + 5q – (4p + 2q + 9)
= 10p + 5q – 4p – 2q – 9
= 10p – 4p + 5q – 2q – 9
= (6p + 3q – 9) marks
(iii) 6p + 3q – 9 = 3(2p + q – 3)

Challenge Yourself
1. Let the number of heads up in the pile of 5 be x.
Then the number of tails up in the pile of 5 is 5 – x,
the number of heads up in the pile of 7 is 5 – x.
After the teacher flips over all the coins in the pile of 5,
the number of heads up in that pile is 5 – x.
Hence, both piles now have the same number of heads up. (shown)
2. The only possible set of values is {x = 2, y = 3, z = 6}.
Proofs
1 1 1
If x = 2 and y  4, then z  5 and + + < 1.
x y z
1 1 1
If x  3, then y, z > 3 and + + < 1.
x y z

17
Revision Exercise A1 6. Average speed =
628
6.8 × 60
1. (a) 42 = 2 × 3 × 7
630
66 = 2 × 3 × 11 ≈ m/s
7 × 60
78 = 2 × 3 × 13 a 2 bd 12 (2)(–3)
7. (a) =
HCF of 42, 66 and 78 = 2 × 3 3ac – d 3(1)(0) – (–3)
=6 –6
=
(b) 7 = 7 0+3
13 = 13 –6
=
14 = 2 × 7 3
LCM of 7, 13 and 14 = 2 × 7 × 13 = –2
= 182 bc + d 2 2(0) + (–3)2
(b) =
2. (i) Greatest whole number which is a factor of both 405 and 1960 a+b 1+ 2
= HCF of 405 and 1960 0+9
=
3
=5
9
(ii) Smallest whole number that is divisible by both 405 and 1960 =
3
= LCM of 405 and 1960
=3
= 23 × 34 × 5 × 72
(c) a2 + b2 – c2 + d2 = 12 + 22 – 02 + (–3)2
= 158 760
=1+4–0+9
3. (i) 105 = 3 × 5 × 7
= 14
126 = 2 × 32 × 7
(d) –a – b + c – d = –13 – 23 + 03 – (–3)3
3 3 3 3

HCF of 105 and 126 = 3 × 7

= –1 – 8 + 0 – (–27)
= 21
= –9 + 0 – (–27)
Greatest number of students that the refreshment can cater to
= –9 – (–27)
= 21
= –9 + 27
(ii) Number of bags of crisps each student will receive = 105 ÷ 21
= 18
=5
8. Cost of a pear = (a + b) cents
(iii) Number of packets of fruit juice each student will receive
= 126 ÷ 21  10 a 12( a + b ) 
Total cost = $  +
 100 100 
=6
4. (i) Pairs of cards that have a sum of 4 = {–2, 6}, {–1, 5}, {1, 3}  10 a + 12( a + b ) 
=$
 100 
(ii) Pairs of cards that have a product of 2 = {–2, –1}, {1, 2}
(iii) Groups of three cards that have a sum of 10  10 a + 12 a + 12 b 
= $ 
 100
= {–1, 5, 6}, {1, 3, 6}, {1, 4, 5}, {2, 3, 5}
5. (a) 101 × 80.7 ≈ 100 × 81  22 a + 12 b 
= $ 
 100
= 100 × 9
= 900  2(11a + 6 b ) 
=$
 100 
(b) 3
26 × 502 ÷ 49 ≈ 3 27 × 500 ÷ 50
= 3 × 500 ÷ 50 = $  11a + 6 b 
 50 
= 1500 ÷ 50
= 30
(c) 65 × 3
63 ÷ 17 ≈ 64 × 3 64 ÷ 16
= 8 × 4 ÷ 16
= 32 ÷ 16
=2

18
Revision Exercise A2 6. Number of buttons in Box B after Kate transfers 15 buttons from
Box A to Box B
1. (a) 54 = 2 × 33
= 35 + 15
126 = 2 × 32 × 7
= 50
342 = 2 × 32 × 19
Number of buttons in Box A after Kate transfers 15 buttons from
HCF of 54, 126 and 342 = 2 × 32
Box A to Box B
= 18
5
(b) 16 = 24 = 50 ÷
7
28 = 22 × 7 7
44 = 22 × 11 = 10
50 ×
51
68 = 22 × 17 = 70
LCM of 16, 18, 44 and 68 = 24 × 7 × 11 × 17 Initial number of buttons in Box A = 70 + 15
= 20 944 = 85
2. (a) 9216 = 2 × 3
10 2
1 9
7. (i) Area of carpet = 4 ×2
\ – 9216 = – 210 × 32 10 10
= –(25 × 3) ≈ (4 × 3) m2
= –96 (ii) Cost of carpet ≈ 4 × 3 × $89.75
(b) 8000 = 26 × 53 ≈ $(4 × 3 × 90)
8. Required answer = –8x + 9 + 15 – 4x – (–7x + 4 + 5x + 7)
8000 = 2 × 5
3 3 6 3
\
= –8x + 9 + 15 – 4x – (–7x + 5x + 4 + 7)
= 22 × 5
= –8x + 9 + 15 – 4x – (–2x + 11)
= 20
= –8x + 9 + 15 – 4x + 2x – 11
3. 1764 = 2 × 3 × 72
2 2
= –8x – 4x + 2x + 9 + 15 – 11
36 = 22 × 32
= –10x + 13
8820 = 22 × 32 × 5 × 72
\ Value of p = 22 × 32 × 5
= 180
4. (i) Temperature of town at 6 p.m. = – 6 °C + 8° C – 4 °C
= –2 °C
(ii) Overall increase = –2 °C – (– 6 °C)
= –2 °C + 6 °C
= 4 °C
2  1  4 2 1 4
5. (a) – –3 +  –  = +3 –
3  20   5 3 20 5
2 61 4
= + –
3 20 5
40 183 48
= + –
60 60 60
40 + 183 – 48
=
60
175
=
60
35
=
12
11
=2
12
(b) (i) [– 4.749 – 6.558 × (–2.094)3] ÷ 3
–1.999
= – 44.030 (to 3 d.p.)
2
  1  8  5  
(ii)    – 3 × – – (–0.375)3   × [–p ÷ (–6.5)]
 3  33  6
  
= 0.313 (to 3 d.p.)

19