Laboratory Report Submission Form

TO:SIR AHMAD AZHARI Code: CLB 10904 (Chemical Process Principles)

From: (Student Name/Section) ID Number

1) NUR AFIFAH BINTI KHAIRUR YUSHA 1) 55213119161

2) TUAN NUR ATHIRAH BINTI TUAN MAHMOOD 2) 55213119160

3) NUR ANIS ALISYA BINTI MOHD FAIZAL 3) 55213119063

4) ANIS FARHANA BINTI MOHD ASWANI 4) 55213119109

Title of experiment: BATCH REACTOR Date of experiment: 27 MAY 2020

Received by: Mr. Ahmad Azahari Hamzah Date Due: 1 JUNE 2020
Note: If late with good reason or medical note must be submitted to the lecturer, otherwise the mark will be
reduced by 5% of the total (depend on lecturer)

VERY POOR POOR GOOD VERY GOOD EXCELLENT

CRITERIA

1.0 OBJECTIVES State the objectives of the experiment or report (in point form). 1 2 3 4 5

(TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%)

2.0 SUMMARY (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10

Brief review on the objectives of the experiment, main experimental results

and discussions deemed significant and conclusions obtained from the work.
3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY (1-2 PAGES ONLY) (TOTAL 2 4 6 8 10
PERCENTAGE,10%)

1. State the background to the experiment conducted.

4.0 DATA AND RESULTS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10

1. Data are presented as deemed suitable with complete label and units
5.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 40%) 8 16 24 32 40

1. Explanations of the referred table and figure are presented after the table
and figure
2 4 6 8 10
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%)

1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or results with the theory applicable
to the experimental

2. Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement procedure, or

2 4 6 8 10
7.0 TUTORIALS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%)
1 2 3 4 5
6.0 REFERENCES (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%)

TOTAL PERCENTAGE (100%)

Date of Submission: Group:

Section:

Subject & Code: Experiment title:

Lecture Name: Chop Receive:

Student Slip

Date of Submission:

Group:

Section: Experiment title:

 Table of Contents

No. Contents Page

1.0 Summary 3

2.0 Objective 2

3.0 Introduction and Theory 4-5

4.0 Data and Result 6-8

5.0 Analysis and Discussion 9-16

6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 17

7.0 Tutorial 18-19

8.0 References 20

9.0 Appendix 21-27

2
1.0 SUMMARY

The objective of the experiment was to conduct mass balance and energy balance in
batch process system, which need to constructed at the end of the experiment. This
experiment conducted by using batch reactor system between reaction ethyl acetate and
sodium hydroxide. The hydrolysis of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide to produce ethanol
and sodium acetate known as a saponification reaction. These reactions occur as either
exothermic or endothermic reaction and the control of the batch reactor essentially treated
as temperature control problem. The experiment was began by preparing 3L of 0.1 M
sodium hydroxide, NaOH and 3L of 0.1 M ethyl acetate, Et (Ac) solution. Then, these two
solutions are mix into reactor R1 and the stirrer switched on. With an interval of 5 minutes, a
sample was retrieved from valve 1 to conduct a conductivity measuring using conductivity
meter and stopped when the reading of conductivity remains constant. Based on the result
obtained, the Table 1 showed the conductivity against concentration of NaOH. Concentration
of NaOH decreases when the conductivity of solution decreases too. It can be said that the
results obtained obeys the theory of calibration curve as it decreases at 0.0500 M with
conductivity of 10.7 mS/cm to 0.0000 M at conductivity of 4.0 mS/cm. Based on graph
calibration curve of concentration of NaOH (M) against conductivity (mS/cm), the trend of the
graph was increase at 5.77 mS/cm of conductivity and the concentration of NaOH is 0.013
M. Other than that, as shows in Table 2, it can conclude that the higher of conversion in
percentage when the reaction of time in minutes was increases. Graph conversion, x (%)
against reaction time (min) in Graph 2 was increased. However, it begins to increase rapidly
after 20 minutes and continues to rise up slowly after that. The conversion increases by
increasing the temperature because the particles move faster as a material heats up and it
collides more often, to ensure that the reaction rate would be higher and thus the shorter
time required for the chemical conversion.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

 To conduct mass balance and energy balance in batch process system

3
3.0 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

Batch reactor is standard equipment in chemical process industries. It consists

essentially of an autoclave provided with mixing and heat transfer devices as well as with
piping connections for feeding the reactants and taking-off the products. Batch reactor used
in a number of industries producing small quantities of high-values materials such as
polymer synthesis, crystallization, batch distillation and chemical reaction.

Batch reactor are used for small-scale operations, for testing new chemical
processes that have been fully developed, for the manufacture of high-priced product and for
process that are difficult to convert to continuous operations. In these reactors, various
process phase encountered in a single process batch such as heating, cooling and reaction
phase. These reactions occur as either an exothermic or an endothermic reaction and the
control of the batch reactor essentially treated as temperature control problem. The reaction
that takes place in alkaline conditions called saponification. The hydrolysis of ethyl acetate
with sodium hydroxide to produce ethanol and sodium acetate known as a saponification
reaction. The products of saponification reaction used in various field such as for instance,
petroleum, textile, cosmetic and paint industries.

Saponification used in the textile industry to remove insoluble calcium salts. It is also
are used in the food industry as a tampon in hemodialysis. A model of a second-order
reaction characterizes the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate. Based on this experiment, the reaction
of the saponification of ethyl acetate Et (Ac) and sodium hydroxide NaOH as shown as
below

NaOH + Et ( Ac ) → Na ( Ac )+ EtOH

4
Figure 1 Batch Reactor Process

5
4.0 DATA AND RESULT

APPENDIX B:

Concentration of NaOH (M) Conductivity (mS/cm)

0.0500 10.7

0.0375 9.7

0.0250 7.5

0.0125 5.6

0.0000 4.0

Table 1 Calibration Curve

Conductivity (mS/cm) against concentration of NaOh (M)

12
10.7
9.7
10
Conductivity (mS/cm)

7.5
8
5.6 Conductivity (Ms/cm)
6 Linear (Conductivity (Ms/cm))
4
4

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Concentration of NaOH(M)

Graph 1 Conductivity (mS/cm) against Concentration of NaOH (M)

APPENDIX C:

6
Volume of NaOH = 3 L

Volume of Et (Ac) = 3 L

Temperature = 40 0C

Time, Temperature Conductivity Concentration of Conversion,

(min) (°C) (mS/cm) NaOH, CNaOH (M) X (%)
(From calibration (Self
curve) calculation)

0 33 5.77 0.0130 0
5 34 5.40 0.0100 23.08
10 37 5.39 0.0098 24.62
15 38 5.33 0.0080 38.56
20 39 4.99 0.0069 46.92
25 40 4.87 0.0060 53.85
30 44 4.78 0.0055 57.69

Table 2 Result from Experiments

Formula to calculate conversion, X:

CNaOH ( t=0)– CNaOH ( t)

X= × 100%
CNaOH (t=0)

7
 Time, (min) against conversion,x(%)

35
30
25
Time (min)

20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Conversion, X (%)

Graph 2: Time (min) against Conversion, X (%)

8
5.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Based on this experiment, batch reactor was conducted to conduct mass balance and
energy balance in batch process system which is the main objectives for this experiment.
Batch reactor is the simplest type of reactor vessels used for chemical or industrial
processes. A typical batch reactor consists of a tank where chemical reactions occur. By
using an ester (ethyl acetate) and sodium hydroxide through saponification process to
produce soap. The experiment began with preparation of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
ethyl acetate Et(Ac). Then, the solution was mixed with water and poured into the batch
reactor for saponification occurred. After that, the reading for every 5 minutes was taken for
measuring the conductivity. This is repeated for another 30 minutes and also another
temperature.

Based on the experiment, temperature increases from 33 0C to 440C rough out the 30
minutes of experiment as the temperature of thermostat T1 was set to desired temperature
which is 40 0C. Based on Graph 1, which is graph for concentration of NaOH (M) vs
conductivity (mS/cm) was plotted to determine the slope of the curve. Slope of this graph is
stated when y=140× +4 at R2=0.9898. The graph shows a linear line which is conductivity
increases with concentration of NaOH. The equation from the slope was used to determine
the concentration of NaOH.

When the mixture of 3L of 0.1M ethyl acetate solution and 3L of 0.1M sodium
hydroxide in the reactor R1 collected, the conductivity measured by using conductivity meter
until conductivity readings stabilized. Conductivity caused by the ionic solution such as
sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate. The result shows that the conductivity of the solution
was linear, the conductivity decreases throughout the 30 minutes of the experiment. Thus,
the concentration of sodium hydroxide, NaOH also liner, based on the calibration curve
given. The calibration curve has shown that the higher the conductivity, the higher the
concentration of NaOH. Then, the conversion, X in percentages were calculated by the
formula of

CNaOH ( t=0)– CNaOH ( t)

X= × 100%
CNaOH (t=0)

After that, Graph 2 shows a graph of some reaction time in minutes against
conversion in percentage. The graph increasing through the time. This also shows that the
9
conductivity decreases as the higher the conductivity and the concentration of NaOH, the
higher the conversion, X. Thus, this result follows the theory that sodium hydroxide has a
higher conductivity than sodium acetate and when sodium hydroxide is reacted to form
sodium acetate in the saponification reaction, the conductivity decreases. (M.K. Al Mesfer
and M. Danish (2016).

There were several advantages of using the batch reactors in chemical reaction. The
batch reactor has high conversion per unit volume for one pass. Furthermore, the flexibility
of the operation same reactor can produce one product at one time and a different product
for the next. It is also easy to clean, compare to the other reactors. However, the batch
reactor also has its own disadvantages such as high operating cost. Besides that, the
product quality was more variable than with continuous operation.

Several possibility errors may contribute to the inaccurate result and abnormal trend
of graph throughout the experiment. Firstly, the chemical preparation of dilution NaOH and
Ethyl Acetate may not accurate that leads to disrupt results. Secondly, the Batch may be
contaminating with other chemicals that leads to abnormal results. Other than that, the wires
or other equipment involved may be faulty. When this happens, the panel will not display the
correct value and could even disrupt the whole process of the experiment.

Energy Balance:

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH

Sodium hydroxide + ethyl acetate  sodium acetate + ethanol

3L 0.1M NaOH n1 NaOH

3L 0.1M C4H8O2 n2 C4H8O2
n3 CH 3COONa
n4 C 2H5OH

10
 Diagram 1: Schematic diagram for Extent Reaction of NaOH

Time, (min) Conversion, Fractional conversion for

X (%) f
NaOH, (mol)
0 0 0

5 23.08 0.2308

10 24.62 0.2462

15 38.56 0.3856

20 46.92 0.4692

25 53.85 0.5385

30 57.69 0.5769

Num. of mole NaOH = 0.1M x 3L

= 0.3 mol

nA feed = 0.3 mol

Extent of Reaction

nout = nin ± vξ
From excel,

Write all the expression from Figure 1.

Feed NaOH,
n1 =0 .3 mol−1 ξ

Feed C4H8O6,
n2 =0 . 3 mol−1 ξ

Feed C2H3O2Na,
n3 =0+1ξ

Feed C2H6O,
n4 =0+1 ξ

1. At min = 0

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

11
 Fractional conversion =0
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.3 mol

 NaOH
0.3 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ=0
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.3 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0 mol

 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0 mol
2. At min = 5

From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can performed. First step is to find the
noutlet

for NaOH. At t =5 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.2308

% conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.2308
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.23076 mol
 NaOH
0.23076 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.06924
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.23076 mol
12
  CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.06924 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.06924 mol
3. At min = 10
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the
noutlet for NaOH. At t =10min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.2462

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.2462
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.22614 mol
 NaOH
0.22614mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.07386
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.22614 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.07386 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.07386mol
4. At min = 15
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the

noutlet for NaOH. At t =15 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.3856
%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%
Fractional conversion = 0.3856
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)

13
 nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.18432 mol
 NaOH
0.18432 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.11568
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.18432 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.11568 mol

 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.11568 mol
5. At min = 20
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the

noutlet for NaOH. At t =20 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.4692

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.4692
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.15924 mol

 NaOH
0.15924 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.14076
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.15924 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.14076 mol

14
  C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.14076 mol

6. At min = 25
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the

noutlet for NaOH. At t =25 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.5385

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.5385
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.13845 mol
 NaOH
0.13845 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.16155
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.13845mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.16155 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.16155 mol
7. At min = 30
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the

noutlet for NaOH. At t =30 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.5769

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.5769
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
15
 nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1= 0.12693 mol
 NaOH
0.12693 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.17307
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.12693 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.17307 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.17307 mol
Table 2

Time, t n1 n2 n3 n4 nT
(min) (mol )NaOH (mol)C 4 H 8 O2 (mol)C 2 H 3 O2 Na (mol )C 2 H 6 O
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.23076 0.23076 0.06929 0.06929 0.6000
10 0.22614 0.22614 0.07386 0.07386 0.6000
15 0.18432 0.18432 0.11568 0.11568 0.6000
20 0.15929 0.15929 0.14076 0.14076 0.6001
25 0.13845 0.13845 0.16155 0.16155 0.6000
30 0.12693 0.12693 0.17307 0.17307 0.6000

So, noutput = 0.6000 mol

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethyl acetate (C4H8O2) is the reactant in this experiment.
C2H3O2Na and C2H6O are the product. From Table 2, number of mole of NaOH and C 4H8O2
that undergo chemical reaction is decreasing. The number of mole in both products are
increasing.

16
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This experiment was to conduct mass balance and energy balance in batch process
system. As conclusion, the experiment of batch saponification reaction started with preparing
the sample, which is 3 L NaOH of 0.1 M and 3 L of Ethyl Acetate of 0.1 M. Based on graph
calibration curve of concentration of NaOH (M) against conductivity (mS/cm), the trend of the
graph was increase at 5.77 mS/cm of conductivity and the concentration of NaOH is 0.013
M. Based on theory of conductivity, all substances possess some degree of conductivity. In
aqueous solutions, the level of ionic strength varies from the low conductivity of ultra-pure
water to the high conductivity of concentrated chemical samples. Graph conversion, x (%)
against reaction time (min) in Graph 2 was increased. However, it begin to increase rapidly
after 20 minutes and continues to rise up slowly after that. The concentration of NaOH also
decreases when the conductivity was decrease. According to the theory, when reacting the
processing sodium acetate, the concentration of the heavy sodium hydroxide ions should
reduce and the conversion increases as time increases. The conversion increases by
increasing the temperature because the particles move faster as a material heats up and it
collides more often, to ensure that the reaction rate would be higher and thus the shorter
time required for the chemical conversion. Several possible errors occurred during the
experiment, as to prevent any inaccuracy in the data results, the measurement of NaOH and
Ethyl Acetate should measure correctly so that the result will be increase to the theory. The
time taken also must be precise to prevent obtaining inaccurate data to achieve the
equilibrium state before recorded the result. The conductivity meter and beaker used to
collect the sample need to rinse with distilled water before used it again, and the reading
need to take accurately by waiting until the reading remained constant for a period.

17
7.0 TUTORIAL

a) Question 1
Describe an example of industrial applications other than saponification that utilized
batch reactors in its process. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using batch
reactors in chemical reaction.

The other example of industrial application in this batch reactors process is

polymer industrial. The various industrial polymerization processes can broadly classified
into homogeneous and heterogeneous ones. The first class comprises polymerization
processes that carried out in a single phase. Polymerization is the process to
create polymers. These polymers processed to make various kinds of plastic products.
During polymerization, smaller molecules, called monomers or building blocks,
chemically combined to create larger molecules or a macromolecule.

Advantages Disadvantages

 High conversion per unit

volume for one pass  High operating cost

 Flexibility of operation-same
 Product quality more
reactor can produce one
variable than with
product one time and a
continuous operation
different product the next
 Easy to clean  The difficulty of large-scale
production 

18
b) Question 2

Write a one-paragraph summary of any journal article that studies chemical reaction in a
batch reactor. The article must have been published within the last 5 years. Explain on
the batch reactor used in the study and its significance to the study done.

In this research, the experiment studied about a predictive controller based on an

empirical nonlinear model comprising a three-layer feedforward neural network for
temperature control of the suspension polymerization process. This experiment
consisted of a stainless-steel jacketed reactor with a capacity of 5 litres and maximum
pressure of 15 kgf/cm2, equipped with a stirring system with a double turbine impeller,
centred and which extends to the base of the reactor. The product within batch reactors
usually absorb heat during processing. Even the action of stirring stored liquids
generates heat. In order to hold the reactor contents at the desired  temperature, heat
has to added or removed by a cooling jacket or cooling pipe. Heating/cooling coils or
external jackets used for heating and cooling batch reactors. Heat transfer fluid passes
through the jacket or coils to add or remove heat. Vapours and gases also discharge
through connections in the top. Liquids usually discharged out of the bottom . Thus, the
performance of these jackets can defined by three parameters, which are response time
to modify the jacket temperature, uniformity of jacket temperature and stability of jacket
temperature.

19
8.0 REFERENCE

1. Batch Reactor. (n.d.). Retrieved May 30, 2020, from

https://www.sciencedirect. com/topics/chemistry/batch-reactor

2. Batch Reactor 1. Batch Reactor M. Awais Yaqoob 2011-ch-32 (University of

Engineering and Technology, Lahore) 2. Mean residence time (t) • It is taken as the
measure of the performance of batch reactor t =v/υ= volume of reactor Flow rate of
feed in the reactor
https://www.slideshare.net/Awaischaudhary/batch-reactor-34739669

3. Saponification in a batch reactor - LinkedIn SlideShare. (n.d.). Retrieved May 30,

2020, from
https://www.slideshare.net/sumitnp369/saponification-in-a-batch-reactor

4. “Collision Theory: How Chemical Reactions Occur”, Retrieved from:

https://www.dummies.com/education/science/chemistry/collision-theory-howchemical
-reactions-occur/

20
9.0 APPENDIX

Energy Balance:

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH

Sodium hydroxide + ethyl acetate  sodium acetate + ethanol

3L 0.1M NaOH n1 NaOH

3L 0.1M C4H8O2 n2 C4H8O2
n3 CH 3COONa
n4 C 2H5OH

Diagram 1: Schematic diagram for Extent Reaction of NaOH

Time, (min) Conversion, Fractional conversion for

X (%) f
NaOH, (mol)
0 0 0

5 23.08 0.2308

10 24.62 0.2462

15 38.56 0.3856

20 46.92 0.4692

25 53.85 0.5385

30 57.69

Num. of mole NaOH = 0.1M x 3L

21
 = 0.3 mol

nA feed = 0.3 mol

Extent of Reaction

nout = nin ± vξ
From excel,

Write all the expression from Figure 1.

Feed NaOH,
n1 =0 .3 mol−1 ξ

Feed C4H8O6,
n2 =0 . 3 mol−1 ξ

Feed C2H3O2Na,
n3 =0+1ξ

Feed C2H6O,
n4 =0+1 ξ

8. At min = 0

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion =0
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.3 mol

 NaOH
0.3 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ=0
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.3 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0 mol
9. At min = 5
22
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can performed. First step is to find the
noutlet

for NaOH. At t =5 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.2308

% conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.2308
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.23076 mol

 NaOH
0.23076 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.06924
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.23076 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.06924 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.06924 mol

10. At min = 10
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the
noutlet for NaOH. At t =10min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.2462

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.2462
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.22614 mol

23
  NaOH
0.22614mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.07386
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.22614 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.07386 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.07386mol

11. At min = 15
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the

noutlet for NaOH. At t =15 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.3856

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.3856
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.18432 mol

 NaOH
0.18432 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.11568
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.18432 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.11568 mol

24
  C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.11568 mol

12. At min = 20
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the

noutlet for NaOH. At t =20 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.4692

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.4692
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.15924 mol

 NaOH
0.15924 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.14076
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.15924 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.14076 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.14076 mol

13. At min = 25
25
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the

noutlet for NaOH. At t =25 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.5385

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.5385
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1 = 0.13845 mol

 NaOH
0.13845 mol = 0.3-1ξ
ξ = 0.16155
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.13845mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.16155 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.16155 mol

14. At min = 30
From the Table 1 and Figure 1, mass balance can be perform. First step is to find the

noutlet for NaOH. At t =30 min, fractional conversion for NaOH, f = 0.5769

%conversion = fractional conversion x 100%

Fractional conversion = 0.5769
Fractional conversion = (nA feed - nA outlet)/nA feed
nA outlet = nA feed - (fc x nA feed)
nA outlet or nA NaOH or n1= 0.12693 mol
 NaOH
0.12693 mol = 0.3-1ξ
26
 ξ = 0.17307
 C4H8O2
n2 = 0.3-1ξ
n2 = 0.12693 mol
 CH3COONa
n3 = 0+1ξ
n3 = 0.17307 mol
 C2H5OH
n4 = 0+1ξ
n4 = 0.17307 mol

Table 2

Time, t n1 n2 n3 n4 nT
(min) (mol )NaOH (mol)C 4 H 8 O2 (mol)C 2 H 3 O2 Na (mol )C 2 H 6 O
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.23076 0.23076 0.06929 0.06929 0.6000
10 0.22614 0.22614 0.07386 0.07386 0.6000
15 0.18432 0.18432 0.11568 0.11568 0.6000
20 0.15929 0.15929 0.14076 0.14076 0.6001
25 0.13845 0.13845 0.16155 0.16155 0.6000
30 0.12693 0.12693 0.17307 0.17307 0.6000

REFERENCE

M.K. Al Mesfer and M. Danish (2016). Experimental Study of the Influence of

Process Conditions on Tubular Reactor Performance, Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, Vol 3, Issue (1), Retrieved from:

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https://www.mu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/content/2017/01/Second_article_17_25.pdf.
Accessed on 4 March 2018

U. P. L Wijayarathne and K. C. Wasalathilake (2014). Aspen Plus Simulation of

Saponification of Ethyl Acetate in the Presence of Sodium Hydroxide in a Plug Flow Reactor,
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Chemical,
Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Vol:8, No:10, Retrieved from:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4dc5/166d0de8adbaa2f3a68efaa66fed57086f11.pdf.
Accessed on 4 March 2018

Wijayarthne, U.P.L., Wasalathilake, K.C., 2014. Aspen Plus Simulation of Saponification of

Ethyl Acetate in the Presence of Sodium Hydroxide in a Plug Flow Reactor, Int. J. Chem.
Nucl. Metall. Mater. Eng.8, 992-999.

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