PHY 546 (BASIC ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELETRONICLAB)

TITLE VOLTAGE GAIN OF AN OPERATIONAL

: AMPLIFIER

NAME FATIN NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI AZHAR

MATRICS 2019728307

NUMBER :

LECTURER’S DR FARAH LIYANA BINTI MUHAMMAD

NAME KHIR

CLASS AS2513D1

SUBMISSION DATE : 12 Jun 2020

OBJECTIVE:

1. To construct and set the gain of an operational amplifier (op amp)

2. To use the op amp as a dc amplifier

MATERIAL

1. 1 741 op-amp (microA741) IC

2. 3 10 K-ohm, 1/4 W resistor

3. 1 variable 0-10v dc power

4. 1 1-k-ohm, 1/4 W resistor

5. 1 dual 9-v, 12-v or 15 v Dc power supply

6. 1 voltmeter

7. 1 circuit simulation
INTRODUCTION

Operational Amplifiers, also known as Op-amps, are basically a voltage

amplifying device designed to be used with components like capacitors and resistors,

between its in/out terminals. They are essentially a core part of analog devices.

Feedback components like these are used to determine the operation of the amplifier.

The amplifier can perform many different operations (resistive, capacitive, or both),

giving it the name Operational Amplifier.(Akbari, 2014)

a nd

are used often in signal conditioning, filtering or other mathematical operations The

operational amplifier is arguably the most useful single device in analog electronic

circuitry. With only a handful of external components, it can be made to perform a

wide variety of analog signal processing tasks. It is also quite affordable, most

general-purpose amplifiers selling for under a dollar apiece. Modern designs have

been engineered with durability in mind as well: several “op-amps” are manufactured

that can sustain direct short-circuits on their outputs without damage.

One key to the usefulness of these little circuits is in the engineering principle of

feedback, particularly negative feedback, which constitutes the foundation of almost

beyond the immediate scope of electronics. It is well worth the electronics student’s

time to learn these principles and learn them well.

PROCEDURE

Fig 14-7 Measuring the dc gain of an op-amp circuit

1. The 741 IC was inserted into the mounting board

2. The power was OFF. The +12 and -12V power supply was connected to the op

amp

3. The op-amp circuit in Fig 14-7 was wired. The 10k-ohm resistor was used for Rf

and Rin

4. The power was ON. The voltages shown was applied in the left column of Table

14-1. The output voltage was measured and was recorded in table 14-1. The polarity

of the voltage was recorded.

6. The power was ON. The voltage shown in Vin was applied. The output voltage

was measured and result was recorded in the center of the table. The polarity was also

be recorded.

7. The power was OFF. The Rin was replaced with 20 K-ohm resistor

8. The power was On.The voltage shown in Vin was applied. The output voltage was

measured and result was recorded in the right side of the table. The polarity was also

be recorded.

9.

a) The op-amp test circuit was constructed as shown in Fig 14-8 using virtual

component as possible

b) The circuit-changing input voltage was operated such as( 100mV,

200mV,500mV, 1v,2v)

c) The output voltages was observed and voltage gain was also observed

10. The power was OFF. The circuit was leave and set up for next experiment.
Fig 14-8 Op-amp circuit using circuit simulation

Fig 14-9 Op-amp circuit using circuit simulation

Table 14-1 Op-Amp Voltage Gain

Input Output

Rf=10k, Rin=10k Rf=10k, Rin=1k Rf=10k, Rin=20k

-0.4 0.4 4.00 0.2

-0.8 0.8 8.00 0.4

-1.2 1.2 10.21 0.6

-1.6 1.6 10.21 0.8

-2.0 2.0 1.0

-2.4 2.4 1.2

-2.8 2.8 1.4

-3.2 3.2 1.6

-3.6 3.6 1.8

-4.0 4.0 2.0

+0.4 -4.0 -4.00 -2.0

+0.8 -0.8 -8.00 -0.4

+1.2 -1.2 -10.21 -0.6

+1.6 -1.6 -10.21 -0.8

+2.4 -2.4 -1.2

+2.8 -2.8 -1.4

+3.2 -3.2 -1.6

+3.6 -3.6 -1.8

+4.0 -4.0 -2.0

The amplifier’s differential inputs consist of a non-inverting input with voltage

(V+) and an inverting input with voltage (V−). Ideally, an op-amp amplifies only the

difference in voltage between the two, also called differential input voltage.

From the circuit in fig 14-7, the circuit was constructed. From table 14-1, we can

see that the result formed from the circuit. The input voltage, Vin was changed from

-0.4 to +4.0. By using 10 k Rf and 10k Rin, we can see that the output voltage is the

same as input voltage. The only thing that change is just its signal. When the input is

(-), the output is (+). It is because,The circuit operates from a dual

supply +Vcc and -Vee which ensures a constant supply. The voltage that appears at

the output, Vout of the amplifier is the difference between the two input signals as the

two base inputs are in anti-phase with each other. From the result, we also can see that

the output voltage is the same as the input voltage. It is because, This circuit is used to

buffer a high impedance source. The input impedance on some CMOS amplifiers is so

high that without any input the non-inverting input can float around to different

voltages (i.e. the input pin picks up signals like an antenna). In cases where the input

could be disconnected (such as when coming from an external sensor) it's a good idea
to tie the input to ground via a high value resistor (1K-10K Ω). This keeps the input at

ground potential if the wire to the sensor becomes disconnected and still has high

input impedance.By calculated using the formula given, the voltage gain is 1. As the

input signal is connected directly to the non inverting input of the amplifier the output

signal is not inverted resulting in the output voltage being equal to the input voltage,

Vout= Vin. This then makes voltage follower circuit ideal as a Unity Gain. For the

next column, the Rf used is 10 K-ohm and the Rin is 1 K-ohm. From the result, we

can see that the Vout is higher than Vin. It is because, the Rin used is lower than Rf.

So, higher voltage entering the operational amplifier. So, the output will be increase.

The signal is change. When the Vin is (-) the Vout obtained is (+). It is because, the

circuit is used to buffer the high impedance source. The output voltage is the same

after the 1.2 v input voltage because the maximum output voltage must lower than 12

v due to voltage drop in the internal circuitry. . The voltage will drop. Based on the

third column, we can see that the Vout is half the Vin. The output obtained is lower

than input obtained. It is because the Rin used is 20 K-ohm and the Rf used is 10

K-ohm. So, the current that entering the operational amplifier is low as the resistance

is high. The output voltage will be high as the current is low. It is based on the ohm

law. The input signal is different from the output signal as the circuit is used to buffer

the high impedance source

Input Output Va

100 mV 497.40 5

200 mV 997.38 5

500 mV 2.42 5

1V 2.84 3

2V 3.55 2

From the result obtained, we can see that the output increase with increasing

input at the same resistor. It because the Rin used is lower than the Rf used. So, the

current flow is higher and the voltage will high. The signal input is difference from

the signal output. It is because, the circuit is used as the buffer impedance. The

voltage gain that obtained is 5. For the 1v and 2 v input voltage, the voltage gain is

lower. It is because, the 12 v battery is not used between the positive and negative of

the operational amplifier.

1. What is the formula for Voltage Gain Av for this op-amp circuit?

Av= Rf/Rin

2. Calculate the voltage gain Av of the op-amp circuit

A. Rf=10 K-ohm , Rin=10 K-ohm

Av= 10 K-ohm/10 K-ohm=1

B. Rf=10 K-ohm , Rin=1 K-ohm

Av= 10 K-ohm/1 K-ohm=10

C. Rf=10 K-ohm , Rin=20 K-ohm

Av= 10 K-ohm/20 K-ohm=0.5

3. What is the formula for Voltage Gain Av for this op-amp circuit(Using Vout

and Vin)?

Av=Vou/Vin

4. Calculate the voltage gain Av of the op-amp circuit

A. Av=Vout/Vin

Av=0.4v/0.4v=1

B. Av=Vout/Vin

Av=4.0v/0.4v=10

C. Av=Vout/Vin

Av=0.2v/0.4v=0.5
5. Refer to figure 14-7. If the input voltage is negative, the output voltage will be

positive

6. Refer to figure 14-7. What is the purpose of Rin and Rf in the op-amp circuit?

7. Resistor Rf is called feedback resistor while Resistor Rin is called input resistor

8. Refer to figure 14-9. What is voltage gain of the op-amp circuit?

Av=Vout/Vin

Av=994.78v/100v=10

9. Refer to figure 14-9. If the input was changed to 500 mV. What would be the

output voltage?

2.67 V
CONCLUSION

From this experiment, i am able to construct and set the gain of an operational

amplifier by using live wire . From the experiment, I could recognize the different

between the non inverting input and the inverting input. From the result obtained, I

could see its pattern based on the voltage input and the Rin provided. I could

understand the exactly role of the operational amplifier. Iam able to calculate the

voltage gain .

REFERENCE

Non-inverting Operational Amplifier - The Non-inverting Op-amp. (2018, February

24).Retrieved from

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_3.html

Operational amplifier. (2020, May 27). Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier