Uubëron

ESQUN IC BKLSYCLÈÅN C QCWKQN IC ECDSDKQCU

KSDK 7;

Oltrniuèån
Lnèócs ic cdctroeoikic c cdctrùloek
Hrkliczks cdïtroeks
Klkdnhok cltrc clcrhok joirëudoek c cdïtroek
Fclùbclns ik lkturczk= icsekrhks cdïtroeks
Ktcrrkbcltn obpnrtkltc lk n﬋eolk
Hcrkinrcs ic cdctroeoikic
Icscljn ic cdctrùloek

Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn

Kibolostrkèån Iorctnrk Hcrkd
Duoz Fcrlklin Ioloz Lksn Orclc Qnirohucs ic Ndovcork Ycoxcork
Ycoxcork Qoacorn
Mnsï Ekrdns Ioloz Lksn
Olís Ioloz Lksn Ennriclkèån Ioiëtoek
Xkdinborn Qceejo
Erosnhnln Kltnlon Bkrtols
Hcrcltc Hcrkd
Bnicstn Wkltkdïk Fntnhrk﬋k / Obkhcls
Jcdon Mnsï Kdvcs Votnr Dobk Bkznl

Iorcèån ic Krtc Kutnr

Iklocd Mnrhc ic Ekbpns Xkdinborn Qceejo
Erosnhnln Kltnlon Bkrtols
Kssostcltc Murâioek
Ir.. Mkraks Klirkic Bkejonlo
Ir Ciotnrkèån
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn Ciuekèån ic
Mnvcls c Kiutns DYIK.
Wrniuèån
Icllcr Ekbkrhn Kdvcs
Obprcssån
OSAQK - Oliýstrok Hrë﬋ek c Ciotnrk Dtik.
Qcvosån Qninvok Cstkiukd Anotuvk - Opcrõ, `b ;,;
Qnscdo Klkstëeon Uodvk Ekbpns ic Anotuvk - Anotuvk - UW
Edkuiok ic K. Bkrkljån Wrcsentt Lksn ECW ;:337-777
Ynins
Ynins ns iorcotns sån rcscrvkins. Lån ï pcrbotoik k rcprniuèån tntkd nu pkreokd icstc eursn.
 Oltrniuèån
Kn cdkanrkr cstc eursn, ns sctnrcs pcikhõhoen c tïeloen in Olst otutn Slovcrskd Arksodco rn
namctovkrkb ekpkeotkr ns kdulns lk bklutclèån c rcpkrn ic kpkrcdjns ic tcdcfnlok ecdudkr. Ï
obpnrtkltc rcsskdtkr quc cssc kssultn lån ï tån sobpdcs pkrk scr bolostrkin enb ubk rcdkèån ic
icfcotns c scus rcpkrns. N tcdcfnlc ecdudkr ï ub kpkrcdjn ic rëion c, pnrtkltn, k trklsbossån nenrrc
pnr enltk ic nliks cdctrnbkhlïtoeks, rkzån pcdk qukd n kduln icvc rcecacr enljceobcltns snarc=
cdctroeoikic c cdctrùloek aësoek, eoreuotns dõhoens, boernprnecsskinrcs c suk prnhrkbkèån, dcoturk c
oltcrprctkèån ic csqucbks c iokhrkbks cb adnens, otcls olicspclsëvcos pkrk k fnrbkèån ic
prn﬋ssonlkos ekpkeotkins lk oiclto﬋ekèån ic prnadcbks lns cquopkbcltns ic tcdcfnlok ecdudkr c
enbn sndueonlë-dns.
Kpõs csscs enljceobcltns, n kduln cstkrë prnltn pkrk fkzcr n kenbpkljkbcltn ik pkrtc pkr tc prëtoek
enbpnstk pcdn pkssn k pkssn ins iofcrcltcs icfcotns
icfcotns c k snduèån icstcs.

Lnèócs ic Cdctroeoikic c Cdctrùloek

Bktïrok

Ic﬋lobns bktïrok enbn sclin kquodn quc neupk duhkr ln cspkèn. K bktïrok sc kprcscltk lns
cstkins=

• Uõdoin 2 fcrrn
fcrrn,, bkicork, cte.0
• Dâquoin 2 ëhuk, hksndolk, cte.0
• Hksnsn 2 nxohílon, joirnhílon,
joirnhílon, cte.

Ynik bktïrok ï fnrbkik pnr ëtnbns. Ns ëtnbns sån fnrbkins pnr=

• Wrõtnls, quc tcb ekrhk pnsotovk0

• Cdïtrnls, quc tcb ekrhk lchktovk0
• Líutrnls, quc tcb ekrhk lcutrk.

N ëtnbn cb cquodâaron kprcscltk ohukd lýbcrn ic prntnls c cdïtrnls. Uc ub ëtnbn tovcr bkos
cdïtrnls quc prõtnls, iozcbns quc cdc cstë ekrrchkin lchktovkbcltc. Kn enltrëron, sc tovcr bkos
prõtnls in quc cdïtrnls, iozcbns quc cstë ekrrchkin pnsotovkbcltc. Fohurk ;.

Fohurk ; -
; - Ëtnbn.

Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 5 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;

 Wkrk cxcbpdo﬋ekr, vkbns tnbkr pnr aksc ubk podjk, eumn põdn pnsotovn kprcscltk ubk ekríleok
nu fkdtk ic cdïtrnls, clqukltn quc n põdn lchktovn pnssuo cdïtrnls snarklin. Uc endnekrbns ubk
dábpkik cltrc ns inos põdns, cdk orë keclicr,
keclicr, icvoin ç pksskhcb ins cdïtrnls in põdn lchktovn pkrk
n pnsotovn. Fohurk 1.

Fohurk 1 -
1 - Ucltoin ins cdïtrnls in põdn lchktovn pkrk n
põdn pnsotovn.

K cssc fiuxn ic cdïtrnls in põdn lchktovn pkrk n pnsotovn ië-sc n lnbc ic enrrcltc cdïtroek.

Enrrcltc Cdïtroek

Wnrtkltn, enrrcltc cdïtroek pnicbns iozcr quc ï n bnvobcltn nrocltkin ins cdïtrnls dovrcs ktrkvïs
ins enliutnrcs. K oltclsoikic ik enrrcltc cdïtroek ï rcprcscltkik pcdk dctrk —O‒ c k uloikic ic bcioik
ï n kbpïrc eumn sâbandn ï k dctrk K.
N kbpïrc ï bcioin enb n kbpcrâbctrn. K oltclsoikic ik enrrcltc scrë tkltn bkos oltclsk qukltn
bkos cdïtrnls ktrkvcsskrcb ub enliutnr cb ub schulin.

Enrrcltc Enltâluk

Ï kqucdk quc lån snfrc vkrokèån ic pndkroikic kn dnlhn in tcbpn. Fohurk 5.

Fohurk 5 -
5 - Ucltoin ik eoreudkèån ik enrrcltc.

Wodjks, aktcroks c iâlkbns fnrlcecb enrrcltc enltâluk. Ns eoreuotns cdctrùloens sõ trkakdjkb enb
enrrcltc enltâluk. K icsvkltkhcb ik enrrcltc enltâluk ï quc, sc jnuvcr lcecssoikic ic sc cdcvkr n
vkdnr,, lån ï pnssâvcd uskr
vkdnr u skr n trklsfnrbkinr
trklsfnrbkinr..

Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 9 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn

 Enrrcltc Kdtcrlkik

tcbpn. Fohurk 9.
Ï kqucdk quc vkrok enb n pksskr in tcbpn.

Fohurk 9 -
9 - Ucltoin ik eoreudkèån ik enrrcltc.
Lntc quc n hrë﬋en ï ubk ﬋hurk quc vkrok ic pndkroikic enb n icenrrcr in tcbpn.
Wnicbns enleduor quc ns inos enliutnrcs trnekb ic pndkroikic enb n pksskr in tcbpn. Ln Arksod,
k cdctroeoikic vkrok 67 vczcs pnr schulin nu (67Jz), ostn ï, k ekik schulin ns põdns trnekb 57 vczcs.
Cssk vkrokèån ï ejkbkik frcquíleok. Vcmk ﬋hurk 3.

Fohurk 3 -
3 - Ucltoin ik eoreudkèån ik enrrcltc.

UKOAK BKOU
Ï crrkin ejkbkr ns ﬋ns enliutnrcs
ic enrrcltc kdtcrlkik ic pnsotovn nu lchktovn,
pnos ossn sõ sc kpdoek ç enrrcltc enltâluk. N
enrrctn ï iozcr enliutnr lcutrn c enliutnr
fksc. N lcutrn ï dohkin ç tcrrk pcdk enbpkljok
fnrlcecinrk ic clcrhok, pnr ossn, cdc lån ekusk
ejnquc.

K enrrcltc kdtcrlkik ï fnrlceoik pnr hcrkinrcs c pnssuo vkltkhcls snarc k enrrcltc enltâluk lk
trklsbossån ic clcrhok. Kssob, sc fnr lcecssëron cdcvkr scu vkdnr akstk uskr trklsfnrbkinrcs. Wnrïb
cxostc ub olenlvclocltc, pnos, lk kdobcltkèån ic eoreuotns cdctrùloens, k enrrcltc kdtcrlkik lcecssotk
scr trklsfnrbkik cb enltâluk.
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 3 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
 K oltclsoikic ik enrrcltc cdïtroek rcdkeonlk-sc enb n vkdnr ik rcsostíleok in enliutnr c enb k
tclsån kpdoekik. Cstk rcdkèån ï ikik pcdk fõrbudk=

C 2 Q x O nu O 2 C / Q nu Q 2 C / O
Nlic=
C 2 Yclsån,
Yclsån, eumk uloikic ï n Vndt (V )
Q 2 Qcsostíleok, eumk uloikic ï n Njb(ί)
O 2 Enrrcltc, eumk uloikic ï n Kbpïrc (K)

Ostn ï vëdoin tkltn pkrk enrrcltc enltâluk (podjks c aktcroks) enbn pkrk enrrcltc kdtcrlkik
(tnbkik cdïtroek).

Cxcbpdn= ubk aktcrok ic ? V kdobcltk ub eoreuotn enb ub rcsostnr ic ;7ί. N vkdnr ik enrrcltc
scrok=
O 2 C/Q 2 ?/;7 2 7,? K

Wkrk enlfcror n rcsudtkin, akstk fkzcr n eëdeudn olvcrsn=

C 2 Q x o 2 ;7 x 7,? 2 ?V

Hrkliczks Cdïtroeks

Vndtkhcb Cdïtroek

Ns cdïtrnls, pkrk cltrkrcb cb bnvobcltn, prceoskb ic ubk fnrèk pkrk sc icsdnekrcb. Cstk fnrèk
ï k vndtkhcb nu tclsån, bcioik cb Vndt (V), clqukltn quc n olstrubcltn uskin pkrk bcio-dk sc
ejkbk vndtâbctrn.

Enrrcltc Cdïtroek

Ï ic﬋loik enbn sclin —n bnvobcltn nrocltkin ins cdïtrnls‒. Cdk ï bcioik cb Kbpïrc (K) enb n
kbpcrâbctrn.

Qcsostíleok Cdïtroek

Ï k io﬋eudikic quc ns enrpns nfcrcecb ç pksskhcb ins cdïtrnls. Ï bcioik cb Njb(ί), enb n
njbâbctrn. Enlfnrbc k rcsostíleok quc n enrpn nfcrcec, tcbns anls enliutnrcs, bkus enliutnrcs
c osndkltcs. Ns enrpns anls enliutnrcs icoxkb k enrrcltc cdïtroek pksskr enb hrklic fkeodoikic. N
bcdjnr enliutnr ï n nurn, schuolin pcdk prktk, n enarc c n kdubâlon. Bkus enliutnrcs sån
kqucdcs quc nfcrcecb ubk ecrtk rcsostíleok ç pksskhcb ik enrrcltc cdïtroek, enbn n fcrrn, n lâqucd c
n tulhstílon. Uuks kpdoekèócs lk voik ioërok sån vkstks, enbn rcsostíleok ic ejuvcorns c kqucecinrcs,
dábpkiks, cte. Ns enrpns osndkltcs lån icoxkb k enrrcltc pksskr. Uån cxcbpdns k anrrkejk, k
bkicork, k pnrecdklk, n voirn, cte.

Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 6 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn

 Wntíleok Cdïtroek

Ï k ekpkeoikic ic rciuzor trkakdjn. N trkakdjn rckdozkin pcdk clcrhok cdïtroek ï ikin pcdn prniutn
ik tclsån pcdk enrrcltc (W 2 V x K)  c ï bcioin cb Xktt (X) enb n wkttâbctrn.
Icstk bklcork, ubk dábpkik ic ;77 w prniuz bkos trkakdjn quc ubk ic 67 X, nu scmk, k ic ;77 X
odubolk bkos in quc k ic 67 X. K pntíleok cdïtroek ï obpnrtkltc, pnos cstë rcdkeonlkik enb k
qukltoikic ic trkakdjn quc prniuz ub kpkrcdjn c enb n scu enlsubn ic clcrhok.

Cdctroeoikic Cstëtoek

Ucbprc quc inos enrpns sc ktrotkb cdcs kekakb prniuzolin cdctroeoikic cstëtoek. Ln ktrotn, ub
enrpn ecic cdïtrnls kn nutrn c, icstk fnrbk, surhc ubk iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd cdïtroen (i.i.p) cltrc
cdcs. Cstk i.i.p pnic ktolhor vkdnrcs kdtâssobns cb fulèån in hrku ic ktrotn. N cxcbpdn bkos edkrn ic
cdctroeoikic cstëtoek ï n rkon.
Cdc enlstk ic ubk icsekrhk ic cdctroeoikic enltoik lks luvcls pkrk n sndn, nu voec-vcrsk. Bks lån
ï sõ n rkon quc kfctk ns cquopkbcltns cdctrncdctrùloens,
cdctrncdctrùloens, skdks nlic jë ekrpctcs cxostc ubk tcliíleok
lkturkd ç prniuèån ic i.i.p. cstëtoek icvoin kn ktrotn lkturkd ins skpktns enb posns ic ekrpctc.
N nrhklosbn jubkln pnssuo cdctroeoikic cstëtoek ic pcqucln vkdnr, sc cstcs vkdnrcs sc kdtcrkrcb
n nrhklosbn pnic cstkr incltc. Ns bkos kvklèkins cxkbcs bïioens sc akscokb lk i.i.p. pkrk
kvkdokr n anb fuleonlkbcltn
fu leonlkbcltn in nrhklosbn.

Ekbpn Cdctrnbkhlïtoen

Ynins enljcecb ns cfcotns in bkhlctosbn lk fnrbk krto﬋eokd c lk fnrbk lkturkd. Ns âbås lkturkos
fnrkb nascrvkins jë sïeudns kltcs ic Erostn, lk Hrïeok. Ns hrchns ﬋zcrkb ns probcorns cstuins snarc
âbå lkturkd c lntkrkb quc cdc tcb inos põdns, quklin sån ohukos, sc rcpcdcb c quklin iofcrcltcs, sc
ktrkcb.
Ns probcorns âbås lkturkos fnrkb nascrvkins lk rchoèån ik Bkhlïsok, ns hrchns icrkb lnbc ic
bkhlctotk ç —pcirk‒
—pcirk‒ c bkhlctosbn ç prnprocikic in obå ic ktrkor bktcrokos fcrrnsns enbn prchns, cte.

Wrniuèån ic Âbå enb k Cdctroeoikic

[uklin ub ﬋n ï ktrkvcsskin pnr ubk enrrcltc cdïtroek kn scu rcinr surhc ub ekbpn bkhlïtoen
ic pcquclk oltclsoikic. Uc clrndkrbns n ﬋n, n ekbpn sc enlecltrk cb ub cspkèn bclnr fkzclin
enb quc n ekbpn bkhlïtoen kubcltc. Ï obpnrtkltc froskr quc n âbå prniuzoin, ktrkvïs ik
cdctroeoikic, pnssuo põdns lnrtc c sud quc sån ohukos kn âbk lkturkd. Vcmk ﬋hurk 6.
Lntc quc n ﬋n ik anaolk quc rcecacu n põdn lchktovn scrë n põdn sud.

Fohurk 6 - Âbå prniuzoin ktrkvïs ik cdctroeoikic.

Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 8 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
 Wrniuèån ic Cdctroeoikic enb Âbå

[uklin tcbns ubk anaolk c pnr cdk sc fkz pksskr ub ekbpn bkhlïtoen, cb scus tcrbolkos
kpkrcecrë ubk tclsån cdïtroek. K tclsån cdïtroek sõ kpkrcec quklin k anaolk cltrk nu sko in ekbpn
bkhlïtoen. Dnhn, fkzclin-sc n ekbpn bkhlïtoen vkrokr cb tnrln ik anaolk (nu k anaolk cb tnrln
in ekbpn), k tclsån prniuzoik scrë kdtcrlkik. Vcmk k ﬋hurk 8.

Fohurk 8 -
8 - Wrniuèån ic cdctroeoikic enb âbå.

Klkdnhok cltrc Clcrhok Joirëudoek c Cdïtroek

Enrrcltc Cdïtroek

Vobns quc n bnvobcltn iks ekrhks cd ïtroeks enlstotuo n quc sc ejkbk ic enrrcltc cdïtroek. Lk prëtoek,
n quc rckdbcltc oltcrcssk
oltcrcssk ï cssc bnvobcltn, pnos, enbn më k﬋rbkbns,
k﬋rbkbns, k ekrhk cdïtroek pkrkik lån
prniuz ns cfcotns quc icscmkbns c quc tnrlkb tån ýtod c obpnrtkltc k cdctroeoikic, tkos enbn k
prniuèån ic ekdnr, n bnvobcltn ic bntnrcs, k prniuèån ic nliks ic rëion, cte.

Yopns ic Enrrcltc

K cdctroeoikic cb bnvobcltn, enbn vobns, sna buotns kspcetns enbpnrtk-sc enbn ëhuk cb
bnvobcltn.. Ossn ï buotn anb, pnrquc pcrbotc quc cxpdoqucbns ecrtns
bnvobcltn ecr tns fclùbclns kpkrcltcbcltc
enbpdoekins ik cdctroeoikic, enbpkrklin-ns enb ns tån enljceoins
enljceoins bnvobcltns
bnvobcltns ik enrrcltc ic
ëhuk ktrkvïs ik eklkdozkèån. Wnr cxcbpdn, iozcbns quc ks ekrhks cdïtroeks sc bnvcb ic ub duhkr
pkrk nutrn cxktkbcltc enbn kenltcec enb k ëhuk0 pnr nutrn dkin, ks ekrhks lån pnicb scr
enbproboiks cb ub cspkèn bclnr, bclnr, k cxcbpdn in quc nenrrc enb k ëhuk. Kdïb icssks scbcdjklèks,
scbcdjklèks,
buotks nutrks pnicrån scr eotkiks, c n scrån, ln icenrrcr in eursn.
Wkrk quc k ëhuk scmk ýtod, cdk lån icvc pcrbklcecr pkrkik ln ekln, n bcsbn kenltceclin enb ks
ekrhks cdïtroeks. Enbn n bnvobcltn ik ëhuk pnic scr n bkos vkrokin pnssâvcd,
pn ssâvcd, n bcsbn kenltcecrë
enb n iks ekrhks cdïtroeks. Cb vostk iossn, pnicbns edksso﬋ekr k enrrcltc cdïtroek cb fulèån in topn
ic bnvobcltn quc ks ekrhks cfctukb. Ic tnins ns bnvobcltns pnssâvcos, inos sån ns bkos
obpnrtkltcs= n enltâlun c n kdtcrlkin, rcsudtklin ikâ ns inos topns proleopkos ic enrrcltc cdïtroek,
quc sån= enrrcltc enltâluk c enrrcltc kdtcrlkik.

Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; : Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn

 Enrrcltc Enltâluk

Lk enrrcltc enltâluk n bnvobcltn iks ekrhks cdïtroeks ï cb ub sõ scltoin. Cssc bnvobcltn

pnic scr enbpkrkin kn ik ëhuk ln oltcronr ic ubk eklkdozkèån, kn in eursn ic ub ron cte. Lns inos
cxcbpdns eotkins, n kduln skac quc n bnvobcltn sc fkz scbprc cb ub sõ scltoin quc ï in pnltn
bkos kdtn pkrk n bkos akoxn. Cb dolhukhcb tïeloek iorâkbns quc n bnvobcltn sc ië ic ub pntcleokd
bkos kdtn pkrk ub bkos akoxn. Ossn quc k﬋rbkbns cstë odustrkin lk  ﬋hurk :, nlic kpkrcecb iuks
ekoxks i‟ëhuk cb lâvcos iofcrcltcs, dohkiks cltrc so pnr ub ekln quc enltïb ub rchostrn. [uklin sc
karc n rchostrn, k ëhuk sc bnvc ik ekoxk ic eobk pkrk k ic akoxn, c snbcltc lcssc scltoin.

Fohurk : - Klkdnhok kn scltoin ik Enrrcltc Enltâluk.

Sbk sotukèån scbcdjkltc, bks khnrk cdïtroek, ï k quc bnstrkbns lk  ﬋hurk ?.

Fohurk ? - Enrrcltc enltâluk lub scltoin rckd.

Lcssk ﬋hurk, n kduln oiclto﬋ek ubk podjk cdïtroek, quc ï ub hcrkinr ic cdctroeoikic, ub ﬋n, quc
ï ub enliutnr ic cdctroeoikic, c ub oltcrruptnr
oltcrruptnr,, quc ï ub iospnsotovn quc scrvc pkrk oltcrrnbpcr n
bnvobcltn iks ekrhks cdïtroeks. N kduln më skac quc n krrklmn icsscs trís enbpnlcltcs, nu scmk, ik
podjk, in ﬋n c in oltcrruptnr, ejkbk-sc eoreuotn cdïtroen. Wnos acb, dohklin-sc n oltcrruptnr
oltcrruptnr,, ks ekrhks
cdïtroeks pksskrån k bnvcr-sc in põdn lchktovn ik podjk, pkrk n pnsotovn (scltoin rckd) c snbcltc
lcssc scltoin. Iorcbns, cltån, quc k enrrcltc cdïtroek ik podjk ï enltâluk. Icvcbns scbprc tcr cb
bcltc quc cssk edksso﬋ekèån sc rcfcrc kn scltoin in bnvobcltn iks ekrhks, pnrtkltn, lks podjks n
scltoin in bnvobcltn ï enltâlun, nu scmk olvkroëvcd.

Sloikic ic Bcioik ic Enrrcltc

Ukacbns quc k qukltoikic ic ëhuk quc pkssk pnr ubk eklkdozkèån, iurkltc ecrtn tcbpn, pnic
scr bcioik pcdn bcioinr ic ëhuk, nu rcdõhon ic ëhuk, enbn ï ejkbkin vudhkrbcltc. Ic fnrbk
klëdnhk, k oltclsoikic ic enrrcltc cdïtroek, nu sobpdcsbcltc enrrcltc cdïtroek, pnic scr bcioik enb
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn ? Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
ub olstrubcltn cspceokd quc sc ejkbk kbpcrâbctrn.
K qukltoikic ic ëhuk, pnrïb, ï kvkdokik pnr ubk uloikic quc lns ï akstkltc fkbodokr, quc ï n
dotrn pnr schulin. C k enrrcltc , cb quc uloikic sc bcic>
Wkrk olioekr k uloikic ic bcioik ic enrrcltc cdïtroek, fno csendjoin n lnbc ic KBWÊQC cb
jnbclkhcb kn fâsoen frkleís Klirï Bkroc Kbpêrc. Cssk uloikic
uloikic ic bcioik ï sobandozkik pcdk dctrk K.
Kssob, quklin clenltrkbns k olioekèån ic 3K, pkrk k enrrcltc, pnr cxcbpdn, obcioktkbcltc
skacbns quc cdk ï ic eolen kbpêrcs, ostn ï, quc tcb eolen uloikic ic enrrcltc.
Cltrctkltn, lk tïeloek ic cdctrùloek, proleopkdbcltc cb rëion c tcdcvosån, uskb-sc ns suabýdtopdns
in kbpêrc, pnos quksc scbprc n kbpêrc sc tnrlk ubk uloikic hrklic. Icltrc ns suabýdtopdns, ns
inos bkos cbprchkins sån=
Bodokbpêrc,  quc enrrcspnlic k bodïsobk pkrtc in kbpêrc, ostn ï, k ub kbpêrc iovoioin pnr bod.
Wclsc, pnr cxcbpdn, cb ub hrkbk, quc ï k bodïsobk pkrtc ic ub quodn, cb ub bodâbctrn, quc ï k
bodïsobk pkrtc ic ub bctrn, cte. In bcsbn bnin, ub bodokbpêrc ï k bodïsobk pkrtc in kbpêrc.

N bodokbpêrc ï rcprclscltkin pnr bK.

;
’’― K 2 7,77;K
7,77 ;K 2 ;bK
;777

Boernkbpêrc,  Cstc suabýdtopdn enrrclspnlic k bodonlïsobk pkrtc in kbpêrc, ostn ï, k ub kbpêrc

iovoioin pnr ub bodjån. N sâbandn in boernkbpêrc ï=
;
’’’’― K 2 7,
7,77
77777
777;K
;K 2 O³K
;.777.777

Kssob, sc n kduln clenltrkr k olioekèån —enrrcltc ic ;7³K‒, pnr cxcbpdn, icvcrë dcr= icz
boernkbpêrcs.
Kdïb ins suabýdtopdns, n kbpêrc tkbaïb kibotc býdtopdns, tkos enbn n quodnkbpêrc, quc sc
rcprclscltk pnr @K c vkdc bod kbpêrcs, c n bchkbpêrc, quc cquovkdc k ub bodjån ic kbpêrc c ï
rcprcscltkin pnr BK. Ynikvok, enbn më k﬋rbkbns, csscs býdtopdns sån buotn hrklics, lån sclin
uskins cb cdctrùloek. Unbcltc lks hrklics usolks ic cdctroeoikic ï quc sc trkakdjk enb enrrcltcs
ic tkd hrkliczk. Eotkbns kpclks pkrk quc n kduln lån ohlnrc suk cxostíleok.
N kbpêrc ï ubk uloikic ic bcioik ic enrrcltc cdïtroek quc vkdc tkltn pkrk enrrcltc enltâluk
enbn pkrk kdtcrlkik, quc pksskrcbns k cstuikr, k schuor.

Enrrcltc Kdtcrlkik

Enltrkrokbcltc kn quc kenltcec enb k enrrcltc enltâluk, lk enrrcltc kdtcrlkik n scltoin ic

bnvobcltkèån iks ekrhks cdïtroeks buik enlstkltcbcltc. Wkrk bkonr fkeodoikic ic enbprcclsån,
tkbaïb pnicbns enbpkrkr k enrrcltc kdtcrlkik enb ub ictcrbolkin bnvobcltn ic ëhuk.
Qckdbcltc, vobns quc k enrrcltc ic ëhuk quc sc bnvc lks eklkdozkèócs ic lnssks rcsoiíleoks ï in
topn enltâlun0 cltrctkltn, pnicrâkbns prnvnekr ub bnvobcltn kdtcrlkin usklin ub iospnsotovn
enbn bnstrkbns lk ﬋hurk ;7. Cssc iospnsotovn enlstk ic ub eodolirn fcejkin pnr ub ekln eoreudkr,
eoreudkr,
ln oltcronr in qukd (eodolirn) cxostc ub postån. Kssob, fkzclin-sc ub bnvobcltn ic vkovïb ln pos-
tån, ostn ï, bnvclin-n pkrk akoxn c pkrk eobk, kpkrcecrë lk eklkdozkèån ub bnvobcltn ic ëhuk qu c
tkbaïb cfctuk n bcsbn vkovïb. Iozcbns, cltån, quc cssc topn ic bnvobcltn ï kdtcrlkin, enb
Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; ;7 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
ossn qu
ossn qucr
crcl
clin
in io
iozc
zcrr quc
quc k ëhuk
ëhuk sc bn
bnvo
vobc
bclt
ltkk nrk prk eob k, nrk prk ako xn, ln ekl n vcr toe kd. K
﬋hurk ;7k c ;7a odustrk n quc k﬋rbkbns.

Fohurk - ;7k c ;7a - Klkdnhok kns scltoins ik Enrrcltc

Kdtcrlkik

K enrrcltc cdïtroek kdtcrlkik ï kqucdk quc cxceutk ub bnvobcltn ic vkovïb ln ﬋n quc k

trklspnrtk. Ostn sohlo﬋ek quc ks ekrhks cdïtroeks ln ﬋n cfctukb, tkbaïb, ub bnvobcltn ic vkovïb,
enltrkrokbcltcc ç enrrcltc enltâluk, nlic ks ekrhks sc bnvcb scbprc ln bcsbn scltoin.
enltrkrokbclt
Ï oltcrcsskltc nascrvkr,
nascrvkr, icsic më, quc ks ekrhks cdïtroeks sõ sc bnvcb in lchktovn pkrk n pnsotovn
(scltoin rckd ik enrrcltc), pnrtkltn, k olvcrsån ic bnvobcltn sc ië pnrquc k pndkroikic in hcrkinr
ï quc sc olvcrtc.
N iospnsotovn quc prniuz k enrrcltc kdtcrlkik, nu scmk, n hcrkinr ic enrrcltc kdtcrlkik ï
ejkbkin ic kdtcrlkinr (﬋hurk ;;).

Fohurk ;; - Kdtcrlkinr

Futurkbcltc cxpdoekrcbns enbn fuleonlk cssc iospnsotovn.

Futurkbcltc
K enrrcltc kdtcrlkik nfcrcec buotks vkltkhcls sna k enrrcltc enltâluk. K bkonr icdks ï quc pnic
scr fkeodbcltc trklsfnrbkik, nu scmk, cdk pnic tcr suk tclsån cdcvkik nu kakoxkik, ic kenrin enb
lnssks lcecssoikics, n quc lån kenltcec enb k enrrcltc enltâluk.

Cdcbcltns ik Enrrcltc Kdtcrlkik Qcprcscltkèån

K enrrcltc kdtcrlkik pnic scr rcprcscltk ik hrk﬋ekbcltc enbn bnstrkbns lk ﬋hurk ;1. Cssk
rcprcscltkik
﬋hurk ï n quc ejkbkbns ic sclõoic c, pnr ossn, ï enbub iozcr-sc quc k enrrcltc kdtcrlkik ï sclnoikd.
N pnltn bkos kdtn ik ﬋hurk ï ejkbkin ic poen c n bkos akoxn, ic vkdc.
[uklin k enrrcltc pkssk pcdn bcsbn vkdnr cltrc ub poen c ub vkdc (nu voec-vcrsk) suecssovns,
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn ;; Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
iozcbns quc cdk pcrenrrcu ub eoedn. Lk ﬋hurk ;5 bnstrkbns ubk enrrcltc kdtcrlkik ic inos eoedns.

Fohurk ;1 - Enrrcltc kdtcrlkik (ub eoedn). Fohurk ;5 - Enrrcltc kdtcrlkik (inos eoedns).

Frcquíleok

Uc enlsoicrkrbns n iospnsotovn quc suhcrobns lk fohurk ;7,   pnicrcbns nascrvkr quc n

bnvobcltn ic vkovïb ik ëhuk ln ekln pnic scr vkrokin, akstklin, pkrk ossn, quc sc buic k vcdneoikic
ic bnvobcltkèån in postån. Cb nutrks pkdkvrks, cdc scrë dcltn nu rëpoin, enlfnrbc n postån sc bnvk
icvkhkr nu rkpoikbcltc.
[uklin k vcdneoikic in postån ï akoxk, ioz- sc quc k frcquíleok ï akoxk. Uc k vcdneoikic in
postån ï kdtk, ioz-sc quc k frcquíleok ï kdtk. Ï edkrn quc, pkrk skacr sc kdhub kenltceobcltn ï dcltn
nu rëpoin, icvcbns enbpkrë-dn ln tcbpn, nu scmk, kqucdc quc kenltcec cb bclnr tcbpn ï,
cvoicltcbcltc, bkos rëpoin. Icstk bklcork, pkrk ic﬋lor, enstubk-sc enbpkrë-dk enb k uloikic ic
tcbpn, quc ï n schulin.

K Frcquíleok ic ubk enrrcltc kdtcrlkikï n lýbcrn ic vczcs quc ub poen c ub

 vkdc sc suecicb, cb ub schulin.

Kssob, pnicbns iozcr quc=

Enbn vobns, ekik suecssån ic ub vkdc c ub poen ejkbkbns ic ub eoedn0 dnhn, pnicbns iozcr
tkbaïb quc=
—Frcquíleok ï n lýbcrn ic eoedns quc kenltcecb cb ub schulin.‒
Cstk ýdtobk ic﬋loèån ï k bkos usukd.

Sloikic ic Frcquíleok

Iurkltc buotn tcbpn, kintnu-sc k uloikic ic frcquíleok quc surhc ik ic﬋loèån quc icbns,
nu scmk, n eoedn pnr schulin, eumk karcvokèån ï e/s. Ktukdbcltc, ln bulin tnin, ië-sc k uloikic ic
frcquíleok n lnbc ic JCQY] c karcvok-sc pnr Jz.J z.

JCQY] 2 Jz
Kssob, ubk enrrcltc kdtcrlkik
kdtcrlkik tcb frcquíleok ic ub jcrtz, quklin cdk cfctuk ub eoedn ln tcbpn
ic ub schulin, nu scmk, quklin, cb ekik schulin, cb suk rcprcscltkèån kpkrcèkb kpclks ub
poen c ub vkdc. K frcquíleok ï ubk ekrketcrâstoek buotn obpnrtkltc
obpnr tkltc ik enrrcltc kdtcrlkik. Ks enrrcltcs
oliustrokos, enbn ks utodozkiks lks eoikics pkrk odubolkèån c keonlkbcltn ic kpkrcdjns cdïtroens,
tíb, hcrkdbcltc frcquíleok ic eolqucltk nu scsscltk jcrtz. Ktukdbcltc, pkrk ulofnrboikic, k
frcquíleok ik enrrcltc
enrrcltc kdtcrlkik oliustrokd, cb tnin n Arksod,
Arksod, ï cxedusovkbcltc ic
ic scsscltk jcrtz.
Cb cdctrùloek, pnrïb, trkakdjk-sc enb frcquíleok ic tnins ns vkdnrcs, ostn ï, icsic kdhuls jcrtz,
ktï bodjócs c bodjócs ic jcrtz, pnr ossn,
ossn, ï bkos prëtoen uskr-sc
uskr-sc ns býdtopdns in jcrtz.
jcrtz. Ns bkos
Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; ;1 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
utodozkins cb rëion c tcdcvosån sån=
[uodnjcrtz, eumk karcvokèån ï @Jz c, eumn vkdnr ï bod jcrtz. Kssob, n kduln nascrvkrë quc ks
cbossnrks ic rkioniofusån ic nliks bïioks olioekb suks frcquíleoks scbprc cb quodnjcrtz.
Bchkjcrtz, quc cquovkdc k ub bodjån ic jcrtz c ï karcvokin pnr BJz. Ks cbossnrks ic rkioniofusån
ic nliks eurtks c FB olioekb suks frcquíleoks cb bchkjcrtz. Ks cbossnrks ic tcdcvosån, cbanrk
lån tcljkb n jëaotn ic olioekr ks frcquíleoks cb quc trkakdjkb, npcrkb cb frcquíleoks quc vån
icsic eolqucltk c quktrn ktï ecrek ic ub bodjkr ic BJz.
Hohkjcrtz, quc cquovkdc k bod bchkjcrtz c ï rcprcscltkin pnr HJz. Cssk uloikic cstë sc tnrlklin
ic usn rntolcorn, icvoin çs trklsbossócs ins sostcbks ic boernnliks quc cstån ulolin n Arksod ic
pnltk k pnltk0 ks trklsbossócs ins sktïdotcs krto﬋eokos, ns fnrlns ic boernnliks, cte., sån fcotks cb
frcquíleoks tån cdcvkiks quc musto﬋ekb n cbprchn in hohkjcrtz, lån icvclin n kduln ohlnrë-dn,
pnrtkltn.

Qcsostíleok Cdïtroek

Vobns quc k rcsostíleok cdïtroek ic ub enrpn qukdqucr ï k prnprocikic quc cdc tcb ic sc npnr k
pksskhcb iks ekrhks cdïtroeks. K rcsostíleok ic ub enrpn icvc-sc kn fktn ic quc ks ekrhks cdïtroeks
lån pnicb ktrkvcssë-dn dovrcbcltc , pnrquc n enrpn tcb cstruturk, nu scmk, cdc lån ï vkzon. Icstk
bklcork, ks ekrhks cdïtroeks ejnekb-sc enb k cstruturk in enrpn c tcb scu bnvobcltn io﬋eudtkin.
Fkèkbns ubk enbpkrkèån= Kibotkbns quc sc tcljk ub u b enliutnr nen, ktrkvcsskin ic pnltk k pnltk
pnr ub akrakltc, enbn bnstrkbns lk ﬋hurk ;9, n qukd tcb kbkrrkik, cb ubk ic suks cxtrcboikics,
ubk pcquclk csfcrk. Vkbns enbpkrkr
enbpkrkr cssc enliutnr nen enb ub enliutnr ic cdctroeoikic c k
csfcrk, enb ubk ekrhk cdïtroek. Kssob, puxklin k cxtrcboikic dovrc in akrakltc, vcro﬋ekbns quc k
csfcrk sc icsdnek scb io﬋eudikic icltrn in enliutnr
enliutnr.. Ostn sohlo﬋ek quc cdk lån clenltrnu npnsoèån,
ostn ï, rcsostíleok
rcsostíleok kn scu icsdnekbcltn. K fnrèk enb
enb quc puxkbns n akrakltc pnic scr enbpkrkik
k tclsån nu fnrèk cdctrnbntroz.

Fohurk ;9 - Klkdnhok ik rcsostíleok kprcscltkik.

Khnrk, cb ubk schulik ctkpk ic lnssn cxcbpdn kibotkbns quc n enliutnr nen scmk suastotuâin
pnr nutrn ic bcsbks iobclsócs, bks quc tcljk, cb scu oltcronr, vërons polns ktrkvcssklin-n.
Lcstks enlioèócs, kn puxkrbns k cxtrcboikic dovrc in akrakltc k csfcrk scrë krrkstkik, bks sc
ejnekrë enb ns nastëeudns c tcrë scu bnvobcltn io﬋eudtkin. Lkturkdbcltc, qukltn bkonr n lýbcrn
ic polns (nastëeudns), bkonr scrë k io﬋eudikic ic bnvobcltn. Cssc cxcbpdn scrvc pkrk odustrkr n
quc kenltcec enb k enrrcltc cdïtroek sc, enbn prnpuscbns bkos keobk, kibotorbns quc k csfcrk
rcprcscltcc k ekrhk cdïtroek, n enliutnr, ub enliutnr ic cdctroeoikic, c k fnrèk quc puxk n akrakltc,
rcprcsclt
k fnrèk cdctrnbntroz nu tclsån cdïtroek. Uc, enbn ﬋zcbns ktï kquo, utodozësscbns k rcic ic ëhuk c,
pnrtkltn, pnr cdcs sõ pnic enrrcr pnuek ëhuk. Më ns nens kprcscltkb bclns rcsostíleok c enliuzcb
bkos ëhuk.
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn ;5 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
 Edksso﬋ekèån ins Enliutnrcs [ukltn k Qcsostíleok
Kpcskr ic jkvcr ubk ecrtk enltrnvïrsok cltrc ns cstuionsns in kssultn, clhcljcorns c fâsoens,
pnic-sc edksso﬋ekr ub enrpn nu enliutnr ic kenrin enb k rcsostíleok quc n bcsbn nfcrcec ç
pksskhcb ik enrrcltc cdïtroek.
Sbk pnssâvcd edksso﬋ekèån,
edksso﬋ekèån, cbprchkik jë buotn tcbpn, ï k quc sc schuc=
k) Anb enliutnr - Ï tnin enrpn quc sc icoxk ktrkvcsskr scb buotk io﬋eudikic pcdk enrrcltc
cdïtroek. Ns bctkos, hcrkdbcltc, sån anls enliutnrcs c, icltrc cdcs, ns bkos utodozkins cb cdctroeoikic
Ykbaïb sc utodozkb ks dohks bctëdoeks (Fohurk ;3k).
sån= n enarc, n kdubâlon, k prktk, k pdktolk. Ykbaïb

Fohurk ;3 k - Cxcbpdn ic
anb enliutnr (enarc).

a) Bku enliutnr - Ï tnin enrpn quc npóc rcdktovk io﬋eudikic ç pksskhcb ik enrrcltc cdïtroek.
Enbn cxcbpdn ic bkus enliutnrcs pnicbns eotkr n ekrvån c ecrtks dohks bctëdoeks buotn utodozkiks
cb kpkrcdjns ic kquceobcltn, tkos enbn n lâqucdernbn, k enlstkltklk, cte. (Fohurk ;3a).

Fohurk ;3 a - Cxcbpdn ic bku

Enliotnr (lâqucd-ernbn).

e) Ucboenliut
Ucboenliutnrnr - Ï, cb ubk ic﬋loèån sobpdostk, tnin enrpn quc tcb prnprocikics cdïtroeks
cltrc n anb c n bku enliutnr. Cssk edkssc ic enrpns cdïtroens ï ic clnrbc obpnrtáleok lk cdctrùloek
bnicrlk, pnrquc k cdk pcrtclecb ns cdcbcltns enb ns qukos sån fcotns ns trklsostnrcs c eoreuotns
oltchrkins. Icltrc ns scboenliutnrcs bkos obpnrtkltcs, eotkrcbns ns cdcbcltns lkturkos enljceoins
pcdns lnbcs ic hcrbálon c sodâeon (Fohurk ;3e).

Fohurk ;3 e - Cxcbpdn ic
Ucboenliutnr (akrrk ic
sodâeon).
Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; ;9 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
 i) Osndkltcs - Uån ns enrpns quc npócb cdcvkik rcsostíleok ç pksskhcb ik enrrcltc.
Ycnroekbcltc, scrokb ns enrpns quc lån sc icoxkb ktrkvcsskr pcdk enrrcltc. Enbn cxcbpdns ic
osndkltcs pnicbns eotkr= k pnrecdklk, k scik, cte., cbanrk lk prëtoek lån cxostk enrpn enbpdctkbcltc
osndkltc (Fohurk ;3i).

Fohurk ;3 i - Cxcbpdn
- Cxcbpdn ic Osndkltc (pnrecdklk).
Ktukdbcltc, jë ubk tcliíleok ic icsenlsoicrkr-sc k edksso﬋ekèån ic —bku enliutnr‒, vostn quc
lån jë enliutnrcs quc lån nfcrcèkb ubk ecrtk rcsostíleok, nu osndkltcs quc obpcèkb tntkdbcltc k
pksskhcb ic enrrcltc.

Qcsostíleok c Qcsostnr

N kduln, cb suk voik prn﬋ssonlkd, ecrtkbcltc clenltrkrë ns tcrbns rcsostíleok c rcsostnr enbn
solùlobns, ostn ï, olioeklin k bcsbk enosk, bks, lk rckdoikic, ostn lån enrrcspnlic ç vcrikic. Ic
fktn, ië-sc n lnbc ic rcsostíleok ç prnprocikic  quc tcb ub enrpn ic rcsostor k pksskhcb iks
ekrhks cdïtroeks c ic rcsostnr, kn enrpn quc pnssuo cssk prnprocikic.

Sloikic ic Qcsostíleok

Cb jnbclkhcb kn hrklic fâsoen kdcbån Hcnrhc Uobnl Njb, quc buotn enltroauou pkrk n
icsclvndvobcltn
icsclvndvobcl tn ik cdctroeoikic, fno csendjoin scu snarclnbc pkrk olioekr k uloikic ic bcioik ic
rcsostíleok cdïtroek.
Kssob, iorcbns quc sc ejkbk ic NJB k uloikic ic bcioik ic rcsostíleok cdïtroek. Icvc-sc dcr
nb c, ln pdurkd, nbcs (njbs). Cssk uloikic ï sobandozkik pcdk dctrk hrchk ί, quc sc dí ùbchk c quc
enrrcspnlic kn lnssn n. Lntc n kduln quc kn olioekr vcrakdbcltc n vkdnr lubïroen ic ubk rcsostíleok,
lån icvcrë fkdkr ùbchk c, sob, nb. Wnr cxcbpdn ks rcsostíleoks ic ;77ί, ;777ί, cte., tcrån scus vkdnrcs
doins ik schuoltc bklcork= ecb njbs, bod njbs, cte., c lån enb ùbchk, bod ùbchk, cte.
K uloikic NJB kibotc býdtopdns c suabýdtopdns, ostn ï, vkdnrcs bkonrcs c bclnrcs quc cdk. Lk
prëtoek ic cdctrùloek, ns býdtopdns tíb cbprchn buotn bkonr quc ns suabýdtopdns. Icltrc ns
býdtopdns, ns bkos frcqucltcbcltc uskins sån ns schuoltcs=
k) Bchnjb, quc vkdc ub bodjån ic njbs. Cssc býdtopdn ï karcvokin pnr Bί.
a) [uodnjb, quc enrrcspnlic k bod njbs c ï rcprcscltkin pnr @ί.
Ns suabýdtopdns, enbn k﬋rbkbns, lån sån buotn uskins lk prëtoek enbub0 cltrctkltn, vkbns
eotkr ns inos schuoltcs=
k) Bodonjb, quc ï rcprclscltkin pcdks dctrks bί c enrrcspnlic bodïsobk pkrtc in njb, nu scmk,
ub njb iovoioin pnr bod.
a)Boernjb, quc enrrcspnlic
enrrcspnlic k bodonlïsobk pkrtc ic ub njb, nu scmk, k njb iovoioin pnr ub
bodjån. N boernjb ï rcprcscltkin
rcprcscltkin pnr ³ί.
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn ;3 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
 ;,777,777 Z ; njb 2 ; Bchnjb - Bί
;.777 x ; njb 2 ; [uodnjb - @ί

; njb ø Wnr ;777 2 Bodonjb

B odonjb - bί
; njb ø Wnr ;.777.777 2 ; Boernjb
Fktnrcs quc Olfiucb lk Qcsostíleok
Sbk pcrhultk quc obcioktkbcltc lns vcb k bcltc ï= Ic quc icpclic k rcsostíleok ic ub
enrpn> Vkbns klkdoskr cssk qucstån. Ucbprc quc pnssâvcd c lcecssëron, tcbns enbpkrkin n
bnvobcltn ic ekrhks cdïtroeks enb n bnvobcltn iks bndïeudks ic ëhuk ln oltcronr ins eklns.
Fkèkbns n bcsbn, khnrk. Uupnljkbns quc cxostkb inos eklns, ub ﬋ln c nutrn hrnssn, dohkins k
iuks ekoxks ic ëhuk kasndutkbcltc ohukos.
Ï fëeod enbprcclicr quc, karolin-sc ns inos eklns, ks ekoxks ic ëhuk sc csvkzokrån c quc, kqucdk
quc sc csenk ktrkvïs in ekln bkos hrnssn, ﬋ekrë vkzok bkos rkpoikbcltc. Cltån, iorcbns quc n ekln
ic ëhuk bkos hrnssn, nu scmk, ic bkonr ioábctrn, nfcrcec
nfcrcec bclns rcsostíleok ç pksskhcb ik enrrcltc
ic ëhuk.
Fkzclin
Fkzc lin k enbpkrkèån in bnvobcltn ic ëhuk enb n bnvobcltn iks ekrhks cdïtroeks, pnicbns
enleduor quc, sclin in bcsbn bktcrokd, ns enliutnrcs (﬋ns) bkos hrnssns csenkb ks ekrhks cdïtroeks
ic ubk fnltc ic clcrhok bkos rkpoikbcltc quc ns ﬋ns bkos ﬋lns, ﬋hurk ;6. Cssc fktn, cb dolhukhcb
bkos tïeloek, pnic scr cluleokin ik schuoltc bklcork=

Fohurk ;6 - Fon bkos hrnssn - bclnr rcsostíleok.

Fon bkos ﬋ln - bkonr rcsostcleok.

K rcsostíleok cdïtroek ic ub enliutnr vkrok olvcrskbcltc enb k sceèån rctk.

Ejkbkbns ic sceèån rctk ic ub enliutnr k ërck quc ﬋ek, quklin sc fkz ub enrtc lk iorcèån
pcrpclioeudkr kn ﬋n. K ﬋hurk ;8 odustrk , ic bklcork acb edkrk, n quc keobk k﬋rbkbns. Wnr nutrn
dkin, iozcbns quc ubk vkrokèån ï olvcrsk, quklin n kubcltn ic ubk iks hrkliczks obpdoek k
ioboluoèån ik nutrk. Kssob, ln eksn ik rcsostíleok ins enrpns, quklin k sceèån kubcltk, k rcsostíleok
ioboluo pnrtkltn, trktk-sc ic ubk vkrokèån olvcrsk.

Fohurk ;8 - Uceèån rctk ic ub ﬋n.

Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; ;6 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
 Vkbns kibotor, khnrk, quc çs iuks ekoxks i‟ëhuk ohukos, in cxcbpdn kltcronr, scmkb dohkins inos
eklns ic bcsbn ioábctrn, ostn ï, bcsbk sceèån nu hrnssurk, bks ic enbprobcltns iofcrcltcs (pnr
cxcbpdn, ub ic ub bctrn c nutrn ic ;7 bctrns). Karolin ns inos eklns ln bcsbn olstkltc, vkbns
vcro﬋ekr quc k ekoxk dohkik kn ekln bkos eurtn sc csvkzok bkos icprcssk. Ostn kenltcec pnrquc n ekln
ic bkonr enbprobcltn nfcrcec bkonr ktrotn, ostn ï, bkonr io﬋eudikic kn bnvobcltn iks bndïeudks
ic ëhuk.
N bcsbn sc ië enb rcdkèån kn bnvobcltn iks ekrhks cdïtroeks ln oltcronr ins enliutnrcs.
Kssob, sc tovcrbns iuks fnltcs ic clcrhok cdïtroek ohukos c k cdks dohkrbns inos enliutnrcs ic bcsbk
sceèån, bks ic enbprobcltn iofcrcltcs, orcbns vcro﬋ekr quc k fnltc dohkik kn enliutnr bkos eurtn
sc icsekrrchk bkos icprcssk. Cstc fktn kenltcec pnrquc n enliutnr bkos enbproin npóc bkonr
rcsostíleok k pksskhcb iks ekrhks cdïtroeks, cb enlscquíleok in ktrotn icssks ekrhks ln oltcronr in ﬋n.
Cb dolhukhcb tïeloek, iorâkbns quc=

K rcsostíleok cdïtroek ic ub enliutnr vkrok iorctkbcltc enb scu enbprobcltn.

Kquo, n tcrbn iorctkbcltc olioek quc, quklin n enbprobcltn in enliutnr kubcltk, suk
rcsostíleok cdïtroek tkbaïb kubcltk.
Uupnljkbns, khnrk, quc ç iuks fnltcs ic clcrhok cdïtroek kasndutkbcltc ohukos dohucbns inos
enliutnrcs ic bcsbk sceèån, bcsbn enbprobcltn, bks ic bktcrokos iofcrcltcs0 pnr cxcbpdn, ub
ic enarc c nutrn ic ekrvån. Vcro﬋ekrcbns quc k fnltc ic clcrhok dohkik kn enliutnr ic enarc sc
cshntk buotn bkos rkpoikbcltc quc kqucdk dohkik kn enliutnr ic ekrvån. K enledusån quc sc tork
ï quc n enarc nfcrcec
nfcrcec bclnr rcsostíleok ç pksskhcb iks iks ekrhks cdïtroeks c, n quc ï fulikbcltkd,
quc enliutnrcs ic bktcrokd iofcrcltc, cbanrk tcljkb ks bcsbks iobclsócs fâsoeks, ostn ï, bcsbk
sceèån c bcsbn enbprobcltn, tíb rcsostíleoks cdïtroeks iofcrcltcs. Kquo lån ï pnssâvcd cstkacdcecr
fkeodbcltc ubk enbpkrkèån enb k eklkdozkèån ic ëhuk, pnrquc, enltrkrokbcltc kns ﬋ns cdïtroens,
ns eklns ic ëhuk sån nens c, pnrtkltn ns bktcrokos quc npócb rcsostíleok ç pksskhcb ic ëhuk sån
scbprc ns bcsbns, nu scmk, n kr c k pkrcic in ekln.
Wkrk olioekr k icpcliíleok ik rcsostíleok cdïtroek kn topn ic bktcrokd utodozk-sc ubk hrkliczk quc
rcecac n lnbc ic rcsostovoikic nu rcsostíleok cspceâ﬋ek. K rcsostovoikic ï, pnos, ubk ekrketcrâstoek in
bktcrokd ic quc ï fcotn n enliutnr. Cdk scrvc pkrk quc pnsskbns edkssofoekr n enliutnr enbn
osndkltc, scboenliutnr nu anb enliutnr. Kdïb iossn, enljceclin-sc k rcsostovoikic c ks iobclsócs in
enliutnr, ï pnssâvcd ekdeudkr suk rcsostíleok enb hrklic prceosån. Cssc fktn enbprnvk n quc tcbns
k﬋rbkin ktï kquo, ostn ï, quc k rcsostíleok ic ub enrpn ï ubk prnprocikic cspceâ﬋ek icssc enrpn,
lån icpcliclin lcb ik tclsån, lcb ik enrrcltc.
K rcsostíleok cspceâ﬋ek ï kprcscltkik
kprcscltkik cb tkacdks, clhdnaklin
clhdnaklin ns bktcrokos bkos utodozkins cb
cdctroeoikic c, hcrkdbcltc, suk uloikic ic bcioik ï n boernjb pnr ecltâbctrn nu njb pnr bctrn
pnr bodâbctrn qukirkin. Lån vkbns kprcscltkr k tkacdk, pnos, pkrk lnssk ﬋lkdoikic, akstk n kduln
skacr quc k suastáleok quc tcb bkonr rcsostíleok cspceâ﬋ek nu rcsostovoikic tcrë bkonr rcsostíleok
quc nutrk, ic bcsbks iobclsócs c ic bclnr rcsostovoikic. Wnrtkltn,
Wnrtkltn, pnicbns k﬋rbkr quc=

K rcsostíleok cdïtroek ic ub enrpn icpclic iorctkbcltc ic suk rcsostovoikic.

Fclùbcln ik Lkturczk= Icsekrhks Cdïtroeks

Vneí më pcrecacu quc, kltcs ic nenrrcr ubk tcbpcstkic, olýbcrns edkrócs kltcecicb ub trnvån,
c n tcbpn —fcejkin‒ fkz icspclekr ubk hrklic qukltoikic ic ëhuk. Edkrn, ossn ï ub fclùbcln
lkturkd, lcecssëron pkrk lnssk snarcvovíleok.
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn ;8 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
 Sb rkon, rcdábpkhn, nu qukdqucr lnbc pnpudkr quc sc ií pkrk cssc fclùbcln, ï ubk bklofcstkèån
vondcltk ik lkturczk. Cb bodïsobns ic schulins, ub rkon pnic prniuzor kprnxobkikbcltc
;77 bodjócs ic vndts, enb cdcvkik enrrcltc c tcbpcrkturk.
Uclin ic hrklic oltclsoikic, ubk pcquclk icsekrhk cdïtroek pnic prnvnekr bnrtc, fcroiks
prnfuliks, kssob enbn icstruor tuin kn rcinr ik suk oleoiíleok.
Hntâeudks ic ëhuk, quc sån fnrbkiks lks luvcls, cstån cb enlstkltc khotkèån. N ktrotn cltrc cdks
fkz enb quc ﬋qucb cdctroekbcltc ekrrchkiks, pnsotovk nu lchktovkbcltc. N rkon lkik bkos ï in quc
ubk icsekrhk ic cdïtrnls ic ubk luvcb pkrk nutrk nu ic ubk luvcb pkrk k tcrrk, ﬋hurk ;:.

Fohurk ;: - Icsekrhks cdïtroeks.

N rkon scbprc prneurk ub ekboljn ic bclnr rcsostíleok cltrc k luvcb c k tcrrk oleoiolin, lk
bkonrok iks vczcs, cb pnltns bkos cdcvkins, enbn ërvnrcs, kltclks, ciofâeons,
ciofâeon s, pnstcs, tnrrcs ic
trklsbossån ic clcrhok cte. Lån pnicbns tkbaïb csqucecr iks rchoócs rcbntks enbn icsekbpkins,
sâtons, fkzclik cte.
[uklin nenrrc cstc fclùbcln, n rkon pnic ktolhor tkltn iorctk enbn oliorctkbcltc ub ictcrbolkin
dnekd. Ln lnssn eksn, olicpclicltc ik fnrbk, sc ktolhor ubk doljk ic trklsbossån, nu scmk, k rcic
cdïtroek, cdc prnvnek ub sýaotn kubcltn ik tclsån (surtn
(sur tn cdïtroen).
Nenrroin ub surtn cdïtroen, cdc orë sc prnpkhkr ktrkvïs ik rcic cdïtroek ktï n pnltn cb quc
clenltrkr ub ekboljn ic bclnr rcsostíleok ktï k tcrrk. Uc cquopkbcltns cstovcrcb olstkdkins ln
scu ekboljn, navokbcltc scrån ktolhoins c, pnr suk vcz, snfrcrån iklns orrcpkrëv
orrcpkrëvcos.
cos.
Icvcbns skdocltkr quc cstc fclùbcln, ktolholin k rcic cdïtroek, ekusk iklns orrcpkrëvcos k
pcssnks c cquopkbcltns c vneí, pnr suk vcz, icvc sc bkltcr ktcltn qukltn kns euoikins quc icvcrë
tcr iurkltc ubk tcbpcstkic nu enb k oleoiíleok ic rkons. Nu scmk=
- Cvotc pcrbklcecr cb duhkrcs icsekbpkins enbn= akrens, prkok, poseolk, cbakoxn ic ërvnrcs, nu
ln tnpn ic prïions.
- Bkltcljk-sc kfkstkin ic enliutnrcs ic cdctroeoikic (përk-rkons), cquopkbcltns inbïstoens,
prõxobn k kltclks, ëhuk cte.
- Iurkltc ubk tcbpcstkic cvotc tnbkr akljn nu fkdkr kn tcdcfnlc.

Wërk-rkons

Enb rcdkèån k cstc tõpoen, skdocltkbns quc ï ub kssultn akstkltc icdoekin, pnos k suk olstkdkèån
rcqucr cstuins c prnmctns, lån sclin pkutk in lnssn eursn. Kpclks vkbns eotë-dn enb oltuotn ic
enljceobcltn.
Ns përk-rkons sån iospnsotovns quc tíb pnr folkdoikic k prntcèån enltrk icsekrhks cdïtroeks,
iorceonlklin tnik suk clcrhok pkrk k tcrrk (sndn).
Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; ;: Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
 Ï enltotuâin ic ubk jkstc bctëdoek, icvclin scr olstkdkin ln pnltn bkos kdtn ic ub prïion0
c prntchc ubk ërck eumn rkon ï cquovkdcltc kn inarn ic suk iostáleok in sndn. Wnicb scr in topn
Frkl`dol, ﬋hurk ;?,  c hkondk ic Fkrkiky, ﬋hurk 17.  Cbprcsks cspceokdozkiks lcstc rkbn icvcb
rckdozkr ks olstkdkèócs.

Fohurk ;? -
;? - Wërk-r
Wërk-rkons
kons topn Frkl`dol. Fohurk 17 -
17 - Hkondk ic Fkrkiky.

Euronsoikics snarc Icsekrhk Cdctrnstëtoek

[ukdqucr pcssnk, bcsbn lån cstklin kenstubkik enb fclùbclns fâsoens, mk nascrvnu quc, kn
dohkr ub kpkrcdjn ic YV nu kn sc kprnxobkr ik tcdk in bcsbn, ns pcdns in arkèn ﬋ekb croèkins0
tkbaïb icvc tcr lntkin quc, kn torkr ubk adusk ic då quc utodoznu iurkltc n iok, kenltcec n bcsbn
fclùbcln. Acb, ostn lkik bkos ï in quc k icsekrhk cdctrnstëtoek.
K icsekrhk cdctrnstëtoek pnic tnrlkr-sc icskstrnsk cb kbaocltcs enb ktbnsfcrk cxpdnsovk, enbn
ërcks cb quc sc utodozkb bktcrokos c sndvcltcs olfikbëvcos, nu bcsbn cb dnekos nlic sc prniuzcb
enbpnlcltcs udtrkssclsâvcos ç ekrhk cdïtroek.
Ks ekrhks cdctrnstëtoeks pnicb cstkr krbkzclkiks cb buotns duhkrcs, pnr cxcbpdn, cb rnupks
ic ﬋arks soltïtoeks, bëquolks cb npcrkèån, rceopocltcs
rceopocltcs pdëstoens pkrk krbkzclkhcb, fndjks ic pkpcd
hukrikiks pnr dnlhn pcrânin cb clvcdnpcs pdëstoens cte.
Sbk icsekrhk cdctrnstëtoeks ï k trklsfcríleok ic ubk ekrhk cltrc enrpns k iofcrcltcs pntcleokos,
c nenrrc pnr enltktn iorctn nu pnr oliuèån. Cxpcrobcltns ictcrbolkrkb quc ns pntcleokos cstëtoens
keubudkins pnr ubk pcssnk pnicb ejchkr k ;7 `V c, cb enlioèócs cxtrcbks, pnicb udtrkpksskr
ns 57 `V. Keobk ic 1 `V, pnic iklo﬋ekr scrokbcltc enbpnlcltcs scboenliutnrcs, olstkdkins cb
enbputkinrcs, nu nutrns topns ic cquopkbcltns.
Icpcliclin in topn ic bktcrokd k scr utodozkin, kdhuls euoikins icvcb scr tnbkins k ﬋b ic
lån iklo﬋eë-dns. Bkltks enliutovks ktcrrkiks, pudscorks enliutovks, skens enliutovns sån bktcrokos
quc icvcb scr utodozkins ln bkluscon c trklspnrtc.
trklspn rtc. Qnupks cspceokos tkbaïb
t kbaïb sån utodozkiks lk
bklutclèån ic eoreuotns quc npcrkb cb kdtk tclsån.
Ejnquc Cdïtroen
K pcssnk quc prctclic sc tnrlkr ub rcpkrkinr ic ecdudkrcs, nu qukdqucr rkbn dohkin k cdctroeoikic,
cstkrë cxpnstn enlstkltcbcltc kn rosen ic snfrcr ub ejnquc cdïtroen. Fkz-sc, cltån, oliospclsëvcd
quc fnrlcèkbns kns lnssns kdulns olfnrbkèócs snarc ns pcrohns in ejnquc cdïtroen, enbn cvotë-dns
c qukos ktotuics tnbkr cb eksn ic keoicltcs clvndvclin
clvndvclin k cdctroeoikic.
N ejnquc cdïtroen ï ubk sclskèån trcpoikltc, icsenltrndkik,
icsenltrndkik, rcsudtkltc in enltktn iorctn ic ub
enrpn enb ub eoreuotn cdctro﬋ekin nu ins cfcotns ic ub rcdábpkhn (icsekrhk cdïtroek) snarc cstc.
K vâtobk lnrbkdbcltc sc scltc enbn sc tovcssc rcecaoin ub sýaotn sustn. Uc k tclsån c k enrrcltc
rcsudtkltc fnrcb cdcvkiks n akstkltc, k vâtobk pnicrë ﬋ekr olenlseocltc. Ln pnltn ik pcdc cb quc
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn ;? Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
nenrrcu n enltktn cdïtroen, fnrtcs qucobkiurks pnicrån scr prniuzoiks.
Kdïb iossn, pnicrån nenrrcr cspksbns buseudkrcs, fkzclin enb quc k vâtobk, olvndultkrokbcltc,
﬋quc khkrrkik kn kpkrcdjn nu ﬋n quc ekusnu n ejnquc, obpciolin suk doacrtkèån. Nascrvklin-sc,
ic ub pnltn ic vostk bkos eocltâ﬋en, n fclùbcln in ejnquc cdïtroen enlsostc ln cfcotn pktn﬋sondõhoen
(rcfcrcltc ç pktndnhok c ç ﬋sondnhok) rcsudtkltc ik pksskhcb ic ubk enrrcltc cdïtroek ktrkvïs in
enrpn ic ubk pcssnk nu ic ub klobkd, sclin cstk enrrcltc lnrbkdbcltc ejkbkik ic —enrrcltc ic
ejnquc‒.
Wkrk ubk ank enbprcclsån ic enbn ktuk n ejnquc cdïtroen c enlscqucltcbcltc icfolor
k bklcork bkos kicqukik ic prntcèån enltrk n bcsbn, icvcbns enlsoicrkr trís cdcbcltns
fulikbcltkos= k pkrtc vovk, k tcrrk nu bkssk c n cdcbcltn enliutnr cstrkljn ç olstkdkèån.
Ejkbkbns ic pkrtc vovk ic ub enbpnlcltc, nu ic ubk olstkdkèån, ç pkrtc enliutnrk (﬋n nu
ekan) quc cstë clcrhozkik, kprcscltklin ubk ecrtk iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd (tclsån nu vndtkhcb) cb
rcdkèån ç tcrrk, nu scmk, n ﬋n quc kprcscltk tclsån cb rcdkèån k ub pnltn ic rcfcríleok cdïtroen.
Wcrecak n kduln quc, cb kdhuls eksns, n enliutnr —lcutrn‒ ic ubk olstkdkèån pnic cstkr dohkin
kn sostcbk ic ktcrrkbcltn0 cltrctkltn, ostn lån n tnrlk ub enliutnr ic ktcrrkbcltn nu prntcèån.
K tcrrk nu bkssk  ic ub cquopkbcltn nu ic ubk olstkdkèån cdïtroek ï k pkrtc enliutnrk quc
—lån ï vovk‒ (lån clcrhozkik), nu scmk, lån kprcscltk lcljub vkdnr ic tclsån nu enrrcltc
enrrcltc,, pniclin
kssob scr tnekik schurkbcltc. Wnrïb, n tcrrk, cb enlioèócs ic fkdtk (tcrrk obpcrfcotn nu icfcotns lk
olstkdkèån), pnic pksskr k kprcscltkr ub ecrtn vkdnr ic enrrcltc quc pnic scr fktkd, tnrlklin-sc ub
enliutnr quc pnic scr ejkbkin ic —vovn‒. Enbn cxcbpdns ic bkssk, pnicbns eotkr ns enliutns
bctëdoens, ns olvõduerns bctëdoens ic cquopkbcltns, ks ekrekèks ins cdctrninbïstoens, cte.
Ejkbk-sc ic cdcbcltn enliutnr cstrkljn ic ubk olstkdkèån cdïtroek kn ﬋n nu cdcbcltn
enliutnr quc, kpcskr ic lån fkzcr pkrtc ik bcsbk, pnic prnvnekr n surhobcltn ic ub pntcleokd,
hcrkdbcltc ohukd kn ik tcrrk, nu scmk, jë ubk tclsån ic zcrn vndt cltrc cstc cdcbcltn c n tcrrk. Enbn
cxcbpdn pnicbns eotkr ns cdcbcltns bctëdoens cbprchkins lks enlstruèócs ic prïions, iks
eklkdozkèócs bctëdoeks ic ëhuk, hës, kquceobcltn, kr enlioeonlkin, cte., c ins cquopkbcltns lån
cdïtroens k cdks dohkins, acb enbn ins sndns
sndn s c pkrcics lån osndkltcs, cte.
Uån inos ns topns ic enltktns quc, cb ubk olstkdkèån cdïtroek, pnicb nroholkr ns ejnqucs=
enltktn iorctn c enltktn oliorctn.
Ns ejkbkins enltktns iorctns sån ns enltktns ic pcssnks nu klobkos enb enliutnrcs nu pkrtcs
vovks quc kprcscltkb tclsån sc enbpkrkins kn ﬋n tcrrk.
Ns enltktns oliorctns sån enltktns ic pcssnks nu klobkos enb tcrrk nu bkssks quc pksskrkb k
kprcscltkr kdhub vkdnr ic tclsån, icvoin k kdhub fkdjk ic osndkbcltn.

UKOAK BKOU
Ns ejnqucs ktï 93V lån sån pcrecaoins,
keobk ic 93V n nrhklosbn pcrecac, keobk
ic 67V, ;37bK ï prcmuioeokd.

Ktcrrkbcltn
Ktcrrkbcltn Obpnrtkltc lk N﬋eolk
N tcrbn ktcrrkbcltn qucr iozcr —dohkèån ç tcrrk‒, nu scmk, enlcetkr ub enliutnr, ﬋n, k ubk jkstc
bctëdoek quc sc clenltrk olscroik ln sndn. [uklin iozcbns quc ub cquopkbcltn cstë ktcrrkin,
sohlo﬋ek quc n bcsbn cstë prnpnsotkdbcltc dohkin ic kdhubk fnrbk ç tcrrk.
Ns sostcbks cdïtroens lån prceoskb lcecsskrokbcltc scr ktcrrkins pkrk fuleonlkrcb, bks, pkrk
cfcotn ic schurklèk iks pcssnks c ins cquopkbcltns, ï obpnrtkltc quc cstcmkb acb ktcrrkins. Wkrk
Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 17 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
quc vneí enbprcclik enbn fuleonlk n ktcrrkbcltn, vkbns fkzcr ubk klkdnhok enb n sostcbk ic
olstkdkèån joirëudoek.
Lks ekoxks ic ëhuk iks rcsoiíleoks, n —dkirån‒
—dkirån‒,, quc ï ub ekln pnsoeonlkin keobk in lâvcd ik ëhuk,
tcb enbn fulèån csenkr k ëhuk cxeciclt
cxecicltcc ln eksn ic qucark ik anok.
Ik bcsbk fnrbk, lk olstkdkèån cdïtroek cxostc ub dnekd pkrk —csenkr‒
—csenkr‒ k icsekrhk cdïtroek nu enrrcltc
—ktcrrkbcltn‒‒ nu dohkèån ë tcrrk, ﬋hurk 1;.
ic fuhk. C ï cxktkbcltc cstc dnekd quc ï ejkbkin ic —ktcrrkbcltn

Fohurk 1; -
1; - Ktcrrkbcltn.

Bkssk
K ekrekèk ic qukdqucr cquopkbcltn cdïtroen nu cdctrninbïstoen enbn, pnr cxcbpdn, hcdkicork,
fnhån, fnrln ic boernnliks, ejuvcorn cte, ï nlic k clcrhok ﬋ek ekrrchkik, ln eksn ic fuhk ic enrrcltc
nu eurtn-eoreuotn c, pnr ossn, icvc cstkr dohkik ç tcrrk.
Lcutrn
Ï n enliutnr quc vcb ik Enlecssonlërok ic clcrhok pkrk n rctnrln ik enrrcltc cdïtroek in
enliutnr fksc. K enrrcltc cdïtroek fnrlceoik pcdks Enlecssonlëroks ejchk ktrkvïs ic inos enliutnrcs=
ub enb pntcleokd ic ;18 vndts (﬋n fksc) c nutrn enb pntcleokd zcrn —7‒ (﬋n lcutrn), n quc ië ubk
iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd ic ;18 vndts, ﬋hurk 11.

Fohurk 11 -
11 - Iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd ;18 vndts.

[uklin k Enlecssonlërok fnrlcec trís enliutnrcs, ostn sohlo﬋ek quc inos ﬋ns sån fkscs ic ;18
vndts c ub lcutrn ic —7‒ vndt. Wnrtkltn, tcbns ;18 + ;18 + 7 2 117 vndts, ﬋hurk 15.

Fohurk 15 -
15 - Iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd 117 vndts.
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 1; Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
 Fon Ycrrk

Ï ub enliutnr ic enarc kenpdkin cb ubk jkstc bctëdoek c quc multns pcrbotcb quc ks enrrcltcs
cdïtroeks cxecicltcs csekpcb pkrk k tcrrk. N enlmultn ic enliutnr c jkstc, quklin ktcrrkins,
pnssucb ub pntcleokd ic 7 V (zcrn vndts), ﬋hurk 19.

Fohurk 19 -
19 - Jkstc.

Cb sc trktklin ic pntcleokd, tkltn n ﬋n lcutrn enbn n ﬋n tcrrk pnssucb n bcsbn, nu scmk, 7 vndts.
Enbn kssob> Acb... N ﬋n tcrrk ï ub ﬋n bkos eurtn, c vko in qukirn ic iostroauoèån ktï ub ictcrbolkin
dnekd in tcrrcln ik rcsoiíleok, ubk iostáleok eurtk. Wnr suk vcz, n ﬋n lcutrn, quc ï fnrlceoin pcdk
enlecssonlërok, pcrenrrc pnr vczcs vërons bctrns pkrk ejchkr ç rcsoiíleok, ﬋hurk 13.

Fohurk 13 -
13 - Enbpkrkèån cltrc lcutrn c tcrrk.

Enbn vostn kltcronrbcltc, n sostcbk ic ktcrrkbcltn ï enbpnstn pcdn cdctrnin (jkstc), enlcxócs
c pcdn enliutnr ic enarc0 enbn lk olstkdkèån in pkirån ic cltrkik. Icvcbns olscror n cdctrnin
(jkstc) lk tcrrk c prntchí-dn iks oltcbpïrocs ktrkvïs ic ubk ekoxk (ekoxk ic olspcèån) ﬋hurk 16.
K jkstc, kpõs k enlcxån in ﬋n ktrkvïs in enlcetnr, icvcrë rcecacr ubk ekbkik ic bkssk ic
Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 11 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
ekdkfctkr lk suk pkrtc cxtcrlk, prndnlhklin suk voik ýtod, ﬋hurk 18.

Fohurk 16 -
16 - Cdctrnin (jkstc) c enlcetnr
enlcetnr..

Fohurk 18 -
18 - Wrntcèån in enlmultn.
Ï crrkin pclskr quc akstk kpclks dohkr n ﬋n tcrrk ic qukdqucr cquopkbcltn kn pkrkfusn ic ubk
tnbkik, pnr cxcbpdn, nu lk tcrrk ic ub vksn, c cstë fcotn n ktcrrkbcltn. Cstc prneciobcltn lån
ktcrrk n cquopkbcltn. N sostcbk ic ktcrrkbcltn sõ fuleonlk kicqukikbcltc sc ns otcls keobk
bcleonlkins, c quc scrån icserotns k schuor, fnrcb olstkdkins ic fnrbk enrrctk, ﬋hurk 1:.

Fohurk 1: -
1: - Lån ktcrrkbcltn.
Cb prïions rcsoicleokos, enbcreokos nu bcsbn oliustrokos, n sostcbk ic ktcrrkbcltn ï fcotn
ktrkvïs ik cstruturk bctëdoek ic vohks c endulks. Cb hcrkd, n ktcrrkbcltn ï fcotn pnr cdctrnins
fkaroekins cb fnrbks ic jkstcs, pcrfos, akrrks, ekans lus cte., enlfceeonlkins cb enarc, kèn
hkdvklozkin nu kèn rcvcstoin ic enarc.
 Lk olstkdkèån ic ub sostcbk ic ktcrrkbcltn, lnrbkdbcltc, n fon quc sko ik jkstc tcrrk ï
iorceonlkin pkrk n qukirn ic iostroauoèån ik rcsoiíleok. Ln qukirn, cdc scrë enlcetkin k ub
akrrkbcltn cxedusovn pkrk —n tcrrk‒, c k pkrtor icstc pnltn, ï dcvkin pkrk ns dnekos nlic sc fkz
lcecssëron, ﬋hurk 1?.

Fohurk 1? - Akrrkbcltn pkrk

— n tcrrk‒.

Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 15 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;

 N ﬋n tcrrk lnrbkdbcltc uskin ï ub ekan ic enarc enb osndkèån ic enr vcric/kbkrcdk (arksodcoroljn)
nu vcric. K sceèån trklsvcrskd in bcsbn ï ic﬋loik cb fulèån ins ﬋ns ik fksc.
Wnicbns olscror
olscror ub ﬋n tcrrk ktï n qukirn ic iostroauoèån enb sceèån ohukd kn ﬋n
﬋n fksc c, k pkrtor
in akrrkbcltn, ub ﬋n enrrcspnlicltc
enrrcspnlicltc kn ik fksc. Nascrvc qukd k sceèån in enliutnr fksc, sc 6bb±,
;7bb±, ;6bb± nu nutrn qukdqucr pkrk quc sc pnssk iobclsonlkr n ﬋n tcrrk.
Iospnsotovns IQ
 N cfcotn quc k enrrcltc cdïtroek prniuz ln enrpn jubkln pnic kekrrctkr sïroks enlscquíleoks,
pnr ossn icvcbns utodozkr ictcrbolkins iospnsotovns c enbpnlcltcs obpnrtkltcs pkrk k schurklèk
enltrk pcrohns ik cdctroeoikic.
Uc bcioiks ic schurklèk fnrcb kintkiks iurkltc ubk olstkdkèån cdïtroek, lån nenrrcrë lcljub
prnadcbk qukltn kn bkluscon ic kpkrcdjns c cquopkbcltns. Wkrtolin icssk prcbossk, vneí icvc
ikr nrocltkèócs qukltn kns topns c bnicdns ic prniutns lcecssërons pkrk tkd.
Cltrc ns prniutns ic schurklèk, tcbns n iospnsotovn iclnbolkin IQ, nu scmk, iospnsotovn Iofcrcleokd
Qcsoiukd. Wcdks lnrbks ic olstkdkèócs cdïtroeks, scu usn tnrlnu-sc narohktõron cb ërcks sumcotks ç
uboikic tkos enbn enzoljks, akljcorns, poseolks cte. Cdc ï olioekin pkrk prntcèån enltrk ejnqucs
cdïtroens pnr enltktn iorctn nu oliorctn. K  ﬋hurk 57 bnstrk ub cxcbpdn ic iospnsotovns IQ.

Fohurk 57 -
57 - Iospnsotovn IQ.

Npcrklin enbn Iosmultnr IQ nu IIQ (iosmultnr enb prntcèån iofcrcleokd), cstc enbpnlcltc
olenrpnrk tkltn n iosmultnr enbn n oltcrruptnr IQ ln scu oltcronr.
oltcronr. Enbn oltcrruptnr IQ nu OIQ, cstc
enbpnlcltc icvcrë scr enlcetkin kn qukirn ic iostroauoèån, kpõs n iosmultnr.
N iosmultnr Iofcrcleokd Qcsoiukd ï ub iospnsotovn enbpnstn ic ub iosmultnr tcrbnbkhlïtoen, c
enb cdc vcb olenrpnrkin n iofcrcleokd rcsoiukd. Cstc enlmultn vosk k prntchcr ns enliutnrcs ins
eoreuotns enltrk snarcekrhk c eurtns-eoreuotns, kssob enbn cvotkr quc vneí ﬋quc sumcotn çs enrrcltcs
ic fuhk, nu scmk, ejnquc cdïtroen.
Ik bcsbk fnrbk quc ub vkzkbcltn ic ëhuk pnic trkzcr vërons prnadcbks cb lnssk rcsoiíleok,
ub vkzkbcltn ic enrrcltc cdïtroek tkbaïb pnic lån sõ enbprnbctcr k schurklèk lks oltkdkèócs,
enbn pùr cb rosen k oltchroikic in npcrkinr.
[uklin ubk enrrcltc cdïtroek ï iorceonlkik pkrk ubk ictcrbolkik ekrhk, cdk sko in qukirn ic
iostroauoèån, pcrenrrc
pcrenrrc tnin n eoreuotn ktrkvïs ins enliutnrcs, c rctnrlk pcdn lcutrn (nu fksc sc fnr 117
vndts) kn qukirn, kpõs pksskr pcdk ekrhk. Wkrk kvkdokr sc k enrrcltc quc skou c rctnrlnu kn qukirn ic
iostroauoèån ï k bcsbk, utodozkbns n iospnsotovn IQ, quc cfctuk ubk enbpkrkèån cltrc n quc —skou‒
c —rctnrlnu‒. N iospnsotovn IQ ï olstkdkin cb tnins ns enliutnrcs vovns in eoreuotn, fkscs c lcutrn.

NAU= N —﬋n tcrrk‒ lån icvc pksskr pnr cstc iospnsotovn.

Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 19 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn

 Hcrkinrcs ic Cdctroeoikic

K cdctroeoikic ï ubk iks bkos ýtcos fnrbks ic clcrhok quc sc enljcec, icvoin ç fkeodoikic enb
quc pnic scr uskik. Kltcs, pnrïb, cdk (cdctroeoikic) icvc scr prniuzoik.
prniuzoik. Ns iospnsotovns quc
prniuzcb cdctroeoikic sån ejkbkins ic hcrkinrcs. Ns hcrkinrcs lån prniuzcb cdctroeoikic in
lkik, bks trklsfnrbkb nutrn topn ic clcrhok cb cdïtroek. Cb rkzån iossn, ï enbub edksso﬋ekrcb-sc
ns hcrkinrcs ic kenrin enb n topn ic clcrhok quc ï trklsfnrbkik cb cdïtroek. Kssob, ns hcrkinrcs
sån edksso﬋ekins cb =

 Hcrkinr Joirëudoen

Cstc topn ic hcrkinr ï n bkos obpnrtkltc, pnrquc ks hrklics usolks ic cdctroeoikic ktukdbcltc,
pcdn bclns ks bkonrcs c bkos cenlùboeks, trklsfnrbkb
trklsfnrbkb k clnrbc clcrhok
clcrhok quc sc enlschuc enb
n rcprcskbcltn ik ëhuk, cb cdctroeoikic. Lk rckdoikic, n hcrkinr lån ï joirëudoen c, sob,
cdctrnbkhlïtoen,
cdctrnbkhlïtoe n, bks k clcrhok joirëudoek ï utodozkik pkrk keonlkr n hcrkinr.

Fohurk 5; - Csqucbk sobpdo﬋ekin ic ubk usolk ic fnrèk.

Lk ﬋hurk 5;, bnstrkbns ub csqucbk akstkltc sobpdo﬋ekin ic ubk usolk ic fnrèk. Enbn sc

nascrvk, cxostc ub rcprcskbcltn cb ub pnltn cdcvkin (akrrkhcb), ub enliutnr ic ëhuk
quc kubcltk kolik bkos k iofcrclèk ic lâvcd cltrc k ëhuk rcprcskik c n pnltn ic utodozkèån0 ub
iospnsotovn quc trklsfnrbk n bnvobcltn ik ëhuk cb bnvobcltn ic rntkèån, ejkbkin ic turaolk, c,
﬋lkdbcltc, n hcrkinr prnprokbcltc iotn, kenpdkin kn coxn ik turaolk.
Ï fëeod ic enbprcclicr quc k qukltoikic ic clcrhok hcrkik, nu scmk, k pntíleok cdïtroek, icpclic
ik iofcrclèk ic lâvcd c in ioábctrn in enliutnr. Wkrk kprnvcotkr k iofcrclèk ic lâvcd ins hrklics
rons, enstubk-sc olstkdkr-sc ns hcrkinrcs lks ekejncorks c, pkrk pnicr utodozkr enliutnr ic hrklic
ioábctrn, csendjc-sc ron ekuikdnsn. Kdïb iossn, fkz-sc n rcprcskbcltn pkrk rchudkrozkr k vkzån, ostn
ï, pkrk quc n vndubc ic ëhuk ln enliutnr scmk enlstkltc, tkltn lk scek enbn lk ïpnek iks ejcoks.

Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 13 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;

 Hcrkinrcs Yïrboens
Lcstc hrupn, cstån ns iospnsotovns quc trklsfnrbkb n ekdnr (clcrhok tïrboek) cb cdctroeoikic. Ns
hcrkinrcs tïrboens tkbaïb sån buotn obpnrtkltcs pnrquc, cb buotns pkâscs, nlic lån cxostcb
rons kprnvcotëvcos, usk-sc n ekdnr enbn fnltc ic clcrhok. Lk rckdoikic, n hcrkinr prnprokbcltc iotn
ï scbcdjkltc kn utodozkin lk usolk joirncdïtroek quc eotkbns ln otcb ;, bks kquo n ekdnr prniuzoin
pcdk enbaustån ic dcljk, ekrvån bolcrkd nu pctrõdcn hcrk vkpnr, quc bnvobcltk k turaolk, c cstk,
pnr suk vcz, n hcrkinr.
Nutrk kpdoekèån in hcrkinr tïrboen cstë cb ub olstrubcltn ejkbkin porùbctrn, quc ï uskin
pkrk bcior ks hrklics tcbpcrkturks ins fnrlns oliustrokos. Yrktk-sc ic ub pkr ic enliutnrcs, ic
bctkos iofcrcltcs (pkr tcrbncdïtroen), uloins. [uklin sc kqucec k uloån kpkrcec lks cxtrcboikics
dovrcs ins enliutnrcs ubk fnrèk cdctrnbntroz, quc ï prnpnreonlkd ç tcbpcrkturk. Kssob, dclin k fnrèk
cdctrnbntroz, ﬋ek-sc skaclin qukd ï k tcbpcrkturk.
Hcrkinr Fntncdïtroen ( Nu Fntcdïtroen )
Ykd topn ic hcrkinr trklsfnrbk k clcrhok dubolnsk cb cdïtroek. Cssk edkssc ic hcrkinr ï akstkltc
cbprchkik cb cdctrùloek, proleopkdbcltc lns sktïdotcs krto﬋eokos, nlic k lcecssoikic ic clcrhok
ejk bkiks aktcroks sndkrcs,  quc utodozkb k clcrhok
enlstkltc ï ub prnadcbk sïron. Sskb-sc ks ejkbkiks
dubolnsk in Und pkrk prniuzor cdctroeoikic. Ykbaïb n iospnsotovn enljceoin enbn eïdudk fntncdïtroek,
quc ï utodozkik lk rcprniuèån ins ﬋dbcs eolcbktnhrë﬋ens, cb kdkrbcs cdctrùloens cte., ï ub hcrkinr
fntncdïtroen, pnos cdk doacrtk cdctroeoikic k pkrtor ik oleoiíleok ik duz. Lk ﬋hurk 51, bnstrkbns n
kspcetn ic ub pkolcd fntnvndtkoen.

Fohurk 51 - Wkolcd Fntnvndkoen

enb ks scus Eïdudks fntnvndtkoeks

Hcrkinr Woczncdïtroen (Nu Woczcdïtroen)

Wo czcdïtroen)
Cxostcb suastáleoks enbn n erostkd ic rnejk, pnr cxcbpdn, quc tíb k prnprocikic ic hcrkr
cdctroeoikic, quklin suabctoiks k prcssån. Enbn —poczn‒ sohlo﬋ek prcssån, csscs iospnsotovns sån
ejkbkins ic hcrkinrcs poczncdïtroens. K cdctroeoikic hcrkik cb tkos iospnsotovns ï akstkltc pcquclk
c, pnr ossn, cdcs sån utodozkins snbcltc cb kpdoekèócs cspceokos, ic pnuek pntíleok. Cxcbpdns ic
kpdoekèån ic hcrkinrcs poczncdïtroens sån ns boernfnlcs c fnlnekptnrcs (ekacèks rcprniutnrks ic
iosens) ic erostkd. Lk ﬋hurk 55, bnstrkbns ub fnlnekptnr ic erostkd.

Fohurk 55 - Vostk cxpdnioik in

fnlnekptnr ic erostkd.
Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 16 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
  Hcrkinrcs Luedckrcs

Ktukdbcltc, cstë akstkltc iofulioin n usn in hcrkinr luedckr, quc ï kqucdc quc kprnvcotk k
clcrhok ktùboek pkrk bnvobcltkr n hcrkinr cdïtroen. Enbn kenltcec enb k clcrhok joirëudoek c
tïrboek, k ktùboek tcb pnr fulèån kpclks bnvobcltkr k turaolk in hcrkinr.
hcrkinr.

Hcrkinrcs [uâboens

Ns hcrkinrcs quâboens sån iospnsotovns lns qukos nenrrcb ecrtks rckèócs quc doacrkb clcrhok,
quc ï trklsfnrbkik cb cdctroeoikic.
Ln hrupn ins hcrkinrcs quâboens, clenltrkbns
clenltrkbns ks enljceoiks podjks sceks c ns keubudkinrcs
(quc lån sån prnprokbcltc hcrkinrcs ) quc tíb hrklic kpdoekèån cb cdctrùloek.
Wnr scr ic usn akstkltc hclcrkdozkin lk cdctrùloek ktukd, proleopkdbcltc icvoin kn kivcltn ins
trklsostnrcs,, quc pcrbotorkb k enlstruèån ic kpkrcdjns cdctrùloens ic akoxn enlsubn ic clcrhok0 ns
trklsostnrcs
hcrkinrcs quâboens, tkos enbn ks podjks c ns keubudkinrcs, vån bcrcecr ub cstuin ub pnuen bkos
icsclvndvoin lcstk doèån c lk prëtoek. K lnssk oltclèån, enb ostn, ï quc n kduln tcljk ubk lnèån
akstkltc edkrk ic enbn sc prnecssk k prniuèån ic cdctroeoikic.

Wodjks

Lk suk fnrbk bkos cdcbcltkr,

cdcbcltkr, k podjk enlstotuo-sc ic ubk akrrk ic zolen c nutrk ic enarc,
enarc,
ejkbkiks cdïtrnins, bcrhudjkiks cb ubk snduèån ëeoik, ejkbkik cdctrõdotn. Cb enlscquíleok iks
rckèócs quâboeks quc sc prnecsskb cltrc ns cdctrnins c n cdctrõdotn, k akrrk ic zolen ﬋ek enb
cxecssn ic ekrhks cdïtroeks. Cb vortuic iossn, quklin sc dohk ub eoreuotn cxtcrln kns tcrbolkos iks
akrrks, enbn ubk dábpkik, pnr cxcbpdn, n cxecssn ic ekrhks ic zolen sc icsdnek pkrk n enarc quc
tcb fkdtk, cstkacdceclin-sc, enbn skacbns, k enrrcltc cdïtroek (bnvobcltn iks ekrhks), ktï quc jkmk
n cquodâaron ic ekrhks lks iuks akrrks, sotukèån cb quc sc ioz quc k podjk cstë icsekrrchkik.
Lk ﬋hurk 59, bnstrkbns k podjk sobpdcs,
sobpdcs, quc kekakbns ic icsercvcr
icsercvcr..

Fohurk 59 - Odustrkèån
- Odustrkèån ic podjk dâquoik

Cssk podjk, quc kprcscltkbns, ï in topn dâquoin, nu scmk, podjk ýboik. Ossn tnrlk oleùbnin n usn c
bkluscon ic tkd hcrkinr
hcrkinr.. Wkrk enltnrlkr csscs olenvclocltcs, fno erokik pnr Dcedklejï (fâsoen frálecs)
k podjk scek.
[uklin sc fkz ubk podjk, enbn k bnstrkik lk ﬋hurk 59, obcioktkbcltc kpkrcec cb scus tcrbolkos
ubk fnrèk cdctrnbntroz quc ï rcspnlsëvcd pcdn bnvobcltn iks ekrhks cdïtroeks, nu iotn ic nutrk
bklcork, pcdk enrrcltc cdïtroek.
Sbk qucstån quc dnhn surhc cb lnssn cspârotn ï skacr= qukd n vkdnr icssk fnrèk cdctrnbntroz c ic
quc icpclic cdk>
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 18 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
 Ns fâsoens cstuikrkb n kssultn c enleduârkb quc k fnrèk cdctrnbntroz ik podjk icpclic snbcltc
ik lkturczk iks suastáleoks quc cltrkb cb suk fnrbkèån c lån icpclic iks iobclsócs ins cdïtrnins.
Ks podjks sceks, tån enljceoiks in kduln, pnos sån dkrhkbcltc utodozkiks lk kdobcltkèån ic
dkltcrlks c rëions pnrtëtcos, prnpnreonlkb ubk tclsån ic ecrek ic ;,3V, olicpclicltcbcltc
olicpclicltcbcltc ic scu
tkbkljn fâsoen, nu scmk, tkltn k podjk ic rcdõhon ic pudsn, enbn k pcquclk c k bïiok nu bcsbn k
hrklic tíb k bcsbk fnrèk cdctrnbntroz (﬋hurk 53).
N kduln icvc cstkr sc pcrhultklin pnrquc, cltån, podjks ic tkbkljns iofcrcltcs, sc k fnrèk
cdctrnbntroz ï k bcsbk, cb qukdqucr ubk. Qcspnlicrcbns quc, in tkbkljn ins cdïtrnins c,
enlscqucltcbcltc,
enlscqucltcbcl tc, ik podjk tnik, icpclic k ekpkeoikic ik bcsbk.
Wnr ekpkeoikic ic ubk podjk cltclic-sc k enrrcltc quc cdk ï ekpkz ic fnrlcecr iurkltc ub
ictcrbolkin pcrânin ic tcbpn, oloeoklin-sc n fnrlceobcltn enb k podjk ekrrchkik (lnvk) c
tcrbolklin quklin cdk cstovcr cshntkik (icsekrrchkik).
K ekpkeoikic ï kvkdokik cb kbpêrcs-jnrk. Kssob, sc ubk podjk pnic fnrlcecr enrrcltc
enrrcltc ic kbpêrc
iurkltc ubk jnrk, cdk tcrë ekpkeoikic ic ub kbpêrc-jnrk. Uc nutrk podjk ic iobclsócs bkonrcs
puicr fnrlcecr 7,3 K (bcon kbpêrc), iurkltc 16 jnrks, cdk tcrë ekpkeoikic ic ;5 kbpêrcs-jnrk.
[ukltn bkonr fnr ks iobclsócs ins cdïtrnins, bkonr scrë suk ekpkeoikic. Kssob, ubk podjk
pcquclk, enljceoik enbn topn dkposcork, icssks uskiks cb rëions pnrtëtcos, c nutrk hrklic tíb
bcsbk fnrèk cdctrnbntroz, bks cstk ýdtobk tcb ekpkeoikic kdhubks vczcs supcronr k ik probcork.
Folkdbcltc icvcbns
icvcbns kercsecltkr quc k iurkèån ic ubk podjk vkrok ic kenrin enb n bnin enbn
cdk ï utodozkik. Kssob, sc ubk podjk fno uskik oltcrbolkltcbcltc c enb n enlsubn enrrcltc
bnicrkin, cdk tcrë iurkèån buotn bkonr in quc sc n enlsubn fnr enltâlun c bkonr. Ostn qucr iozcr
quc, cbanrk k podjk scmk k bcsbk, ln probcorn eksn cdk tcrë bkonr ekpkeoikic quc ln schulin, pnos,
sc budtopdoekrbns k enrrcltc pcdn tcbpn lns inos eksns, orcbns vcro﬋ekr quc ln probcorn n prniutn
ï bkonr, n quc cvoicleok quc k ekpkeoikic icpclic in bnin enbn k podjk ï uskik.

Fohurk 53 - Bnicdns ic podjks sceks.

Qcsostíleok Oltcrlk ik Wodjk

Ynin hcrkinr c, cb pkrtoeudkr, k podjk, nfcrcec oltcrlkbcltc ubk io﬋eudikic ç pksskhcb iks
ekrhks cdïtroeks. Cssk io﬋eudikic ï ejkbkik ic rcsostíleok oltcrlk. Icssc bnin, k rcprcscltkèån
csqucbëtoek ic ubk podjk scrok n quc bnstrkbns lk  ﬋hurk 56, nlic kpkrcecb inos trkèns, quc
rcprcscltkb
rcprcscltk b k fnrèk cdctrnbntroz (C), c ub rctálhudn, quc sobandozk k rcsostíleok
rcsostíleok oltcrlk ( Q ).

Fohurk 56 - Qcprcscltkèån ic ubk podjk rckd.

Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 1: Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
 [uklin k podjk cstë lnvk, k rcsostíleok oltcrlk ï akoxk c k enrrcltc quc sc pnic rctorkr ik podjk
tcb ub ictcrbolkin vkdnr bëxobn. Cltrctkltn, quklin k podjk ï uskik, suk rcsostíleok oltcrlk
kubcltk, icvoin kn icshkstc ins cdïtrnins c tkbaïb çs rckèócs quc sc prnecsskb cb scu oltcronr,
kekrrctklin ubk ictcrbolkik iossopkèån ic clcrhok lk prõprok rcsostíleok oltcrlk c ioboluolin n
vkdnr ik enrrcltc quc cdk pnic fnrlcecr.
[uklin k rcsostíleok oltcrlk tcb vkdnr buotn cdcvkin, k enrrcltc quc k podjk pnic fnrlcecr ï
prktoekbcltc ludk, iozcbns cltån quc k podjk cstë icsekrrchkik.

Fnrèk Cdctrnbntroz c Iofcrclèk ic Wntcleokd ic ub Hcrkinr

Ik rcprcscltkèån csqucbëtoek ic ubk podjk rckd quc ﬋zcbns lk  ﬋hurk 56, c iks cxpdoekèócs quc
fnrlcecbns lks doljks kltcronrcs, pnicbns torkr ubk enledusån obpnrtkltc= lns tcrbolkos ic
utodozkèån ik podjk, lån rcendjcbns tnik k fnrèk cdctrnbntroz hcrkik quoboekbcltc bks ub vkdnr
bclnr ikin pcdk iofcrclèk cltrc k fnrèk cdctrnbntroz c k qucik lk rcsostíleok oltcrlk. Cssk iofcrclèk
ï n quc sc ejkbk ic tclsån nu iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd.
Kssob, qukdqucr quc scmk n topn ic hcrkinr, cb scus tcrbolkos cxtcrlns rcendjc-sc snbcltc k
iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd nu tclsån c lulek k suk fnrèk cdctrnbntroz. Cb buotns eksns, k rcsostíleok
oltcrlk ï tån pcquclk quc k qucik ic tclsån lcdk pnic scr icsprczkik c, lcstks eoreulstáleoks, k
fnrèk cdctrnbntroz ï prktoekbcltc ohukd k iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd c, pnr tkd bntovn, hcrkdbcltc sc
cbprchk n tcrbn fnrèk cdctrnbntroz pkrk ks fnltcs quc enlvcrtcb k clcrhok cdïtroek k pkrtor ic
bceáloek, quâboek, cte.

Kssneokèån ic Wodjks

[uklin sc icscmk tclsån nu ekpkeoikic bkonrcs in quc ubk podjk ýloek pnic fnrlcecr, pnicb
scr dohkiks vëroks cltrc so, ic bnin quc n enlmultn
enlmultn tcljk ks prnprocikics icscmkiks.
icscmkiks. Cssk dohkèån sc
ejkbk kssneokèån ic podjks.
[uklin k kssneokèån ic podjks tcb pnr ﬋lkdoikic kubcltkr k tclsån, cdk ï ejkbkik vudhkrbcltc
ic aktcrok (﬋hurk 58).

Fohurk 58 - Aktcrok (?V).

Keubudkinrcs

Ns keubudkinrcs sån iospnsotovns ejkbkins podjks ic schulik cspïeoc, pnrquc, lk rckdoikic, lån
sc trktk ic ub hcrkinr, ln scltoin cxktn icssc tcrbn, nu scmk, ic trklsfnrbkr ub topn iostoltn ic
clcrhok, cb cdïtroek. N quc n keubudkinr fkz ï krbkzclkr ekrhks cdïtroeks quc djc sån enbuloekiks
pnr nutrn hcrkinr.
Kpõs enlstruâin, n keubudkinr lån cstë prnltn pkrk fuleonlkr, enbn kenltcec enb ks podjks,
pnos lån cxostc tclsån kdhubk cb scus tcrbolkos. Cltrctkltn, fkzclin-sc pksskr enrrcltc enltâluk
ktrkvïs ic scus cdïtrnins, n keubudkinr vko, pnuen k pnuen, kiquorolin k iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd.
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 1? Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
Cssk npcrkèån sc ejkbk ekrhk in keubudkinr.
Sbk vcz enbpdctkik k ekrhk, n keubudkinr ﬋ek enb suk fnrèk cdctrnbntroz enb n vkdnr bëxobn
c cstë prnltn pkrk scr uskin.
K vkltkhcb in keubudkinr ï quc ks rckèócs quâboeks quc sc prnecsskb cb scu oltcronr sån
orrcvcrsâvcos, n quc lån kenltcec enb ks podjks. Kssob, kpõs n cshntkbcltn iks ekrhks in keubudkinr,
cdks pnicb scr rcpnstks, vndtklin n keubudkinr k suk enlioèån ic ekrrchkin.
Ns keubudkinrcs sån akstkltc cbprchkins cb Cdctrùloek, pnos kdobcltkb ns rcecptnr
rcecptnrcs
cs ic rëion
ic kutnbõvcos, rcecptnrcs ic rëion ic bcsk, cte. c, cb dnekdoikics nlic lån cxostc nutrn topn ic
clcrhok cdïtroek, sån uskins lk odubolkèån.
K fnrèk cdctrnbntroz in keubudkinr icpclic, enbn ln eksn iks podjks, cxedusovkbcltc ins
cdïtrnins c in cdctrõdotn, c lulek ic suks iobclsócs. Icstks ýtobks icpclicrë suk ekpkeoikic ic
enrrcltc.
Ns keubudkinrcs bkos iofulioins, enljceoins enbn keubudkinrcs ic pdkek ic ejuban, k fnrèk
cdctrnbntroz ic scus cdcbcltns ï ic ecrek ic 1,; V. V. Csscs cdcbcltns sån kssneokins cb aktcrok
(c pnr ossn tkbaïb sc ejkbk keubudkinr ic aktcrok), vosklin k ktolhor n vkdnr ic tclsån icscmkin.
Ns vkdnrcs bkos enbuls sån ic ;1V c 19V.
K ekpkeoikic ic enrrcltc icpclic iks iobclsócs ins cdïtrnins, quc ln keubudkinr sån
ejkbkins ic pdkeks. Kssob, cxostcb keubudkinrcs ic ;5 pdkeks, ;3 pdkeks, ;8 pdkeks cte, sclin quc
n ic ;8 pdkeks tcb bkos ekpkeoikic ic enrrcltc quc n ic ;3 nu ;5.
Lk ﬋hurk 5:, kprcscltkbns ub keubudkinr cb scu kspcetn cxtcrln.

Fohurk 5: - Kspcetn cxtcrln ic ub keubudkinr (aktcrok).

WKQK QCFDCYOQ
Qcsubolin cstk doèån, n quc n kduln icvc rctcr enbn obpnrtkltc ï n schuoltc=
;½) Enrrcltc cdïtroek ï n lnbc quc sc ië kn bnvobcltn iks ekrhks cdïtroeks ktrkvïs
ins enrpns. Uuk uloikic ic bcioik ï n kbpêrc.
1½) Qcsostíleok cdïtroek ï k prnprocikic quc ns enrpns pnssucb ic sc npnrcb k eoreudkèån ik
enrrcltc cdïtroek. Uuk uloikic ic bcioik ï n njb. N enbpnlcltc quc ï uskin cxedusovkbcltc
pnr ekusk ic suk rcsostíleok ï ejkbkin ic rcsostnr
rcsostnr..
5½) K fnrèk quc narohk ks ekrhks cdïtroeks k sc bnvobcltkrcb ktrkvïs ins enliutnrcs, nu
scmk, k fnrèk quc prniuz k enrrcltc cdïtroek ï ejkbkik ic fnrèk cdctrnbntroz. Cdk ï bcioik cb
vndts.
9½) K iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd, quc ï tkbaïb ubk fnrèk, enrrcspnlicltc kn quc snark ik fnrèk
cdctrnbntroz, quklin sc rctork k pkrecdk ic clcrhok lcecssërok pkrk bnvobcltkr ks ekrhks ln
oltcronr in hcrkinr. K iofcrclèk ic pntcleokd tkbaïb ï bcioik cb vndts.
Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 57 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
 Icscljn ic Cdctrùloek
Wkrk quc scmk pnssâvcd dcr c oltcrprctkr icscljns csqucbëtoens, n prn﬋ssonlkd icvc enljcecr ns
sâbandns ic enbpnlcltcs c n bnin enbn cdcs sån iospnstns (oltcrdohkins) lns csqucbks. Cstk
sobandnhok ï pkirnlozkik pcdk Kssneokèån Arksodcork ic Lnrbks Yïeloeks (KALY), quc cstkacdcec ks
lnrbks c enbn icvcb scr cdkanrkins ns icscljns csqucbëtoens pkrk k ërck ic cdctrùloek. Uchulin
ks lnrbks LAQ, ns icscljns ic cdctrùloek sån edksso﬋ekins cb scos ektchnroks.

;) Csqucbk cb adnens -  Icscljn rcprcscltkin pnr fohurks hcnbïtroeks rchudkrcs (adnens)

oltcrdohkins cltrc so pnr doljks sobpdcs quc rcprcscltkb ns enlmultns ic eoreuotns enb fulèócs
ic﬋loiks c k dohkèån cltrc cdcs.
Ks sctks olioekb n scltoin in —solkd‒ c/nu k —nricb‒ ins eoreuotns. Vcmk ﬋hurk 5?

Fohurk 5? - Cxcbpdn ic ub csqucbk cb adnens.

1) Csqucbks sobpdo﬋ekin -  Icscljn csqucbëtoen rcprcscltkin pnr sâbandns prõprons ins

proleopkos cdcbcltns in eoreuotn. Csqucbk utodozkin pkrk olioekr ks dohkèócs quc pcrbotcb k
enbprcclsån in fuleonlkbcltn in eoreuotn. Fohurk 97.

Fohurk 97 - Csqucbk sobpdo﬋ekin.

Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 5; Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;

 5) Csqucbk Enbpdctn -  Ï n icscljn csqucbëtoen quc rcýlc tnins ns enbpnlcltcs in eoreuotn,
rcprcscltkins pcdns rcspcetovns sâbandns hrë﬋ens, acb enbn tniks ks dohkèócs in eoreuotn. ﬋hurk 9;.

Fohurk 9; - Csqucbk enbpdctn.

9) Csqucbk nu Vostk ic Dnekdozkèån -   Icscljn nu fntnhrkfok quc bnstrk k iospnsoèån c

dnekdozkèån iks pcèks c enbpnlcltcs c suks rcspcetovks oiclto﬋ekèócs. ﬋hurk 91.

Fohurk 91 - Csqucbk ic dnekdozkèån ins enbpnlcltcs cb ubk pdkek ic eoreuotn obprcssn.

Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 51 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn

 3) Icscljn ic ﬋kèån - Csqucbk quc bnstrk k dohkèån cltrc pcèks c enbpnlcltcs icvoikbcltc
oiclto﬋ekins c, sc pnssâvcd, bkltclin suks prnpnrèócs c pnsoèócs. Clqukirkb-sc lcstk ektchnrok ns
eoreuotns ejkpckins c eoreuotns obprcssns. ﬋hurk 95.

Fohurk 95 - Cxcbpdn ic csqucbk ic ﬋kèån. Bnltkhcb cb pnltn ic tcrbolkos.

6) Csqucbk ic Oltcrdohkèócs - Ï n icscljn quc bnstrk ks dohkèócs ins tcrbolkos cxtcrlns

icvoikbcltc oiclto﬋ekins pnr iovcrsks uloikics quc enbpócb ub cquopkbcltn, Fohurk 99.
Lcstc icscljn csqucbëtoen ic oltcrdohkèócs icvcb ﬋ekr acb oiclto﬋ekins ns tcrbolkos ic skâik
ic ekik pnltn, k skacr=
k) In tcrbolkd ic skâik ik uloikic k quc sc icstolk0
a) Ik pcèk ic nlic vcb k oltcrdohkèån kn pnltn ic ejchkik.
Wkrk dnekdozkr c oiclto﬋ekr pcèks c enbpnlcltcs lns csqucbks ic adnens, sobpdo﬋ekin c enbpdctn
utodozkb-sc inos sostcbks=
; - ic doljks jnroznltkos- ks dohkèócs sån trkèkiks pnr doljks pkrkdcdks lk pkrtc supcronr c olfcronr
in icscljn csqucbëtoen, c lcdks sån kssolkdkiks ks karcvokturks icvoikbcltc lubcrkiks iks pcèks
c enbpnlcltcs in eoreuotn.
K dnekdozkèån icvc scr fcotk lk pcrpclioeudkr icstcs pnltns kssolkdkins, enlfnrbc ﬋hurk 93.
1 - sostcbk ic ennriclkiks
Ln sostcbk ic ennriclkiks ks pcèks c enbpnlcltcs sån rcdkeonlkins cb ubk endulk kioeonlkd ç
dostk ic bktcrokos, quc kenbpkljk n icscljn, c lk ërck dobotkik pcdks ennriclkiks.
Qcenbclik-sc uskr lýbcrns lks kaseossks c dctrks lks ennriclkiks. ﬋hurk 96.

Fohurk 99 - Csqucbk ic oltcrdohkèócs.

Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 55 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;
Fohurk 93- Csqucbk ic oltcrdohkèócs.

Fohurk 96 - Oiclto﬋ekèån pnr ennriclkiks

ennriclkiks..

Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 59 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn

 Ykacdk enltclin k sobandnhok pkrk ks proleopkos rcprcscltkèócs
rcprcscltkèócs sobaõdoeks cb cdctrùloek.

Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 53 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;

Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7; 56 Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn
Olstotutn Slovcrskd Arksodcorn 58 Eursn ic Bklutclèån c Qcpkrn ic Ecdudkr - Kpnstodk 7;