Questions 1–13 (True, False), which are based on Reading Passage below.

Aphantasia: A life without mental images

Close your eyes and imagine walking along a sandy beach and then gazing over the
horizon as the Sun rises. How clear is the image that springs to mind?
Most people can readily conjure images inside their head - known as their mind's eye. But
this year scientists have described a condition, aphantasia, in which some people are unable
to visualise mental images.
Niel Kenmuir, from Lancaster, has always had a blind mind's eye. He knew he was different
even in childhood. "My stepfather, when I couldn't sleep, told me to count sheep, and he
explained what he meant, I tried to do it and I couldn't," he says. "I couldn't see any sheep
jumping over fences, there was nothing to count."
Our memories are often tied up in images, think back to a wedding or first day at school. As a
result, Niel admits, some aspects of his memory are "terrible", but he is very good at
remembering facts. And, like others with aphantasia, he struggles to recognise faces. Yet he
does not see aphantasia as a disability, but simply a different way of experiencing life.
Mind's eye blind
Ironically, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction aisles.
His condition begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I asked him
what happens when he tries to picture his fiancee. "This is the hardest thing to describe, what
happens in my head when I think about things," he says. "When I think about my fiancee
there is no image, but I am definitely thinking about her, I know today she has her hair up at
the back, she's brunette. But I'm not describing an image I am looking at, I'm remembering
features about her, that's the strangest thing and maybe that is a source of some regret."
The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: "You're weird." But while Niel is very
relaxed about his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One
person who took part in a study into aphantasia said he had started to feel "isolated" and
"alone" after discovering that other people could see images in their heads. Being unable to
reminisce about his mother years after her death led to him being "extremely distraught".
The super-visualiser
At the other end of the spectrum is children's book illustrator, Lauren Beard, whose work on
the Fairytale Hairdresser series will be familiar to many six-year-olds. Her career relies on
the vivid images that leap into her mind's eye when she reads text from her author. When I
met her in her box-room studio in Manchester, she was working on a dramatic scene in the
next book. The text describes a baby perilously climbing onto a chandelier.
"Straightaway I can visualise this grand glass chandelier in some sort of French kind of
ballroom, and the little baby just swinging off it and really heavy thick curtains," she says. "I
think I have a strong imagination, so I can create the world and then keep adding to it so it
gets sort of bigger and bigger in my mind and the characters too they sort of evolve. I couldn't
really imagine what it's like to not imagine, I think it must be a bit of a shame really."
Not many people have mental imagery as vibrant as Lauren or as blank as Niel. They are the
two extremes of visualisation. Adam Zeman, a professor of cognitive and behavioural
neurology, wants to compare the lives and experiences of people with aphantasia and its
polar-opposite hyperphantasia. His team, based at the University of Exeter, coined the term
aphantasia this year in a study in the journal Cortex.
Prof Zeman tells the BBC: "People who have contacted us say they are really delighted that
this has been recognised and has been given a name, because they have been trying to explain
to people for years that there is this oddity that they find hard to convey to others." How we
imagine is clearly very subjective - one person's vivid scene could be another's grainy picture.
But Prof Zeman is certain that aphantasia is real. People often report being able to dream in
pictures, and there have been reported cases of people losing the ability to think in images
after a brain injury.
He is adamant that aphantasia is "not a disorder" and says it may affect up to one in 50
people. But he adds: "I think it makes quite an important difference to their experience of life
because many of us spend our lives with imagery hovering somewhere in the mind's eye
which we inspect from time to time, it's a variability of human experience."

1. Aphantasia is a condition, which describes people, for whom it is hard to visualise

mental images.
Correct Answer : False
2. Niel Kenmuir was unable to count sheep in his head.
Correct Answer : True
3. Niel regrets that he cannot portray an image of his fiancee in his mind.
Correct Answer : True
4. Inability to picture things in someone's head is often a cause of distress for a person.
Correct Answer : True
5. Lauren Beard's career depends on her imagination.
Correct Answer : True
6. The author met Lauren Beard when she was working on a comedy scene in her next
book.
Correct Answer : False

7. Transform the given sentence into assertive.

How gorgeous is the sunset!
A How is the sunset so gorgeous?
B The sunset is gorgeous, isnt it?
C The sunset is very gorgeous.
D How gorgeous the sunset is!

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
The sunset is very gorgeous.

8. Transform the given sentence into superlative.

No other metal is as expensive as gold.
A No other metal except gold is expensive.
B Gold is expensive of all the metals.
C Isnt gold the most expensive of all metals.
D Gold is the most expensive of all metals.

Correct Answer : D

Explanation
Gold is the most expensive of all metals.
 9. Transform the given sentence into simple.
She said that she was coming.
A She will come today.
B She is coming.
C She told of her coming.
D She told that she was coming.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
She told of her coming.

10. Transform the given sentence into adjective.

She treated me respectfully.
A She treated me with respect.
B She respectfully treats me.
C She was respectful to me.
D She treats me respect.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
She was respectful to me.

11. Transform the given sentence into negative.

Human is mortal.
A Human is immortal.
B Human is not immortal.
C Not all humans are mortal.
D Not all humans are immortal.

Correct Answer : B

Explanation
Human is not immortal.

12. Transform the given sentence into complex.

My ambition is to serve the country.
A My ambition is that I should serve my country.
B My ambition is that I shall serve my country.
C To serve my country is my ambition.
D I serve my country is my great ambition.

Explanation
My ambition is that I should serve my country.
 13. Transform the given sentence into negative.
Many people want to travel the world.
A Many people want to travel the world, isnt it?
B Many people dont want to travel the world.
C Dont many people want to travel the world?
D Not many people want to travel the world.

Correct Answer : D

Explanation
Not many people want to travel the world.

14. Transform the given sentence into comparative.

That chocolate is not as sweet as this one
A The chocolates vary in their sweetness.
B This chocolate is sweeter than that chocolate.
C This chocolate is not sweeter than that chocolate.
D This chocolate is sweeter than that one.

Correct Answer : D

Explanation
This chocolate is sweeter than that one.

15. Transform the given assertive sentence into interrogative.

Everybody has heard of Amitabh Bachchan.
A Has everybody heard of Amitabh Bachchan?
B Isnt that everybody has heard of Amitabh Bachchan?
C Everybody has heard of Amitabh Bachchan, isnt it?
D Amitabh Bachchan is known to all, isnt it?

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
Has everybody heard of Amitabh Bachchan.

16. Transform the given sentence into complex.

Her looks proclaim her innocence.
A Her looks proclaim that she is innocent.
B She is innocent, her looks proclaim.
C Her innocence is seen on her looks.
D She is innocent, proclaims her looks.

Correct Answer : A
Explanation
Her looks proclaim that she is innocent.

17. Transform the given sentence and change into noun.

Parul sympathises with the needy and poor.
A Parul is sympathetic towards needy and poor.
B Parul treats needy and poor with sympathy.
C Parul has sympathy for the needy and poor.
D Needy and poor are sympathised by Parul.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
Parul has sympathy for the needy and poor.

18. Transform the given sentence by changing into verb.

The examination result gave her pleasure.
A The examination result pleased her.
B Her examination result gave her pleasure.
C She was pleased by her examination result.
D She was pleased to see her examination result.

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
The examination result pleased her.

19. Transform the given sentence into interrogative.

A great deal of research has been done on the Science project.
A Has much research been done on the science project?
B Has the Science project undergone research?
C The Science project is thoroughly researched, isnt it?
D Much research has been done on the science project, isnt it?

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
Has much research been done on the science project?

20. Transform the given sentence into complex sentences.

We have informed her of her success.
A We have informed her of her being successful.
B She has been informed by us of her success.
C We have informed her that she has succeeded.
D She has been informed that she has succeeded.

Correct Answer : C
Explanation
We have informed her that she has succeeded.

21. Transform the given sentence into compound sentence.

Everyone knows that the earth is round.
A The earth is round and everyone knows it.
B Everyone knows that earth is circular in shape.
C The Earth is round is a known fact.
D The Earth is round is known to everyone.Practice Exercise

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
The earth is round and everyone knows it.

22. Which of the transformations of the sentence Rajdhani Express is the fastest train is
correctly changed into positive sentence?
A There is no other train as fast as Rajdhani Express.
B No other train is as fast as Rajdhani Express.
C Both (a) and (b)
D None of these.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
Both a and b are correctly transformed simple sentence into positive sentence.

23. Transform the given sentence by removing too.

This tea is too hot for me.
A This tea is so hot that I cannot take it.
B This tea is very hot for me.
C This tea is hot for me.
D This tea is hot that I cannot take it

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
This tea is so hot that I cannot take it.

24. Transform the given sentence into compound.

Coming to me, Anita delivered the letter.
A Anita came to me and delivered the message.
B Anita delivered the letter while she was coming to me.
C Anita came to deliver the message.
D Anita came to me to deliver the message.
Correct Answer : A

Explanation
Anita came to me and delivered the message.

25. Transform the given sentence into complex.

Buy one shirt and get one free.
A If you buy one shirt, you get another shirt free.
B If you buy one shirt, you get one free.
C A shirt free on purchase of a shirt.
D Buy one shirt to get one free.

Correct Answer : B

Explanation
If you buy one shirt you get one free.

26. Transform the given sentence into complex.

Listen and I will give you all.
A If you listen, I will tell you all.
B Listen and know all.
C Listen carefully to know all.
D If you listen to me, I will tell you everything.

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
If you listen I will tell you all.

27. Transform the given sentence by removing too.

The oranges are too cheap to be good.
A The oranges are cheap and good.
B The oranges are cheap as well as good.
C The oranges are very cheap good.
D The oranges are so cheap that they cannot be good.

Correct Answer : D

Explanation
The oranges are so cheap that they cannot be good.

28. Transform the given complex sentence into compound sentence.

If you cannot obey me you have to leave.
A If you dont obey me, you will have to leave.
B Obey or leave.
C Either obey me or leave.
D Obey me or leave.

Explanation
Obey me or leave.

29. Transform the given sentence into interrogative.

Stop it.
A Will you stop it?
B Please stop it.
C Can you stop it?
D Please stop.

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
Will you stop it?

30. Transform the given compound sentence into complex sentence.

Cancer is curable and everybody knows this.
A Cancer is curable is known to all.
B Cancer is curable is a known fact.
C Everybody knows that cancer is curable.
D Everybody knows that cancer can be cured.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
Everybody knows that cancer is curable.

31. Transform the given complex sentence into compound sentence.

As soon as we heard the shout, we rushed to the spot.
A We heard the shout and rushed to the spot.
B Hearing the shout, we rushed to the spot.
C We heard the shout and rushed.
D We rushed to the spot as soon as we heard the shout.

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
We heard the shout and rushed to the spot

32. Transform the given compound sentence into complex sentence.

You have to be 18 years old or you cant drive.
A You cant drive because you are under 18.
B To drive, you have to be 18 years old.
C If you are under 18, you cant drive.
D If you are 18 year old, you cant drive.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
If you are under 18 you cant drive

33. Transform the given exclamatory sentence into assertive sentence:

How kind of you to help her like that.
A How kind of you that you helped her like that.
B It is very kind of you to help her.
C You are very kind to help her like that.
D It is very kind of you to help her like that.

Correct Answer : D

Explanation
It is very kind of you to help her like that.

34. Transform the given complex sentence into compound sentence.

Although he is rice, he is not happy.
A He isnt happy but he is rich.
B He is rich and still not happy.
C He is rich but he is not happy.
D He is rich but not happy.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
He is rich but he is not happy.

35. Transform the given sentence into negative.

Ajay loved his parents.
A Ajay hates his parents.
B Ajay did not love his parents.
C Ajay does not love his parents.
D Ajay did not hate his parents.

Correct Answer : D

Explanation
Ajay did not hate his parents.

36. Transform the given sentence into positive.

Samay writes more neatly than any other boy in the class.
A No other boy of Samays class writes as neatly as he.
B Samay writes neatly than all his classmates.
C Samays writing is very neat.
D Samays writing is neater than all the boys in his class.

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
No other boy of Samays class writes as neatly as he.

37. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives

They wanted to win. They worked hard for that reason.
A They worked hard to win.
B They worked hard for that reason to win.
C To win they worked hard.
D They wanted to win and worked hard

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
to + infinitive (win-verb)

38. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives

She was sensible. She did the right thing.
A She was sensible to did the right thing.
B She did the right thing to be sensible
C She was sensible enough to do the right thing.
D To be sensible she did right thing.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
to +infinitive verb form

39. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives

The students were not able to solve the problem. It was too difficult for them.
A It was too difficult to solve the problem.
B To the students it was too difficult to solve the problem.
C The problem for the student was too difficult to solve.
D The problem was too difficult for the students to solve.

Correct Answer : D

Explanation
to solve is used as to+ solve (verb) in the infinitive form.
 40. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives
It is too late. We cant start a new lesson now.
A It is too late for us to start a new lesson.
B It is too late that cant start a new lesson now.
C It is getting late to start a new lesson.
D We are too late starting a new lesson.

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
for us to start the infinitive clause rightly combines the two sentences.

41. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives

The manager appointed John. He will do the accounts.
A He will do the accounts the manager appointed John.
B The manager appointed James to do the accounts.
C The manager appointed to John he will do the accounts
D Being appointed by manager John will do the accounts.

Correct Answer : B

Explanation
to + verb in infinitive form is the correct use

42. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives

We went to the theater. We saw a movie there.
A We went to the theater seeing a movie.
B We saw a movie there went to the theater.
C To seeing a movie we went to the theatre.
D We went to the theater to see a movie.

Correct Answer : D

Explanation
to + verb clause in infinitive form combines the two sentences in a right way.

43. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives

I have no interest in politics. I must tell it frankly.
A I have no interest in politics to tell it frankly
B I must tell it frankly to no interest in politics
C To be frank, I have no interest in politics.
D I must tell it frankly to having no interest in politics.

Correct Answer : C
Explanation
An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + Simple form of the verb]. It will
include objects and/or modifiers.

44. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives

The man took out a knife. He intended to frighten all of us.
A The man took out a knife to frighten all of us
B He intended to frighten all of us took out a knife
C To frighten all of us he took knife.
D The man took out a knife to intend to frighten all of us.

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
to infinitive +verb is the correct way to combine the two sentences.

45. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives

Mary collects old stamps. It is her hobby.
A It is her hobby to collect stamps.
B It is Marys hobby to collect old stamps.
C Mary collects old stamps it is her hobby.
D Marrys old habit is collecting stamps.

Correct Answer : B

Explanation
to infinitive + verb combines the sentences.

46. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using infinitives

The men held a meeting. They wanted to elect a manager for the company.
A They wanted to elect a manager for the company, the men held a meeting.
B They wanted a manager to held a meeting.
C The men held a meeting to elect a manager for the company.
D A meeting was held to elect a meeting.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
to + verb infinitive form in a right way combines the two sentences.

47. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given options \
We can wait here until Sourav calls us.
A compound
B simple
C complex
D none of the above

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
This sentence is complex because it contains one independent clause, we can wait here, and
at least one dependent clause, until Sourav calls us.

48. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given options
Either the engine starts, or we will remain here all night.
A compound
B simple
C complex
D none of the above

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
This sentence is compound because it contains two independent clauses-Either the engine
starts and we will remain here all night and no dependent clauses.

49. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given op

A group of my classmates studied the problem and solved it in a few minutes.
A compound
B simple
C complex
D none of the above

Correct Answer : B

Explanation
This sentence contains one independent clause and no dependent clause, so it is a simple
sentence.

50. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given op

The old car was in fairly good operating condition, but the condition of the body was
poor.
A compound
B simple
C complex
D none of the above

Correct Answer : A
Explanation
This sentence is compound because it contains two independent clauses and no dependent
clauses.

51. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given op

The small streams that run through the area are loaded with fish.
A adverb clause
B adjective clause
C noun clause
D none of the above

Correct Answer : B

Explanation
The dependent clause that run through the area works as an adjective, describing the small
streams.

52. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given op

When the leaves begin to fall, we will harvest the last of our crops.
A adverb clause
B adjective clause
C noun clause
D none of the above

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
The dependent clause here is When the leaves begin to fall. It works as an adverb, modifying
the verb harvest.

53. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given op

Your sister said you havent slept in two or three nights.
A adverb clause
B adjective clause
C noun clause
D none of the above

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
The dependent clause in two or three nights works as a noun.

54. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given op

People who have poor diets are likely to catch colds.
A adverb clause
B adjective clause
C noun clause
D none of the above
Answer
Correct Answer : B

Explanation
The dependent clause who have poor diets works as an adjective. It modifies the noun
People.

55. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given op

The crew checked the ship and prepared it for sea.
A compound
B `simple
C complex
D none of the above

Correct Answer : B

Explanation
This sentence contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses, so it is simple.

56. Identify the following sentences or clauses from the given options
We must prepare the dam, or the water will rush through.
A compound
B simple
C complex
D none of the above

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
This is a compound sentence because it contains two independent clauses and no dependent
clauses.

57. Transform the simple sentence into a compound sentence

He must work hard to make up for the lost time.
A He should make up the lost of time working hard.
B He worked hard and make up the lost time.
C Working hard he can make up the lost time
D He has to make up the lost time working hard.

Correct Answer : B

Explanation
This sentence can be made into two parts and those two parts can be joined by a conjunction
and.
 58. Transform the simple sentence into a compound sentence
To his eternal disgrace, he betrayed his country.
A He betrayed his country is an eternal disgrace.
B For him betraying his country was an eternal disgrace
C He betrayed his country and this was to his eternal disgrace.
D Eternal disgrace was his betraying the country.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
By enlarging phrase or word into a co-ordinate clause this sentence has been transformed.

59. Transform the simple sentence into a compound sentence

Besides robbing the poor child, he also murdered the child.
A He not only robbed the poor child and also murdered the child.
B He robbed the child and murdered the child.
C The poor child was robbed and murdered by him.
D After robbing the poor child he murdered him.

Correct Answer : A

Explanation
not only but also is used to enlarge the sentence and makes a compound sentence.

60. Transform the simple sentence into a compound sentence

The teacher punished the children for disobedience.
A For disobedience the teacher punished the children.
B The teacher punished the children for their disobedience.
C The children were disobedience so the teacher punished them.
D Being disobedient the teacher punished the students.

Correct Answer : C

Explanation
were and so are added to the coordinating clause.