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Answer Tutorial 3

This document provides answers to tutorial questions about crystal structures and properties. Key points include: - Atomic structure relates to the composition of individual atoms, while crystal structure describes the arrangement of atoms in solids. - Face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) are examples of crystal structures that belong to the cubic crystal system. - Crystal structure determines properties like theoretical density that can be calculated from parameters like atomic radius and weight. Measured densities are compared to verify crystal structure assignments. - Crystal systems describe the geometry of unit cells, while crystal structures also specify atomic arrangements within unit cells. Directions and planes are analyzed using Miller indices and related properties like linear and

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Sofea Izyan
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529 views

Answer Tutorial 3

This document provides answers to tutorial questions about crystal structures and properties. Key points include: - Atomic structure relates to the composition of individual atoms, while crystal structure describes the arrangement of atoms in solids. - Face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) are examples of crystal structures that belong to the cubic crystal system. - Crystal structure determines properties like theoretical density that can be calculated from parameters like atomic radius and weight. Measured densities are compared to verify crystal structure assignments. - Crystal systems describe the geometry of unit cells, while crystal structures also specify atomic arrangements within unit cells. Directions and planes are analyzed using Miller indices and related properties like linear and

Uploaded by

Sofea Izyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Answer Tutorial 3

1. What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure?

Atomic structure relates to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, as well as
the number and probability distributions of the constituent electrons. On the other hand, crystal
structure pertains to the arrangement of atoms in the crystalline solid material.

2. Calculate the volume of an FCC unit cell in terms of the atomic radius R.

3. Show that the atomic packing factor for the FCC crystal structure is 0.74.
4. Show that the atomic packing factor for BCC is 0.68.

We are asked to show that the atomic packing factor for BCC is 0.68. The atomic packing factor is
defined as the ratio of sphere volume to the total unit cell volume, or

5. Show that the atomic packing factor for HCP is 0.74.

This problem calls for a demonstration that the APF for HCP is 0.74. Again, the APF is just the
total sphere volume-unit cell volume ratio. For HCP, there are the equivalent of six spheres per
unit cell, and thus
6. (a) Calculate the volume of an HCP unit cell in terms of its a and c lattice parameters. (b) Now
provide an expression for this volume in terms of the atomic radius, R, and the c lattice parameter.
We use the adjacent reduced-sphere HCP unit cell to solve this problem. Now, the unit cell
volume is just the product of the base area times the cell height, c. This base area is just three
times the area of the parallelepiped ACDE shown below. (This ACDE parallelepiped is also
labeled in the above unit cell.) The area of ACDE is just the length of CD times the height BC.
But CD is just a, and BC is equal to

Thus, the base area is just


(b)

7. Copper has an atomic radius of 0.128 nm, an FCC crystal structure, and an atomic weight of 63.5
g/mol. Compute its theoretical density, and compare the answer with its measured density.

8. What is the difference between crystal structure and crystal system?

A crystal structure is described by both the geometry of, and atomicarrangements within, the unit
cell, whereas a crystal system is described only in terms of the unitcell geometry. For example,
face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic are crystal structures that belong to the cubic crystal
system.

9. Calculate the radius of a palladium atom, given that Pd has an FCC crystal structure, a density of 12.0
g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 106.4 g/mol.
10. Calculate the radius of a tantalum atom, given that Ta has a BCC crystal structure, a density of 16.6
g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 180.9 g/mol.
11. List the point coordinates for all atoms that are associated with the FCC unit cell.
1 1
12. For the unit cell shown in the accompanying sketch (a), locate the point having coordinates 1 .
4 2
13. Specify coordinate indices for all numbered points of the unit cell in the illustration below.

For this unit cell, coordinate points are located at all eight corners with a single point at the center
position.

Point 1 is located at the origin of the coordinate system, and, therefore, its lattice position indices
referenced to the x, y, and z axes are 0a, 0b, and 0c, respectively. And from Equations 3.9a through
3.9c,
lattice position referenced to the x axis = 0a = qa lattice position referenced to the y axis = 0b = rb
lattice position referenced to the z axis = 0c = sc
Solving the above three expressions for values of the q, r, and s indices leads to
14. Determine the indices for the direction shown in the accompanying figure.

It is first necessary to take note of the vector tail and head coordinates.
From the illustration, tail coordinates are as follows;

x1 = a y1 = 0bz 1 = 0c
For the head coordinates,
x2 = 0a y2 = bz 2 = c/2

15. Within a cubic unit cell, sketch the following directions:


16. Within the following unit cell draw a [110] direction with its tail located at the origin of the
coordinate system, point O.
17. (a) Convert the [111] direction into the four-index system for hexagonal crystals. (b) Draw this
direction within a ruled-net coordinate system (per Figure 3.10). (c) Now draw the [111] direction
within a hexagonal unit cell that utilizes a three-axis (a1, a2, z) coordinate scheme.
18. Determine the indices (four-index system) for the direction shown in the accompanying figure.
19. Determine the Miller indices for the plane shown in the accompanying sketch (a)
20. Construct a (101) plane within the following unit cell\
21. Determine the Miller–Bravais indices for the plane shown in the hexagonal unit cell.
22. (a) Derive linear density expressions for FCC [100] and [111] directions in terms of the atomic radius
R. (b) Compute and compare linear density values for these same two planes for copper. Given that
the atomic radius for copper is 0.128 nm.
23. (a) Derive linear density expressions for BCC [110] and [111] directions in terms of the atomic radius
R. (b) Compute and compare linear density values for these same two planes for iron. Given that the
atomic radius for iron is 0.124 nm.
A BCC unit cell within which is drawn a [111] direction is shown below.
24. (a) Derive planar density expressions for FCC (100) and FCC (110) in terms of the atomic radius R.
(b) Compute planar density values for the plane for aluminum. Given that the atomic radius for
aluminum is 0.143 nm.

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