Project Description

A power supply is an electronic circuit that converts an ac voltage to dc voltage. It is basically

consisting of the following elements: transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator circuits. Power
supply units (PSU) are used in computers, amateur radio transmitters and receivers, and all
other electronic equipment that use dc voltage as an input. Uninterruptible power supply is a
must for computers which holds volatile data from time to time. This prevents corruption of data
due to power failure and low voltage.

Now a days, almost all electronic equipment include a circuit that converts ac supply into dc
supply. The part of equipment that converts ac into dc is called DC power supply. In general
at the input of the power supply there is a power transformer. It is followed by a rectifier (a diode
circuit)a smoothing filter and then by a voltage regulator circuit.

Here are the terms in the Basic DC Power Supply

1.) Transformer

The transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from the primary winding to the
secondary winding without affecting the frequency. It is used to step-up or step-down the ac
voltage level and isolates the remainder of the electronic system from the ac power.

The primary winding of the transformer is connected to an ac voltage source that produces
alternating current while the secondary is connected to a load. The primary and secondary
windings are not physically connected to each other but due to electromagnetic induction
following Faraday's law, there is an induced voltage in the secondary winding. There are three
main functions of transformers namely: stepping the voltage up, stepping the voltage down and
providing isolation between the primary and secondary circuits.

Transformer is used to step-up or step-down (usually to step-down) the-supply voltage as per

need of the solid-state electronic devices and circuits to be supplied by the dc power supply. It
can provide isolation from the supply line-an important safety consideration. It may also include
internal shielding to prevent unwanted electrical noise signal on the power line from getting into
the power supply and possibly disturbing the load

2.) Rectifier

The rectifier is a device used to change the ac power into pulsating dc. The basic rectifier is the
diode. This diode is a unidirectional device that operates as rectifier in the forward direction. The
three basic rectifier circuits using diodes are the half-wave, full-wave center-tapped and full-
wave bridge type.

3.) Filter

The filter of the power supply is used to keep the ripple component from appearing in the output.
It is designed to convert pulsating DC from rectifier circuits into a suitably smooth dc level. The
two basic types of power supply filters are the capacitance filter (C-filter) and RC-filter. The C-
filter is the simplest and most economical filter available. On the other hand, RC-filter is used to
reduce the amount of ripple voltage across a capacitor filter. Its primary function is to pass most
of the dc component while attenuating the ac component of the signal.

4.) Filter

The filter of the power supply is used to keep the ripple component from appearing in the output.
It is designed to convert pulsating DC from rectifier circuits into a suitably smooth dc level. The
two basic types of power supply filters are the capacitance filter (C-filter) and RC-filter. The C-
filter is the simplest and most economical filter available. On the other hand, RC-filter is used to
reduce the amount of ripple voltage across a capacitor filter. Its primary function is to pass most
of the dc component while attenuating the ac component of the signal.

5.) PCB- mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using
conductive tracks, pads, and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a
non-conductive substrate. A printed circuit board has pre-designed copper tracks on a
conducting sheet. The pre-defined tracks reduce the wiring, thereby reducing the faults
arising due to loose connections. One simply needs to place the components on the
PCB and solder them.
6.) Voltage regulator - designed to provide a very steady or well regulated dc output. It is
always ideal to have a steady output voltage so that the load will operate properly. The
output level is maintained regardless of the variation of the shunt voltage regulator.input
voltage. The commonly used transistor voltage regulators are the series voltage
regulator and the
7.) Diode – a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current
in one direction only.
8.) Resistor- a passive two terminal component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. In electronic circuit, resistors are used to reduced current flow, adjust
signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements and terminate transmission lines
among other uses.
9.) Capacitor- a passive two terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in an
electric field.
10.) Fuse- an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection
of an electrical circuit.
11.) Rotary Switch- a switch operated by roration. Theses are often chosen more
than 2 positions are needed such as a three speed fan or a CB radio with multiple
frequencies of reception or channels.
12.) Wire- a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal.
Project Design

For the design of our project, we draw the circuit’s schematic diagram first. We make a
simple one but understandable one one for we know that the basic DC power supply
must be a simple one because the word “basic” says it must not be a complicated one.
We do the designing part in the Multisim application. It take a long time to design the
circuit because we need to obtain the desired output which are 3V, 6V, 9V and 12V with
the 220 Vrms, 60Hz, max load current of 1000mA and the most important is the ripple
factor which is 3% or below. The lower the ripple factor the more effective the filtration.
We commit many errors in designing our DC power supply in the Multisim. We do many
trial and errors because we come up to what we needed. We think of a unique but no so
far from usual basic DC power supply. Many errors in computation where made. Many
adjustments are made and so much more. Many errors but still yet we overcome the
error that we got. We come up to the desired output voltage. So many errors like we
doesn’t come up with the needed ripple factor. The output voltage is much larger than
what is needed. We’ll explain some of the things on the result and discussion part of this
documentation. After the designing part is the printing of the circuit on the PCB. It takes
just a little time to print it. After the printing process os the soaking the circuit board to
the ferric chloride. This is called the etching process, it takes for 30 minutes. The
purpose of this process is to remove the unwanted copper. We used gloves in doing this
because it make cause harm to our skins. After this part is the drilling process. With the
use of drill we make holes in the circuit board where we are going to put the circuit
components just like the resistors, capacitors and diodes. Just like what our professor
said , we are going to make a hole also on the chassis where are going to put some
components like the fuse and the rotary switch. It is a little bit tough because of it’s a
plastic and we need to make a hole perfectly and one small mistake may damaged it
and we don’t wat that to happen. After that we will put the components on the PCB. The
resistors, diodes and capacitors which are the components of our power supply. We
have to connect wires to the transformer. Putting the switch which may be varied from
3V, 6V, 9V and 12V. And then finally the most difficult part is the soldering part, majority
of us is first time in doing the soldering process. One wrong move may lead to damaged
component and it may also change the value of a certain component. It smells
unpleasant but it is enjoyable while we are doing it. For some it is a basic task but for
others that are first time it is tough. We put some indications on the rotary switch that a
certain point is for a certain voltage output. After all the many process and here we go,
we finally made our power supply. Great job to us! We make it a presentable one and in
the image shown below is our final product and the drawing in the Multisim application
that we do.

Results and Discussions

The output of our basic DC power supply is good. Even though we didn’t got the exact
and accurate output atleast we doesn’t exceed too much. Just a little bit of decimals
exceeded. Many adjustments are made in order for us to obtain the needed value. It’s a
difficult task. Below is the computations that we do during the making of our power
supply
Given :

Vrms = 220V

Frequency= 60Hz

Load Current= 1000 ohms

Capacitance= 1000 microF

Vp(rect) = Vs – 1.4

V(dc) = Vp(rect) (1-1/2fRC)

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns

Vrms = Vp/sqrt2

At 3V

220sqrt2 / Vs = 110/ 1.5 => Vs = 4.24V

Vp(rect) = 4.24 – 1.4 = 2.84 V

V(dc) = 2.84 (1-1/2(120)(1000)(1000+1000)(10^-6)) => V(dc) = 2.836 V (Output

Voltage)

Ripple factor = (2.84/120(1000)(2000 x 10^-6))/(2.836) = 0.417 %

At 6V

220sqrt2 / Vs = 110/ 3 => Vs = 8.49V

Vs = 8.49 V – 35(27x10^-3) = 7.54 V

Vp(rect) = 7.54 – 1.4 = 6.14 V

V(dc) = 6.14 (1-1/2(120)(1000)(1000+1000)(10^-6)) => V(dc) = 6.13 V (Output Voltage)

Ripple factor = (6.14/(120)(1000)(2000 x 10^-6))/6.13 = 0.417%

At 9V

220sqrt2 / Vs = 110/ 4.5 => Vs = 12.73 V

Vs = 12.73 V – 65(35x10^-3) = 10.45 V

Vp(rect) = 10.45 – 1.4 = 9.05 V

V(dc) = 9.05 (1-1/2(120)(1000)(1000+1000)(10^-6)) => V(dc) = 9.03 V (Output Voltage)

Ripple Factor = (9.05/(120)(1000)(2000 x 10^-6))/9.03 = 0.417%

At 12V

220sqrt2 / Vs = 110/ 4.5 => Vs = 16.97 V

Vs = 16.97 V – 80(45x10^-3) = 13.37 V

Vp(rect) = 13.37 – 1.4 = 11.97 V

V(dc) = 11.97 (1-1/2(120)(1000)(1000+1000)(10^-6)) => V(dc) = 11.94 V (Output

Voltage)

Ripple factor = (11.97/(120)(1000)(2000 x 10^-6))/11.94 = 0.417 %

As you can see in the computations. In the part of 6V, 9V and 12V are the ones that are
different. We put one resistors each that may consume the excess voltage from the
secondary voltage in order for us to get the needed voltage. For example in the 6V, we
put 35 ohm resistor. The job of that resistor is to get the excess voltage from the 8.49V
secondary voltage.

All over our computations we used the formulas in getting the Vp(rect) and the V(dc).
Where the Vp(rect) is the voltage at the rectifier and the V(dc) is the DC value of the
filter’s output voltage. The ripple factor is 0.417% for all the voltage output and which is
very good to a certain power supply because the filtration process is very effective. The
using of the resistor is very effective also. We assumed the transformers turns ratio for
each voltage output. The resistors value and the current value is being got by using a
multimeter. We use two capacitors that are in parallel in order for filtrations to be much
better. The basic DC power supply of our group’s process from the transformer part until
then last part is working good.

Here are the pictures while we are doing our very own basic DC power supply
Conclusion

The basic DC ower supply consist of just few components like diodes, resistors,
capacitors, fuse, rotary switch etc. The advantage of this is it a simple and cheap not
like others which will cause hundreds or thousands of pesos in order for you to have.
We face many faults and troubles in constructing our power supply. Just like the output
voltage is not being obtained, the output is always going up the desired value for
voltage output. For example we want a 12 V output, what we’ve got is 15.23V just like
that. But in the end we got the output voltage that we desired. The most complicated
part is the soldering the circuit components into the PCB, one small mistake may lead to
something terrible like changing values of a soldered component. Another tough part is
designing the circuit in the Multisim application. Even though we are being teach on
how to design a power supply, there are instances that we get confusion on some parts
from the transformer up to regulator. We must got a correct specifications in order for us
to obtain the desired output. The actual and technical making of the power supply is
really difficult and we realize that. We make some adjustments just like adding the
resistors before the bridge rectifier in order for the secondary voltage to decrease. It
takes hours and days to fully finish our basic DC power supply. We get the lower ripple
factor than the required one and this is a good one because the lower the ripple factor
the more effective the filter is. The output voltage varies from 3V, 6V, 9V and 12V. The
power supply that has been designed provides a good alternative to a more expensive
power supply. The power supply has few components, covers a small area and is very
simple in design.

Recommendations:

In making a power supply, a great knowledge in the technical aspect is a must. But also
don’t forget about the knowledge in the computation and theoretical part. Both are
importants lacking from one of those may lead to an unsuccessful output. For the next
people who are making this kind of project. Buy more components than what is needed
because committing error in this project is inevitable. It’s a difficult one we swear that.

Design the best circuit first in the Multisim before doing it in the PCB. Correct input and
design is a must. One of the tips that we are giving to you is to use resistors in case if
the voltage exceeds much greater than what is needed. Always remember the term
voltage drop, we applied that concept. Using two capacitors is also effective because it
filtrates much better.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
POBLACION II, MALINTA, VALENZUELA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PROJECT IN ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS AND DEVICES

BASIC DC POWER SUPPLY

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

DAYO, GINO ANTHONY S.A. ENGR. JAYEF DOBLADO

DERLA, RAPHAEL

ESPANOLA, DYSABEL

DARIA, JOMAR C.

DE LEON, JOSHUA Q.