0% found this document useful (0 votes)
160 views10 pages

Testing of Adhesive Joints in The Wind Industry: Abstract

Uploaded by

L.a. Mayor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
160 views10 pages

Testing of Adhesive Joints in The Wind Industry: Abstract

Uploaded by

L.a. Mayor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Testing of Adhesive Joints in the Wind Industry

F. Sayer, N. Post, A. van Wingerde, H.-G. F. Kleiner, W. Fleischmann and M. Gansow


Busmann Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Location Munich
Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Gutenbergstr. 3, D-85748 Garching,
Energy System Technology (IWES) Germany
Am Seedeich 45, D-27572 Bremerhaven,
Germany [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract: the entire length of the blade, up to 60 meters,


Currently wind turbine blade durability is and thicknesses of a centimetre are common.
assessed based on data from coupon material
tests and information gained from full scale The design analysis of the bond line is typically
blade testing. This research develops a beam based on coupon level test results. The only
test for the evaluation of the structural actual test of the bond line is in the full scale
adhesive bond between the web and spar cap blade test during its certification. However, the
of a MW scale wind turbine blade. The goal is properties and durability of bond lines are
to develop a subcomponent test method that strongly dependent on their geometry. Full
will help to ensure correct selection and scale blade tests are very expensive and time-
evaluation of materials and models for blade consuming, thus prohibiting for instance
design. Based on numerical simulation of a parameter studies. On the other hand, while
blade, a beam is designed to provide realistic coupon tests may not successfully capture the
stress states in the adhesive joint. material behaviour under the complex stress
states in the blade. Additionally, care must be
Static and cyclic cantilever three point bending taken in applying coupon level test data to
tests are suggested to investigate the adhesive structural design as scaling effects in the
bond properties. Beam based testing will material and manufacturing may lead to
improve the understanding of adhesive joint defects not present in the coupons.
fatigue behaviour and environmental durability,
and offer an opportunity for new material As the wind industry seeks to optimise blade
comparison and certification methodologies. design and simultaneously build ever larger
blades, there is increasing interest in the
Keywords: rotor blade, adhesive, bond line, development of component tests for material
beam evaluation and possible certification prior to
construction of a prototype blade. The
investigation presented in this paper focuses
1 Introduction on developing a beam model for testing the
Modern wind turbine blades are made from adhesive joints between the spar cap and
integral manufactured parts that are bonded shear web using a scaled beam design. The
together. Typically the adhesives contribute to work is based on an analysis of the
the structural integrity of the blade. An example requirements in the certification guidelines.
of a structural bond line is the joint between the Because of the component size and controlled
spar cap and web (Figure 1). The bond lines in bond line thickness, similar manufacturing
modern multi-MW scale turbine blades present defects to those seen in rotor blades are
a particular design challenge because both the expected.
thickness and length of the adhesive bond are
much larger than in other applications. Shear
web to spar cap bond lines typically run almost
2 Review Use of Adhesives in Wind Turbine Blades

2.1 Adhesive Bonds in Wind Turbine 100000


90000
Blades 80000

Adhesives [t]
Adhesive bonding is used in the wind industry 70000
60000
to join the main parts of a wind turbine blade. 50000
Bond lines can be ether structural or non- 40000

structural. An example for a structural bond 30000


20000
line is the joining of the spar caps and the 10000
webs of a blade, while the joining of an 0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
aerodynamic skin to a load carrying core can
Year
be considered a non-structural bond line (see
Figure 1). Figure 2: Use of bonding past in rotor blade

2.2 Load Evaluation for adhesive


bonds in wind turbine blades
The stress state in the bond line of rotor blades
can be calculated by finite element calculations
or be taken from measurements. In this case,
data for an example blade from the Optimat
Blades Project with published data from a
numerical calculation that has been
experimentally verified was used [14]. The
structure of this blade is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 1: Example of structural (top) and non-structural The strain state is provided for a cross-section
(bottom) bond lines of the blade in the spar-cap and the web. With
For the application in wind turbine blades, the assumption that the stress state is constant
structural adhesives must meet special over the width of the spar cap and web the
requirements: strains in the adhesive can be calculated.
• Resistance to complex stress states
due to bond line thickness
• Resistance to extreme environmental
conditions, particularly for offshore
applications
• Easy processing to enable very long
adhesive joints to be manufactured at
one time 2
• High resistance to manufacturing 1
defects
3
In a modern turbine blade with a length of 60 Figure 3: rotor blade structure
meters approximately 500 kg of bonding paste
are used. In smaller blades with a length of
about 37 meters still 300 kg of bonding paste is Figure 4 gives the strains in the simulated
required. Based on predictions of the blade in the spar cap (SC11, SC22 and SC12) as
continued growth in the wind industry, Figure 2 well as the web (W 11, W 33 and W 13) for the
shows the progression of bonding paste that different load cases of flap-wise, edge-wise
will be needed in the wind industry through and flap- and edge-wise bending at the cross
2017. There is a huge opportunity for the section R=5 m. The numbers subscripts
adhesives industry to continue development of indicate the direction of the strains in the local
wind energy specific solutions. coordinate system (see Figure 3). The most
characteristic loading is the combined (flap-
and edge- wise) bending.
Normalized Strains - R= 5m al. [4] designed and tested an I-beam to
investigate an adhesive in a symmetric four
1
point bending test. In the EU-project UpWind
0.75
[5] the work package “Rotor structures and
0.5 Materials” addresses the testing of beams.
normalized Strains

0.25
Flap- wise
0 Flap- & Edge- wise Most studies perform four point beam tests and
-0.25
SC11 SC22 SC12 W11 W33 W13 Edge- wise try to get failure to occur in the constant
moment region between the loading points.
-0.5
However the shear forces on the material
-0.75
present in wind turbine blades are neglected
-1 by this set up. Additionally, it can be very hard
to obtain failures away from the loading points
Figure 4: Strain state in rotor blade
and thus the initiation of damage in the bond
For the loading in flap- and edge- wise line will be influenced by the test set up.
direction, resulting in a service like stress state,
the longitudinal stresses in blade length 3 Adhesive Bonds
direction (SC11) are dominating the other
longitudinal stresses in the spar cap (SC22) and
in the web (W 11 and W 33). The shear stress in 3.1 Certification of Adhesives in
the web (W 13) is about three times higher than Wind Turbine Blades
in the spar cap (SC12). As each turbine blade prototype must pass a
full scale certification test (depending on the
certifier only a static or a static and fatigue test)
2.3 Experimental testing of the blade manufacturer must ensure that the
downscaled models or beams adhesive bonds can pass these tests.
The testing of downscaled models was Furthermore most certifying bodies, e.g.
common before numerical methods became Germanische Lloyd (GL) or Det Norske Veritas
the major tool in the design of structures [7]. (DNV), have introduced some basic
Component or beam testing in the design requirements for the adhesives in their
process of complex technical systems is certification guidelines. For example, the GL
generally accepted [2-8]. The testing of requires:
specially designed beams is performed to • Tg ≥ 65 °C
determine component and material properties • Verified material properties
more realistically than with smaller specimens. • Operation temperature ≥ 60 °C
This approach of testing beams or downscaled • If possible same chemical basis as
blades can be a better method for matrix system
understanding the material behaviour and can
potentially contribute in future certification If the adhesive is used in a structural bond line,
procedures for rotor blades [3]. then GL asks for the use of a GL-certified
material as they need to withstand [1] ambient
Beams have been used to investigate the and service conditions:
properties of different materials. Zhou et al. [9] • Long service life (20 years)
investigated the static behaviour of a glass- 8
• High cyclic loading (2*10 cycles)
fibre-reinforced epoxy sandwich I-beam in a
• High loading (3000 h under full load)
symmetric three point bending test. The beam
was loaded on the middle of the top flanges • Working temperature between -40 °C
not using any tabs, while boundary condition and 50 °C (up to 7000 cycles)
on the sides were close to be fixed (no • Influence of media (salt spray, 100 %
transverse displacement and no rotational air humidity, UV-light)
degree of freedom and only very limited
longitudinal movement). They showed for their No requirements exist with regard to the
beam, that the failure started at the foam core fatigue properties of the adhesives. However,
of the sandwich web. Mandell et al [6] the blade designers have to show that they
designed a four point bending test to deal with this in an appropriate way.
investigate the properties of the web material
of the blade beam structure. Hayes [11], Hayes According to the GL-Guidlines [15, 16] for
and Lesko [12] and Park et al. [13] investigated adhesive joints the mechanical properties are
the structural behaviour of fibre-reinforced to be determined for the adhesive at two
beams for bridges under static and fatigue different bond line thicknesses (0.5 mm and
loading. Park et al. [10] investigated a 3 mm) and the following different material
connection system for such beams. Potter et conditions:
a) dry material: 24 h ± 1 h after curing at A. O`Neil et. al. [18] investigated the fatigue
23°C and 50 % relative humidity behaviour of externally bonded fibre reinforced
b) wet material: 1000 h ± 12 h at 23°C in plastics of three adhesives with lap-shear
distilled water specimens according to ASTM D2983. They
described a “deleterious effect of fatigue
In total four different material configurations loading on the ultimate mechanical properties
have to be tested. Three static tests (6 of epoxy adhesive systems...”.
specimens each), one test on the thermal- I. A. Ashcroft [19] et. al. describe suited test
mechanical properties and one on the creep methods for investigating the fatigue behaviour
behaviour have to be done. of adhesives. They state, that single lap
specimens are useful for comparison and
producing SN-lines of adhesives, however lap-
In the more general GL guidelines for the
strap joints are in favour if crack initiation and
certification of wind turbines a glass transition
crack growth are subject of the investigations.
temperature of more than 65 °C is required.
The fatigue behaviour of paste adhesives was
This has to be tested by a method of thermal
investigated with different specimen
analysis, such as DSC.
geometries to find an adequate test set-up. For
single lap joints, minor changes in specimen
3.2 Testing of Adhesive lay-up and bond line thickness did not change
A variety of investigations on adhesive material the failure mode, however it had an influence
testing are published. The coupon size and on the mechanical performance.
more product-like specimens are addressed as Adhesive tests on perpendicular T-joint
well as adhesive bonded components and specimens under shear loading were
products. Only a short overview of some performed by V. Marcadon et. al. [20]. The
publications on testing of coupon size specimen geometry and loading was similar to
specimens, testing of thick adhesives and the actual application.
more realistic test methods can be given. D. Sambrosky [21] performed static and fatigue
J. R. Vinson gives an extensive review of tests on specimens which are representative
adhesive bonding of polymer composites [17]. for wind turbine blade joints. They investigated
Results of different publications on single, four different specimen geometries, two
double, single double and double-double lap different static testing rates and two fatigue
joints as well as scarf joint until 1989 are loading conditions. The bond-lines were
discussed. However special issues in thick approximately 50 mm wide and had a
bond lines are not addressed. thickness of about 4 mm. The adhesive used is
not reported. As lap shear type specimens
were used, it can be assumed, that the
geometry had an influence on the mechanical
behaviour.

3.3 Simulation of Lap-Shear Test


A numerical simulation was performed to
investigate the stress concentrations in a
typical test for adhesives in the wind industry.
Figure 6 shows the numerical simulation of a
specimen on the basis of DIN EN 1465. A ±
45° glass fibre laminate with a thickness of 1.6
mm was simulated as adherents and the
thickness of the adhesive bond line was
variated from 0.5 mm (right) to 3 mm (left).
Standard Young’s modulus for these materials
of 14,000 N/mm² for the laminate and 4,450
N/mm² for the adhesive were used. Because a
simplified model is used, no absolute results
should be given or compared to experimental
results. However tendencies and general
conclusions can be drawn.

Figure 5: joint types [17]


options for the design of a critical area are
described afterwards.
In general beam tests can be separated into 2-
point, 3-point and 4-point bending categories
depending on the number of reaction points
used. A general consideration of the bending
moment and shear force distribution of these
beam tests give a good feeling for the
mechanical behaviour and is the basis for
introducing a critical region into a beam.

For a 2-point bending test (Figure 7) the


specimen is loaded at one side, while the other
side of the beam is clamped. Such a beam has
a linear increasing bending moment and a
constant shear force distribution. This type of
Figure 6: numerical Simulation of length stresses in Lap-
Shear Specimen with 0.5 mm (left) and 3 mm (right) bond set-up is not very often used in testing,
line thickness because of high clamping force required and
the corresponding stress concentrations at the
As an increase of the bond line thickness leads edge of the clamp in the beam.
to a more asymmetric specimen, the stress
concentrations in x-direction at the change- A symmetric three point bending test is a
over to the laminate-adhesive-laminate common test in material testing. It gives a
sandwich go up by a factor of two. linear bending moment to both sides of the
specimen and a constant shear force on both
4 The Henkel-beam sides of the beam.
From the review on adhesive testing, the
review on experimental testing of downscaled
models, the numerical calculation of a lap-
shear specimen and strains in wind turbine
blades, it can be concluded that tests which
allow a more realistic testing of the paste
adhesives would be an improvement to the
current state. Especially high stress
concentrations in lap shear specimens, Shear Force
differences in the loading of adhesives in wind
turbine blades, typical coupon size specimens
Bending Moment
and the tested adhesive volumes are of
interest.
Therefore, it was the objective to develop a
composite beam to experimentally test the
static and fatigue properties of the shear web Figure 7: Schematic bending moment and shear forces in
to spar cap bond under stress states that are a two point bending test
representative of those seen in a turbine blade.
A strategic alliance with Henkel, Germany was
Just like the symmetric three point bending
initiated, to implement the latest developments
test, the symmetric four point bending test is
in adhesives technology and to react quickly to
often used in material testing. It provides a
design and process demands.
constant bending moment between the two
Care was taken in designing a beam with a
loading points.
critical region (failure zone) well away from the
load introduction points.
For the design of a beam with loading which is
representative of wind turbine blades, a test
4.1 Mechanics of Beams method must be chosen, that has a
To design a desired critical or failure region in combination of longitudinal (from the bending
a beam three different principles can be used: moment) and shear forces. This can be
the beam geometry (height or width), the achieved with the 2- and 3-point bending test.
material properties (in particular the stiffness or In the outer sections of the 4-point bending test
the stiffness distribution) or the constraints can shear stress is also present, however this set-
be changed. Different beam constraint up can be seen as a more complex variation of
configurations are discussed first and the the 3-point bending test. For the development
of the Henkel-beam a combination of the 2-
and 3-point bending test is chosen: an this analysis, the beam was assumed only to
asymmetric three point bending test. This gives deflect in the vertical direction. Additionally,
a comparable combination of bending moment the spar caps are assumed to be the only
and shear forces as a two point bending test contribution to axial stiffness while the
and reduces the stress concentrations at the adhesive, core and shear web laminates
clamping (see Figure 8). provide (perfect) shear stiffness between the
top and bottom caps. The tapering of the spar
caps results in the highest axial strains
occurring in the gauge section between 600
and 800 mm as shown in Figure 9. The
compression strength of the UD laminate is
assumed to be 500 MPa. If compression
failure of the spar cap were to control failure,
than a load of 7,5 kN will produce a maximum
compression stress of 500 MPa and the beam
Shear Force will fail. Based on this simplified analysis, the
deflection of the beam is calculated by double
numerical integration of M/EI along the length
Bending Moment
and a maximum deflection of 320 mm is
predicted. It is expected that the beam will fail
in the adhesive well before this.

normalized axial strain 1,2


1,0
Figure 8: Schematic bending moment and shear forces in
an asymmetric three point bending test 0,8
0,6
Changing the height of the beam controls the 0,4
maximal deflection and the axial stresses in
0,2
beam. However this method will change the
ratio of axial and shear strains significantly. 0,0
Changing the beam spar cap width will not 0 500 1000 1500 2000
change this ratio, but the beam stiffness will location on beam (mm)
only increase linearly with the width while it
changes cubically with the height. Changing Figure 9: Normalized axial strains in the beam predicted by
the beam stiffness by adding additional UD- analytic approach
layers to the spar caps will lead to an increase
in beam stiffness, however doing so will not
change the ratio of the axial and shear strains.
4.3 Numerical Calculation of bond
From a manufacturing perspective the line loading in the Henkel-beam
differences are significant. Varying the beam A numerical simulation of the Henkel-beam
height along the length is very difficult, while was performed using Ansys 11.0. In order to
the other two options are comparable. calculate different beam configurations, the
Because of the above described mechanical model was parameterised. However the
considerations and manufacturing issues, an constraints to the beam were not modelled in
asymmetric three point bending test where the detail. Therefore the total beam behaviour is
amount of spar cap material is tapered in the stiffer, but the modelling effort is drastically
critical region by dropping plies sequentially reduced. It is assumed, that this does not lead
was selected for the development of the to a significant change in the bond line loading
Henkel-beam. in the critical area.
A core thickness of 30 mm was chosen. This
enables a more realistic bond line thickness
4.2 Analytic Approach
and reduces the risk of spar cap buckling.
A simplified analysis of the beam based on
Bernoulli beam theory has been performed in
Excel to provide approximate load and
displacement data for planning the test. For
Figure 10: Strains in the adhesive bond line

4.4 Design of Henkel-beam The shear web of the beam may be centred or
A major concern during the design process placed slightly asymmetrically. By making the
was the need for a realistic bond-line beam asymmetric, the impact of non-
thickness. Therefore the thickness of the bond- symmetric stress states in the adhesive bond
line is about ten millimetres thick in the gauge due to bend-twist coupling can be assessed.
section and it can be manufactured with wind Figure 11 shows a schematic drawing of the
industry manufacturing technologies. By Henkel-beam.
tapering the spar caps the stresses will be The adhesive chosen for the investigation is a
highest away from the reaction points. new two component Polyurethane (Macroplast
Additionally, increasing the thickness of the UK® 1340) by Henkel. Compared to state–of-
adhesive in the gauge section results in a the-art epoxy systems it is a fast curing (even
reduced bond strength in this region, due to at room temperature), low exothermal and
scaling effects. Therefore similar excellent wetting bonding paste with a high
manufacturing defects as seen in rotor blades flexibility in controlling reaction time. Henkel
are expected. The beam is made from a Macroplast UK® 1340 is certified by
glass-fibre reinforced polymer. The spar caps Germanischer Lloyd for the joining of rotor
have a unidirectional lay-up, while the shear blade components.
web is box made from +/- 45° glass fibre
material and a typical foam core material. 4.5 Testing of the Henkel-beam
Failure Section Load Figure 10 shows the test of the Henkel-beam
Support at the Fraunhofer IWES. Special attention was
paid to the design of the critical beam section
Web and slection of a proper load introduction and
Insert
Support Spar Cap Adhesive support. The test specimen is loaded with a
x
600 mm 200 mm 1200 mm load frame at one side, while the support at the
other side of the beam is realized by two bolts
though the reinforcement in the beam.
„C-Side“mit
Balkenseite ofC-
theForm: „I-Side“ of the
Balkenseite mit I-Henkel-
Form: Four displacement controlled static test of the
Henkel-Beam
C-Seite I-Seite Beam
Henkel-beam were performed on different load
levels (45 mm, 110 mm, 220 mm and 405 mm
displacement). Between the tests the Henkel-
Figure 11: Henkel-beam Design beam was visually inspected.
Figure 12: Testing of the Henkel-beam

The Henkel-beam failed during the first test.


However it was possible to repair the
Henkel-beam and an additional test was
perform with the same test set up.
Therefore the beam was shortened to Figure 14: Strains in the failure section at first test
configuration
1400 mm in order to increase the traverse
loading and to achieve a failure in the bond
Figure 14 shows the strains in tension loaded
line.
spar caps and the strains in the shear web
(45° direction) of the first Henkel-beam test. All
5 Results and Discussion strain gauges in the failure section show
The Henkel-beam failed in the first test at a similar results and the start of the delamination
force of about 9.8 kN having a displacement of can be found in the signals.
405 mm. In the second test the failure occurred
at a load of 11.9 kN or a displacement of
136 mm.

In the fist test failure occurred at the tension


spar cap due to a delamination of the tapered
laminate (see Figure 14). The total length of
the delamination was about 400 mm The
failure occurred exactly in the designed failure
section at x = 700 mm. The stains in that
region were about 1.6%.
Due to the failure a stiffness reduction was
observed.

Figure 15: Strains in the failure section at second test


configuration

The second test on the Henkel-beam shows


Figure 13: Failure of the Henkel-beam at x=700 mm
lower strains in the spar caps, however the
shear strains in the web are significantly higher
(see Figure 15).

Figure 16 shows the failure of the shortened


Henkel-beam The beam failed at a loading of
11.9 kN resulting in a maximal strain in the
spar cap of approximately 1.1%. In future work further prototype beam tests
have to be developed and investigations will be
conducted to the benefits of these more
realistic tests for the wind industry. It is
expected that this type of component testing
will provide opportunities to more accurately
define the required safety factors for adhesive
bonds in wind turbine blade certification
thereby increasing turbine reliability and
decreasing costs.

7 References
[1] G. Wacker, M. Hauschild;
Figure 16: Failure of shortened Henkel-beam Klebverbindungen in Rotorblättern für
Windenergieanlagen; VDI-Seminar
„Kleben – Innovative
Verbindungstechnik für die Industrie“;
6 Conclusions http://www.gl-
From the survey of the guideline for wind
group.com/pdf/vdikleben03.pdf;
turbine blades it is apparent that only static
Oktober 2008
mechanical properties of adhesive joints are
[2] P. A. Joosse, D. R. V. van Delft, A. M.
usually tested. Although the blades of wind
van Wingerde, Ch. W. Kensche, J.
turbine are highly loaded in fatigue, no cyclic
Korsgaard, et. al.; Using carbon fibres
tests are required by the certification rules. The
for a cost effective large blade; Global
thickness of the experimentally tested bonds
Windpower Conference & Exhibition,
normally ranges between 0.5 mm and 3 mm
France 2-5 April 2002, EWEA, AWEA,
and thus is not totally realistic. The scaling
IWTMA (2002)
factor from the tested bond line thickness to a
[3] H.-G. Busmann, C. Kensche, A. Berg-
real blade can be as high as an order of
Pollack, F. Bürkner, F. Sayer, K.
magnitude.
Wiemann; Testing of Rotor Blades;
The strain state of adhesives in wind turbine
DEWEK 2006
blades is primarily in the axial direction,
[4] K. D. Potter, R. Davies, M. Barett, A.
however significant shear strains are present
Godbehere, L. Bateup, M. Wisnom, A.
as well.
Mills; Heavely loaded bonded
Based on consideration of typical test
composite structure: design,
configurations it was shown that the
manufacture and test of I-beam
asymmetric three point beam configuration can
specimens; Composite Structures 51
provide a stress state in the adhesive bond line
(2001) 389-399
that is similar to the stress state in a wind
[5] http://www.upwind.eu; October 2008
turbine blade.
[6] J. F. Mandell et. al.; Fatigue of
A sub-component was developed for testing
Composite Material Beam Elements
adhesive bond line performance with realistic
Representative of Wind Turbine Blade
static and fatigue loading. It is particularly
Substructure; NREL/SR-500-24379;
important that an asymmetric three point
November 1998
bending test set was chosen, as the behaviour
[7] R. K. Müller; Handbuch der
of adhesives is dependent on the complexity of
Modellstatik; Springer-Verlag Berlin,
the stress state. Additional care was taken in
Heidelberg, New York 1971
the design to ensure that failure occurs away
[8] B. F. Backman; Composite Structures,
from the load introduction points. With this
Design, Safety and Innovation;
design, a realistic loading and bond line
ELSEVIER, Oxford 2005
thickness was possible.
[9] G. Zhou, A. J. Forbes, N. Foster; Static
behaviour of preconditioned glass-fire-
These beam tests will enable the optimisation
reinforced epoxy sandwich I-beams;
of bond-line adhesives and the design of
Composites Science and Technology
adhesive joints in wind turbine blades by better
59 (1999) 963-973
understanding of the fatigue and failure
[10] K.-T. Park; Performance verification of
processes. Additionally, the beam test concept
a new pultruded GFRP bridge deck-to-
offers the opportunity to develop new test and
girder connection system; Composite
certification methodologies for adhesives and
Structures 81 (2007) 114-124
wind turbine blades.
[11] M. H. Hayes; Structural Analysis of a Engineering and Science; Vol. 29;
pultruded composite beam: Shear No.19; October 1989
Stiffness determination and strength [18] A. O`Neil, K. A. Harries, L. Minnaugh;
and fatigue life prediction; Dissertation; Fatigue Behaviour of Adhesive
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Systems used for Externally-Bonded
University, 2003 FRP Applications;
[12] M. H. Hayes, J. J. Lesko; Failure http://www.engr.pitt.edu/civil/news/spri
analysis of a hybrid composite ng-07/oneill.pdf; February 2009
structural beam; Composites: Part A [19] I. A. Ashcroft, D. J. Hughes, S. J.
38 (2007) 691-698 Shaw; Adhesive bonding of fibre
[13] K.-T. Park, S. H. Kim, Y.-H. Lee, Y.-K. reinforced polymer composite
Hwang; Pilot test on a developed materials;Assambly Automation;
GFRP bridge deck; Composite Volume 20; No. 20; 2000
Structures 70 (2005) 48-59 [20] V. Marcadon, Y. Nadot, A. Roy, J. L.
[14] T. P. Philippidis; Qualification of Gacougnolle; Fatigue behaviour of T-
Complex Stress State – Effect on joints for marine applications;
Blades Design; Optimant Blades- International Journal of Adhesion &
Report: OB_TG2_R032_rev.000; Adhesives; Volume 26; 2006
[21] D. D. Samborsky; A. T. Sears, J.
www.kc-wmc.nl; November 2008
Mandell, O. Kils; Static and Fatigue
[15] Germanische Lloyd - Richtlinie für Testing of Thick Adhesive Joints for
hochelastische Klebstoffe und Wind Turbine Blades; 2009 ASME
Klebverbindungen – Ausgabe 2002 Wind Energy Symposium
[16] Germanische Lloyd – Klassifikatios- [22] J. S. Tomblin, C. Yang, P. Harter ;
und Bauvorschriften; II Werkstoffe und Investigation of Thick Bondline
Schweißtechnik; 2 Nichtmetallische Adhesive Joints ; Final Report
Werkstoffe – Ausgabe 2006 DOT/FAA/AR-01/33; June 2001
[17] J. R. Vinson; Adhesive Bonding of
Polymer Composites; Polymer

You might also like