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Computer Communication Network (OMC 403) - Assignment B

Yes, there will be congestion in the given TCP network. Since the input data rate of router R1 is 7 mb/s but its output data rate is only 6.53 mb/s, there will be a build up of packets in the router buffer which will lead to congestion. To control the congestion in this network, we can apply closed loop congestion control techniques: 1. Explicit signaling - R1 can explicitly signal the source routers in network 1 about the congestion. This will inform the sources to reduce their transmission rate. 2. Implicit signaling - The source routers in network 1 will detect congestion implicitly based on increasing delay in receiving acknowledgements from routers in network 2. This delay

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653 views

Computer Communication Network (OMC 403) - Assignment B

Yes, there will be congestion in the given TCP network. Since the input data rate of router R1 is 7 mb/s but its output data rate is only 6.53 mb/s, there will be a build up of packets in the router buffer which will lead to congestion. To control the congestion in this network, we can apply closed loop congestion control techniques: 1. Explicit signaling - R1 can explicitly signal the source routers in network 1 about the congestion. This will inform the sources to reduce their transmission rate. 2. Implicit signaling - The source routers in network 1 will detect congestion implicitly based on increasing delay in receiving acknowledgements from routers in network 2. This delay

Uploaded by

SaurabhChaudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CASE STUDY

Congestion control refers to the techniques and mechanism that can either prevent
congestion, before it happens, or remove congestion, after it has happened. In general,
we can divide congestion control mechanism into two broad categories: Open loop
congestion control (Prevention) and Closed-loop Congestion Control (Removal).

Question-In how many way congestion control techniques can be applied? Explain.

Congestion in a network may occur when the load on the network is greater than the capacity
of the network.
The congestion control technique is divided into two parts:

1. Open Loop Congestion Control


2. Closed Loop Congestion Control

Open Loop Congestion Control

In this method, policies are used to prevent congestion before it happens.


Congestion control is handled either by the source or by the destination. The various methods
used for open loop congestion control are:
1) Retransmission Policy
a. The sender retransmits a packet if it feels that the packet it has sent is lost or corrupted.
b. However, retransmission in general may increase the congestion in the network. But we
need to implement good retransmission policy to prevent congestion.
c. The retransmission policy and the retransmission timers need to be designed to optimize
efficiency and at the same time prevent congestion.
2) Window Policy
a. To implement window policy, selective reject window method is used for congestion
control.
b. Selective Reject method is preferred over Go-back-n window as in Go-back-n method,
when the timer for a packet time out, several packets are resent, although some may have
arrived safely at the receiver. Thus, this duplication may make congestion worse.
c. Selective reject method sends only the specific lost or damaged packets.
3) Acknowledgement Policy
a. The acknowledgement policy imposed by the receiver may also affect congestion.
b. If the receiver does not acknowledge every packet it receives it may slow down the sender
and help prevent congestion.
c. Acknowledgements also add to the traffic load on the network. Thus, by sending fewer
acknowledgements we can reduce the load on the network.
d. To implement it, several approaches can be used:
 A receiver may send an acknowledgement only if it has a packet to be sent.
 A receiver may send an acknowledgement when a timer expires.
 A receiver may also decide to acknowledge only N packets at a time.

4) Discarding Policy
a. A router may discard less sensitive packets when congestion is likely to happen.
b. Such a discarding policy may prevent congestion and at the same time may not harm the
integrity of the transmission.
5) Admission Policy
a. An admission policy, which is a quality-of-service mechanism, can also prevent congestion
in virtual circuit networks.
b. Switches in flow first check the resource requirement of a flow before admitting it to the
network.
c. A router can deny establishing a virtual circuit connection if there is congestion in the
"network or if there is a possibility of future congestion.

Closed Loop Congestion Control

Closed loop congestion control mechanisms try to remove the congestion after it happens.
The various methods used for closed loop congestion control are:
1) Backpressure
a. Backpressure is a node-to-node congestion control that starts with a node and propagates,
in the opposite direction of data flow.
b. The backpressure technique can be applied only to virtual circuit networks. In such a
virtual circuit, each node knows the upstream node from which data flow is coming.
2) Choke Packet
a. In this method of congestion control, congested router or node sends a special type of
packet called choke packet to the source to inform it about the congestion.
b. Here, the congested node does not inform its upstream node about the congestion as in
backpressure method.
c. In the choke packet method, the congested node sends a warning directly to the source
station i.e. the intermediate nodes through which the packet has travelled are not warned.
3) Implicit Signaling
a. In implicit signalling, there is no communication between the congested node or nodes and
the source.
b. The source guesses that there is congestion somewhere in the network when it does not
receive any acknowledgement. Therefore the delay in receiving an acknowledgement is
interpreted as congestion in the network.
4) Explicit Signaling
a. In this method, the congested nodes explicitly send a signal to the source or destination to
inform about the congestion.
b. Explicit signalling is different from the choke packet method. In choke packed method, a
separate packet is used for this purpose whereas, in explicit signalling method, the signal is
included in the packets that carry data.
c. Explicit signalling can occur in either the forward direction or the backward direction.

Q. In the given TCP network, R1 and R2 are two routers and network 1 and network 2
are the part of this TCP network. The input data rate of router R1 is 7 mb/s and output
data rate of same router is 6.53 mb/s. Will there be congestion? If yes then how you will
control the congestion in this TCP network?

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