Fundamental Principles of Quantum Mechanics

Wave matter duality principle

 Any matter exhibits wave character.The wavelength corresponds to this matter is

called de- broglies wavelength.
h h
λ= = ………………………………1
p mv
where h=planks constant =6.63 ×10−34 j /s
We know p= √ 2 mE =momentum carried by the wave
E=kinetic energy
E q n 1 becomes,
h h
λ= = (for el ectron)
√ 2 mE √2 meV

The uncertainty principle

Two canonically conjugate variables cannot be determined simultaneously and
accurately; these is uncertainty of measuring the canonically conjugate variables.
h
Eg.∆ x ∆ p ≥ℏ , ℏ=
2π
If ∆ x=10−6 m
10−34 j
ℏ s
∆ p≥ = −6 =10−29 kg /sec
∆ x 10 m
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Matter waves, uncertainty principle and certain limitation of classical mechanics generates the origin of
quantum mechanics.

Matter Waves:
Not only this matter is moving , wave associated with it is also propagating.

This propagation (let in x direction) can be written as

φ= A sin( kx−ωt )
Where,

A=Amplitude
2π
k =wave vector=
λ
λ=wavlength
w=angular frequencv y
t=tim e
v=frequenc y
w
velocity of wave=λ X v =
k

But single wave does not propagate wave propagates in the group. So we have to understand the group
velocity.
 ∆ ω dw ω
v group= ≈ (v particle= )
∆ k dk k

Limitation of classical mechanics:

1. It cannot study the spectra of Black body radiation.
2. It cannot tell us about Compton effect, Zeleman effect.
3. It cannot tell us about Quantum tunneling.etc.

The Schrodinger Theory of Quantum mechanics

The basis of modern theory of QM was developed in 1925 by Erwin Schrodinger
(1887-1961)

He gave us two equation.

1. Time independent Schrodinger equation.
2. Time dependent Schrodinger equation.

MATHMATICAL TREATMENT
Consider wave is propagating in positive x-axis.

φ= A sin ( kx−wt )∨φ= A cos ( kx−wt )

Let this matter has total energy be (equivalent to Hamiltonian) E

E=K . E+ P . E
1
E= m v2 +V …………………………….1
2
Multiplying both sides by wave functionφ
^p2
^
E φ= φ+ V φ …………………………2
2m
 ∂
E =iℏ
But ^
∂t
∂
P=−iℏ
∂x

∴ e q n 2 becomes ,
∂φ 1 ∂ ∂
iℏ =
∂t 2m
−iℏ (
∂x
−iℏ
∂x )(
φ+V φ )
∂ φ −ℏ2 ∂2 φ
iℏ = +Vφ
∂ t 2 m ∂ x2
−ℏ2 ∂2 φ ∂φ
+ Vφ=iℏ ……………………(3)
2m ∂ x 2 ∂t

This is one- dimensional Schrodinger equation.

Here wave function ψ is function of position and time

i.eψ=ψ (x , t )

To make equation (3) to time independent we have separate the variables.

Let ψ ( x , t ) =u ( x ) T ( t )−−−−−−−( 4)

u ( x )=Variable function of the position

T ( t )=variable function of time
Using (4) in (3) ψℏ

−ℏ2 d2 u ( x ) dT ( t ) ∂y
T (t) +V ( x ) u ( x ) T ( t )=iℏ u ( x ) ( )
2m dx x
dt ∂x
2
−ℏ2 d u ( x ) dT ( t )
Or,
( 2m d x 2 )
+ V ( x ) u ( x ) T ( t )=i ℏu ( x )
dt

ℏ2 d 2 u ( x )
+V ( x ) u ( x )
Or, 2 m d x 2 i ℏdT ( t ) = constant =E ---------------(5)
= /T (t)
u(x) dt
The constant is called total energy of the system

Taking first and 3rd part of equation of eqn (5)

−ℏ2 d2 u ( x )
+V ( x ) u ( x )
2 m d x2
=E
u ( x)

−ℏ2 d 2 u ( x )
Or, +V ( x ) u ( x )=E u(x )
2m d x 2

ℏ2 d 2 u ( x )
Or, −V ( x ) u ( x )=−E u(x )
2m d x 2

−ℏ2 d 2 u ( x )
Or, + [ E−V ( x ) ] u ( x )=0−−−6
2m d x 2
This is time independent Schrodinger equation

Taking 2nd and 3rd part equation (5) , we get

dT (t )
iℏ =ET ( t )−−−(7)
dt
This is time dependent Schrodinger equation.

In general,e qn 6 and 7 can be written as,

2
ℏ2 ∂ φ(t )
+ [ E φ−V ( x ) ] φ ( x )=o ----------8
2m ∂t
∂ φ(t )
iℏ =E φ(t) …………………………….9
∂t
Solution of two dependent S.W.E (i.e. 8) is
−iEt
ℏ
φ ( t )=C e
Total solution of SWE is
−iEt
φ (x , t)=u ( x ) e ℏ This is simply plane wave solution.

Probability:
In Q.M. any state of particles is given by wave function φ , this is the first postulate
of Q.M. The probability or possibility of finding any particle is measured in terms of
probability density which is given as
2
ρ=φ¿ φ=|φ|
Where φ =¿ complex conjugate of φ
¿

Normalization of wave:
 To find the necessary information about the particle only φ is insufficient, so we
have to find its probability density, however unnormalized wave doesnot give its
probability or possibility of finding particles.
So, Normalization of wavefunction is given by
∞

∫ φ¿ φ dx=1
−∞
Eg. Let φ= A sin x
Where, A= Normalizing factor

So, first we have to find the normalizing constant of wave function ψ .

We have normalization equation

1

∫ ( Asin x )¿ . Asinx dx=1

0

1
2 2
Or, | A| ∫ sin x dx =1
0

1
2 (1−cos 2 x )
Or, | A| ∫ dx=1
0 2

| A2| 1 | A|2 1
0r,
2
∫ dx− 2
∫ cos 2 x dx=1
0 −1

| A|2
Or, .1=1
2
| A|=√ 2
ψ= √ 2 sinx
This equation make sense