Syllabus:

Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates in a plane, distance formula, section

formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and
perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.
Straight lines : Various forms of equations of a line. intersection of lines.Angle between
two lines, conditions for concurrence of free lines. distance of point from a line.
equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of
centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of triangle. equation of family of lines passing
through the point of intersection of two lines.
 A(x1, y1)
Conditions to Prove Collinearity
Three Points A, B, and C will be collinear if :

1. Using Distance formula: AB+BC = AC

2. Slope of AB= Slope of BC

B(x2, y2) C(x3, y3)

3. Area of Triangle ABC= 0

FOUR IMPORTANT
POINTS IN A TRIANGLE

CENTROID

INCENTER

ORTHOCENTER

CIRCUMCENTER
Centroid (G)
Point of Intersection of Medians.
Ex : Find the Centroid of
ΔABC whose vertices are
A (x1, y1) (4,-8), (-9,7) & (8,13)

F 2 E
G (x, y)
1

B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

x2 + x 3 y2 + y 3
,
2 2

x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
G(x, y) = ,
3 3

Centroid divides median in the ratio 2 : 1

Centroid (G)
Point of Intersection of Medians.
Ex : Find the Centroid of
ΔABC whose vertices are
A (x1, y1) A(4,-8), B(-9,7) & C(8,13)

F 2 E
G (x, y)
1

B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3) Answer : (1,4)

x2 + x 3 y2 + y 3
,
2 2

x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
G(x, y) = ,
3 3

Centroid divides median in the ratio 2 : 1

Incenter (I)
Point of intersection of internal angle bisectors
Find the coordinates of the
incentre of a triangle whose
AB BD c BD
∴ = ⇒ = vertices are
AC DC b DC
A (x1, y1)
DI : AI = BD : BA A (-36,7) ,B (20,7) and
c b C (0,-8)
F E
I
D
B (x2, y2) a C (x3, y3)

ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3

I (x, y) = ,
a+b+c a+b+c
Incenter (I)
Point of intersection of internal angle bisectors
Find the coordinates of the
incentre of a triangle whose
AB BD c BD
∴ = ⇒ = vertices are
AC DC b DC
A (x1, y1)
DI : AI = BD : BA A (-36,7) ,B (20,7) and
c b C (0,-8)
F E
I
D
B (x2, y2) a C (x3, y3) Answer : (-1,0)

ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3

I (x, y) = ,
a+b+c a+b+c
Circumcenter (C)
Ex: Find the coordinates of
Intersection point of perpendicular bisectors of circumcentre of a triangle
sides of a triangle. whose vertices are (2, -3),
(8, -2) and (8, 6).

A (x1, y1)

x1 sin 2A + x2 sin 2B + x3 sin 2C

x = ,
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C F E
C (x, y)
y sin 2A + y2 sin 2B + y3 sin 2C
y = 1 B (x2, y2)
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C D
C (x3, y3)
Circumcenter (C)
Ex: Find the coordinates of
Intersection point of perpendicular bisectors of circumcentre of a triangle
sides of a triangle. whose vertices are (2, -3),
(8, -2) and (8, 6).

Answer : (4.25 , 2)

A (x1, y1)

x1 sin 2A + x2 sin 2B + x3 sin 2C

x = ,
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C F E
C (x, y)
y sin 2A + y2 sin 2B + y3 sin 2C
y = 1 B (x2, y2)
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C D
C (x3, y3)
Orthocenter (O)
Intersection point of Altitudes
A (x1, y1)

F E
O (x, y)

B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

x1 tan A + x2 tan B + x3 tan C

x = ,
tan A + tan B + tan C
y1 tan A + y2 tan B + y3 tan C
y =
tan A + tan B + tan C
 A
Some Important Facts

❑ Centroid of a triangle formed by joining mid–points of sides of a

given triangle is same as the centroid of the given triangle. D E
G
❑ Orthocenter of a right angled triangle is the vertex of triangle
at which the angle is right angled.
B F C
❑ Circumcenter of a right angled triangle is A
Circumcenter
the mid–point of hypotenuse.

❑ G, I, O, C of an equilateral triangle are

at same point.
B C

Orthocenter
Relation between Centroid, Circumcenter and Orthocenter

Centroid divides the line joining orthocenter Find the Orthocenter of the
and circumcenter in the ratio 2:1. triangle with vertices (3,4), (4, 3)
and (5, 0) if its circumcenter is
at (0, 0).
2

O G C
1

OG 2
=
GC 1
Relation between Centroid, Circumcenter and Orthocenter

Centroid divides the line joining orthocenter Find the Orthocenter of the
and circumcenter in the ratio 2:1. triangle with vertices (3,4), (4, 3)
and (5, 0) if its circumcenter is
at (0, 0).
2

O G C Answer : O(12, 7)
1

OG 2
=
GC 1
Equations of straight line
1. Slope Intercept form
2. Point Slope form
3. Two Point form
4. Intercept form
5. Normal form
6. Parametric form
1. Slope Intercept form
Ex : With the slope 6 and
y-intercept 4, find the
equation of a line?

slope = m

2. Point Slope form

Ex : Find the equation of the
line whose slope is 8 and
one of the coordinate is
slope = m (3,5) ?
1. Slope Intercept form
Ex : With the slope 6 and
y-intercept 4, find the
equation of a line?
Answer : y = 6x + 4

slope = m

Ex : Find the equation of the

2. Point Slope form
line whose slope is 8 and
one of the coordinate is
(3,5) ?
slope = m Answer : 8x – y – 19 = 0
3. Two Point form
Ex : Find the equation of line
joining points (-2,3) and (1,4)

Ex : Find the equation of the line

4. Intercept form which cuts off an intercept 3 on
the positive direction of x-axis
and an intercept 5 on the
negative direction of y-axis.
3. Two Point form
Ex : Find the equation of line
joining points (-2,3) and (1,4)
Answer : 3y=x+11

Ex : Find the equation of the line

4. Intercept form which cuts off an intercept 3 on
the positive direction of x-axis
and an intercept 5 on the
negative direction of y-axis.
Answer : 5x – 3y – 15 = 0.
 5. Normal form Ex : Find the equation of the straight
Y line which is at a of distance 7 units
from the origin and the perpendicular
from the origin to the line makes an
angle 45° with the positive direction
p of x-axis.
O X

6. Parametric Ex : Write the parametric equation of the

line passing through the point (3, 2) and
form making an angle 120° with the positive
direction of the x-axis
5. Normal form Ex : Find the equation of the straight
Y line which is at a of distance 7 units
from the origin and the perpendicular
from the origin to the line makes an
angle 45° with the positive direction
p of x-axis.
O X
Answer : x + y = 7√2

6. Parametric form Ex : Write the parametric equation of the

line passing through the point (3, 2) and
making an angle 120° with the positive
direction of the x-axis

Answer : x= -r/2+3
y= (√3/2)r+2
Angle between two lines If P (-2, 1), Q (2, 3) and R (-2, -4) are
three points, find the angle between
Acute angle(θ) between two lines having the straight lines PQ and QR.
slope m1 and m2 is given by:
m 1 – m2 π–θ m2
tan θ =
1 + m1m2 θ
m1
When two lines are parallel, then θ = 00
⇒ m1 = m 2

When two lines are perpendicular

m1m2 = −1
Angle between two lines If P (-2, 1), Q (2, 3) and R (-2, -4) are
three points, find the angle between
Acute angle(θ) between two lines having the straight lines PQ and QR.
slope m1 and m2 is given by:
m 1 – m2 π–θ m2
tan θ = Answer : tan-1(2/3)
1 + m1m2 θ
m1
When two lines are parallel, then θ = 00
⇒ m1 = m 2

When two lines are perpendicular

m1m2 = −1
Some Important Formulae Find the perpendicular
1. Distance of a Point from a Line distance from the point (5, 6)
to the line -2x + 3y + 4 = 0.
(x1, y1)

Special case :
Distance of origin from is
Some Important Formulae Find the perpendicular
1. Distance of a Point from a Line distance from the point (5, 6)
to the line -2x + 3y + 4 = 0.
(x1, y1)

Answer : 12/√13

Special case :
Distance of origin from is
Some Formulae
Ex : Find the distance
2. Distance between two Parallel Lines
between the parallel lines
3x – 4y + 7 = 0 and
3x – 4y + 5 = 0.
Some Formulae
Ex : Find the distance
2. Distance between two Parallel Lines
between the parallel lines
3x – 4y + 7 = 0 and
3x – 4y + 5 = 0.

Answer : 2/5
3. Foot of perpendicular
(x, y) Ex : Find the coordinate of
Let the equation of a line be the foot of Perpendicular from
ax + by + c = 0 the point (-1,3) to the line
3x-4y-16=0
(α, β)
ax + by + c = 0

Let (α , β ) is the foot of perpendicular from

any point (x, y) on the given line; then

α – x1 β – y1 – (ax1 + by1 + c)
= =
a b a2+b2
3. Foot of perpendicular
(x, y) Ex : Find the coordinate of
Let the equation of a line be the foot of Perpendicular from
ax + by + c = 0 the point (-1,3) to the line
3x-4y-16=0
(α, β)
ax + by + c = 0

Answer : (68/25, -49/25).

Let (α , β ) is the foot of perpendicular from
any point (x, y) on the given line; then

α – x1 β – y1 – (ax1 + by1 + c)
= =
a b a2+b2
 4. Image of a Point
Ex : Find the image of the
Image P′(x, y) of point P (x1,y1) can be obtained by,
point (3,8) with respect to
x – x1 y – y1 2(ax1 + by1 + c) the line x+3y=7 assuming
= = – the line to be a plane mirror
a b a2 + b2
P(x1, y1)
Object = 0
c
+
by
+
ax

Image
Mirror P′(x, y)
 4. Image of a Point
Ex : Find the image of the
Image P′(x, y) of point P (x1,y1) can be obtained by,
point (3,8) with respect to
x – x1 y – y1 2(ax1 + by1 + c) the line x+3y=7 assuming
= = – the line to be a plane mirror
a b a2 + b2
P(x1, y1)
Answer : (-1,-4)
Object = 0
c
+
by
+
ax

Image
Mirror P′(x, y)
Family of lines
u + kν = 0
If u = a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and
v = a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 P(x1, y1)
u=0
are two intersecting lines, v=0
then the equation u + kv = 0
represents a family of lines each passing
through the point of intersection of the lines
u = 0 and v = 0 where k is a parameter.

k can be any real number

FAMILY OF LINE PASSING THROUGH A FIX POINT

If a variable straight line ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are parameter

is such that la + mb + nc = 0 …(i)
Then divide equation (i) by n, we get
l + m
n a n b + c = 0 …(ii)
compare equation (ii) with given equation of line

then line always passes through l m

n , n
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