This document provides an overview of geotechnical engineering and site investigation methods. It discusses:
1) The purpose of geotechnical engineering is to investigate subsurface conditions, evaluate stability, and assess risks from site conditions.
2) A typical site investigation involves collecting information, site visits, detailed soil exploration using methods like boreholes and cone penetration tests, and producing a report.
3) Common site exploration methods include hand augering, rotary drilling, wash boring, and percussion drilling to advance boreholes and sampling techniques like split spoon, thin-wall tubes, and piston samplers.
This document provides an overview of geotechnical engineering and site investigation methods. It discusses:
1) The purpose of geotechnical engineering is to investigate subsurface conditions, evaluate stability, and assess risks from site conditions.
2) A typical site investigation involves collecting information, site visits, detailed soil exploration using methods like boreholes and cone penetration tests, and producing a report.
3) Common site exploration methods include hand augering, rotary drilling, wash boring, and percussion drilling to advance boreholes and sampling techniques like split spoon, thin-wall tubes, and piston samplers.
Original Description:
geotech intro
Original Title
Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering
This document provides an overview of geotechnical engineering and site investigation methods. It discusses:
1) The purpose of geotechnical engineering is to investigate subsurface conditions, evaluate stability, and assess risks from site conditions.
2) A typical site investigation involves collecting information, site visits, detailed soil exploration using methods like boreholes and cone penetration tests, and producing a report.
3) Common site exploration methods include hand augering, rotary drilling, wash boring, and percussion drilling to advance boreholes and sampling techniques like split spoon, thin-wall tubes, and piston samplers.
This document provides an overview of geotechnical engineering and site investigation methods. It discusses:
1) The purpose of geotechnical engineering is to investigate subsurface conditions, evaluate stability, and assess risks from site conditions.
2) A typical site investigation involves collecting information, site visits, detailed soil exploration using methods like boreholes and cone penetration tests, and producing a report.
3) Common site exploration methods include hand augering, rotary drilling, wash boring, and percussion drilling to advance boreholes and sampling techniques like split spoon, thin-wall tubes, and piston samplers.
faizahbawadi2018 1. Issues in geotechnical engineering. 2. Purpose and planning of site investigation. 3. Methods of sampling. 4. In-situ testing. 5. Preparation of site investigation report.
CHAPTER OUTLINES • Geotechnical engineering is a branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behaviour of earth materials.
• Uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to:
a) investigate subsurface conditions and materials b) evaluate stability of natural slopes and man-made soil deposits c) assess risks posed by site conditions, design earthworks & foundations etc.
• Typical geotechnical engineering project begins with a review of
project needs to define the required material properties.
WHAT IS GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING? Issues : • In 18th century, the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. • Problems related to soil-bearing capacity. • Supported by a circular base having a diameter of 20 m. • The tower has tilted in the past to the east , north, west, and finally to the south. • A weak clay layer exists at a depth of about 11 m below the ground surface compression, which caused the tower to tilt.
ISSUES IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vo0I2NGhkfo
Activity 1 :
Divide to 4 groups. Define any case study (video from YouTube)
related to geotechnical issues. Discuss the issues involved in that case study and determine the factors that contributes to that issues. GROUP 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vWbBv47PxA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQXTSR9koCg GROUP 2 https://youtu.be/E-M4KrcKX3k https://youtu.be/g7XCEViJ7qw\ GROUP 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=081PZfvhFOY https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/landslides GROUP 4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUxQMylS0G8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIU2n3AV2_s
CLASS ACTIVITY 1 • A site investigation program is necessary to provide information for design and construction and for environmental assessment.
• Refers to the procedures of determining surface and subsurface
condition in an area of proposed construction/ development.
• Surface and subsurface features may influence;
a) what can be built? b) what will affect the design and construction procedures.
INTRODUCTION TO SITE INVESTIGATION (SI) • To assess the general suitability of the site for the proposed project.
• To enable an adequate and economical design to be made.
• To plan the best method of construction & prepare for difficulties or
delay during construction.
• To explore source of indigenous materials for use in construction.
• To determine the changes that may arise in the ground and
environmental conditions.
• To advise on the relative suitability of different sites should alternatives
exist.
OBJECTIVES OF SITE INVESTIGATION
• Identify type, depth and location of underlying soil layers. • Determine physical characteristics of soil layers • Location of water table • Evaluate bearing capacity • Predict lateral earth pressure • Select type & depth of foundation • Estimate settlements • Determine potential problems • Establish construction methods
PURPOSES OF SITE INVESTIGATION
• Planning of a site investigation depends on the type, size, and importance of the structure, the client, the engineer’s familiarity with the soils at the site, and local building codes.
• General of site investigation phases:
1. Collection of available information i.e. site plan, type, size, loading conditions, previous geotechnical reports, topographic maps, geologic maps, etc. 2. A site visit to provide a general picture of the topography and geology of the site. 3. Detailed soils exploration to investigate soil strata, groundwater conditions, obtain disturbed and undisturbed samples for lab tests, and in- situ tests. 4. Write a report.
PHASES OF SITE INVESTIGATION
PHASES OF A TY[ICAL Tender Phase i.e: win the job
SITE INVESTIGATION Client Briefing
Desk Study
Site Reconnaissance
Ground Investigation
Laboratory Testing
Synthesis of Information
Reporting
Monitoring during Construction
1. Identify potential 2. Decide on the extent of SI geotechnical problems and scheduling for duration • The nature of sub-soil (based on • A preliminary distributions of the desk study and site visit) exploratory holes and other field test to be performed • The type of structure or proposed development; • Spacing of exploratory holes • Shallow foundation • Deep foundation • Depth of termination • Basement excavation • Retaining structures • Frequencies of field tests; • Bridges • In limestone area, number of • Slope stability (cut & fill) boreholes may need to be • Embankments greatly increased
PLANNING PROGRAM & SCOPE OF SI
• Spacing of boring: • depends on type, size, weight of proposed structure • Extent of variation in soil condition • Depth of boring: • Type of structure • Should penetrate all strata that could consolidate • For bridge and tall building the boring should extend to rock : 1.5 times the width of footing below foundation level • For embankment and dam : 0.5 – 2 times the height • Single storey : 3.5 m • Double storey : 6.5 m
Factors that influencing the method of site exploration. i) Geological nature of site ii) Topographical nature of site iii) Types of information require iv) Cost and Time • Test boring can be advanced in the field by several methods.
• Simplest is the use of augers.
• Boreholes up to a depth of about 3 to 5 m.
• Soil exploration work for highways and
small structures.
• Soil samples collected are disturbed and
can be used to conduct lab test i.e Atterberg Limits, grain size determination, etc.
• Rapidly rotating drilling bits attached to the bottom of drilling rods cut and grind the soil and advanced the borehole down. • Can be used in sand, clay, and rock.
1.1 Rotary drilling
• A casing about 2 to 3 m long is driven into the ground. • The soil inside casing then is removed by means of a chopping bit that is attached to a drilling rod. • Water is forced through the drilling rod, and it goes out at a very high velocity through the holes at the bottom of the chopping bit.
• Particularly through hard soil and rock. • A heavy drilling bit is raised and lowered to chop the hard soil. • Casing may be required. The chopped soil particles are brought up by the circulation of water.
Divide to 4 groups. Identify and discuss the limitations,
installation and advantages of boring methods that using: a) Hand auger b) Rotary drilling c) Wash boring d) Percussion drilling • During the advancement of the boreholes, soil samples are collected at various depths for further analysis.
1. Standard Split Spoon
2. Thin-wall Tube
3. Piston Sampler
METHOD 2 : SAMPLING • Sampler is attached to the drilling rod and then lowered to the bottom of the borehole. • Driven into the soil at the bottom of the borehole by means of hammer blows. Hammer blows occur at the top of the drilling rod. • Blow count, N – SPTN (usually 1.5 m intervals). • Soil sample collected inside the spilt tube then is removed and transported to the lab in a small glass jars.
2.1 Standard Split Spoon
• Used for obtaining fairly undisturbed soil samples. • Thin-wall tubes are made of seamless, thin tubes and commonly are referred to as Shelby tubes. • To collect samples at given depth, first remove the drilling tools. The sampler is attached to a drilling rod and lowered to the bottom of the borehole. • Then it is pushed hydraulically into the soil. It then is spun to shear off the base and is pulled out. Sampler is sealed and taken to lab for testing.
2.2 Thin-wall Tube
• Useful when highly undisturbed samples are required. • The cost is high. • Consists of a thin-wall tube with a piston. Sampler first is lowered to the bottom of the borehole, then thin-wall tube is pushed into the soil hydraulically-past the piston. The pressure is released through a hole in the piston rod. • Presence of the piston prevents distortion in the sample by neither letting the soil squeeze into the sampling tube very fast nor admitting excess soil. • Sample obtained are disturbed less than those by Shelby tubes.
2.3 Piston Sampler
• Depending on the type of project and the complexity of the subsoil. • Soil properties evaluated from in-situ tests yield more representative values – sample disturbance during soil exploration is eliminated. Vane Shear Test
Borehole Pressuremeter Test
Cone Penetration Test
METHOD 3 : IN-SITU TEST
• When soft clay is encountered during the advancement of a borehole, the undrained shear strength of clay can be determined by conducting a vane shear test in the borehole.
• In-situ measurement for the stress-strain modulus. • Consists of a pressure cell and two guard cells. • The test involves expanding the pressure cell inside a borehole and measuring the expansion of its volume.
3.2 Borehole Pressuremeter Test
• A 60° cone with a base area of 10 cm2 is pushed into the soil. And the cone resistance, qc to penetration is measured. • Commonly, most cone penetrometers have friction sleeves that follow the point.
• Scope of investigation • Description of subsoil conditions as 1 determined from the soil samples collected. 6 • General description of the proposed structure for which the exploration has • Groundwater table as observed from the 2 boreholes. been conducted. 7
• Details of foundation recommendations
• Geologic conditions of the site. and alternatives. 3 8
• Drainage facilities at the site. • Any anticipated construction problems.
4 9
• Details of boring. • Limitations of the investigation.
5 10
SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT : INFO
• Site location map. 1
• Location of borings with respect to the proposed structure
2
• Boring logs. 3
• Laboratory tests results.
4
• Other special presentations.
5
SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT : GRAPHIC
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dle0fjF07BU END thank you ☺
