Chapter 3

Suspended growth treatment systems

(Aerobic & Anaerobic)
3.1 Introduction:-
Many treatment systems based on suspended microorganisms have been
developed and still used until now. Some of these systems are aerobic and
other are anaerobic. Some of the most commonly used systems are:-
* Activated sludge systems:-
• Conventional activated sludge system.
• Oxidation ditches.
• Sequencing batch reactor (SBR)
• Aerated lagoons.
• Waste stabilization ponds.
• Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)

3.2 conventional activated sludge system:-

* The first version of activated sludge systems is called the conventional
activated sludge system.
This system is composed of two parts:-
a. Aeration tank.
b. Final sedimentation tank.

* The aeration tank in this system can be designed either as a complete

mixed flow reactor (CMFR) or as a plug flow reactor (PFR).

Treated
Influent
Aeration tank flow
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT

Waste
Sludge

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 Plug-flow aeration tank equipped with dome aeration devices.

A. Design of activated sludge system as a (CMFR).

a. design of the aeration tank:-
• To design the aeration tank we need to find:-
1. Tank volume.
2. Recycle ratio.
3. Sludge wasting.
4. Oxygen requirements.
5. Check for some parameters such as θc ,θ, and S.
• The aeration tank can be used to:-
1. Remove BOD only. (one sludge) or (separate stage)
2. Nitrify only (convert NH4+ to NO3-) (one sludge or separate stage)
3. Remove BOD + nitrify (two sludge or single stage).

Example 3.1:-
A completely mixed activated sludge system is to be used for organic
matter removal only (one sludge system). Design this system knowing the
following:-

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 * microorganisms growth constants are:-
µ m = 2.5d-1 , Kd = 0.05d-1 , Y = 0.5 mg VSS/mg BOD5 removed
KS = 100 mg BOD5 / L

* Flow = 0.15 m3/s = 12960 m3/d

BOD5 = 84 mg/L (Soluble)

* required effluent → (BOD5)total = 30 mg/L

Suspended solids (SS) = 30 mg/L

Solution:-
1. Since we always deal with soluble substrate, first we need to find the
effluent soluble BOD5 :-
(BOD5) soluble = S = (BOD5)total - BOD5 in suspended solids or paticulate
(BOD5) in suspended solids = 63% * SS
(BOD5)particulate = 0.63 * 30 = 18.9 mg BOD5 /L
(BOD5)soluble in effluent = 30 – 18.9 = 11.1 mg BOD5 /L
*Note: (BOD5)soluble in effluent = S = (BOD5) soluble in the aeration tank.

Follow Example 3.1:-

2. Calculate θC:-
K s (1 + K d θ c )
S= (this is equ. (18) for CMFR)
θ c (µ m − Kd ) − 1
100[1 + 0.05 ∗ θ c ]
1.11 = ⇒ Solve for θC
θ c [2.5 − 0.05] − 1
θC = 5 days
• Check for minimum sludge retention time θCm:-
= µ m - Kd = 2.5 – 0.05 = 2.45
θ cm = 0.408 d
θc 5
So S.F = m = = 12.25 d (2<12.25<20) OK
θc 0.408

• Check for smin:-

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 Kd  0.05 
Smin = K s = 100  =2.04 mg BOD5/L
µ m − Kd  2.5 − 0.05 

S > Smin →o.k (11.1 > 2.04)

So use θc = 5 days, S = 11.1 mg BOD5/L

3. Calculate the aeration tank volume:-

• Assume the concentration of biomass (X) is equal to 3000mg MLVSS
/L:-
θ Y(S0 − S )
X= c. (equ. 17)
θ (1 + K d θ c )
5 ∗ 0.5[84 − 11.1]
3000 = (solve for Ө)
θ [1 + 0.05 ∗ 5]
θ = 0.0486 day
θ = 1.17 hours

• Calculate the volume:-

V = θ Q = 0.0486*12960 ≈ 630 m3

• Check F/M ratio:-

12960m3 1 L 84mg 10 3 L 1m3
F = . . . . .
M d 630m3 3000mg L 1m3 10 3 L

F = 0.576 mg BOD5 /mg MLVSS .d (O.K)

M
Typical range for conventional activated sludge system is 0.1 – 0.6 mg
BOD5 /mg MLVSS .d.
this F/M is accepted. In case that we need to change F/M we can change
the assumed X.

4. Calculate the amount of sludge to be wasted:

Px = Yobs Q (So – S)

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 Y 0.5
Yobs = = = 0.4mgVss / mgBoD5
1 + K dθc 1 + 0.05 ∗ 5
m3 3
Px = 0.4
mg biomass
∗12960 [84 − 11.1] mg.BOD5 .10 3L . 6 1Kg
mgBoD5 d L m 10 mg biomass
Px ≅ 378 Kg / d
Another way to find PX:-
XV mg 630m3 103 L kg
Px = Qw Xr + Qe Xe = = 3000 ∗ . .
θc L 1m3 5d 106 mg

Px = 378kg / d

• Calculate Qw (waste sludge flow):-

Assume Xr = 10000 mg VSS/L (Typical range: 8000 – 12000 mg VSS/L)
Px = QW Xr + Qe Xe, (neglect Xe compared to Xr)
P 378 ∗ 10 6 mg / d L
Px = Qw X r ⇒ Qw = x = = 37800
Xr 10.000mg / l d
3
QW = 37.8 m /d

5. Calculate the recycle flow Qr:-

Qr X
= = R (Sometimes called ∝ or recycle ratio)
Q Xr − X
3000
R= = 0.43
10000 − 3000
Qr = 0.43Q ≅ 5573m3 / d

6. Calculate oxygen requirements:-

R0 = Q(S0 − S ) − 1.42 Px
m3 3
= 12960 [84 − 11.1] mgBoD5 .10 3L . 16kg − 1.42 ∗ 378 kg
d L 1m 10 mg d
R0 = 408 KgO2 / d

Example 3.2:-
For example 3.1, we need to design the CMFR system for both organic
matter removal and nitrification. The microorganisms growth constants

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 for hetrotrophs are the same as in example 3.1, and for nitrifies (i.e.
autotrophs) are:-
μmax = 0.25d-1, Yn = 0.2 mg Vss/mg NH4-N, Kd = 0.04d-1
Kn = 0.4 mg/L
It is also given that:-
TKN = 40 mg/L (in the influent of the reactor)
TKN = 1 mg/L (effluent nitrogen goal).

Solution:-
1. It was calculated in example 3.1 that θc required for BOD5 removal was
= 5 days.
• We need to check if this θc is enough for to achieve complete
nitrification.

•Find Smin for nitrogen:-

(kd ) n 0.04
Smin = Kn = 0.4 = 0.035 mg N/L <1 mg N/L
(µ m )n − (kd ) n 0.5 − 0.04
(OK)
• Calculate θc for complete nitrification:-

K n [1 + (K d )n θ c ]
N=
[( ) ( )]
θ c µ m n − Kd
n
−1

0.4(1 + 0.04 * θ c )
1=
θ c (0.25 − 0.04) − 1
Solve for θc ⇒ θc = 7.2 days
So (θc )n > (θc )BOD5 ⇒ so take θc = 7.2 days for design purposes.

2. Cheek for (θcmin)n:-

1
( )
= µ m n − (K d )n = 0.25 − 0.04 ⇒ θ cmin = 4.76days
θcm

7.2
S.F = = 1 . 5 < 2 not OK
4 .76
So take S.F = 2.1 ⇒ θc = 2.1 X 4.76 ≅ 10 days
So take θc = 10 days

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 3. Calculate the actual S and N in the effluent:-
0.4(1 + 0.04 *10) 0.56
N= = = 0.51 mg N / L > 0.035mgN / L OK
10(0.25 − 0.04) − 1 1.1
100 (1 + 0.05 *10) 150
S= = = 6.38 mg BOD5 / L > 2.04 mg BOD5 / L OK
10 (2.5 − 0.05) − 1 23.5

4. Calculate θ:-
X nitrifiers
Assume thjat = 0.10 (this ratio is called nitrifies fraction ƒn )
XTotal
So Xnitrifiers = 0.1 x 3000 = 300 mg Vss/L
Xheterotrophs = 0.9 X 3000 = 2700 mg Vss/L
* θ for heterotrophs:-
θ Y ( So − S ) 10 * 0.5(84 − 6.38) 388.1
θ= c = = = 0.103 d
X (1 + K d θ c ) 2700(1 + 0.04 *10) 3780
*θ for nitrifies:-
10 * 0.2 (40 − 0.51) 78.98
θ= = = 0.188 d
300 (1 + 0.04 * 10) 420
θ for nitrifiers > θ for heterotrophs, so take
θ = 0.188 d = 4.5 hours

5. Calculate the volume of the reactor:-

V = Q θ = 12960 * 0.188 = 2436 m3
Compare this volume with the 630 m3 needed for BOD5 removal only.

Note:-
Xnitrifiers
To find = ƒn, use the following equation:
Xtotal
0.16(N 0 − N )
fn = , where N0 = TKN in the influent, and N
0.6(S0 − S ) + 0.16(N0 − N )
= TKN in the effluent.

6. Calculate the sludge to be wasted:-

* for hetaotrophs:-
10 6 L 1kg
Px = Yobs Q ( S o − S ) = 0.4 *12960 (84 − 6.38) • 3 • 6
m 10 mg

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 P x = 402 kg Vss/d

* for nitrifiers:-
Y 0.2
Yobs = = ≅ 0.143 mg Vss / mgN
1 + kd θ c 1 + 0.04 *10
103 l 1kg
Px = 0.143 *12960 (40 − 0.51) .
m3 10 6 mg
p x = 37.8 kg Vss / d
PX 37.8*10 6 mg / d
(QW ) N = = = 37800 L / d
( X r ) N (10.000) * 0.1 mg / l
402 *10 6 mg / d
(Qw ) BOD 5 = = 44667 L / d
10.000 * 0.9 mg / l
Total Qw = 37800 + 44667 = 82467 L/d ≅ 83 m3/d

6. Calculate oxygen requirement:-

Ro = Q ( SO − S ) − 1.42 PX + 4.57 Q ( NO − N )
1kg 10 3 l 103 l 1kg
= 12960 (84 − 6.38) * . − 1 .42 ( 402 + 37 . 8 ) + 4 . 57 * 12960 ( 40 − 0 . 51) .
10 6 mg 1m3 m3 10 6 mg

RO =1005.96 − 624.5 + 2338.9

≅ 2720 Kg O2 / d

Example 3.3:-
For example 3.2, we need to design a separate stage CMFR for
nitrification only. The Data for the nitrifies and TKN are the same as in
Example 3.2.

Q = 12922 m3/d

Q = 12960 m3/d BOD5 NH3

removal removal

Qr Qr
40 Qw
3
Qw = 37.8 m /d
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 Solution:-
1.Calculations for θ cmin , Smin for nitrifies:-
From example 3.2 it was found that:-
θ cmin = 4.76 days, Nmin = 0.035 mg N/L
N = 1.0 mg-N/L.

2. The flow interring the nitrification CMER is:

Q\ = Q – Qw = Qe from the BOD5 removal CMFR
Q\ = 12960 – 37.8 ≅ 12922 m3/d

3.Calculate for the nitrification CMFR:-

Since no BOD5 removal occurs in this CMFR, only nitrifies are active
in this reactor, this can be understood from this equation:-
0.16 ( NO − N )
fn =
0.6 (SO − S ) + 0.16 ( NO − N )

⇒ but ( SO − S ) = 0.0 (no BOD5 removal )

So ⇒ fn =1.0
F mg TKN
⇒ take = 0.3 (Typical range 0.04 − 0.3)
M mg Vss.d

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 F QN0 QNo
= ⇒ VX =
M VX F /M

m3 10 3 L N
12922 * * 3 * 40mg
VX = d m L = 1.723 *10 9 mgvss
0.3mgN / mgvss.d

take X = 1500 mgvss / d

1.723 *10 9
V= ≅ 1149 *10 3 L = 1149 m3
1500

V 1149
θ= = = 0.089 d = 2.13 hrs
Q 12922
4. find θC:-
θ Y( N0 − N )
θ= c
X (1 + K d θ c )
θ c * 0.2[40 − 1]
0.089 = ⇒ θ c = 54 days (typical range is 10 − 100 days )
1500(1 + 0.04 *θ c )

5. Calculate the sludge to be wasted:-

Px = Yobs Q ( NO − N )

Y 0.2
Yobs = = = 0.06mgvss / mg − N
1 + K d θ c 1 + 0.04 * 54
10 3 L 1kg
Px = 0.06 *12922[40 − 1] 3 . 6 = 30 kgvss / d
m 10 mg
Px
Qw = ⇒ assume X r = 10000 mg / L
( Xr )Nitrifiers
30 *10 6 mgvss / d
Qw = = 3000 L / d = 3m3 / d
10.000mgvss / L

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 6. Calculate oxygen requirements:-
Ro = 4.57 Q (NO + N) (Note:- this is the oxygen needed for nitrification
only)
L 1kg
= 4.57 *12922 *10 3 (40 − 1) * 6
d 10 mg
Ro = 2303 kg O2/d

7. Calculate the volume of air to be supplied:-

• At standard conditions i.e → T = 20 oC, pressure = l atm, air
density = 1.185 kg/m3
• % oxygen by mass in air = 23.2%.
• Assuming 100% oxygen transfer efficiency:
R0 2303 kgO2 / d
Qair = = = 8377 mair
3
/d
ρ air * [O2 %] 1.185 kg / m3 * 0.232

• Assume 8% oxygen transfer efficiency:-

8377
Qair = ≅ 104713 mair3
/d
0.08
• If pure oxygen to be used:-
R 2303
Qoxysen = 0 = = 1943 mO3 2 / d
ρ air 1.185
Assume 8% oxygen transfer efficiency:-
1943
Qoxysen = = 24288 mO3 2 / d
0.08

• So the separate stage nitrification system will look as the

following:-

V = 630 m3 V = 1149 m3

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 Example 3.4:- Denitrification
For the system designed in Examples 3.1,3.2, and 3.3, design a separate
stage denitrification completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR).
The denitrifying bacteria have the following growth constants:-
−1
mgvss
µ mD = 0.04d −1 , YDn = 0.9 , K d = 0.04d
mgNo3

K Dn = 0.16mgNO3− − N / L

• Required → No3- - N in the effluent = l mg No3- - N/L

(So = (No3- - N)o = Do = 39 mg No3- - N/L)
Solution:-
• The procedure is the same as that followed in example 3.1,
except that we do not need oxygen for identification.
• We need to add organic matter, be cause denitrifies are
heterotrophic bacteria.
1. Calculate θcmin Smin (or Dmin)
1 Do 39
= µ mDn − Kd = 0.4 * − 0.04 ≅ 0.36
θcmin
K Dn + Do 0.16 + 39

θ cmin = 2.78 d

Kd 0.04
Smin = Dmin = K Dn = 0.4 * ≅ 0.04mgNo3− − N
µ − Kd
Dn
m 0.4 − 0.04
2. Calculate θc:-
K Dn (1 + Kd θ c )
D=
θ c ( µ mDn − Kd ) − 1

Follow Example 3.4:-

0.16[1 + 0.04θ c ]
1= ⇒ θ c = 3.28d
θ c [0.4 − 0.04] − 1
θc > θcmin O.K
Cheek factor of safty:-

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 θc 3.28
S.F = = = 1.18 < 2 not o.k
θcmin
2.78
Take S.F = 2.1
θc = 2.1 θcmin = 2.1*2.78 ≅ 5.84 days o.k

3. Calculate θ:-
Assume X = 3000 mg MLVSS/L
θ Y [D − D ] 5.84 0.9[39 − 1]
θ = c . Dn o . = 0.54d
X 1 + K d θ c 3000 (1 + 0.04 * 5.84 )
θ ≅ 1.3 hrs o.k

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 4. Calculate V:-
θ = 12922 – 3
= 12919 m3/d
V = Qθ = 12919 * 0.054 = 697.6 ≅ 698 m3
*Find Px , QW, Qr by the same way as in example 3.1.

Q =12922 Q =12919

Q =12960 BOD5 NHn+ NO3-

Qr
Qr Qr Qw
Qw Qw

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 b. Design of the final (Secondary) clarifier:-
The final sedimentation tank or clarifier, is an essential part in the
activated sludge system. It is needed for gathering (by settling) the sludge
and returning part of it to the system. The following parameters are used
to design this tank:-

1. The overflow rate:- (or hydraulic loading)

it is the amount of flow in m3/d applied to the unit area (m2) of the
sedimentation tank and it's units are:-

Qo − Qw
O/F = (As = Surface area)
As
Q
O / F = e (note: Qr interring the settler is pumped from the bottom)
As
• Some times we ignore Qw
m3
• The typical range of O/F is (20-34)
m2 • d
m3 m
the unit is or
m •d
2
d
• In this range we expect good separation of solids from liquid in
the final sedimentation tank.

Q0 + Qr
Qe = Q0 - Qw

Qr Qw

2. The weir loading rate:-

It is the amount of flow in m2/d applied to the unit length (m) of the
effluent weir. The weir is the circumference of the sedimentation tank
from which the wastewater leaves the tank.
• The typical range of weir loading (WL) is:-

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 m3 m2 Qe
WL →125 − 250 or ( ) , (WL = )
m• d d weir length

3. The solids loading rate (SL):-

It is the amount of solids in (Kg) applied to the unit area of the settling
(Q + Qr )
tank per day. ( SL = o • X)
As
• Typical range of SL is 130 – 300 Kg/ d.m2. If SL is higher than
Kg
300 the suspended solids will increase in the effluent of the
d .m2
settling tank.

Final settling basin side water depth

Side water depth, m
Tank diameter, m Minimum Recommended
<12 3.0 3.4
12 to 20 3.4 3.7
20 to 30 3.7 4.0
30 to 42 4.0 4.3
>42 4.3 4.6
Source: Joint Task Force of the Water Environment Federation and the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Vol.
I, Manual of Practice No. 8, Chapters 1-12, Alexandria, VA, 1992

Photograph of sludge collector for circular sedimentation basins.

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 Schematic diagram of sludge collector for circular sedimentation basins.

Effluent channel of circular sedimentation basins.

Example 3.5:-
Design the secondary clarifier (final settling tank) for the CMFR in
Example 3.1.
Solution:-

(Qo = 12960 m3/d) , ( Qw = 37.8 m3/d)

* find As:-
m
Take O / F = 33
d

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 Qe
O/F =
As
Q m3 1
As = e =12922 . ≅ 392 m2
O/F d 33 m / d
(note: Qe = Qo – Qw = 12960 – 37.8 = 12922 m3/d)

* find the diameter:-

π d2
As =
4
4 * 392
d= = 22.3 m
II
ww surface weir Channel

outlet pipe
SWD
Qe
d

H
Inlet pipe Qr+Qw
Qo+Qr
Sludge outlet pipe

weir
d=
Efflueat
channel

sludge pipe

ww inlet treated
pipe water
pipe

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 * Select a side wall depth (SWD):

From the final setting basin side water depth:-

For (d) in the range 20-30 m → SWD = 4.0 m

* find (H), the depth of the inclined bottom depth:-

The typical slope of the bottom is 1:12, So:-

H 1
= ⇒ H = 0.93 m
11.15 12 11.15m 11.15m

H
Take H = 1.0 m

* Check for the solids loading rate SL:-

[Q + Qr ]* X = (12960 + 5573)m3 . 3000mgvss . 103 L . 1kg
SL = o
As 392m2 L m3 10 6 mg

SL ≅ 142kg / d .m2 (in the range130 − 300) o.k.

*Check for the weir loading rate (WL):-

Qe 12422 m3 / d m3
WL = = ≅ 184 OK
weir length π (22.3)m m• d
3
Typical range of WL is 125-250 m /m.d

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 * Sludge volume index SVI:-

* This parameter is used to check the quality of settling and the efficiency
of the secondary settling tank in activated sludge systems. SVI is also
used to control the concentration of the biomass in the biological reactor
(X) and the concentration of the biomass in the return sludge (Xr).

*SVI is the volume in milliliters (ml) occupied by 1g of activated sludge

after the aerated liquor has settled 30 minutes and calculated as follows:-
SV mg
SVI = * 1000
X g

1000 ml 1000 ml

30
Min
SV
Sludge
Volume: ml

Where,
mL
SVI = sludge volume index,
g
SV = volume of settled solids in one liter graduated cylinder after 30
mL
minuts settling,
L
X = biomass concentration in the biological reactor such as (CMFR),
mgSS/L→ (MLSS).
SVI is related to Xr by the following relation:-
106
Xr = mgss / L
SVI
SVI is related to Qr (recycle flow) as follow:-
X Q
R= = r
Xr − X Q

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  X 
Q = Q 
 Xr − X 
 
 X 
Qr = Q 6
10 − X
 SVI 

* Typical values of SVI:-

• Typical range of SVI for activated sludge operating at
concentrations of MLSS (X) of 2000 to 3500 mg ss/L is 50 to 150
mL/g.
• Notice relation between SVI and X:-
SV mg
SVI = * 1000
X g
When X is increased, SVI decrease, so if X is increased above 3500
mgSS/L to 5000 mgSS/L for example, SVI decrease below 50, ml
which means bad settling. If X is decreased below 2000, then SVI
mL
increase above 150 leading to bad settling.
g
Example 3.6:-
For example 3.1 find the SVI, SV.
MLVSS
Given that MLVSS = 0.8 MLSS ⇒ MLSS =
0.8

Solution:-
X r =10.000 mg vss / L (or 10.000 mg MLVSS / L) from example 3.1
mg Vss 1mg ss
X r =10.000 * = 12500 mg ss / L
L 0.8 mg vss
=12500 mg MLss
10 6
Xr = mg MLSS / L
SVI
10 6 mL mL
SVI = 80 > 50 o.k , good settling
12500 g g

* find sludge volume SV:-

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 SV mg
SVI = *1000
X g
X.SVI
SV =
1000
3000
X = 3000 mg MLVSS / L = = 3750 mg MLSS / L
0.8
3750 *80 mL
SV = = 300 (this is the volume of sludge in one liter of ww after 30 min settli
1000 L

B. Design of activated sludge system as a plug flow (PFR):-

The conventional activated sludge system can be designed as a PFR. The

following is an example to illustrate the procedure used.

Qi
Si , Xi V
Q0 – Qw
Q0
S0 Q0 + Qr S
X0 Xe

Qr,S
Qw
Xr
S

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 Example 3.7:-
Solve example 3.1 using a PFR.
a. find θc:-
θ cmin was calculated as 0.408 d , for PFR we find θc from equation 20:-
1 µ m ( So − S)
= − kd
θc  Si 
( So − S ) + (1 + α ) K s In 
s 
Qo So + Qr S
Si =
Qi
X 3000
α = R= = ≅ 0.43
X r − X 10000 − 3000

Qr
R= ⇒ Qr = 0.43Qo = 0.43 *12960 = 5573m3 / d
Qo

Qi = Qo + Qr = 18533m3 / d

12960 * 84 * 5573 *11.1

Si = = 62mgBoDS / L
18533

1 2.5[84 − 11.1]
= 0.05 = 0.522d −1
θc
[84 − 11.1] + [1 + 0.43]*100In 62 
11.1
θc = 1.92 days

* Check for S.F:-

θ 1.92
S.F = mc = = 4.71 > 2 O.K
θc 0.408
b. Calculate θ from equation 19:-
θ Y(So − S)
X= c , let X = 3000 mg / l
θ 1 + Kd θ c

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 1.92 * 0.5 (84 −11.1)
θ= = 0.0213 d = 0.5 hrs.
3000 (1 + 0.05 *1.92)
* it is typically preferred to have a minimum θ of 1.0 hr. To increase θ we
can either decrease X or increase θc , or do both things. So, assume

θ = 1 hr = 0.042 d , X = 3000 mg / l , and solve for θc .

θc 0.5)84 − 11.1)
3000 = . ⇒ θc = 4.18 days
0.042 (1 + 0.05 *θc)

θC
* for PFR Should be > 5
θ
4 . 18
= 99 . 5 >> 5 o.k
0 . 042
C. Calculate the reactor volume:-
V = Qθ =12960 * 0.042 = 544 m3

d. Calculate Px, Qw, Ro the same as in example 3.1.

3.3 Oxidation ditches:- (OD)

Oxidation ditches are type of suspended growth systems. It is a
modification of the conventional activated sludge system.

3.3.1 . Characteristics of oxidation ditches:

A. Configurations:-
The oxidation ditch consists of a ring or oval – shaped channel. It is some
times called closed loop Reactor (CLR), and some times called Racetrack
channel. The oxidation ditch may have a trapezoidal or rectangular cross
section.
The wastewater is recirculated in the "CLR" using brush rotors (Kessners
brush), which is also used for aeration.
There are many configurations of oxidation ditches as shown in the
figures.
The velocity of flow in the OD is maintained at 0.25 – 0.3 m/s to keep the
biomass in suspension. At this velocity, the mixed liquor completes a tank

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 circulation in 5 – 15 min, leading to the dilution of the influent by 20-30
times. The influent of raw sewage is introduced just upstream of the
aerator (Rotor). The effluent weir is located just upstream of the influent
pipe.

Oxidation Ditch

Oxidation Ditch (empty)

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 Oxidation Ditch: carrousel configurations

Typical Oxidation Ditch layout

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 B. Hydraulic model:-
Oxidation ditehs combine features of both PFR and CMFR models:

C. CMFR similarity:-
The rapid flow in the OD results in 20-30 dilutions which gives a
considerable amount of mixing. The influent ww is mixed with the
rotating ww at the inlet.

D. PFR similarity:-
The OD are long reactors, and thus they have some similarity with PFR a
long the reactor.

E. Which model is used for OD design? CMFR or PFR?:-

Since PFR assumes no mixing, this case is not found in OD. So OD is
designed as a CMFR. The error in this assumption leads to higher
hydraulic detention time, which gives a safty factor in the design.
Moreover, OD are designed at high (θ) anyway to achieve sludge
stabilization so assuming that OD is CMFR is accepted.

3.3.2. Difference between OD and conventional Activated sludge:-

• Oxidation ditches were developed to minimize the net sludge
production compared to the conventional activated sludge system.
• Net sludge production minimization is achieved by using law F/M
mgBOD5
ratio (0.02 – 0.15 ). In this case the active biomass is
mgvss • d
forced to feed on the decaying biomass due to the shortage of
food. This leads to lower sludge production, and the sludge to be
wasted will be less and has lower organic content(i.e. more
stabilized).
• OD are operated at high θc (15-30 days) and at high θ (15-36 hrs).
• It is theoretically possible in OD to minimize the net sludge
production to zero. This can be achieved by making the produced
biomass equal to the degraded biomass by endogenous decay (i.e.
biomass feeding on dead biomass). This is presented
mathematically as follows:-
Sludge produced = YQ (So – S)
Sludge decaying = Kd XV
Net production ⇒ Px = YQ (So – S) – KdXV
Let net production (Px ) = 0.0

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 So ⇒ YQ (So – S) = Kd XV
Y Y
And ⇒ XV = Q( S0 − S ) or X = ( S0 − S )
Kd Kdθ
This equation can be used to find X and V that can be used to a chive zero
net sludge production.

3.3.3 Processes that can be achived in oxidation ditches:-

Three processes can be achieved in oxidation ditches:-

− Organic matter removal (BOD5 removal) in the aerobic zone.
− Nitrification (in the aerobic zone).
− Denitrification (in the anoxic zone).
• At the influent to the OD, we have organic matter in addition to
nitrate ( NO3− ) coming from the aerobic zone and the dissolved O2
is almost zero. This is called anoxic condition where
denitrification occurs.
• At the end of the anoxic zone and the beginning of the aerobic
zone, we have the remaining organic matter that was not used for
denitrification in addition to ammonium ( NH 4+ ) coming in the
influent in addition to O2 introduced by the aerator. In this
condition both BOD5 removal and nitrification occurs. At the end
of the aerobic zone the dissolved oxygen becomes almost zero.
influent
effluent

Aerobic

Anoxic

Rotor (aerator)

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 Example 3.8:-

Design an oxidation ditch for BoD5 removal only. The following Data are
given:
• influent BOD5= 300 mg BOD5/L ( soluble)
• effluent BOD5=15 mg BOD/L (soluble)
• Q0 = 20.000 m /d
3

• Y= 0.5 mgvss/mgBOD5 , Kd = 0.03d-1,Ks = 30 mgBOD5,

µ m = 2.5d −1

Assume that we want to operate the OD at Zero net sludge production

solution:
1- Calculate X to achieve zero net production:
Y
Xθ = ( S0 − S)
Kd

.[300 − 15]
mgvss d mgBOD5 mgvss
Xθ = 0.5 . = 4750 .d
mgBODs 0.03 L L

F
2- check for
M

F S 300 mgBODs
= 0 = = 0.063
M Xθ 4750 mgvss.d

3- Assume θ in the typical range ( 15-36 hrs),

take θ = 1 day (24 hrs)
mgvss
Xθ = 4750 .d
L

X = 4750 mgvss/L , typical range for OD is (2500 – 6000), O.K.

4- In this example we do not need to check for θ c because we assumed

that no sludge wasting will take place, and theoriticaly θ c →∞

5- find the volume of the oxidation ditch

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 m3
V = Qθ = 20000 *1d = 20000m3
d

Notice that the volume is very high due to the high θ

6- Calculate Qr:
X
R= , assume Xr = 10000 mgvss/L
Xr − X

4750
R= = 0.9
10.000 − 4750

Qr = QR = 20.000*0.9 = 18000 m3/d

7- find the oxygen requirements:

R0 = Q0 ( S0 − S) − 1.42 Px , (note that Px = 0.0)
m3 10 3 L
• 3 [300 − 15]
mgBOD kg
R0 = Q0 ( S0 − S) = 20000 • 6
d m L 10 mg
R0 = 5700kgO2 / d

Example 3.9:
Repeat the Design in example 3.8, assuming that we want to allow for
some sludge waste, by using a sludge age ( θ c ) in the range 15 – 30 days.

Solution:
In this case design the oxidation ditch as a CMFR and use the equation of
CMFR. The difference between the conventional CMFR and OD is the
design parameters typical ranges (θ ,θ c , X , F )
M

a- Assume θ c , = 30 days, assume θ = 15 hrs ( 0.625 days).

(note: in oxidation ditches we allow S.F above 20)

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 b- Calculate S:
30(1 + 0.03 * 30)
S= = 0.78mgBODs / L
30(2.5 − 0.03) − 1
Kd 0.03
Smin = K s = 30 * = 0.36mgBOD5 / L < 0.78
µ m − Kd 2.5 − 0.03

c- calculate X:
θ Y( S0 − S )
X= c
θ (1 + Kdθ c )

X=
30
.0.5
[300 − 0.78] = 3780mgvss / L
0.625 1 + 0.03 * 30
The typical range of X is 2500 to 6000 mgVSS/L, O.k

F
d- check for
M

F S0 300mgBOD5 / L mgBOD5
= = = 0.121 within the range
M θx 0.625 * 3780mgvss / L mgvss.d
(0.02 – 0.15) O.K

e- calculate V:
V=Q = 20000 * 0.625 = 12500 m3

F- calculate sludge production:

Px = Yobs Q(S0 − S ), Yobs =
Y 0.5 mgvss
= = 0.26
1 + K d θ c 1 + 0.03 * 30 mgBOD5
m3 10 3 L Kg
Px = 0.26 * 20000 (300 − 0.78) 3 . 6 = 1556kg / d
d m 10 mg
Px 1556 *10 6 L
Qw = = = 155600 = 155.6m3 / d
Xr 10.000 d

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 3.3.4 Advantages of oxidation ditches:

* low sludge production can be achieved due to using low F ratio

M
* The produced sludge, if any is stable and needs no further treatment.
This means that no sludge treatment installations are needed.
* no need for primary sedimentation, because the high θ c in the oxidation
ditches is enough to digest the solids that is usually separated in the
primary sedimentation tank.
* easy to operate and the operation and maintenance cost is much less
than conventional activated sludge.
* Ability to nitrify and denitrify in one tank.

3.3.5 OD process flow sheet:

O.D Secondary clarifier

Screening Grit removal Effluent

Waste
return sludge sludge

3.4 Aerated lagoons (AL):

Aerated lagoons are suspended growth waste water treatment system.

They are not considered as an activated sludge system because no solids
recycle is applied. This system ( i.e AL) is a low cost low efficiency
treatment system compaired to Activated sludge systems.

3.4.1 Configuration of "AL"

Aerated lagoons consist mainly of an earthen basin that has a large
surface area and a shallow depth ( 1-3m). The sides slopes are generally
1:3 ( some times (1:2)). The face area is usually square to achieve the best
power transfer applied by the mechanical aerators. Surface mechanical
aerators are used for both oxygen transfer and complete mixing of the
lagoons.

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 Mechanical
aerator
influent
Final Effluent
clarifier

Sludge
Aerated to disposal
lagoon

Floating
mechanical aerator
Influent
Effluent
sludge

3.4.2 hydraulic model of Aerated lagoons:

Aerated lagoons are designed as completely mixed reactor without solids

recycle. The derivations of the equations of such a system are presented in
chapter 2.
Qe
Qo S,X S
So
Qw
S
For "AL" the following design equations apply:
Ks (1 + θKd ) Y( S0 − S)
S= ,X =
θ (µ m − Kd ) − 1 1 + Kdθ

these equtions were derived previously ( Ch-2)

3.4.3 Differences between Aerated lagoons and Activated sludge:

* Since no solids are recycled in AL, the biomass concentration X is in

the range of 100 – 400 mgvss/L , which is too low compared to 1500-

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 6000 mgvss/L in activated sludge, As a result, we need much more
reactor volume (V) to achieve similar treatment efficiency to that of
Activated sludge systems.

* Only BOD removal is achieved in Aerated lagoons because the oxygen

supply and sludge age θ c , is not enough to achieve nitrification ( θ c in
AL is equal to θ and have a typical range of 3-10 days). Note that
θ c dose not appear in the equations above , but θ c is equal to θ in this
system.

3.4.4 mixing power requirements:

The power needed for mixing is usually more than power needed for
aeration in aerated lagoons. So we always need to check for mixing
requirements using the following equation:

P= 0.004 X + 5
Where,
Kw
P = power input ,
103 m3
X= MLSS in the "AL" , mgss/L

Example 3.8:
Design an aerated lagoon to treat a domestic waste water with a total
BOD5 of 400 mgBOD5/L , a TSS of 130 mg/L and a daily flow of 8000
m3/d. Heterotrophic bacteria growth constants are µ m = 2.8d −1 , Ks = 60
mgvss
mgBODs/L, Kd= 0.03d-1, Y = 0.5 , assume θ = 5 days.
mgBODs
Assume that (BOD5)/ Tss=0.63, and MLVSS = 0.8 MLSS ,

h =2.5m h
Slope = 1:3
= 3h
B

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 T

Solution:
1- determine (S0) soluble:

(S0)soluble=(BOD5)total – (BOD5)particulate= 400 – 0.63*130 ≅ 318

mgBOD5/L

2- calculate S:
Ks (1 + θKd )
S=
θ (µ m − Kd ) − 1

60(1 + 5 • 0.03) mgBOD5

S= = 5.37
5(2.8 − 0.03) − 1 L

3- calculate X:

0.5(318 − 5.37) mgvss

X= ≅ 136 , typical range 100-400mgvss/L, OK.
1 + 0.03 • 5 L

4- Calculate the volume and surface area required:

* V = Qθ = 5*8000 m3/d = 40000 m3/d

* Assume the depth of the lagoon as 2.5m, and that the lagoon is square,
find the surface area:

 T 2 + B2 
From the geometry of the AL→ V =   • h , and T = B + 6h
 2 

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  ( B + 6 • 2.56)2 + B 2 
40000 =   • 2.5 , solve for B→ B ≈ 118.8 m
 2 
Then, T= 118.8+6*2.5 = 133.8 m

A surface or As = (133.8)2 ≈ 17902 m2

Note that this is a very large area.

5. Assume that only 9000 m2 available, what changes should we do?

9000
We can reduce (V) by the ratio ≅ 0.50 , so the proposed lagoon
17902
volume (V) = 0.5*40000 = 20000 m3

* calculate θ in this case:

V 20000
θ= = = 2.5 days
Q 8000
* calculate S in this case:
60(1 + 2.5 • 0.03) mgBOD5
S= ≅ 10.9
2.5(2.8 − 0.03) − 1 L
* calculate X in this case:
0.5(318 − 10.9 ) mgvss
X= = 143 , typical range 100-400, OK
(1 + 0.03 • 2.5) L
6. Calculate the sludge production for the first case, when θ = 5 days :
PX = Yobs Q( S0 − S) ,
Y 0.5 mgvss
Yobs = = = 0.43 ,
1 + kd θ 1 + 0.03 • 5 mgBOD5
m3 10 3 L
• 3 [318 − 5.37] 6
1Kg Kg
PX = 0.43 • 8000 = 1075
d m 10 mg d
7. Calculate the oxygen requirements:
RO = Q (S0 − S ) − 1.42 PX
m3 10 3 L 1Kg Kg KgO2
RO = 8000 • 3 (318 − 5.3) 6 − 1.42 • 1075 = 975
d m 10 mg d d

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 7. Calculate the power needed for oxygen transfer assuming that 1.8
KgO2 requires 1KWh:
KgO2 1 1d
Power = 975 • • ≅ 23 Kw
d 1.8( KgO 2 / KWh ) 24h

8. Check power requirements for mixing:

Xvss 136 mgss
P = 0.004 X ss + 5 , Xss = = = 170
0.80 0.80 L
Kw
P = 0.004 • 170 + 5 = 5.68 3 , but V= 40000 m3
10 m3
5.68
So the total power needed Ptotal = 40000 • 3 = 227 Kw
10
So mixing power controls the design.

3.5 Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR):

Sequencing Batch reactors are suspended growth activated sludge system.

The main difference between SBR and conventional sludge system is that
in the later process in continuous (CHFR) while in the SBR it is
interment.

3.5.1 Hydraulic model of SBR:

SBR are designed as batch reactors. The reactor is filled, then time is
allowed for reaction to occur. During the reaction the reactor is
completely mixed. The design equation of this system is presented in
chapter 2.
For SBR the following equation is applied:

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 So µ 
K s ln − (So − St ) = X  m t
St  Y 

3.5.2 SBR process:

The SBR process is a fill and draw process. This process has five
steps as shown in the figure:

• Fill
• React (Aeration)
• Settle (sedimentation)
• Draw (decant)‫ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺮاﺋﻖ‬
• Idle (‫)ﻓﺘﺮة اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﮭﺎء دورة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬

The following is a description of the five steps:

1. Fill:

• It is the process of adding raw sewage to the SBR tank.

• The fill volume is determined so that the added “Q” rises
the volume from 25% VT to 100%VT.
• Typical time needed for the fill step is 25% of the cycle
time.
• The volume addition is controlled by automatic valves or
timers.
• Interment aeration is needed in this step is needed to
prevent aerobic conditions.

2. React:

• The purpose of this step is to start the aerobic reactions by

applying oxygen and complete mixing. In this step both
organic matter removed and nitrifications achieved.
• The volume of the tank during this step is100% full with
wastewater .

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 • The time needed for this step is typically 35% of the cycle
time. This time should be checked using the batched reactor
design equation .

3. Settle:-

• The purpose of settle step is to allow solids separation to

occur providing a clarified supernatant to be discharged
as treated effluent . It is a sedimentation step .
• The settle step is controlled by [using automatic timers] ,
it takes hr to 1 hr [≅ 20% T Cycle ].
1
2
• During this step no mixing or aeration is applied.

4. Draw:

• The purpose of this step is to remove the clarified treated

wastewater from the reactor.
• Draw (‫ ) ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻎ اﻟﻤﺎء‬is achieved by floating decants or
automatic adjustable weirs.
• Draw time is 15 % T cycle ( typically 45 minutes ).
• The volume is reduced to 35% VT
• No aeration or mixing is applied during this step.
• To prevent solids from leaving with the effluent, it is
usually preferred to add an extra volume above the sludge
blanket.

5. Idle:

• The purpose of idle step in a multi-tank system( i.e. more than

2 tanks)is to provide time for one reactor to complete its fill
cycle before switching to another tank. Idle is not a necessary
step, and can be eliminated.
• Aeration and mixing can be applied to prevent anaerobic
conditions, depending on the idle time.
• Idle time is ≅ 5 % of cycle time or longer in some cases. For
example if the flow “Qin” is minimum and the other tank is in

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 the fill phase is not receiving it’s design “Qin”, then the tank
in the idle step has to wait until the first tank completes the fill
step.

3.5.3 Sludge Wasting:

Sludge wasting is not a separate step, it can be done in the idle

step, or during the react step if the idle step is eliminated.

3.5.4 Sludge Recycle:

No sludge recycle is needed since sedimentation occurs in the biological

reactor, so sludge is already there.

1.5.5 Cycle time in SBR:

The cycle time is the total time needed to complete the five steps
mentioned above:
T cycle = tƒ + tr + ts + td + ti
tƒ = fill step time Note: there is a relation
between
tr = react step time tƒ and tr, ts and td:
t +t +t
ts = settle step time tf = r s d
n −1
td = draw step time n= number of SBR tanks
used.
ti = idle step time
Typical cycle time is 4-8hrs.
4. Typical flow chart of SBR treatment plant:
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

• At least two SBR tanks are needed

• No final sedimentation is needed
• No sludge recycle is needed
• If θ c is >20 days, no primary sedimentation tank is needed

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 • SBR tanks are square tanks in which 5 ≤ L ≤ 30m
• Typical depth = 5m.

3.5.6 Advantages of SBR:

• Biological reactions and final sedimentation is achieved in one

tank, so we do not need final sedimentation tank.
• No need for sludge recycle pumping station.
• If θ c is >20 we do not need primary sedimentation tank, and
the wasted sludge is stable.
F
( Note: ratio is similar to that of oxidation ditches, i.e. 0.02-
M
0.15 mgBOD5 / mgvss.d )

Example 3.9:

Design an SBR system to achieve both BOD5 removal and nitrification.

The following Data is available:
mg m3 mgss
• ( BOD5 ) soluble = 150 , Q = 7500 , X = 3500 ,
L d L
mgss mgN
X s (i.e X r ) = 10,000 , K n = 0.5
L L
mgvss
Yn = 0.12 , µ mn = 0.44d −1 , K dn = 0.05d −1
mgBOD5
mgvss
Y = 0.5
mgBOD5
K d = 0.05d −1
mgBOD5
K s = 50
L
−1
µ m = 2.5d
• Assume:
ts= 0.5hrs (typical)
tD= 0.5hs (typical)
tr = 1.0hrs (typically 1-2hrs)→Should be checked by the
batch reactor design equation.

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 1. Determine SBR operating cycle:
Tcycle = tƒ + tr + ts + tD (ti = 0.0, not needed)
t +t +t
tf = r s D assume n =2 SBR tanks, if the dimension of SBR
n −1
are within 5 ≤ L ≤ 30 o.k., other wise more than 2 tanks are needed.

1.0 + 0.5 + 0.5

tf = = 2hrs
2 −1
Tc = 2 + 1.0 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 4hrs

2. Determine number of cycles per tank per day:

24hrs cycles
No cycles = =6
4hrs tan k • d
3. Determine fill volume per cycle per tank:
Q0 7500
n 2 m3
VF = = = 625
No cycles 6 fill
V
4. Determine F fraction:
VT
VFill = fill volume
Vs = settle volume
VT = VF+Vs
V X
VT • X = Vs • X s → Vs = T Note: VFill =
Xs
Vdecant
3500
Vs = • VT = 0.35 VT Vdecant = volume of
10,000
treated
VF = VT − 0.35VT = 0.65VT wastewater disposed
in each cycle.
Since : VF = 625m3
V 625
VT = F = ≅ 962m3
0.65 0.65

5. Determine the surface area of each SBR:

Assume the depth of each tank is 5m (typical depth)

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 VT 962m3
Asurface = = = 192m2
depth 5m
L = 192 ≅ 13.90m
S ≤ 13.90 ≤ 30m so two tanks are o.k.

6. Determine the portion of heterotrophic and nitrifiers

microorganisms and θ c :
X= Xnitrifiers + Xhetrotrophs = Xn+Xh
mgVss
X= 3500 • 0.8 = 2800
L
QYn ( N − Ne )θ c QY( S − Se)θ c
Xn= , Xh =
[1 + Kdnθ c ] [1 + Kd θ c ]VT
3750 • 10 3 • 0.12(40 − 50)θ c 3750 • 10 3 • 0.5(150 − 10)θ c
2800 = +
[1 + 0.05θ c ] 962 • 10 3 [1 + 0.05θ c ]962 • 10 3
18.5θ c 272.9θ c mgVss
2800 = + ≅ 178
[1 + 0.05θ c ] (1 + 0.05θ c ) L
θ c ≅ 18.5 days
18.5θ c 18.5 • 18.5 mgVss
Xn = + ≅ 178
1 + 0.05θ c 1 + 0.05 • 18.5 L
272.9θ c 272.9 • 18.5 mgVss
Xh = + = 2623
1 + 0.05 • θ c 1 + 0.05 • 18.5 L
mgVss
Or X h = 2800 − 178 ≅ 2622
L

7. Check for the reaction time(tr):

Use the batch reactor design equation:
For nitrification:
No µ mn
K n ln + ( N o − N t ) = X n ( )t
Nt Yn
No = concentration of nitrogen in the SBR after dilution resulting
from mixing VFill in VTotal:
N • VFill 40 • 625 mgN
N • VFill = No • VT → No = = ≅ 26
VT 962 L
Nt = 0.5 mgN/L (the required nitrogen influent).

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 2.6 0.44
0.5 ln + (26 − 0.5) = 178( )t
0.5 0.12
t = 0.042 day ≅ 1hr (so tr = 1.0 is o.k. as assumed)
• Check for BOD5 removal:
S µ
K s ln o + ( So − St ) = X h ( m )t
St Y
S • VFill 150 • 625 mgBOD5
So = = ≅ 97.5
VT 962 L
mgBOD5
St = 10 (the required BOD5 in the effluent)
L
97.5  2.5 
50 ln + (97.5 − 10) = 2623 t
10  0.5 
t = 0.0154d ≅ 0.37hrs < 1.0hr (t r = 1.0hr )
* Note:
tr for nitrification always control the design of SBR.

8. Calculate sludge procedure:

XV 2800 • 962 • 10 3 KgVss
Px = = ≅ 146
θc 18.5 • 10 6
day
Px 146 • 10 6 m3
Qw = = ≅ 18
X s 8000 • 10 3 d
If Qw is taken during the react step:
P 146 • 10 6 m3
Qw = x = ≅ 52
X 2800 • 10 3 d

9. Calculate oxygen requirements:

Ro = Q( Sin − Se ) − 1.42 Px + 4.57Q ( Nin − N e )

10 3 10 3 Kg o 2
Ro = 3750 • (150 − 10 ) − 1 . 42 • 146 + 4 .57 • 3750 • ( 40 − 0 .5) = 995 per
10 6 10 6 d

F QSo 3750 • 40 3 • 150 mgBOD5

10. Check = = = 0 .21
M Vx 2800 • 962 • 10 3 mgVss • d

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 Typical range is(0.02-0.15), this is not in the range.

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