DERIVATIVES AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Name : Muhammed Azad Azeez

Course Title : Mathematics
Class : B
Department : Mechanical and Mechatronics Department

College of Engineering
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2019-2020

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 ABSTRACT

In our research we discuss about derivatives and applications, and there

applications n differential topology, a vector field may be defined as a derivation
on the ring of smooth functions on a manifold, and a tangent vector may be defined
as a derivation at a point. This allows the abstraction of the notion of a directional
derivative of a scalar function to general manifolds. For manifolds that
are subsets of R, this tangent vector will agree with the directional derivative
defined above. The differential or push forward of a map between manifolds is the
induced map between tangent spaces of those maps. It abstracts the Jacobian
matrix. On the exterior algebra of differential forms over a smooth manifold,
the exterior derivative is the unique linear map which satisfies a graded version of
the Leibniz law and squares to zero. It is a grade 1 derivation on the exterior
algebra.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ………………………………………………………………….. 2

Introduction …………………………………………………………….... 4

Basic derivative rules ……………………………………………………. 5

Derivative of composite functions ………………………………………. 7

Some examples …………………………………………………………… 9

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….. 13

References ………………………………………………………………... 14

TABLE OF EQUATIONS

(𝒌𝒇(𝒙))′ = 𝒌𝒇′ (𝒙) ……………………………………………………….. 5

(𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇′ (𝒙) ± 𝒈′ (𝒙) …………………………………………… 5

(𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙))′ = 𝒇′ (𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′ (𝒙) ……………………………………….. 6

𝒇(𝒙) ′ 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′ (𝒙)
( ) = ………………………………………………… 6
𝒈(𝒙) [𝒈(𝒙)]𝟐

(𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)))′ = 𝒇′ (𝒈(𝒙))𝒈′ (𝒙) ……………………………………………... 7

(𝒖𝒏 )′ = 𝒏 𝒖𝒏−𝟏 𝒖′ …………………………………………………………. 8

(𝒂𝒖 )′ = 𝒂𝒖 𝑰𝒏(𝒂)𝒖′ ………………………………………………………... 8
(𝒆𝒖 )′ = 𝒆𝒖 𝒖′ ……………………………………………………………….. 8
𝟏
(𝑰𝒏𝒖)′ = × 𝒖′ ……………………………………………………………. 8
𝒖

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 INTRODUCTION

The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of

the function value (output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input
value). Derivatives are a fundamental tool of calculus. For example, the derivative
of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the object's velocity: this
measures how quickly the position of the object changes when time advances.

The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it

exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. The
tangent line is the best linear approximation of the function near that input value.
For this reason, the derivative is often described as the "instantaneous rate of
change", the ratio of the instantaneous change in the dependent variable to that of
the independent variable. Derivatives may be generalized to functions of several
real variables. In this generalization, the derivative is reinterpreted as a linear
transformation whose graph is (after an appropriate translation) the best linear
approximation to the graph of the original function. The Jacobian matrix is
the matrix that represents this linear transformation with respect to the basis given
by the choice of independent and dependent variables. It can be calculated in terms
of the partial derivatives with respect to the independent variables. For a real-
valued function of several variables, the Jacobian matrix reduces to the gradient
vector. The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. The reverse
process is called anti differentiation. The fundamental theorem of calculus relates
anti differentiation with integration. Differentiation and integration constitute the
two fundamental operations in single-variable calculus.

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 BASIC DERIVATIVE RULES

We will generally have to confront not only the functions presented above, but also
Combinations of these : multiples, sums, products, quotients and composite
functions. We therefore need to present the rules that allow us to derive these more
complex cases.

1. Constant multiples
Let k be a real constant and 𝑓(𝑥) any given function. Then

(𝑘𝑓 (𝑥 ))′ = 𝑘𝑓 ′ (𝑥) …………………………………………… eq.1

In other words, we can forget the constant which will remain

unchanged and only derive the function of x .

2. Addition and subtraction of functions

Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑔(𝑥 ) be two functions. Then

(𝑓(𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) ± 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) ……………………………… eq.2

When we drive a sum of a subtraction of two functions, the previous

rule states that the function can be individually derived without
changing the operation linking them.

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3. Product rule
Let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑥) be two functions. Then the derivate of the
product.

(𝑓(𝑥 )𝑔(𝑥 ))′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) …………………………… eq.3

We must follow this rule religiously and not succumb to the

temptation of writing a faulty statement .

4. Quotient rule
let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑔(𝑥 ) be two functions. Then the derivative of quotient

𝑓(𝑥) ′ 𝑓′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)

( ) = .................................................... eq.4
𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2

Just as with the product rule, the quotient rule must religiously be
respected.

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 DERIVATIVE OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

A composite function is a function with form 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )). A composite function is in

fact a function that contains another function. If you have a function that can be
broken down into many parts, where each part is in itself a function and where
these parts are not linked by addition, subtraction, product or division, you usually
have a composite function.

1. The chain rule

Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions. Then the derivative of the composite
function 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) is

(𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )))′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥 ))𝑔′ (𝑥) ………………………………….. eq.5

The chain rule states that when we drive composite function, we must
first drive the external function (the one which contains all others ) by
keeping the internal function as is and then multiplying it with the
derivative of the internal function. If the latter is also composite, the
process is repeated. Be alert as the internal function could also be a
product, a quotient.

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2. Chain derivatives of usual functions
In concrete terms, we can express the chain rule for the most
important functions as follows:
If 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) represents any given function of x.

(𝑢𝑛 )′ = 𝑛 𝑢𝑛−1 𝑢′ ……………………………………………. Eq.6

(𝑎𝑢 )′ = 𝑎𝑢 𝐼𝑛(𝑎)𝑢′ …………………………………………... Eq.7
(𝑒 𝑢 )′ = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑢′ …………………………….…………………… Eq.8
1
(𝐼𝑛𝑢)′ = × 𝑢′ ……………………………………………… Eq.9
𝑢

3. Increasing and decreasing functions

There is a direct relationship between the growth and decline of a
function and the value of its derivative at one point. If the value of the
derivative is negative at a given point, this indicates that the function
is decreasing at that point. If the value of the derivative is positive at
a given point, this indicates that the function is increasing at that
point.

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 SOME EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1.1
−1
𝑦 = ( 3 + cos 𝑠 3) 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 −1
= ((3 + cos(3𝑥)3 ) 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−4
𝑑𝑦 −1
= × (3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥)3) 3 × 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥)2 × (−𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥) × 3)
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦 sin(3𝑥)3cos(3𝑥)2
= 3
𝑑𝑥 (3+cos(3𝑥)3 ) √3+cos(3𝑥)3

EXAMPLE 1.2
3
𝑦 = sin−1( 2 )
𝑡

6
𝑦=− 9
𝑡 3 √1−(
𝑡4

EXAMPLE 1.3
1
𝑦 = csch−1( )∅
2

1 1
𝑦 = csch−1( )∅𝑙𝑛(csch−1( )
2 2

EXAMPLE 1.4

𝑦 = sech ∅(1 − 𝑙𝑛 sech(∅))

𝑙𝑛(cosh ∅)+1
= − sech(∅) tanh(∅)𝑙𝑛(cosh( ∅))
cosh ∅

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EXAMPLE 2.1
𝜋2
4 cos √𝑡
∫
𝜋2
𝑑𝑡
√𝑡 sin √𝑡
36

EXAMPLE 2.2
𝑑𝑦
∫
(sin−1 𝑦)√1−𝑦 2

𝑙𝑛(sin−1 𝑦) + 𝑐

EXAMPLE 2.3
𝜋
∫0 2 sinh(sin 𝜃) cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2

1
= 𝑒+ −2
𝑒

EXAMPLE 3 :
𝑑𝑣 𝑓𝑡 3
Since = 4𝜋 2 = 4𝜋(2)2 = 16 𝜋
𝑑𝑟 𝑓𝑡

The volume increase by approximately

16𝜋(2.2 − 2) = 3.2𝜋 𝑓𝑡 3

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EXAMPLE 4 :
𝜋
4
𝑎 = ∫ (2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
−𝜋
4

𝜋
𝑎 = 2 ∫04 (2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑎 = 2[(2 sin 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥|]0π/4

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑎 = 2[(2 sin − ln | sec + tan | − (2 sin 𝜃 − ln | sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃|)
4 4 4

𝑎 = 2[√2 − ln(√2 + 1)

EXAMPLE 5 :
− sin 𝑥
𝑦 = ln(cos 𝑥) = 𝑦 ′ = = − tan 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝜋
𝑙 = ∫0 √1 + (− tan 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3

𝜋
𝑙 = ∫03 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
3
𝑙 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝑙 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥|0π/3

𝜋 𝜋
𝑙 = ln [sec + tan ] − ln[sec(0) + tan(0)
3 3

𝑙 = ln(2 + √3)

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EXAMPLE 6 :

𝑏
𝑠 = 2𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)√𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (√𝑥 2 + 2)′
𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) =
√𝑥 2 +2

√2 𝑥
𝑠 = ∫0 2𝜋√𝑥 2 + 2 √( ) + √𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +2

√2
𝑠 = ∫0 2𝜋√2𝑥 2 + 2𝑑𝑥

𝑠 = √2𝜋 (sinh−1(√2) + √6

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 CONCLUSION

One of the most important applications of the derivative is its use as a tool
for finding the optimal (best) solutions to problems. Optimization problems
abound in mathematics, physical science and engineering, business and
economics, and biology and medicine. For example, what are the height
and diameter of the cylinder of largest volume that can be inscribed in a
given sphere? What are the dimensions of the strongest rectangular wooden
beam that can be cut from a cylindrical log of given diameter? Based on
production costs and sales revenue, how many items should a manufacturer
produce to maximize profit? How much does the trachea (windpipe)
contract to expel air at the maximum speed during a cough? What is the
branching angle at which blood vessels minimize the energy loss due to
friction as blood flows through the branches? In this research we use
derivatives to find extreme values of functions, to determine and analyze
the shapes of graphs, and to solve equations numerically. We also introduce
the idea of recovering a function from its derivative. The key to many of
these applications is the Mean Value Theorem, which paves the way to
integral calculus.

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 REFERENCES

 www.coursehero.com/file/14226416/Financial-Derivatives-Research-Paper-Starter-eNotes/

 www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Cos-Des/Derivative-Securities.html

 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118557709.oth1

 www.investopedia.com/terms/d/derivative.asp

 www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/derivatives-introduction.html

 www.derivative-calculator.net/

 www.khanacademy.org/math/calculus-all-old/taking-derivatives-calc

 www.thebalance.com/what-are-derivatives-3305833

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