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2
Chapter 2
Coordinate geometry

G D
and transformations

E
ES
PA T
E EC Objectives
I To revise coordinate geometry:
PL R
B finding the distance between two points
B finding the midpoint of a line segment
M R

B calculating the gradient of a straight line

B interpreting and using different forms of the equation of a straight line
B finding the angle of slope of a straight line
O

B determining the gradient of a line perpendicular to a given line.

I To introduce a notation for considering transformations of the plane, including
translations, dilations from an axis and reflections in an axis.
SA C

I To use transformations to help with graph sketching.

I To consider transformations of power functions.
N

I To determine the rule for a function given sufficient information.

U

Much of the material presented in this chapter has been covered in Mathematical Methods
Units 1 & 2. The chapter provides a framework for revision with worked examples and
exercises.
Many graphs of functions can be described as transformations of graphs of other functions,
or ‘movements’ of graphs about the Cartesian plane. For example, the graph of the function
y = −x2 can be considered as a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of the function y = x2 .
A good understanding of transformations, combined with knowledge of the ‘simplest’
function and its graph in each family, provides an important tool with which to sketch graphs
and identify rules of more complicated functions.

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42 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

2A Linear coordinate geometry

In this section, we revise the concepts of linear coordinate geometry.

Example 1
y
A straight line passes through the points
A(−2, 6) and B(4, 7). Find:

G D
7
a the distance AB (4, 7)
6
b the midpoint of line segment AB (−2, 6)
5

E
c the gradient of line AB
4
d the equation of line AB

ES
3

PA T
e the equation of the line parallel to AB which
2
passes through the point (1, 5)
1
E EC f the equation of the line perpendicular to AB
which passes through the midpoint of AB. −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
x

Solution Explanation
a The distance AB is The distance between two points A(x1 , y1 )
PL R
p √ and B(x2 , y2 ) is (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 .
p
(4 − (−2))2 + (7 − 6)2 = 37

b The midpoint of AB is The line segment joining A(x1 , y1 ) and

M R

 −2 + 4 6 + 7   13  x + x y + y 
1 2 1 2
, = 1, B(x2 , y2 ) has midpoint , .
2 2 2 2 2
O

c The gradient of line AB is Gradient

7−6 1 y2 − y1
= m=
4 − (−2) 6 x2 − x1
SA C

d The equation of line AB is Equation of a straight line passing through

1 a given point (x1 , y1 ) and having gradient m
N

y − 6 = x − (−2)


6 is y − y1 = m(x − x1 ).
which simplifies to 6y − x − 38 = 0.
U

1
e Gradient m = and (x1 , y1 ) = (1, 5). Parallel lines have the same gradient.
6
The line has equation
1
y − 5 = (x − 1)
6
which simplifies to 6y − x − 29 = 0.
f A perpendicular line has gradient −6. If two straight lines are perpendicular
Thus the equation is to each other, then the product of their
13 gradients is −1.
y− = −6(x − 1)
2
which simplifies to 2y + 12x − 25 = 0.

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2A Linear coordinate geometry 43

Example 2
A fruit and vegetable wholesaler sells 30 kg of hydroponic tomatoes for $148.50 and sells
55 kg of hydroponic tomatoes for $247.50. Find a linear model for the cost, $C, of x kg of
hydroponic tomatoes. How much would 20 kg of tomatoes cost?

Solution
Let (x1 , C1 ) = (30, 148.5) and (x2 , C2 ) = (55, 247.5).

G D
The equation of the straight line is given by
C2 − C1

E
C − C1 = m(x − x1 ) where m =
x2 − x1

ES
247.5 − 148.5
Now m = = 3.96 and so

PA T
55 − 30
C − 148.5 = 3.96(x − 30)
E EC Therefore the straight line has equation C = 3.96x + 29.7.
Substitute x = 20:
C = 3.96 × 20 + 29.7 = 108.9
Hence it would cost $108.90 to buy 20 kg of tomatoes.
PL R

The following is a summary of the material that is assumed to have been covered in
Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2.
M R

Section summary
O

 For two points A(x1 , y1 ) and B(x2 , y2 ): y

• The distance between points A and B is given by B(x2, y2)
AB = (x2 − x1 + (y2 − y1
p
)2 )2 .
SA C

A(x1, y1)
• The midpoint of the line segment AB is the point with x
x + x y + y 
1 2 1 2
O
coordinates , .
N

2 2
y2 − y1
• The gradient of the line AB is given by m = .
x2 − x1
U

 Different forms for the equation of a straight line:

y = mx + c where m is the gradient and c is the y-axis intercept
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) where m is the gradient and (x1 , y1 ) is a point on the line
x y
+ =1 where (a, 0) and (0, b) are the axis intercepts
a b
 The angle of slope of a straight line is found using m = tan θ, where m is the gradient
and θ is the angle that the line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis.
 Two straight lines are perpendicular to each other if and only if the product of their
gradients is −1, i.e. m1 m2 = −1. (Unless one line is vertical and the other horizontal.)

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44 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations 2A

Exercise 2A

Skillsheet 1 A straight line passes through the points A(−2, 6) and B(4, −7). Find:

SF
Example 1 a the distance AB b the midpoint of line segment AB
c the gradient of line AB d the equation of line AB
e the equation of the line parallel to AB which passes through the point (1, 5)

G D
f the equation of the line perpendicular to AB which passes through the midpoint
of AB.

E
2 Find the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AB, where A and B have the following
coordinates:

ES
PA T
a A(1, 4), B(5, 11) b A(−6, 4), B(1, −8) c A(−1, −6), B(4, 7)
3 If M is the midpoint of XY, find the coordinates of Y when X and M have the following
E EC coordinates:
a X(−4, 5), M(0, 6) b X(−1, −4), M(2, −3) c X(6, −3), M(4, 8)
4 Use y = mx + c to sketch the graph of each of the following:
a y = 3x − 3 b y = −3x + 4 c 3y + 2x = 12
PL R
d 4x + 6y = 12 e 3y − 6x = 18 f 8x − 4y = 16
5 Find the equations of the following straight lines:
M R

a gradient +2, passing through (4, 2) b gradient −3, passing through (−3, 4)
c passing through (1, 3) and (4, 7) d passing through (−2, −3) and (2, 5)
x y
O

6 Use the intercept form + = 1 to find the equation of the straight line passing
a b
through:
a (−3, 0) and (0, 2) b (4, 0) and (0, 6) c (0, −2) and (6, 0)
SA C

7 Write the following in intercept form and hence draw their graphs:
3
a 3x + 6y = 12 b 4y − 3x = 12 c x − 3y = 9
N

2
Example 2 8 A printing firm charges $35 for printing 600 sheets of headed notepaper and $46 for
printing 800 sheets. Find a linear model for the charge, $C, for printing n sheets. How
U

much would they charge for printing 1000 sheets?

9 An electronic bank teller registered $775 after it had counted 120 notes and $975 after it
had counted 160 notes.
a Find a formula for the sum registered ($C) in terms of the number of notes (n)
counted.
b Was there a sum already on the register when counting began?
c If so, how much?
10 Find the distance between each of the following pairs of points:
a (2, 6), (3, 4) b (−2, −6), (2, −8) c (0, 4), (3, 0)

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2A 2A Linear coordinate geometry 45

11 a Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the point (1, 6) and is:

SF
i parallel to the line with equation y = 2x + 3
ii perpendicular to the line with equation y = 2x + 3.
b Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the point (2, 3) and is:
i parallel to the line with equation 4x + 2y = 10
ii perpendicular to the line with equation 4x + 2y = 10.

G D
12 Find the equation of the line which passes through the point of intersection of the lines

CF
y = x and x + y = 6 and which is perpendicular to the line with equation 3x + 6y = 12.

E
13 The length of the line segment joining A(2, −1) and B(5, y) is 5 units. Find y.

ES
PA T
14 For each of the following, find the angle that the line joining the given points makes
with the positive direction of the x-axis:
a (−4, 1), (4, 6) b (2, 3), (−4, 6) c (5, 1), (−1, −8) d (−4, 2), (2, −8)
E EC 15
16
Find the acute angle between the lines y = 2x + 4 and y = −3x + 6.
Given the points A(a, 3), B(−2, 1) and C(3, 2), find the possible values of a if the length
of AB is twice the length of BC.
PL R
17 Three points have coordinates A(1, 7), B(7, 5) and C(0, −2). Find:
a the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB
b the point of intersection of this perpendicular bisector and BC.
M R

18 The point (h, k) lies on the line y = x + 1 and is 5 units from the point (0, 2). Write down
two equations connecting h and k and hence find the possible values of h and k.
O

y x
19 P and Q are the points of intersection of the line + = 1 with the x- and y-axes

CU
2 3
respectively. The gradient of QR is 12 and the point R has x-coordinate 2a, where a > 0.
SA C

a Find the y-coordinate of R in terms of a.

b Find the value of a if the gradient of PR is −2. y
N

20 The figure shows a triangle ABC with A(1, 1) C

and B(−1, 4). The gradients of AB, AC and
BC are −3m, 3m and m respectively.
U

a Find the value of m.

B(−1, 4)
b Find the coordinates of C.
c Show that AC = 2AB. A(1, 1)
x
O
21 ABCD is a parallelogram, with vertices labelled anticlockwise, such that A and C are
the points (−1, 5) and (5, 1) respectively.
a Find the coordinates of the midpoint of AC.
b Given that BD is parallel to the line y + 5x = 2, find the equation of BD.
c Given that BC is perpendicular to AC, find:
i the equation of BC ii the coordinates of B iii the coordinates of D.
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46 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

2B Translations
The Cartesian plane is represented by the set R2 of all ordered pairs of real numbers.
That is, R2 = { (x, y) : x, y ∈ R }. The transformations considered in this book associate
each ordered pair of R2 with a unique ordered pair. We can refer to them as examples of
transformations of the plane.

G D
I Notation
Consider the translation 2 units in the positive
(0, 8)

E
direction of the x-axis (to the right) and 4 units in the
positive direction of the y-axis (up). (5, 6)

ES
This can be described by the rule (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 4).

PA T
(−2, 4)
This reads as ‘(x, y) maps to (x + 2, y + 4)’.
(3, 2)
E EC For example, (3, 2) → (3 + 2, 2 + 4).
In applying this translation, it is useful to think of
every point (x, y) in the plane as being mapped to a
(1, 2)

new point (x0 , y0 ). We can write: (−1, −2)

x0 = x + 2 and y0 = y + 4
PL R

For positive numbers h and k:

M R

 A translation of h units in the positive direction of the x-axis and k units in the positive
direction of the y-axis is described by the rule
O

(x, y) → (x + h, y + k)
or x0 = x + h and y0 = y + k
SA C

 A translation of h units in the negative direction of the x-axis and k units in the negative
direction of the y-axis is described by the rule
(x, y) → (x − h, y − k)
N

or x0 = x − h and y0 = y − k
U

Notes:
 Under a translation, if (a0 , b0 ) = (c0 , d0 ), then (a, b) = (c, d).
 For a translation (x, y) → (x + h, y + k), for each point (a, b) ∈ R2 there is a point (p, q)
such that (p, q) → (a, b). (It is clear that (a − h, b − k) → (a, b) under this translation.)

I Applying translations to sketch graphs

A translation moves every point on the graph the same distance in the same direction.
Every translation of the plane can be described by giving two components:
 a translation parallel to the x-axis and
 a translation parallel to the y-axis.

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2B Translations 47

For example, consider a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and
4 units in the positive direction of the y-axis applied to the graph of y = x2 .
The set of points { (x, y) : y = x2 } is translated y
according to the rule
(x, y) → (x + 2, y + 4)
x0 = x + 2 and y0 = y + 4

G D
For each point (x, y) there is a unique point (x0 , y0 ) (1, 5) (2, 4) (3, 5)
and vice versa.

E
We have x = x0 − 2 and y = y0 − 4.

ES
This means the points on the curve with equation (−1, 1) (1, 1)

PA T
x
y = x2 are mapped to the curve with equation (0, 0)
y0 − 4 = (x0 − 2)2 .
E EC Hence { (x, y) : y = x2 } maps to { (x0 , y0 ) : y0 − 4 = (x0 − 2)2 }.

For the graph of y = f (x), the following two processes yield the same result:
 Applying the translation (x, y) → (x + h, y + k) to the graph of y = f (x).
PL R
 Replacing x with x − h and y with y − k in the equation to obtain y − k = f (x − h) and
graphing the result.
M R

Proof A point (a, b) is on the graph of y = f (x)

⇔ f (a) = b
O

⇔ f (a + h − h) = b
⇔ f (a + h − h) = b + k − k
⇔ (a + h, b + k) is a point on the graph of y − k = f (x − h)
SA C

Note: The double arrows indicate that the steps are reversible.
N

Example 3
1
Find the image of the curve with equation y = under a translation of 3 units in the
x
U

positive direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the negative direction of the y-axis.

Solution Explanation
Let (x0 , y0 ) be the image of the point (x, y). The rule is (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 2).
Then x0 = x + 3 and y0 = y − 2.
Hence x = x0 − 3 and y = y0 + 2.
1 1
The graph of y = is mapped to y0 + 2 = 0 . Substitute x = x0 − 3 and y = y0 + 2
x x −3 1
into the equation y = .
The equation of the image can be written as x
1
y= −2
x−3
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48 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations 2B

Recognising that a transformation has been applied makes it easy to sketch many graphs.
√
For example, to sketch the graph of y = x − 2, note that it is of the form y = f (x − 2), where
√ √
f (x) = x. The graph of y = x is translated 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis.
Examples of two other functions to which this translation is applied are:
f (x) = x2 f (x − 2) = (x − 2)2

G D
1 1
f (x) = f (x − 2) =
x x−2

E
Section summary

ES
For the graph of y = f (x), the following two processes yield the same result:

PA T
 Applying the translation (x, y) → (x + h, y + k) to the graph of y = f (x).
 Replacing x with x − h and y with y − k in the equation to obtain y − k = f (x − h) and
E EC graphing the result.

Exercise 2B
PL R
1 Find the image of the point (−2, 5) after a mapping of a translation:

SF
a of 1 unit in the positive direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the negative direction
of the y-axis
M R

b of 3 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and 5 units in the positive direction
of the y-axis
O

c defined by the rule (x, y) → (x − 3, y + 2)

d defined by the rule (x, y) → (x − 1, y + 1).
SA C

1
Example 3 2 Find the image of the curve with equation y = under:
x
a a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the
N

negative direction of the y-axis

b a translation of 2 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the
positive direction of the y-axis
U

c a translation of 21 unit in the positive direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the
positive direction of the y-axis.

3 Sketch the graph of each of the following. Label asymptotes and axis intercepts, and
state the domain and range.
1 1 1
a y= +3 b y= 2 −3 c y=
x x (x + 2)2
√ 1 1
d y= x−2 e y= f y= −4
x−1 x
1 1 1
g y= h f (x) = i f (x) = +1
x+2 (x − 3) 2 x−1

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2B 2B Translations 49

1
4 For y = f (x) = , sketch the graph of each of the following. Label asymptotes and axis

SF
x
intercepts.
a y = f (x − 1) b y = f (x) + 1 c y = f (x + 3)
d y = f (x) − 3 e y = f (x + 1) f y = f (x) − 1

5 For each of the following, state a transformation which maps the graph of y = f (x) to

G D
the graph of y = f1 (x):
1 1
a f (x) = x2 , f1 (x) = (x + 5)2 b f (x) = , f1 (x) = + 2
x x

E
1 1 1 1
c f (x) = 2 , f1 (x) = 2 + 4 d f (x) = 2 − 3, f1 (x) = 2
x x x x

ES
PA T
1 1
e f (x) = , f1 (x) =
x−3 x
E EC 6 Write down the equation of the image when the graph of each of the functions below is
transformed by:
i a translation of 7 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 1 unit in the
positive direction of the y-axis
ii a translation of 2 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and 6 units in the
PL R
negative direction of the y-axis
iii a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the
M R

negative direction of the y-axis

iv a translation of 1 unit in the negative direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the
positive direction of the y-axis.
O

1 √ 1 1
a y = x4 b y= 3x c y= 3 d y= 4
x x
7 Find the equation for the image of the graph of each of the following under the stated
SA C

translation:
a y = (x − 2)2 + 3 Translation: (x, y) → (x − 3, y + 2)
N

b y = 2(x + 3) + 3
2
Translation: (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 3)
1
c y= +3 Translation: (x, y) → (x + 4, y − 2)
U

(x − 2)2
8 For each of the following, state a transformation which maps the graph of y = f (x) to
the graph of y = f1 (x):
1 1 1 1
a f (x) = 2 , f1 (x) = +3 b f (x) = , f1 (x) = −3
x (x − 2) 2 x x+2
√ √
c f (x) = x, f1 (x) = x + 4 + 2

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50 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

2C Dilations and reflections

We can determine the equation of the image of a curve under a dilation or a reflection by
following the same approach used for translations.

I Dilation from the x-axis

A dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis is defined by the rule (x, y) → (x, 2y). Hence the point

G D
with coordinates (1, 1) → (1, 2).
√
Consider the curve with equation y = x and the dilation y

E
of factor 2 from the x-axis.
y = 2√x
 Let (x0 , y0 ) be the image of the point with coordinates

ES
(1, 2)

PA T
(x, y) on the curve.
y 0 y = √x
 Hence x0 = x and y0 = 2y, and thus x = x0 and y = .
2
E EC  Substituting for x and y, we see that the curve with
√
equation y = x maps to the curve with equation
y0 √ 0 √
O
(1, 1)
x

= x , i.e. the curve with equation y = 2 x.

2
PL R
I Dilation from the y-axis
A dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis is defined by the rule (x, y) → (2x, y). Hence the point
with coordinates (1, 1) → (2, 1).
M R

√ y
Again, consider the curve with equation y = x.
 Let (x0 , y0 ) be the image of the point (x, y).
O

y = √x
x0
 Hence x0 = 2x and y0 = y, and thus x = and y = y0 .
2
√ x
 The curve withrequation y = x maps to the curve with (1, 1) y=
SA C

(2, 1) 2
x0
equation y0 = . x
2 O
N

Example 4
1
Determine the rule of the image when the graph of y = is dilated by a factor of 4:
U

x2
a from the x-axis b from the y-axis.

Solution y
a (x, y) → (x, 4y)
Let (x0 , y0 ) be the coordinates of the image of (x, y), (1, 4)
so x0 = x, y0 = 4y.
y0
Rearranging gives x = x0 , y = .
4
1 y0 1
Therefore y = 2 becomes = 0 2 . (1, 1)
x 4 (x ) x
4 O
The rule of the transformed function is y = 2 .
x
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2C Dilations and reflections 51

b (x, y) → (4x, y) y
Let (x0 , y0 ) be the coordinates of the image of (x, y),
so x0 = 4x, y0 = y.
x0
Rearranging gives x = , y = y0 .
4
1 1 (4, 1)
Therefore y = 2 becomes y0 = 0
2 . (1, 1)

G D
x x x
4 O
16
The rule of the transformed function is y = 2 .
x

E
ES
Example 5

PA T
√
Determine the factor of dilation when the graph of y = 3x is obtained by dilating the
√
graph of y = x:
E EC a from the y-axis

Solution
b from the x-axis.

a Note that a dilation from the y-axis ‘changes’ the x-values. So write the transformed
function as
PL R
√
y0 = 3x0
where (x0 , y0 ) are the coordinates of the image of (x, y).
M R

Therefore x = 3x0 and y = y0 (‘changed’ x). y

x 1, 1
Rearranging gives x0 = and y0 = y.
O

3 x  3
So the mapping is given by (x, y) → , y . (1, 1)
3
√ x
SA C

The graph of y = x is dilated by a factor of 13 from O

√
the y-axis to produce the graph of y = 3x.
N

b Note that a dilation from the x-axis ‘changes’ the y-values. So write the transformed
function as
y0 √
U

√ = x0
3
where (x0 , y0 ) are the coordinates of the image of (x, y).
y0
Therefore x = x0 and y = √ (‘changed’ y). y
3
√ (1, √3)
Rearranging gives x0 = x and y0 = 3 y.
√
So the mapping is given by (x, y) → (x, 3 y). (1, 1)
√ √
The graph of y = x is dilated by a factor of 3 from x
√ O
the x-axis to produce the graph of y = 3x.

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52 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations 2C

I Reflection in the x-axis y

A reflection in the x-axis can be defined by
the rule (x, y) → (x, −y). Hence the point with
coordinates (1, 1) → (1, −1).
y = √x
 Let (x0 , y0 ) be the image of the point (x, y).
 Hence x0 = x and y0 = −y, which gives (1, 1)

G D
x = x and y = −y .
0 0 x
√ O
 The curve with equation y = x maps to the (1, −1)
√

E
curve with equation −y0 = x0 , i.e. the curve
√ y = − √x
with equation y = − x.

ES
PA T
I Reflection in the y-axis
A reflection in the y-axis can be defined by the rule (x, y) → (−x, y). Hence the point with
E EC coordinates (1, 1) → (−1, 1).
 Let (x0 , y0 ) be the image of the
y

point (x, y).

 Hence x0 = −x and y0 = y, which
y = √−x y = √x
PL R
gives x = −x0 and y = y0 . (−1, 1)
√
 The curve with equation y = x
(1, 1)
maps to the curve with equation
x
M R

√
y0 = −x0 , i.e. the curve with O
√
equation y = −x.
O

Section summary
Transformations of the graphs of functions
SA C

Mapping Rule Image of y = f(x)

N

Reflection in the x-axis x0 = x, y0 = −y y = − f (x)

Reflection in the y-axis x0 = −x, y0 = y y = f (−x)

U

 x
Dilation of factor a from the y-axis x0 = ax, y0 = y y= f
a
Dilation of factor b from the x-axis x0 = x, y0 = by y = b f (x)

Exercise 2C
1
Example 4 1 Determine the rule of the image when the graph of y = is dilated by a factor of 3:
SF

x
a from the x-axis b from the y-axis.
√
2 Determine the rule of the image when the graph of y = x is dilated by a factor of 2:
a from the x-axis b from the y-axis.
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2C 2C Dilations and reflections 53

3 Determine the rule of the image when the graph of y = x3 is dilated by a factor of 2:

SF
a from the x-axis b from the y-axis.

4 Sketch the graph of each of the following:

4 1 √ 2
a y= b y= c y = 3x d y=
x 2x x2
1

G D
5 For y = f (x) = , sketch the graph of each of the following:
x2  x
a y = f (2x) b y = 2 f (x) c y= f d y = 3 f (x)
2

E
6 Sketch the graphs of each of the following on the one set of axes:

ES
1 3 3
a y= b y= c y=

PA T
x x 2x
√
7 Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = 3 x for x ∈ R+ .
E EC
Example 5 8
√
graph of y = x:
√
Determine the factor of dilation when the graph of y = 5x is obtained by dilating the

a from the y-axis b from the x-axis.

9 For each of the following, state a transformation which maps the graph of y = f (x) to
PL R
the graph of y = f1 (x):
1 5 √ √
a f (x) = 2 , f1 (x) = 2 b f (x) = x, f1 (x) = 5x
x x
M R

r
x √ 1 1
c f (x) = , f1 (x) = x d f (x) = 2 , f1 (x) = 2
3 4x x
O

10 Write down the equation of the image when the graph of each of the functions below is
transformed by:
ia dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis
SA C

iia dilation of factor 23 from the x-axis

iiia dilation of factor 21 from the y-axis
N

iv a dilation of factor 5 from the y-axis.

1 √ 1 1
a y = x2 b y= 2 c y= 3x d y= e y = x5
x4
U

x
11 Find the equation of the image when the graph of y = (x − 1)2 is reflected:
a in the x-axis b in the y-axis.
√ √
12 State a transformation which maps the graph of y = x to the graph of y = −x.

13 Find the equation of the image when the graph of each of the functions below is
transformed by:
i a reflection in the x-axis
ii a reflection in the y-axis.
√ 1 1 1
a y = x3 b y= 3x c y= d y= e y = x4
x3 x4
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54 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

2D Combinations of transformations
In the previous two sections, we considered three types of transformations separately. In the
remainder of this chapter we look at situations where a graph may have been transformed by
any combination of dilations, reflections and translations.
For example, first consider:

G D
 a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
 followed by a reflection in the x-axis.
The rule becomes

E
(x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x, −2y)

ES
PA T
First the dilation is applied and then the reflection. For example, (1, 1) → (1, 2) → (1, −2).
Another example is:
E EC  a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
 followed by a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the
negative direction of the y-axis.
The rule becomes
(x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x + 2, 2y − 3)
PL R

First the dilation is applied and then the translation. For example, (1, 1) → (1, 2) → (3, −1).
M R

Example 6
√
Find the equation of the image of y = x under:
O

a a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a reflection in the x-axis

b a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a translation of 2 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the negative direction of the y-axis.
SA C

Solution
a From the discussion above, the rule is (x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x, −2y).
N

y0
If (x, y) maps to (x0 , y0 ), then x0 = x and y0 = −2y. Thus x = x0 and y = .
√ −2
So the image of y = x has equation
U

y0 √
= x0
−2
√ √
and hence y0 = −2 x0 . The equation can be written as y = −2 x.
b From the discussion above, the rule is (x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x + 2, 2y − 3).
y0 + 3
If (x, y) maps to (x0 , y0 ), then x0 = x + 2 and y0 = 2y − 3. Thus x = x0 − 2 and y = .
√ 2
So the image of y = x has equation
y0 + 3 √ 0
= x −2
2
√ √
and hence y0 = 2 x0 − 2 − 3. The equation can be written as y = 2 x − 2 − 3.

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2D Combinations of transformations 55

Example 7
Sketch the image of the graph shown under the y
following sequence of transformations:
 a reflection in the x-axis
 a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis 1
O x
 a translation 2 units in the positive direction

G D
of the x-axis and 1 unit in the positive direction
(0, 0)
1, − 1
of the y-axis.
3

E
ES
PA T
Solution y
Consider each transformation in turn and sketch the
E EC graph at each stage. 1, 1
3
A reflection in the x-axis produces the graph shown (0, 0)
on the right. x
O
−1
PL R

Next apply the dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis. y

M R

(1, 1)
O

(0, 0)
x
O
SA C

−3
N

Finally, apply the translation 2 units in the positive y

U

direction of the x-axis and 1 unit in the positive (3, 2)

direction of the y-axis. (2, 1)

x
O
−2

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56 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

Example 8
For the graph of y = x2 :
a Sketch the graph of the image under the sequence of transformations:
 a translation of 1 unit in the positive direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the positive
direction of the y-axis

G D
 a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis
 a reflection in the x-axis.
b State the rule of the image.

E
Solution

ES
a Apply each transformation in turn and sketch the graph at each stage.

PA T
1 The translation: 2 The dilation of factor 2 3 The reflection in the x-axis:
E EC y
from the y-axis:
y y

(2, −2)
3 (2, 3) 3
(4, 3)
PL R
x x
x O (4, −3)
O O
(2, 2) −3
(1, 2)
M R

b The mapping representing the sequence of transformations is

O

(x, y) → (x + 1, y + 2) → (2(x + 1), y + 2) → (2(x + 1), −(y + 2))

Let (x0 , y0 ) be the image of (x, y). Then x0 = 2(x + 1) and y0 = −(y + 2).
SA C

Rearranging gives x = 12 (x0 − 2) and y = −y0 − 2.

Therefore y = x2 becomes −y0 − 2 = 21 (x0 − 2) 2 .


N

The rule of the image is y = − 41 (x − 2)2 − 2.

U

Using the TI-Nspire CX non-CAS

 In a Graphs application, enter f 1(x) = x2 .
 The rule for the transformed
 function
 can be
entered as f 2(x) = − f 1 21 (x − 2) − 2.

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2D 2D Combinations of transformations 57

Using the Casio

 Press MENU 5to select Graph mode.
 Enter the rule y = x2 in Y1.
 Enter the rule for the transformed function in Y2
as shown.

G D
Note: To obtain the function name Y1 in the rule
for Y2, go to the Variable Data menu VARS .
Select Graph F4 , Y F1 ; then press 1 .

E
 Select Draw F6 to view the graphs.

ES
PA T
E EC Section summary
The following method can be used to find the image of the graph of y = f (x) under a
sequence of transformations:
Step 1 Determine the rule (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ) for the sequence of transformations.
PL R
Step 2 Write down formulas for x0 and y0 in terms of x and y.
Step 3 Transpose these formulas to express x and y in terms of x0 and y0 .
M R

Step 4 Substitute these expressions for x and y into the equation y = f (x).
O

Exercise 2D
SA C

Skillsheet
1 Find the rule of the image when the graph of each of the functions listed below
CF
Example 6 undergoes each of the following sequences of transformations:
i a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, followed by a translation 2 units in the positive
N

direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the negative direction of the y-axis
ii a dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis, followed by a translation 2 units in the
U

negative direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the negative direction of the y-axis
iii a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, followed by a reflection in the y-axis.
√ 1
a y = x2 b y= 3x c y= 2
x
y
Example 7 2 Sketch the image of the graph shown under the
following sequence of transformations:
 a reflection in the x-axis (5, 3)
 a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
 a translation 3 units in the positive direction of
x
the x-axis and 4 units in the positive direction of O 2
the y-axis.
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58 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations 2D

3 Sketch the image of the graph shown under the y

CF
following sequence of transformations:
 a reflection in the y-axis (2, 3)
 a translation 2 units in the negative direction of
the x-axis and 3 units in the negative direction of
the y-axis x
−2 O 4

G D
 a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis.

E
4 Find the rule of the image when the graph of each of the functions listed below

ES
undergoes each of the following sequences of transformations:

PA T
i a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, followed by a reflection in the x-axis, followed
by a translation 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the
E EC negative direction of the y-axis
ii a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, followed by a translation 3 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the negative direction of the y-axis, followed
by a reflection in the x-axis
iii a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, followed
PL R
by a translation 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the
negative direction of the y-axis
M R

iv a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation 3 units in the positive direction

of the x-axis and 4 units in the negative direction of the y-axis, followed by a
dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
O

v a translation 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the negative
direction of the y-axis, followed by a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, followed
by a reflection in the x-axis
SA C

vi a translation 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the negative
direction of the y-axis, followed by a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a dilation
N

of factor 2 from the x-axis.

√ 1 1
a y = x2 b y= 3x c y= d y= 3 e y = x−2
x x
U

√
5 Find the rule of the image when the graph of y = x is translated 4 units in the negative
direction of the x-axis, reflected in the x-axis and dilated by factor 3 from the y-axis.
3
Example 8 6 For the graph of y = :
x2
a Sketch the graph of the image under the sequence of transformations:
 a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
 a translation of 2 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and 1 unit in the
negative direction of the y-axis
 a reflection in the x-axis.
b State the rule of the image.
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2E Using transformations to sketch graphs 59

2E Using transformations to sketch graphs

By considering a rule for a graph as a combination of transformations of a more ‘simple’ rule,
we can readily sketch graphs of many apparently ‘complicated’ functions.

Example 9
1
Identify a sequence of transformations that maps the graph of y = onto the graph of

G D
4 4 x
y= − 3. Use this to sketch the graph of y = − 3, stating the equations of
x+5 x+5
asymptotes and the coordinates of axis intercepts.

E
Solution

ES
1
Rearrange the equation of the transformed graph to have the same ‘shape’ as y = :

PA T
x
y0 + 3 1
= 0
4 x +5
E EC where (x0 , y0 ) are the coordinates of the image of (x, y).

Therefore x = x0 + 5 and y =
y0 + 3
4
. Rearranging gives x0 = x − 5 and y0 = 4y − 3.
The mapping is (x, y) → (x − 5, 4y − 3), and so a sequence of transformations is:
1 a dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis
PL R
2 a translation of 5 units in the negative direction of the x-axis
3 a translation of 3 units in the negative direction of the y-axis.
M R

1
The original graph y =
O

is shown on the right.

x
The effect of the transformations is shown below. (1, 1)
O x
SA C

(−1, −1)
N
U

1 Dilation from x-axis: 2 Translation in negative 3 Translation in negative

direction of x-axis: direction of y-axis:
y
y y

(1, 4) (−4, 4) (−4, 1)

x
O O
x x
O
y = −3
(−1, −4) (−6, −4) x = −5
(−6, −7)

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60 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

Find the axis intercepts in the usual way, as below. x = −5 y

The transformed graph, with asymptotes and
intercepts marked, is shown on the right. −11 , 1
0 0, −2
3 5
4
When x = 0, y = − 3 = −2 15 x
5 O
4

G D
When y = 0, −3=0 y = −3
x+5
4 = 3x + 15

E
3x = −11
4
11 y= −3
∴ x=−

ES
x+5
3

PA T
Once you have done a few of these types of exercises, you can identify the transformations
E EC more quickly by carefully observing the rule of the transformed graph and relating it to the
‘shape’ of the simplest function in its family. Consider the following examples.

Example 10
√
Sketch the graph of y = − x − 4 − 5.
PL R

Solution y
√
The graph is obtained from the graph of y =
M R

x by:
 a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation
of 5 units in the negative direction of the y-axis, and x
O

O
 a translation of 4 units in the positive direction of
the x-axis.
(4, −5)
SA CN

Example 11
3
Sketch the graph of y = + 5.
(x − 2)2
U

Solution y
1
This is obtained from the graph of y = 2 by:
x
 a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, followed by a
translation of 5 units in the positive direction of the 3
0, 5
y-axis, and 4
 a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of
y=5
the x-axis.
x
O
x=2

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2E 2E Using transformations to sketch graphs 61

Section summary
In general, the function given by the equation
y = A f n(x + c) + b

where b, c ∈ R+ and A, n ∈ R+ , represents a transformation of the graph of y = f (x) by:

 a dilation of factor A from the x-axis, followed by a translation of b units in the positive

G D
direction of the y-axis, and
 a dilation of factor n1 from the y-axis, followed by a translation of c units in the negative

E
direction of the x-axis.
Similar statements can be made for b, c ∈ R− . The case where A ∈ R− corresponds to a

ES
reflection in the x-axis and a dilation from the x-axis. The case where n ∈ R− corresponds

PA T
to a reflection in the y-axis and a dilation from the y-axis.

E EC Skillsheet
Exercise 2E

1 Sketch the graph of each of the following. State the equations of asymptotes and the

SF
Example 9 axis intercepts. State the range of each function.
PL R
3 2 3
a f (x) = b g(x) = −1 c h(x) =
x−1 x+1 (x − 2)2
M R

2 −1 −1
d f (x) = −1 e h(x) = f f (x) = +3
(x − 1)2 x−3 x+2

2 Sketch the graph of each of the following without using your calculator. State the range
O

Example 10, 11
of each.
√ √
a y=− x−3 b y=− x−3+2 c y = 2(x + 3)
p
SA C

1 √ √
d y= e y=5 x+2 f y = −5 x + 2 − 2
2x − 3
N

−3 −2 3
g y= h y= −4 i y= −5
x−2 (x + 2)2 2x
U

5 4
j y= +5 k y = 2(x − 3)2 + 5 l y= +4
2x 3−x
3x + 2
3 Without using your calculator, sketch the graph of f (x) = .
x+1
1
Hint: Show that f (x) = 3 − .
x+1
4x − 5
4 Without using your calculator, sketch the graph of f (x) = .
2x + 1
7
Hint: Show that f (x) = 2 − .
2(x + 21 )

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62 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

2F Transformations of power functions

We recall that every quadratic polynomial function can be written in the turning point form
y = a(x − h)2 + k. This is not true for polynomials of higher degree. However, there are many
polynomials that can be written as y = a(x − h)n + k.
In Section 1E we introduced power functions, which include the functions f (x) = xn , where

G D
n is a positive integer. In this section we look at transformations of these functions.

I The function f(x) = xn where n is an odd positive integer

E
Assume that n is an odd integer with n ≥ 3. You will y
recall from Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 that the

ES
derivative function of f (x) = xn has rule

PA T
f 0 (x) = nxn−1
E EC Hence the gradient is zero when x = 0. Since n is odd and
therefore n − 1 is even, we have f 0 (x) = nxn−1 > 0 for
all x , 0. That is, the gradient of the graph of y = f (x) is
O
x

positive when x , 0 and is zero when x = 0. Recall that,

for functions of this form, the stationary point at (0, 0) is
PL R
called a stationary point of inflection.

Transformations of f(x) = xn where n is an odd positive integer

M R

Transformations of these functions result in graphs with rules of the form y = a(x − h)n + k
where a, h and k are real constants.
O

Example 12
Sketch the graph of:
SA C

a y = (x − 2)3 + 1 b y = −(x − 1)3 + 2 c y = 2(x + 1)3 + 2

Solution
N

a The translation (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 1) maps the y

graph of y = x3 onto the graph of y = (x − 2)3 + 1.
U

So (2, 1) is a point of zero gradient.

Find the axis intercepts: (2, 1)
 When x = 0, y = (−2)3 + 1 = −7 x
O 1
 When y = 0,
0 = (x − 2)3 + 1
−1 = (x − 2)3 −7
−1 = x − 2
∴ x=1

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2F Transformations of power functions 63

b A reflection in the x-axis followed by the y

translation (x, y) → (x + 1, y + 2) maps the graph
of y = x3 onto the graph of y = −(x − 1)3 + 2.
So (1, 2) is a point of zero gradient. 3 (1, 2)
Find the axis intercepts: 1
 When x = 0, y = −(−1)3 + 2 = 3 1 + 23 x

G D
O
 When y = 0,
0 = −(x − 1)3 + 2

E
(x − 1)3 = 2

ES
1
x − 1 = 23

PA T
1
∴ x = 1 + 2 3 ≈ 2.26
E EC c A dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed
by the translation (x, y) → (x − 1, y + 2)
maps the graph of y = x3 onto the graph
y

of y = 2(x + 1)3 + 2.
4
PL R
So (−1, 2) is a point of zero gradient.
(−1, 2)
Find the axis intercepts:
 When x = 0, y = 2 + 2 = 4 x
M R

 When y = 0, −2 O

0 = 2(x + 1)3 + 2
O

−1 = (x + 1)3
−1 = x + 1
SA C

∴ x = −2
N

Example 13
The graph of y = a(x − h)3 + k has a point of zero gradient at (1, 1) and passes through the
U

point (0, 4). Find the values of a, h and k.

Solution
Since (1, 1) is the point of zero gradient,
h=1 and k=1
So y = a(x − 1)3 + 1 and, since the graph passes through (0, 4),
4 = −a + 1
∴ a = −3

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64 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

Example 14
a Find the rule for the image of the graph of y = x5 under the following sequence of
transformations:
 reflection in the y-axis
 dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis
 translation 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the positive

G D
direction of the y-axis.
b Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = x5 to the graph of

E
y = 6 − 2(x + 5)5 .

ES
Solution

PA T
a (x, y) → (−x, y) → (−2x, y) → (−2x + 2, y + 3)
Let (x0 , y0 ) be the image of (x, y) under this transformation.
E EC Then x0 = −2x + 2 and y0 = y + 3. Hence x =
Therefore the graph of y = x5 maps to the graph of
x0 − 2
−2
and y = y0 − 3.

 x 0 − 2 5
y −3=
0
−2
PL R
i.e. to the graph of
1
y = − (x − 2)5 + 3
M R

32
y0 − 6
b Rearrange y0 = 6 − 2(x0 + 5)5 to = (x0 + 5)5 .
−2
y0 − 6
O

Therefore y = and x = x0 + 5, which gives y0 = −2y + 6 and x0 = x − 5.

−2
The sequence of transformations is:
SA C

 reflection in the x-axis

 dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
 translation 5 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and 6 units in the positive
N

direction of the y-axis.

U

I The function f(x) = xn where n is an even positive integer

Now assume that n is an even integer with n ≥ 2. The y
derivative function of f (x) = xn has rule
f 0 (x) = nxn−1
Hence the gradient is zero when x = 0. Since n is even
and therefore n − 1 is odd, we have f 0 (x) = nxn−1 > 0 for x
O
all x > 0, and f 0 (x) = nxn−1 < 0 for all x < 0.
Thus the graph of y = f (x) has a turning point at (0, 0);
this point is a local minimum.

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2F 2F Transformations of power functions 65

Section summary
A graph with rule of the form y = a(x − h)n + k can be obtained as a transformation of the
graph of y = xn .

Exercise 2F

G D
Example 12 1 Sketch the graph of each of the following. State the coordinates of the point of zero

SF
gradient and the axis intercepts.

E
a f (x) = 2x3 b g(x) = −2x3 c h(x) = x5 + 1

ES
d f (x) = x3 − 4 e f (x) = (x + 1)3 − 8 f f (x) = 2(x − 1)3 − 2

PA T
g g(x) = −2(x − 1)3 + 2 h h(x) = 3(x − 2)3 − 4 i f (x) = 2(x − 1)3 + 2
j h(x) = −2(x − 1)3 − 4 k f (x) = (x + 1)5 − 32 l f (x) = 2(x − 1)5 − 2
E EC 2 The graph of y = a(x − h)3 + k has a point of zero gradient at (0, 4) and passes through

CF
Example 13
the point (1, 1). Find the values of a, h and k.
3 Find the equation of the image of y = x3 under each of the following transformations:

SF
a a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
PL R
b a translation with rule (x, y) → (x − 1, y + 1)
c a reflection in the x-axis followed by the translation (x, y) → (x + 2, y − 3)
M R

d a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by the translation (x, y) → (x − 1, y − 2)

e a dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis.
O

4 a Find the rule for the image of the graph of y = x3 under a reflection in the y-axis,

CF
Example 14
followed by a dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis and then a translation 3 units in the
positive direction of the x-axis and 1 unit in the positive direction of the y-axis.
SA C

b Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = x3 to the graph of

y = 4 − 3(x + 1)3 .
N

5 a Find the rule for the image of the graph of y = x4 under a reflection in the y-axis,
followed by a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis and then a translation 2 units in the
negative direction of the x-axis and 1 unit in the negative direction of the y-axis.
U

b Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = x4 to the graph of

y = 5 − 3(x + 1)4 .
6 Sketch the graph of each of the following:
SF

a y = 3(x − 1)4 − 2 b y = −2(x + 2)4 c y = (x − 2)4 − 6

d y = 2(x − 3)4 − 1 e y = 1 − (x + 4)4 f y = −3(x − 2)4 − 3
7 The graph of y = a(x − h)4 + k has a turning point at (−2, 3) and passes through the
CF

point (0, −6). Find the values of a, h and k.

8 The graph of y = a(x − h)4 + k has a turning point at (1, 7) and passes through the
point (0, 23). Find the values of a, h and k.

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66 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

2G Determining the rule for a function from its graph

Given sufficient information about a curve, we can determine its rule. For example, if we
know the coordinates of two points on a hyperbola of the form
a
y= +b
x

G D
then we can find the rule for the hyperbola, i.e. we can find the values of a and b.
Sometimes the rule has a more specific form. For example, the curve may be a dilation of
√ √
y = x. Then we know its rule is of the form y = a x, and the coordinates of one point on

E
the curve (with the exception of the origin) will be enough to determine the value of a.

ES
Example 15

PA T
a
a The points (1, 5) and (4, 2) lie on a curve with equation y = + b. Find the values of a
x
E EC and b.
√
b The points (2, 1) and (10, 6) lie on a curve with equation y = a x − 1 + b. Find the
values of a and b.

Solution
a When x = 1, y = 5 and so b When x = 2, y = 1 and so
PL R
√
5=a+b (1) 1=a 1+b
When x = 4, y = 2 and so i.e. 1=a+b (1)
M R

2=
a
+b (2) When x = 10, y = 6 and so
4 √
6=a 9+b
O

Subtract (2) from (1):

i.e. 6 = 3a + b (2)
3a
3= Subtract (1) from (2):
4
SA C

∴ a=4 5 = 2a
5
Substitute in (1) to find b: ∴ a=
N

2
5=4+b
Substitute in (1) to find b:
∴ b=1
U

5
1= +b
The equation of the curve is 2
4 3
y= +1 ∴ b=−
x 2
The equation of the curve is
5√ 3
y= x−1−
2 2

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2G 2G Determining the rule for a function from its graph 67

Exercise 2G
Skillsheet a
1 The points (1, 4) and (3, 1) lie on a curve with equation y = + b. Find the values of a

SF
x
Example 15a and b.

2 The graph shown has the rule y

G D
A
y= +B
x+b
Find the values of A, b and B.

E
(0, 1) y=2

ES
PA T
x
O

E EC √
x=1

Example 15b 3 The points (3, 1) and (11, 6) lie on a curve with equation y = a x − 2 + b. Find the
values of a and b.
PL R
4 The points with coordinates (1, 5) and (16, 11) lie on a curve which has a rule of the
√
form y = A x + B. Find A and B.
M R

5 The points with coordinates (1, 1) and (0.5, 7) lie on a curve which has a rule of the
A
form y = 2 + B. Find the values of A and B.
x
O

6 The graph shown has the rule y

A
y= +B
SA C

(x + b)2
Find the values of A, b and B.
N

O x
(0, −1)
U

y = −3
x = −2

7 The points with coordinates (1, −1) and (2, 43 ) lie on a curve which has a rule of the
a
form y = 3 + b. Find the values of a and b.
x
8 The points with coordinates (−1, 4) and (1, −8) lie on a curve which has a rule of the
√
form y = a 3 x + b. Find the values of a and b.

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68 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

Review

Chapter summary

Coordinate geometry
AS
 For two points A(x1 , y1 ) and B(x2 , y2 ): y
Nrich
• The distance between points A and B is given by B(x2, y2)
AB = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 .
p

G D
A(x1, y1)
• The midpoint of the line segment AB is the point with x
x + x y + y 
1 2 1 2
O

E
coordinates , .
2 2
y2 − y1
• The gradient of the line AB is given by m = .

ES
x2 − x1

PA T
 Different forms for the equation of a straight line:
y = mx + c
E EC y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
x y
+ =1
where m is the gradient and c is the y-axis intercept
where m is the gradient and (x1 , y1 ) is a point on the line

where (a, 0) and (0, b) are the axis intercepts

a b
 The angle of slope of a straight line is found using m = tan θ, where m is the gradient and
PL R
θ is the angle that the line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis.
 Two straight lines are perpendicular to each other if and only if the product of their
gradients is −1, i.e. m1 m2 = −1. (Unless one line is vertical and the other horizontal.)
M R

Transformations of the graphs of functions

O

Mapping Rule Image of y = f(x)

Reflection in the x-axis x0 = x, y0 = −y y = − f (x)

SA C

Reflection in the y-axis x0 = −x, y0 = y y = f (−x)

 x
Dilation of factor a from the y-axis x0 = ax, y0 = y y= f
N

a
Dilation of factor b from the x-axis x0 = x, y0 = by y = b f (x)
U

Translation x0 = x + h, y0 = y + k y − k = f (x − h)

Technology-free questions
1 Sketch the graphs of the relations:
SF

x y
a 3y + 2x = 5 b x−y=6 c + =1
2 3
2 Find the distance between the points with coordinates (−1, 6) and (2, 4).

3 Find the midpoint of the line segment AB joining the points A(4, 6) and B(−2, 8).

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Chapter 2 review 69

Review
4 a Find the equation of the straight line which passes through (1, 3) and has

SF
gradient −2.
b Find the equation of the straight line which passes through (1, 4) and (3, 8).
c Find the equation of the straight line which is perpendicular to the line with equation
y = −2x + 6 and which passes through the point (1, 1).
d Find the equation of the straight line which is parallel to the line with equation

G D
y = 6 − 2x and which passes through the point (1, 1).

5 If M is the midpoint of XY, find the coordinates of Y when X and M have the following

E
coordinates:
a X(−6, 2), M(8, 3) b X(−1, −4), M(2, −8)

ES
PA T
6 The length of the line segment joining A(5, 12) and B(10, y) is 13 units. Find y.

7 Sketch the graph of each of the following. Label any asymptotes and axis intercepts.
E EC State the range of each function.
1
a f (x) = − 3, x ∈ R \ {0}
x
b f (x) =
1
x−2
, x ∈ (2, ∞)

2 −3
c f (x) = − 3, x ∈ R \ {1} d f (x) = + 4, x ∈ (2, ∞)
x−1 2−x
PL R
1
e f (x) = 1 − , x ∈ R \ {1}
x−1
M R

8 Sketch the graph of each of the following:

√ 3 −3
a f (x) = 2 x − 3 + 1 b g(x) = −1 c h(x) = −1
(x − 2)2 (x − 2)2
O

9 Sketch the graph of each of the following. State the coordinates of the point of zero
gradient and the axis intercepts.
a f (x) = −2(x + 1)3 b g(x) = −2(x − 1)5 + 8
SA C

c h(x) = 2(x − 2)5 + 1 d f (x) = 4(x − 1)3 − 4

N

10 The points with coordinates (1, 6) and (16, 12) lie on a curve which has a rule of the
√
form y = a x + b. Find a and b.

11 The points with coordinates (1, 3) and (3, 7) lie on a curve with equation of the form
U

a
y = + b. Find the values of a and b.
x
12 a Find the rule for the image of the graph of y = −x2 under the following sequence of
CF

transformations:
 reflection in the y-axis
 dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis
 translation 4 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 6 units in the positive
direction of the y-axis.
b Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = x4 to the graph of
y = 6 − 4(x + 1)4 .
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70 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

1
Review

13 Identify a sequence of transformations that maps the graph of y = 2 onto the graph of

CF
3 3 x
y= + 3. Use this to sketch the graph of y = + 3, stating the equations
(x − 5)2 (x − 5)2
of asymptotes and the coordinates of axis intercepts.

14 Find a sequence of transformations that takes the graph of y = 2x2 − 3 to the graph of
y = x2 .

G D
15 Find a sequence of transformations that takes the graph of y = 2(x − 3)3 + 4 to the graph
of y = x3 .

E
ES
Multiple-choice questions

PA T
1 A straight line has gradient − 12 and passes through (1, 4). The equation of the line is
E EC A y= x+4
1
D y=− x+4
2
B y = 2x + 2
1
E y=− x+
2
9
2
C y = 2x + 4

2 The line y = −2x + 4 passes through a point (a, 3). The value of a is
1 7 1
A − B 2 C − D −2 E
PL R
2 2 2
3 The gradient of a line that is perpendicular to the line y
M R

shown could be
1
A 1 B 2 C − 12 2
D 2 E −2
O

x
−2 O 2
−2
SA CN

4 The coordinates of the midpoint of AB, where A has coordinates (1, 7) and B has
coordinates (−3, 30), are
A (−2, 3) B (−1, 8) C (−1, 18.5) D (−1, 3) E (−2, 8.5)
U

5 The gradient of the line passing through (3, −2) and (−1, 10) is
1
A −3 B −2 C − D 4 E 3
3
6 If two lines −2x + y − 3 = 0 and ax − 3y + 4 = 0 are parallel, then a equals
1 2
A 6 B 2 C D E −6
3 3
7 A straight line passes through (−1, −2) and (3, 10). The equation of the line is
1
A y = 3x − 1 B y = 3x − 4 C y = 3x + 1 D y = x + 9 E y = 4x − 2
3

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Chapter 2 review 71

Review
8 The length of the line segment connecting (1, 4) and (5, −2) is
√ √
A 10 B 2 13 C 12 D 50 E 2 5

9 The function with graph as shown has the rule y

A f (x) = 3x − 3
3
B f (x) = − x − 3

G D
4
3 x
C f (x) = x − 3 O
4 4

E
4 −3
D f (x) = x − 3
3

ES
PA T
E f (x) = 4x − 4

10 The midpoint of the line segment joining (0, −6) and (4, d) is
E EC 11

A −2,
d + 6
2
B 2,
 d + 6
2
C
d + 6 
2
,2 D 2,
 d − 6
2
The gradient of a line perpendicular to the line through (3, 0) and (0, −6) is
E
d+6
4

1 1
A B −2 C − D 2 E 6
2 2
PL R
12 The point P(3, −4) lies on the graph of a function f . The graph of f is translated 3 units
up (parallel to the y-axis) and reflected in the x-axis. The coordinates of the final image
M R

of P are
A (6, 4) B (3, 1) C (3, −1) D (−3, 1) E (3, 7)
O

13 The graph of y = x3 + 4 is translated 3 units ‘down’ and 2 units ‘to the right’. The
resulting graph has equation
A y = (x − 2)3 + 2 B y = (x − 2)3 + 1 C y = (x − 2)3 + 5
SA C

D y = (x + 2)3 + 1 E y = (x + 2)3 + 6

14 The graph of the function with rule y = x2 is reflected in the x-axis and then translated
N

4 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the negative direction of the
y-axis. The rule for the new function is
A y = (−x + 4)2 − 3 B y = −(x − 4)2 + 3 C y = −(x − 3)2 + 4
U

D y = (−x − 4)2 + 3 E y = −(x + 4)2 − 3

a y
15 The graph of y = + c is shown on the right.
x+b
Possible values for a, b and c are
A a = −1, b = 3, c = 2
−3 O
B a = 1, b = 2, c = −3 x
C a = −1, b = −3, c = −2 −2
D a = −1, b = 3, c = −2
E a = 1, b = 2, c = −3

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72 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

Review

16 The graph of y = f (x) is shown on the right. y

Which one of the following could be the graph of

y = f (−x)? 2

x
−2 O 2

G D
−2

E
A y B y C y

ES
PA T
2 2 2

x x x
E EC −2 O
−2
2 −2 O
−2
2 −2 O
−2
2

D y E y
PL R

2 2
M R

x x
−2 O 2 −2 O 2
O

−2 −2
SA C

17 Let f (x) = 3x − 2 and g(x) = x2 − 4x + 2. A sequence of transformations that takes the

graph of y = g(x) to the graph of y = g( f (x)) is
A a dilation of factor 13 from the y-axis followed by a translation 23 units in the positive
N

direction of the x-axis

B a dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis followed by a translation 2 units in the negative
U

direction of the x-axis

C a dilation of factor 13 from the y-axis followed by a translation 12 unit in the positive
direction of the x-axis
D a dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis followed by a translation 2 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis
E a dilation of factor 13 from the y-axis followed by a translation 2 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis

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Chapter 2 review 73

Review
Extended-response questions
1 A firm manufacturing jackets is capable of producing 100 jackets per day, but it can

CF
only sell all of these if the charge to wholesalers is no more than $50 per jacket. On the
other hand, at the current price of $75 per jacket, only 50 can be sold per day.
Assume that the graph of price, $P, against number sold per day, N, is a straight line.

G D
a Sketch the graph of P against N.
b Find the equation of the straight line.

E
c Use the equation to find:
i the price at which 88 jackets per day could be sold

ES
ii the number of jackets that should be manufactured to sell at $60 each.

PA T
2 A new town was built 10 years ago to house the workers of a woollen mill established
E EC in a remote country area. Three years after the town was built, it had a population of
12 000 people. Business in the wool trade steadily grew, and eight years after the town
was built the population had swelled to 19 240.
a Assuming the population growth can be modelled by a linear relationship, find a
suitable relation for the population, p, in terms of t, the number of years since the
PL R
town was built.
b Sketch the graph of p against t, and interpret the p-axis intercept.
c Find the current population of the town.
M R

d Calculate the average rate of growth of the town.

3
O

ABCD is a quadrilateral with angle ABC a right angle. The point D lies on the
perpendicular bisector of AB. The coordinates of A and B are (7, 2) and (2, 5)
respectively. The equation of line AD is y = 4x − 26.
y C
SA C

a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of

line segment AB. D
b Find the coordinates of point D.
N

B
c Find the gradient of line BC.
d Find the value of the second coordinate c of the
U

point C(8, c).

A
e Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD. x
O

4 Triangle ABC is isosceles with BC = AC. The y

coordinates of the vertices are A(6, 1) and B(2, 8). B
C
a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector
of AB.
b The x-coordinate of C is 3.5. Find the y-coordinate.
c Find the length of AB. A
d Find the area of triangle ABC. x
O
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74 Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and transformations

Review

5 If A = (−4, 6) and B = (6, −7), find:

CF
a the coordinates of the midpoint of AB
b the length of AB
c the distance between A and B
d the equation of AB
e the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB

G D
f the coordinates of the point P on the line segment AB such that AP : PB = 3 : 1
g the coordinates of the point P on the line AB such that AP : AB = 3 : 1 and P is

E
closer to point B than to point A.

6 a i Find the dilation from the x-axis which takes y = x2 to the parabola with its

ES CU
PA T
vertex at the origin that passes through the point (25, 15).
ii State the rule which reflects this dilated parabola in the x-axis.
E EC iii State the rule which takes the reflected parabola of part ii to a parabola with
x-axis intercepts (0, 0) and (50, 0) and vertex (25, 15).
iv State the rule which takes the curve y = x2 to the parabola defined in part iii.
b The plans for the entrance of a new building involve twin parabolic arches as shown
in the diagram.
PL R
i From the results of part a, y
give the equation for the curve
of arch 1.
M R

ii Find the translation which

maps the curve of arch 1 to 15 m Arch 1 Arch 2
O

the curve of arch 2.

x
iii Find the equation of the curve 0 50 m 50 m
of arch 2.
SA C

c The architect wishes to have flexibility in her planning and so wants to develop an
algorithm for determining the equations of the curves when each arch has width
N

m metres and height n metres.

i Find the rule for the transformation which takes the graph of y = x2 to the
current arch 1 with these new dimensions.
U

ii Find the equation for the curve of arch 1.

iii Find the equation for the curve of arch 2.

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