DAYANANDA SAGAR UNIVERSITY

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout,

Bengaluru - 560078, Karnataka.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

SCHEME & SYLLABUS

FOR
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY ( B.Tech)

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(3rd to 8th Semester)

(With Effect from 2016-17)

 SEMESTER - 6

SCHEME OF
CR SCHEME OF TEACHING
SL. COURSE EVALUATION
COURSE TITLE /
NO. CODE S/ END
AU L T P C CIA
P EXAM
16EC306 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION CR 03 -- -- 03
1 40 60
16EC307 ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION CR 03 -- 03
2 40 60
16EC308 BASIC DESIGN CR 02 - 02 03
3 40 60
16EC309 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING CR 03 - -- 03
4 40 60
16EC310 POWER ELECTRONICS CR 02 -- -- 02 03
5 40 60
16EC3XX DEPARTMENT ELECTIVE -III CR 03 -- -- 03
6 40 60
16EC3XX DEPARTMENT ELECTIVE -IV CR 03 03
7 40 60
16EC373 DIGITAL & MICROWAVE CR -- -- 04 02
8 COMMUNICATION LAB 40 60

16EC374 POWER ELECTRONICS LAB CR -- -- 04 02

9 40 60
18 04 08 02 25 360 540
GRAND TOTAL 900

DEPARTMENT ELECTIVE –III

16EC329 – DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

16EC330 – SPEECH PROCESSING
16EC331 – INTERNET OF THINGS
16EC332 – NETWORK SECURITY

DEPARTMENT ELECTIVE –IV

16EC333 – LOW POWER VLSI

16EC334 – RADAR ENGINEERING
16EC335 – INFORMATION THEORY & ERROR CONTROL CODING
16EC336 – CAD FOR VLSI
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC306
TITLE OF THE COURSE : DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course objectives
1. Understand representation of signal in digital form which is suitable for transmission
on wireless channel
2. Modification of binary messages for transmission across a shared physical channel
subject to distortion and noise
3. Design a digital communication system for a given channel and performance
specifications choosing from the available modulation and demodulation schemes
4. Compute the probability of error of digital communication systems on the additive
white Gaussian noise channel

Course outcomes
1. Understand the principle features of digital communication systems and their
current and future applications
2. Infer the baseband pulse transmission, and provide tools to analyze the performance
of different PCM waveform in noise
3. Compute the bandwidth and transmission power by analyzing time and frequency
domain spectra of signal required under various modulation schemes.
4. Understand detection of signals at the receiving end using detection theory.
5. Apply Band pass digital modulation and demodulation (binary and M-level; ASK, PSK
and FSK) and provide tools to analyze the performance in noise

UNIT -1 : SAMPLING PROCESS: (10hours)

Introduction to Digital communication-Block diagram, Channels for digital communication
Sampling process, Sampling theorem, quadrature sampling of bandpass signals, Signal
distortion in sampling, Practical aspects of sampling and signal recovery, PAM, TDM.

UNIT-2: WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES: (10 hours)

Elements of PCM: Quantization & Coding, Quantization error, Companding in PCM systems,
Differential PCM system, Delta modulation (DM) and its drawbacks, adaptive delta
modulation, Comparison of Pulse coding techniques.

UNIT- 3 : BASEBAND SHAPING FOR DATA TRANSMISSION (10 hours)

Discrete PAM signals, power spectra of discrete PAM signals, Inter symbol Interference,
Nyquist criterion for distortion less baseband binary transmission, Correlative coding, Eye
pattern

UNIT -4 : DETECTION OF SIGNALS (10 hours)

Model of Digital Communication, Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure, Geometric
interpretation of signals, Response of bank of correlators to noisy input, Detection of known
signals in noise, ML detector, Probability of error, Correlation receiver, Matched filter,
Properties of matched filter.
UNIT-5: PASS BAND MODULATION AND DEMODULATION TECHNIQUES (10hours)
Introduction, coherent modulation techniques-ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, signal representation,
Generation and detection, deriving probability of error for coherent ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK,
Non coherent binary modulation techniques.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Digital communications - Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2005

2. Principles of Communication Systems – H. Taub and D. Schilling, TMH, 2003

REFERENCES:

1. Digital and Analog Communication Systems - Sam Shanmugam, John Wiley, 2005.
2. Digital communications Fundamentals and applications 2nd Edition Bernard Sklar
PHI
3. Communication Systems Analog & Digital – Singh &Sapre, TMH, 2004.
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC307
TITLE OF THE COURSE : ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course objectives
1. Understand the basic antenna parameters and radiation mechanism from an antenna
2. Understand the array concepts in antennas, and their applications.
3. Understand the concepts of Reflector Antennas and their applications.
4. Study the properties of different types of antennas, and special antennas.
5. Understand the methods of measuring various antenna parameters.
6. Study the wave propagation concepts in ground, sky and troposphere regions.

Course outcomes
1. Explain how an antenna radiates and captures radio wave energy.
2. Define the properties and parameters of an antenna.
3. Apply the Friis transmission equation to compute the received powers in a system.
4. Design an antenna array system, lengths of radiating elements, and inter-element
distances for the given specifications.
5. Interpret various parametric values like gain, directivity etc. using standard
measuring procedures
6. Describe the mechanism of the atmospheric effects on radio wave propagation.

UNIT- 1: ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS & LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS (12 hours)

Introduction, Radiation Mechanism – Single Wire, Two Wire, Dipoles, Current Distribution
on a Thin Wire Antenna. Antenna Parameters- Radiation Patterns, Main Lobe and Side
Lobes, Beam-width, Beam Area, Radiation Intensity, Beam Efficiency, Directivity, Gain and
Resolution, Antenna Apertures, Aperture Efficiency, Polarization, Antenna regions, Friis
Transmission equation. Radiation from Small Electric Dipole, Quarter wave Monopole and
Half wave Dipole – Current Distributions, Evaluation of Field Components, Power Radiated,
Radiation Resistance. Introduction to Loop Antennas.

UNIT- 2 : ANTENNA ARRAYS (10 hours)

Two element Arrays – different cases, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, N element Uniform
Linear Arrays – Broadside, End-fire Arrays, EFA with Increased Directivity; Binomial Arrays,
Effects of Uniform and Non-uniform Amplitude Distributions, Related Problems, Yagi - Uda
Arrays, Folded Dipoles and their characteristics.

UNIT – 3 : REFLECTOR ANTENNAS (8 Hours)

Flat Sheet and Corner Reflectors. Paraboloidal Reflectors – Geometry, characteristics, types
of feeds, F/D Ratio, Spill Over, Back Lobes, Aperture Blocking, Off-set Feeds, Cassegrain
Feeds.
UNIT- 4 : SPECIAL ANTENNAS & ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS (10 hours)
Helical Antennas – Significance, Geometry, basic properties; Design considerations for
monofilar helical antennas in Axial Mode and Normal Modes (Qualitative Treatment). Horn
Antennas – Types, Optimum Horns, Design Characteristics of Pyramidal Horns.
Measurement of radiation pattern, gain, directivity, impedance and polarization
measurements.

UNIT- 5 : WAVE PROPAGATION (10 hours)

Concepts of Propagation – frequency ranges and types of propagations. Ground Wave
Propagation, Sky Wave Propagation – Formation of Ionospheric Layers and their
Characteristics, Mechanism of Reflection and Refraction, Critical Frequency, MUF & Skip
Distance – Calculations for flat and spherical earth cases, Optimum working Frequency,
Virtual Height.
Space Wave Propagation – Mechanism, LOS and Radio Horizon. Tropospheric Wave
Propagation – Radius of Curvature of path, Effective Earth s Radius, Effect of Earth s
Curvature, Field Strength Calculations, M-curves and Duct Propagation, Tropospheric
Scattering, Related problems.

TEXT BOOKS
1. C.A Balanis, Antenna Theory , John Wiley & Sons, nd ed., 2001.
2. John D Krauss, Ronald J Marhefka, Ahmad S Khan, Antennas for all applications rd
edition, Mc Graw-Hill,2006
3. K D Prasad, Satya Prakashan, Antennas & Wave Propagation , Tech India
Publications, New Delhi, 2001

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balamain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems . nd

ed., Pearson Education, 2000.

2. John D Kraus, Antennas . nd ed., Mc Graw-Hill, 1988
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC308
TITLE OF THE COURSE : ASIC DESIGN
L: T/A:P: C :2:0: 2:3

Course objectives
1. Understand ASICS, its types and CMOS logic.
2. Study ASIC library design and programmable ASICs
3. Interpret design of ASICs using EDIF tools and understand how simulation works.
4. Explain about importance of test, boundary scan and fault simulation.
5. Infer designing of ASICS by giving knowledge about floor planning and placement
methods.

Course Outcomes
1. Interpret the various types of ASICs and CMOS logic.
2. Program ASICs and implement ASIC library design
3. Experiment with low level design using EDIF, Distinguish between various types of
simulations and work with simulation models
4. Implement boundary scan test, work with fault models and simulate faults.
5. Illustrate floor planning and placement for ASIC construction

UNIT I : TYPES OF ASICS (10 Hours)

Full-Custom ASICs, Standard-Cell-Based ASICs, Gate-Array-Based ASICs, Channeled Gate
Array, Channelless Gate Array, Structured Gate Array, Programmable Logic Devices, Field-
Programmable Gate Arrays, Design Flow, Case Study : SPARC station1. ASIC Cell Libraries.
CMOS Logic :Combinational Logic Cells, Sequential Logic Cells, Data path Logic Cells: Data
path Elements, Adders, Multipliers- Array and carry save chain.

UNIT – II: ASIC LIBRARY DESIGN (10 Hours)

Transistors as Resistors, Transistor Parasitic Capacitance, Delay model based on logical
Effort, Standard-Cell Design, Data path Cell Design.
Programmable ASIC: Static RAM, EPROM and EEPROM Technology, Programmable ASIC
Logic Cells-ACT1 logic module, Xilinx LCA – XC3000 CLD, Altera Flex, Altera MAX
ASIC I/O Cells: DC Output, AC Output, DC Input, AC Input, Clock Input, Power Input, Xilinx
I/O block-XC4000

UNIT III : LOW LEVEL DESIGN ENTRY (10 Hours)

Schematic Entry: Hierarchical Design, Cell Library, Names, Schematic Icons and symbols,
Nets, Connections, Vectored instances and Buses, Attributes, Netlist Screener, Schematic
Entry tools, Back Annotation. EDIF: EDIF syntax, Schematic Icon-Inverter.
Simulation:
Types of Simulation, The Comparator/MUX Example, Logic Systems, How Logic Simulation
Works, Delay Models, Components of Static Timing Analysis, Switch-Level Simulation,
Transistor-Level Simulation- SPICE model.
UNIT IV : TESTING (12 Hours)
Test: The Importance of Test, Boundary Scan Test – BST cells, BST Registers, Instruction
decoder, Boundary scan controller, BSDL, Faults – Reliability, fault models, physical faults,
stuck-at faults, logical faults, fault collapsing with a simple logic example, Fault Simulation,
Automatic Test-Pattern Generation, Built-In Self-Test.

UNIT V : ASIC CONSTRUCTION (08 Hours)

Physical Design, CAD Tools, Power Dissipation, Floor planning and Placement: Floor
planning-goals and objectives, tools, I/O and power planning, Placement- goals and
objectives, min-cut place algorithm, Routing: Global Routing- goals and objectives, methods,
routing between blocks, Circuit Extraction- DRC

TEXT BOOK

1. Michael John Sebastian Smith, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Pearson

Education, 2001.

REFERENCES

1. JAN. M. Rabaey, Digital Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall Publications, 2nd Edition,
2001
2. Sabih Gerez, Algorithms for VLSI Design Automation, Wiley Publications, 1999.
3. Wayne Wolf, Modern VLSI Design Pearson Education, 3rd edition, 2002.
4. Samir Palnitkar, Verilog HDL: A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis, Pearson
Education, 2nd edition, 1996
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC309
TITLE OF THE COURSE : MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course Objectives
1. To give the basic ideas about the characteristics and applications of microwave
frequency bands.
2. Study of S parameters of different microwave devices and thus predict the input
response.
3. To understand the working of various microwave passive and active devices and
circuits.
4. Measurement of microwave frequency, wavelength, impedance, VSWR
5. The basics of MIC's and planar transmission lines.

Course Outcomes
1. Acquire knowledge of semiconductor microwave devices and can describe the
limitations of conventional Bipolar and field effect transistors at microwave
frequencies.
2. Understand operation of microwave transistor, FETs, Tunnel Diodes, Gunn Diodes
and IMPATT and TRAPATT diode are studied.
3. Model the output response of the microwave devices using S Matrix
4. Infer the concept of planar transmission lines and microwave integrated circuits.

UNIT -1 : MICROWAVE NETWORK CHARACTERIZATION AND PASSIVE DEVICES

(12 hours)
Characteristic features and applications of microwaves- Circuit and S parameter
representation of N port microwave networks – Reciprocity Theorem- Lossless networks
and unitary conditions- ABCD parameters- Cascaded networks-Relations between S- Y and
ABCD parameters. Properties and s-matrices for typical network such as section of uniform
transmission line, 3-port networks (reciprocal and nonreciprocal), T-junctions directional
coupler, magic tee, ferrite devices, isolator, circulators.

UNIT -2 : MICROWAVE TUBES (8 hours)

Generation of microwaves by tubes, limitations of conventional tubes, klystron amplifiers -
analysis, reflex klystron oscillator analysis, magnetrons, traveling wave tube (TWT),
backward wave oscillator (BWO)-basic principles. Millimeter wave tubes-introduction.

UNIT -3 : MICROWAVE SEMICONDUCTORS (12 hours)

High frequency limitations of transistors, microwave transistors (theory only), Manley Rowe
relations, parametric amplifiers and frequency multipliers, tunnel diodes, Gunn effect, Gunn
Diode oscillators, Avalanche effect, IMPATT & TRAPATT diodes, PIN diodes and their
applications, Schottky barrier and backward diodes.

UNIT -4 : MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS (8 hours)

VSWR measurement, microwave power measurement, impedance measurement,
frequency measurement, measurement of scattering parameters, Return loss measurement
using directional couplers, introduction to vector network analyzer and its uses.
UNIT -5 : PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINES (10 hours)
Planer transmission lines such as strip line, microstrip line, slotline and coplanar
waveguides. Characteristics of planar transmission lines. Losses in Microstrip Lines- Quality
Factor Q of Microstrip Lines- Substrate materials. Introduction to MIC s:-Technology of
hybrid MICs, monolithic MICs, comparison of both MICs.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Samuel Y. Liao: Microwave devices and Circuits , Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
3rd Ed. 2006.
2. Annapurna Das and Sisir K.Das: Microwave Engineering - Tata Tata-McGraw Hill, New
Delhi, 2008

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. R.E. Collin: Foundations for Microwave Engg. - IEEE Press Second Edition (2002).
2. David M. POZAR : Microwave Engg. - John Wiley & Sons - 2nd Edition (2003).
3. Rizzi P.A, Microwave Engineering, Passive Circuits Prentice Hall of India.
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC310
TITLE OF THE COURSE : POWER ELECTRONICS
L: T/A:P: C :2:0: 2:3

Course objectives
1. Study the semiconductors devices as switches suitable for power circuits.
2. Select and design the converters for various forms of power conversions.
3. Understand the operations of various motors.
4. Design and implement the control circuits for various power electronics Applications.

Course Outcomes
1. Compare the different semiconductors devices as switches suitable for power
circuits.
2. Selection and design of suitable converters for various forms of power conversions.
3. Analyse various drive circuits suitable for different motors.
4. Design and implementation of control circuits for various power electronics based
projects like UPS, SMPS, Air conditioners, Boilers, HVDC power stations etc.

UNIT -1: INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS (08 hours)

INTRODUCTION: Applications of power electronics, power semiconductor devices, control
characteristics, types of power electronic circuits, peripheral effects.
Power BJTs, switching characteristics, switching limits, base-drive control, Introduction to
IGBTs, isolation of gate and base drives.

UNIT -2 : THYRISTORS (10 hours)

Introduction, characteristics, two transistor model, turn-on and turn off methods, di/dt and
dv/dt protection, thyristor types, series and parallel operation of thyristors, thyristor firing
circuits.
COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES: Introduction, natural commutation, forced commutation:
self-commutation, impulse commutation, resonant pulse commutation and complementary
commutation.

UNIT -3 : CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS AND CONTROLLERS (10 hours)

Introduction, principle of phase controlled converter operation, single-phase semi
converters, full converters and dual converters. Principle of Three phase half wave
converter.
AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS: Introduction, principle of ON-OFF and phase control, single-
phase, Bi-directional controllers with resistive and inductive loads. Single phase
Transformer connection changers. Single phase Cyclo converters.

UNIT -4 : DC CHOPPERS (10 hours)

Introduction, principle of step-down operation, step-down chopper with RL loads, Principle
of step-up operation, step-up chopper with Resistive load, performance parameters,
Chopper classification (Class A to Class E).
UNIT-5 : DC DRIVES AND INVERTERS (12 hours)
DC DRIVES: Introduction, Basic Characteristics of DC Motors, Operating modes, Single phase
Drives. Stepper motor drive, Permanent Magnet stepper motors (bipolar and unipolar motor
drive sequence) and Stepper Motor characteristics.
INVERTERS: Introduction, principle of operation, performance parameters, single phase
bridge inverters, Three phase inverters, voltage control of single phase inverters, current
source inverter, variable DC link inverter, principles of switched mode power supply (SMPS).
Introduction to non-conventional energy resources (Wind and Solar Energy)

Text Books:

1. Power Electronics - M. H. Rashid, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., (Pearson (Singapore
–Asia)) New Delhi, 2002.
2. Modern Power Electronics – P.C. Sen, 2nd Edition S.Chand, 2000.

Reference Books:

1. Power Electronics- M. D. Sing and Khanchandani K. B., Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Limited, Reprint 2001.
2. Power Electronics - Cyril W.Lander, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, 1993.
3. Power Electronics, Converters, Applications and Design – Ned Mohan, Undeland,
Riobbins
4. Thyristorized power controllers – G K Dubey, S R Doradla, A Joshi & R M K Sinha
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC373
TITLE OF THE COURSE : DIGITAL & MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION LAB
L: T/A:P: C :0:0: 4:2
Course objectives
1. Provide hands-on experience with the components and sub-systems employed in a
digital communication system
2. Equip students with various issues related to analog and digital communication such
as modulation, Demodulation, Noise handling, Data conversion and Multiplexing
3. Study the functioning of Horn antenna and klystron power supply
4. Setup a Microwave Bench for different measurements.
5. Appreciate the behavior of microwave devices like directional coupler, isolator,
circulator, frequency meter and E-plane, H-plane, Magic Tee.
Course outcomes
1. Identify and describe different techniques in modern digital communications, in
particular in source coding, modulation and detection, carrier modulation, and
channel coding.
2. Understand the basics of information theory and error correcting codes.
3. Determine isolation and insertion losses for different components like isolator,
circulator, and directional coupler etc.
4. Analyze how the radiation intensity, radiation pattern and Gain of Horn antenna
Design counters and implement practically.
5. Outline the V-I characteristics of LED s and LASER to understand the benefits of
optical fiber communication.
(For Laboratory examination – Minimum of 10 experiments)
List of Experiments
1. Verify the Encoding and Decoding process of Delta Modulator
2. Generation and Detection of FSK.
3. Design a [7,4] linear block Encoder and Decoder For a given generated matrix G, find
out all possible code vectors and verify error correction and detection possibility by
considering any two examples
4. Design a [7, 4] binary cyclic Encoder and Decoder for a given generated by g(x) = 1 +
x + x3. Find out all possible code vectors. and verify error correction and detection
possibility by considering any two examples
5. Design a convolution Encoder and Decoder of rate r=1/2 with constrain length 3 draw
code tree, code trellis and state diagram. By considering an example Decode the data
by using Viterbi algorithm PC to PC data transfer by using PCM
6. Reflex Klystron Characteristics
7. Gunn Diode Characteristics
8. Measurement of frequency and wavelength
9. Characteristics of Directional Coupler
10. Characteristics of Isolator /Circulator
11. Gain Measurement of Horn Antenna
12. LED characteristics
13. Laser diode Characteristics
14. Numerical Aperture Measurement
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC374
TITLE OF THE COURSE : POWER ELECTRONICS LAB
L: T/A:P: C :0:0: 4:2

Course objectives
1. Study the semiconductors devices as switches suitable for power circuits.
2. Selection and design the converters for various forms of power conversions.
3. Understand the operations of various motors.
4. Design and implement the control circuits for various power electronics Applications.

Course Outcomes
1. Compare the different semiconductors devices as switches suitable for power
circuits.
2. Selection and design of suitable converters for various forms of power conversions.
3. Analyse various drive circuits suitable for different motors.
4. Design and implementation of control circuits for various power electronics based
projects like UPS, SMPS, Air conditioners, Boilers, HVDC power stations etc.

List of Experiments
1. Static characteristics of SCR .
2. Static characteristics of DIAC.
3. Static characteristics of MOSFET.
4. Static characteristics of IGBT
5. Controlled HWR and FWR using RC triggering circuit
6. SCR turn off using i) LC circuit ii) Auxiliary Commutation
7. UJT firing circuit for HWR and FWR circuits.
8. Generation of firing signals for thyristors/ triacs using digital circuits /
microprocessor.
9. AC voltage controller using triac – diac combination.
10. Single phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter with R and R-L loads.
11. Voltage (Impulse) commutated chopper both constant frequency and variable
frequency operations.
12. Parallel / series inverter.
13. Characterization of SMP
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC329
TITLE OF THE COURSE : DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course objectives
1. To understand the basics of Image Processing and color image processing.
2. To appreciate the usage of image transforms in image processing
3. To learn various image processing techniques like image enhancement, restoration.
4. To know segmentation, image compression and basics of watermarking.

Course Outcomes
1. Analyze basics of image and full color image processing techniques
2. Appreciate image manipulations and different digital image processing techniques in
various fields and apply the various image transforms used in image processing.
3. Perform basic operations like – Enhancement, Image transform and restoration
techniques on image.
4. Make use of image segmentation, compression for various applications.

UNIT - 1 : DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS (10 hours)

What is Digital Image Processing, Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing,
Components of an Image processing system, elements of Visual Perception, Image sensing
and acquisition, Image sampling and quantization, basic relationships between pixels. An
introduction to mathematical tools in digital image processing.
Color Fundamentals: Color Models, Pseudo color Image Processing, basics of full color
image processing, color transformations.

UNIT - 2 : IMAGE TRANSFORMS (12 hours)

Two-dimensional orthogonal & unitary transforms, properties of unitary transforms, two
dimensional discrete Fourier transform, Discrete cosine transform, sine transform,
Hadamard transform, Haar transform, Problems. Introduction to STFT and Wavelet.

UNIT – 3 : IMAGE ENHANCEMENT (12 hours)

Image Enhancement in Spatial domain, Some Basic Gray Level Transformations, Histogram
Processing, Enhancement Using Arithmetic/Logic Operations, Basics of Spatial Filtering.
Image enhancement in the Frequency Domain filters, Smoothing Frequency Domain filters,
Sharpening Frequency Domain filters, homomorphic filtering.

UNIT – 4 : IMAGE RESTORATION (08 hours)

A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration Process, Noise models, Restoration in the
presence of noise, Linear Position-Invariant Degradations, Inverse filtering, Minimum Mean
Square Error (Wiener) Filter, Constrained Least squares filtering.

UNIT – 5 : IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND COMPRESSION (08 hours)

Fundamentals, point, Line and Edge detection, Thresholding, Region based Segmentation.
Fundamentals, Image Compression Models, Error Free Compression, Lossy Compression,
Image compression using DCT and DWT (basics).
Watermarking: Basics of Image watermarking using MATLAB
Text Books:
1. Digital Image Processing Rafel C.Gonzalez and Richard E.Woods, Pearson Education,
3rd edition 2011
2. Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing , Anil K. Jain, , Pearson Education.

Reference Books:
1. Digital Image Processing S.Jayaraman S.Esakirajan T.Veerakaumar Mc Graw Hill
publishers, 2009
2. Digital Image Processing , S.Sridharoxford publishers,
3. Digital Image Processing and Analysis Chanda & Majumdar, 2003, PHI
4. Digital Image Processing Vipula Singh, , Elsevier Publications
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC330
TITLE OF THE COURSE : SPEECH PROCESSING
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course objectives
1. To introduce speech production and related parameters of speech.
2. To show the computation and use of techniques such as short time Fourier transform,
linear predictive coefficients and other coefficients in the analysis of speech.
3. To understand different speech modeling procedures.
4. To build a speech recognition system.

Course Outcomes
1. Describe the fundamentals of speech.
2. Model Speech processing systems using frequency and time domain approaches.
3. Extract and compare different speech parameters.
4. Design a simple speech processing system.

UNIT – 1 : SPEECH FUNDAMENTALS AND RECOGNITION (10 hours)

Articulatory Phonetics – Production and Classification of Speech Sounds; Acoustic Phonetics
– vowels, diphthongs, semivowels, nasals, fricatives, stops and affricates, Acoustics of speech
production.
Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition: Architecture of a large vocabulary
continuous speech recognition system – acoustics and language models – ngrams, context
dependent sub-word units; Applications and present status.

UNIT – 2 : TIME-DOMAIN METHODS FOR SPEECH PROCESSING (10 hours)

Time dependent processing of speech, short-time energy and average magnitude, short-time
average zero crossing rate. Speech vs Silence discrimination using energy and zero crossings.
Brief Applications of temporal processing of speech signals in synthesis, enhancement,
hearing applications and clear speech.

UNIT 3 : FREQUENCY DOMAIN METHODS FOR SPEECH PROCESSING (10 hours)

Introduction, definitions and properties: Fourier transforms interpretation and linear filter
interpretation, sampling rates in time and frequency.
Filter bank summation and overlap add methods for short-time synthesis of speech.
Speech vs. silence detection, pitch period estimation using parallel processing approach,
short-time autocorrelation function.

UNIT - 4 : SPEECH ANALYSIS (10 hours)

Features, Feature Extraction and Pattern Comparison Techniques: Speech distortion
measures – mathematical and perceptual – Log Spectral Distance, Cepstral Distances,
Weighted Cepstral Distances and Filtering, Likelihood Distortions, Spectral Distortion using
a Warped Frequency Scale, LPC, PLP and MFCC Coefficients, Time Alignment and
Normalization – Dynamic Time Warping, Multiple Time – Alignment Paths.
UNIT - 5 : HOMOMORPHIC SPEECH PROCESSING (10 hours)
Introduction, homomorphic system for convolution, the complex cepstrum of speech,
homomorphic vocoder.
Applications of Speech Processing:
Brief applications of speech processing in voice response systems hearing aid design and
recognition systems.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Digital Processing of Speech Signals, L. R. Rabiner and R. W. Schafer, Pearson

Education Asia, 2004.
2. Fundamentals of Speech Recognition, L R Rabinder, B H Juang, Prentice Hall.
3. Daniel Jurafsky and James H Martin, Speech and Language Processing – An
Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech
Recognition , Pearson Education

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Discrete Time Speech Signal Processing, T. F. Quatieri, Pearson Education Asia, 2004.
84
2. Claudio Becchetti and Lucio Prina Ricotti, Speech Recognition , John Wiley and Sons,
1999.
3. Ben gold and Nelson Morgan, Speech and audio signal processing: processing and
perception of speech and music , Wiley- India Edition, 2006 Edition.
4. Frederick Jelinek, Statistical Methods of Speech Recognition , MIT Press.
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC331
TITLE OF THE COURSE : INTERNET OF THINGS
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course Objectives
1. Understand Societal ,Business Perspective and Technical knowledge of IoT domain
2. Know IoT Architecture and History
3. Infer IoT Network technologies
4. Provide Applications of IoT in different domains.

Course Outcomes
1. Understand where the IoT concept fits within the broader ICT industry and possible
future trends.
2. Understand the various network protocols used in IoT.
3. Be familiar with the key wireless technologies used in IoT systems, such as WiFi,
6LoWPAN, Bluetooth and ZigBee.

UNIT -1 : INTRODUCTION (8 hours)

What is IoT? – Definition and examples and Brief History. Where is IoT headed- Companies,
Alliances, Communities, Future potential, Trends and implications. An IoT System - Device,
Network, Cloud/database, Big data/analytics, User interface/mobile. Typical constraints in
an IoT system, Security and Privacy

UNIT -2 : EVOLUTION OF IOT (10 hours)

The transition from mainframes and personal computing, Planet lab and origins of
distributed computing; Robotics, AI and Cyber Computing Infrastructure; M2M
communications; P2P networks; Universal identification and RFID; Autonomic computing,
Pervasive computing, Ubiquitous computing; Wireless Sensor Networks; The emergence of
IoT .

UNIT -3 : IOT ARCHITECTURES AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS (MAC LAYER)

(10 hours)
Architectures for IoT, Elements of an IoT Architecture, Architectural design considerations.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and power consumption, CSMA/CA and slotting,
Centralized vs. distributed, State-of-the-art MAC-layer protocols for WSNs

UNIT -4 : WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT (LAYER 1 & 2) (8 hours)

WiFi (IEEE 802.11), Bluetooth/Bluetooth Smart, ZigBee/ZigBee Smart, UWB (IEEE
802.15.4), 6LoWPAN, Proprietary systems, Introduction to Python Programming

UNIT -5 : IoT DOMAINS (10 hours)

Smart Home, Smart Buildings, smart cities, IoT in telecommunications, smart manufacturing,
IoT in environment monitoring, smart vehicles, IoT in healthcare, smart farming, IoT in
enterprises, smart transportation, smart energy, smart retail and logistics
TEXT BOOKS:

1. Vijay Madisetti, Arshdeep Bahga Internet of things, A hands-on-approach

2. Jean-Philippe Vasseur & Adam Dunkels Interconnecting smart objects with IP , Morgan
Kaufmann Publishers, 2010

REFERENCES:
1. Cuno Pfister, Getting Started with the Internet of Things , Maker Media Inc,
2. Adrian Mcewen and Hakim, Designing the Internet of Things , Wiley publication,
3. Zhao, Feng, and Leonidas J. Guibas., Wireless sensor networks: an information processing
approach , Morgan Kaufmann, .
4. Karl, Holger, and Andreas Willig, Protocols and architectures for wireless sensor networks ,
John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
5. Dargie, Waltenegus W., and Christian Poellabauer, Fundamentals of wireless sensor
Networks: theory and practice , John Wiley & Sons, .
6. McKinsey Global Institute report, Unlocking the potential of the Internet of Things .
7. Available from:
http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/the_internet_of_things_the_
value_of_digitizing_the_physical_world
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC332
TITLE OF THE COURSE : NETWORK SECURITY
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3
Course Objectives
1. Understand communication security in computer systems and networks.
2. Familiarize with a comprehensive introduction to the field of network security.
3. Analyze services that are most essential for secure communication over the net.
Course Outcomes
1. Recognize the security issues involved in networks and describe its counter measures
using various cryptographic techniques.
2. Acquire knowledge on mathematics for modern data encryption methods.
3. Apply various public and private key encryption techniques for secure
communication over the networks.
4. Investigate security aspects involved in e-communications.
5. Illustrate the intrusion mechanisms involved in network transactions.
UNIT –I : CONVENTIONAL ENCRYPTION (12 hours)
Services, Mechanisms and Attacks, The OSI security Architecture, A model for network
security. Symmetric Ciphers: Symmetric Cipher model, Substitution techniques,
Transposition technique, Simplified DES, Data encryption Standard, The strength of DES,
Differential and linear cryptanalysis, Block cipher design principles and modes of operation.

UNIT -II : NUMBER THEORY (10 hours)

Introduction to finite fields- Groups ,rings and fields, modular arithmetic, Euclid s Algorithm,
Finite fields of the form GF(p), Polynomial arithmetic, Finite Fields of the form GF(2n). Prime
numbers, Fermat s and Euler s Theorems, Testing for primarily, the Chinese Remainder
Theorem, and Discrete logarithms.
UNIT –III : PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY (10 hours)
Principles of Public key cryptosystems, The RSA algorithm, Key Management, Diffe-Hellman
Key exchange, Elliptic Curve Arithmetic, Authentication functions, Digital signatures, Digital
signature standard.

UNIT –IV : NETWORK SECURITY PRACTICE (10 hours)

Electronic Mail Security- Pretty Good Privacy, S/MIME Web security- Secure Electronic
Transaction.
UNIT -V : SYSTEM SECURITY (8 hours)
Intruders, Intruder detection, Password management, Viruses and related threats. Firewalls
Design Principles, Trusted systems.
Text Books:
1. Cryptography and Network Security-Principles and Practice: William Stallings, Third
Edition.
Reference Books:
1. Fundamentals of Network Security-Eric Maiwald, 2009 Edition, Information Security
Series
2. Network Security-Private Communication in a public World: Charlie Kaufman, Radia
Perlman, Mike Speciner, Second Edition
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC333
TITLE OF THE COURSE : LOW POWER VLSI
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course objectives
1. Understand the design of all VLSI circuits making extensive use Computer Aided
Design (CAD) VLSI design tool.
2. Infer the levels of scaling techniques and sizing of transistor.
3. Know the operation CAD VLSI design tools as these are developed primarily for and
by the VLSI design professionals.
4. Understand all important modules that go into the construction of a complete VLSI
CAD tool and design ASIC chips.

Course Outcomes
1. Apply CAD techniques to design VLSI ICs.
2. Understand how CAD tools are developed and the constraints and limitation under
which they can be operated successfully.
3. Apply design rules to manufacture VLSI circuits
4. Analyze the floor planning to optimize the area of VLSI circuits.
5. Gain Proficiency for prerequisites for professionals in the area of VLSI design.

UNIT –I : INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN METHODOLOGIES (08 Hours)

VLSI Design problem-The Design Domains-Design methods and Technologies, Traditional
VLSI design flow, VLSI Design Styles.

UNIT- II : ALGORITHMIC GRAPH THEORY (08 Hours)

Graph terminology, Data structures for the representation of graphs, Graph Algorithms -
Depth first search, Breadth First Search, Dijkstra's Shortest Path algorithm, Prim's
algorithm for minimum spanning tree.

UNIT-III: PARTITIONING AND FLOORPLANNING (10 Hours)

Kernighan - Lin Partitioning algorithm Floor plan concept and Terminologies, Floor plan
Representation, Floor plan Classes - Slicing Floor plan and Non-slicing Floor plan, Floor plan
tree, Floor plan Wheel, Polar Graph Representation-Vertical and Horizontal, Optimization
problems in floor planning, Shape functions and floor plan sizing.

UNIT IV : PLACEMENT AND ROUTING (10 Hours)

Objectives of placement, Placement at Different Levels, Circuit representation, wire length
estimation, types of placement problems-Building blocks Placement and Standard cell
Placement, Placement algorithms - Constructive Placement algorithms-Cluster growth and
min cut, Iterative Placement.
Types of Local routing problems – Area Routing -Maze Routing algorithm by Lee s, - Channel
routing –Models, Horizontal constraint graph and vertical constraint graph of routing, The
Left-Edge Algorithm for channel, Global routing- Standard cell layout and Building block
layout
UNIT V : LAYOUT COMPACTION AND SIMULATION (10 Hours)
Design rules, Symbolic and Geometric layout, compaction and Applications of compaction,
Aspects of Compaction Problem formulation-Graph-theoretical formulation, Minimum and
Maximum distance Constraint graph, Algorithms for Constraint-graph compaction- Longest-
Path Algorithm for DAGs, The Liao-Wong Algorithm, The Bellman-Ford Algorithm for
Longest Paths
Gate level modeling and simulation - Compiler driven simulation - Event driven simulation
- Switch-level modeling and simulation

TEXT BOOKS:

1. "Algorithms for VLSI Design Automation", Sabih H.Gerez, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
2. Modern VLSI Design: Systems on Chip Design", WayneWolf," Pearson Education Inc.,
3nd Edition, Indian Reprint, 2012.
3. Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation ", Naveed Sherwani, Springer-
Verlag, 3rd Edition, 2014.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. 1."VLSI Physical Design Automation", Sadiq M Sait and Habib Youssef, , IEEE Press,
New York. 2012.
2. "Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design"Abramovici M, Brever A and Friendman
D, Jaico Publishing House, 2009.
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC334
TITLE OF THE COURSE : RADAR ENGINEERING
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course objectives
1. Comprehend the basic principle of operation of radar and classify radars.
2. Derive the expression for radar range equation.
3. Comprehend basic detection of radar signals in noise.
4. Recognize the tracking of radar (sequential lobing, conical scanning).
5. Introduce the concept of phased array antennas for radars.

Course Outcomes
1. Explain the operation of CW, FM-CW, MTI and Pulse Doppler radar.
2. Describe the range ambiguities and various system losses.
3. Explain parameters of radar receivers like noise figure, noise temperature.
4. Explain radar displays and types of duplexers.
5. Apply tracking techniques of radar for antennas

UNIT –I : INTRODUCION (10 Hours)

Nature of Radar, Maximum Unambiguous Range, Radar Waveforms, Radar Block Diagram
and Operation, Simple form of Radar Equation, Radar Frequencies and Applications.
Prediction of Range Performance, Minimum Detectable Signal, Receiver Noise and SNR,
Integration of Radar Pulses, Transmitter Power, Radar Cross Section of Targets (simple
targets - sphere, cone-sphere),PRF and Range Ambiguities.

UNIT- II : CW AND FREQUENCY MODULATED RADAR (10 Hours)

Doppler Effect, CW Radar – Block Diagram, Isolation between Transmitter and Receiver,
Non-zero IF Receiver, Applications of CW radar.FM-CW Radar, Range and Doppler
Measurement, Block Diagram and Characteristics (Approaching/ Receding Targets), FM-CW
altimeter, Multiple Frequency CW Radar.

UNIT-III : MTI AND PULSE DOPPLER RADAR (10 Hours)

Introduction, Principle, MTI Radar with - Power Amplifier Transmitter and Power Oscillator
Transmitter, Delay Line Cancellers – Filter Characteristics, Blind Speeds, Double
Cancellation, Staggered PRFs. Range Gated Doppler Filters. MTI Radar Parameters,
Limitations to MTI Performance. Non-coherent MTI, MTI versus Pulse Doppler Radar

UNIT IV : TRACKING (10 Hours)

Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Monopulse Tracking Radar Amplitude
Comparison Monopulse (one- and two- coordinates), Phase Comparison Monopulse. Target
Reflection Characteristics and Angular Accuracy. Tracking in Range, Acquisition and
Scanning Patterns.
UNIT V : DETECTION OF RADAR SIGNALS IN NOISE (10 Hours)
Detection of Radar Signals in Noise, Matched Filter Receiver – Response Characteristics and
Derivation, Correlation detection, Detection criteria, Detector Characteristics, Automatic
Detection, Constant False Alarm Rate Receiver

Text Books:

1. Introduction to Radar Systems – Merrill I. Skolnik, THIRD EDITION, Tata McGraw-Hill,

2001.
2. Principles of Radar, J.C Toomay. 2nd Edition –PHI, 2004

Reference Books:

1. Microwave & Radar Engineering: – Gottapu Sasi Bhushanarao, Pearson Education,

2014.
2. RADAR Engineering – Dr. G.S.N. Raju, I.K. International Pvt., Ltd, 2010
3. Radar Principles, Peyton Z., Peebles Jr., New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1998.
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC335
TITLE OF THE COURSE : INFORMATION THEORY & ERROR CONTROL CODING
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course objectives
1. Understand the performance characteristics of an ideal and noisy communication
system.
2. Interpret the encoding and decoding concepts
3. Analyze the performance of discrete communication channels
4. Analyze the rate of information transmission and channel capacity of discrete
channel.
5. Propose, design and analyze suitable coding/decoding scheme for digital
communication applications.

Course Outcomes
1. Examine information sources and channels based on their statistical properties.
2. Apply Shannon's theorems in information transmission systems.
3. Demonstrate applications of source coding and error coding techniques in selected
fields of information and communication technology (ICT).
4. Design source coding and error coding techniques to suit prescribed requirements.
5. Evaluate the performance of various coding techniques over noisy communication
channels.

UNIT -1: INFORMATION THEORY (10 hours)

Introduction, Measure of information, Average information content of symbols in long
independent sequences, Average information content of symbols in long dependent
sequences. Mark-off statistical model for information source, Entropy and information rate
of mark-off source.

UNIT -2: SOURCE CODING (10 hours)

Encoding of the source output, properties of codes, Kraft inequality, construction of
instantaneous codes, code efficiency and redundancy, Shannon s encoding algorithm,
Shannon-Fano Coding, Huffman minimum redundancy code

UNIT -3 : ENTROPY FUNCTIONS (12hours)

Introduction, Discrete Communication Channels, Entropy functions and equivocation, rate
of information transmission over a discrete communication channel ,capacity of discrete
memory less channel, Shannon s theorem on channel s capacity, special channels
Continuous channels, Differential entropy of continuous channels, Maximization of entropy
Mutual information of continuous noisy channels, Shannon-Hartley law and its implications
Joint and Conditional Entropies, Mutual information, Channel Capacity, Shannon Limit.

UNIT -4 : ERROR CONTROL CODING (10 hours)

Introduction, Examples of error control coding, Methods of controlling errors, types of codes,
types of errors, Linear block codes: matrix description of Linear block codes, Error detection
and correction capabilities, single error correcting Block codes, single error correcting
Hamming codes Table lookup for decoding using Standard array
UNIT -5 : TYPES OF CODING (10 hours)
Binary cyclic codes Algebraic structure of cyclic codes Encoding using (n-k) bit shift register
Syndrome calculation, Error detection and correction
Convolution Codes, Time domain approach. Transform domain approach, State Diagram,
tree diagram, Trellis diagram. Encoders and Decoders using Viterbi s algorithm for n,k,l
convolutional codes
BCH codes, RS codes, golay codes, Shortened cyclic codes Burst and error correcting codes,
Burst and random error correcting codes

TEXT BOOKS

1. Digital and analog communication systems, K. Sam Shanmugam, John Wiley India Pvt.
Ltd, 20011.
2. Digital Communication, Simon Haykin, John Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, 2012.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. ITC and Cryptography, Ranjan Bose, TMH, 2 nd edition, 2012

2. Digital Communications - Glover and Grant; Pearson Ed. 2nd edition 2010.
3. Digital Communications: Fundamentals & Applications, 2 nd edition, Sklar, Pearson
Education India.
4. Error Control Coding-Fundamentals & Applications, Shulin, Daniel J. Costello, 2nd
Edition, Prentice Hall Inc. Eagle wood Cliffs.
SEM/YEAR : VI SEM
COURSE CODE : 16EC336
TITLE OF THE COURSE : CAD FOR VLSI
L: T/A:P: C :3:0: 0:3

Course objectives
1. Understand the design of all VLSI circuits making extensive use Computer Aided
Design (CAD) VLSI design tool.
2. Infer the levels of scaling techniques and sizing of transistor.
3. Know the operation CAD VLSI design tools as these are developed primarily for and
by the VLSI design professionals.
4. Understand all important modules that go into the construction of a complete VLSI
CAD tool and design ASIC chips.

Course Outcomes
1. Apply CAD techniques to design VLSI ICs.
2. Understand how CAD tools are developed and the constraints and limitation under
which they can be operated successfully.
3. Apply design rules to manufacture VLSI circuits
4. Analyze the floor planning to optimize the area of VLSI circuits.
5. Gain Proficiency for prerequisites for professionals in the area of VLSI design.

UNIT -I: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN METHODOLOGIES (08 Hours)

VLSI Design problem-The Design Domains-Design methods and Technologies, Traditional
VLSI design flow, VLSI Design Styles.

UNIT- II: ALGORITHMIC GRAPH THEORY (08 Hours)

Graph terminology, Data structures for the representation of graphs, Graph Algorithms -
Depth first search, Breadth First Search, Dijkstra's Shortest Path algorithm, Prim's
algorithm for minimum spanning tree.

UNIT-III: PARTITIONING AND FLOORPLANNING (10 Hours)

Kernighan - Lin Partitioning algorithm Floor plan concept and Terminologies, Floor plan
Representation, Floor plan Classes - Slicing Floor plan and Non-slicing Floor plan, Floor plan
tree, Floor plan Wheel, Polar Graph Representation-Vertical and Horizontal, Optimization
problems in floor planning, Shape functions and floor plan sizing.

UNIT IV: PLACEMENT AND ROUTING (10 Hours)

Objectives of placement, Placement at Different Levels, Circuit representation, wire length
estimation, types of placement problems-Building blocks Placement and Standard cell
Placement, Placement algorithms - Constructive Placement algorithms-Cluster growth and
min cut, Iterative Placement.
Types of Local routing problems – Area Routing -Maze Routing algorithm by Lee s, - Channel
routing –Models, Horizontal constraint graph and vertical constraint graph of routing, The
Left-Edge Algorithm for channel, Global routing- Standard cell layout and Building block
layout
UNIT V : LAYOUT COMPACTION AND SIMULATION (10 Hours)
Design rules, Symbolic and Geometric layout, compaction and Applications of compaction,
Aspects of Compaction Problem formulation-Graph-theoretical formulation, Minimum and
Maximum distance Constraint graph, Algorithms for Constraint-graph compaction- Longest-
Path Algorithm for DAGs, The Liao-Wong Algorithm, The Bellman-Ford Algorithm for
Longest Paths
Gate level modeling and simulation - Compiler driven simulation - Event driven simulation
- Switch-level modeling and simulation

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Algorithms for VLSI Design Automation", Sabih H.Gerez, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
2. Modern VLSI Design: Systems on Chip Design", WayneWolf," Pearson Education Inc.,
3nd Edition, Indian Reprint, 2012.
3. Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation ", Naveed Sherwani, Springer-
Verlag, 3rd Edition, 2014.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. "VLSI Physical Design Automation", Sadiq M Sait and Habib Youssef, , IEEE Press,
New York. 2012.
2. "Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design"Abramovici M, Brever A and Friendman
D, Jaico Publishing House, 2009.