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3 - 3 Digital Signals: in Information For and Than - For

This document discusses digital signals and their characteristics. It defines key terms like bit rate, bit length, and how digital signals can be represented as composite analog signals. Digital signals can have more than two signal levels and are represented by discrete voltage levels. The bit rate is the number of bits transmitted per second, measured in bits per second (bps). Bit length refers to the distance one bit occupies on the transmission medium, which is determined by the propagation speed and bit duration. Fourier analysis can be used to decompose digital signals into their frequency domain representations.

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52 views

3 - 3 Digital Signals: in Information For and Than - For

This document discusses digital signals and their characteristics. It defines key terms like bit rate, bit length, and how digital signals can be represented as composite analog signals. Digital signals can have more than two signal levels and are represented by discrete voltage levels. The bit rate is the number of bits transmitted per second, measured in bits per second (bps). Bit length refers to the distance one bit occupies on the transmission medium, which is determined by the propagation speed and bit duration. Fourier analysis can be used to decompose digital signals into their frequency domain representations.

Uploaded by

ally
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

1
In
information
For
and
than
. for

▪ ​Bit Rate ​▪ B
​ it Length ​▪ D
​ igital Signal as

​ pplication
a Composite Analog Signal ​▪A

Layer
Topics discussed in this section:
3
-
3 DIGITAL SIGNALS
addition
each
a
example,
two
0
as
level
levels
zero
to
can
a
.
being
In
1
voltage
also
this
can
be
represented
case,
be
.
A
represented
encoded
digital
we
can
signal
by
as
send
by
an
a
a
positive
more
can
analog
digital
have
than
voltage
signal,
signal
more
1
bit
.
Figure 3.16 ​Two digital signals: one with
3.2​
two signal levels and the other

with four signal levels


Example 3.16
​ igital ​signal has e
A d ​ ight l​ evels.
3.3​

How many bits are ​


needed per
level? We calculate the number of
bits from the formula
Each signal level is represented by
3 bits.
Example 3.17

​ ine levels​.
A digital signal has n
3.4​

How many bits are ​


needed per
level? We calculate the number of
bits by using the formula. Each
signal level is represented by 3.17
bits. However, this answer is not
​ umber of bits sent
realistic. The n
per level needs to be an i​ nteger a
​ s
well as a power of 2. For this
example, 4 bits can represent one
level.
Bit Rate ​
3.5​ Most digital signals are
non-periodic, and thus period and
frequency are not appropriate
characteristics. ​The bit rate is the
number of bits sent in 1s,
expressed in ​bits per second
(bps).
Example 3.18

Assume we need to download


3.6​

text documents at the rate ​


​ 00
of 1
pages per ​sec.​ What is the
required bit rate of the channel?
Solution ​A page is an average of
​ ach
24 lines with 80 characters in e
line. If we assume that one
character requires 8 bits (ascii),
the bit rate is
Example 3.19
A digitized voice channel is
3.7​

made by digitizing a 4-kHz

bandwidth analog voice signal. We


need to sample the ​signal at twice
the highest frequency (t​ wo
samples per h ​ ertz)​ . We assume
that each sample requires ​8 bits.​
What is the required bit rate?
Solution ​The bit rate can be
calculated as
Example 3.20

What is the bit rate for

high-definition TV (HDTV)?

Solution ​HDTV uses digital signals


to broadcast high quality v ​ ideo
signals. The HDTV screen is
normally a ratio of ​16 : 9. There are
1920 by 1080 pixels per screen​,
and the screen is r​ enewed 30
times per second​. ​Twenty-four bits
represents one color pixel.
The TV stations reduce this rate to
20 to 40 Mbps through
compression​. 3​ .8
Bit length ​
3.9​ We discussed the
concept of the wavelength for an
analog signal: the distance one
cycle occupies on the
transmission medium. W ​ e can
define something similar for a
digital signal: the bit length. The
bit length is the distance one bit
occupies on the transmission
medium.
Bit length =propagation speed x bit duration
Digital Signal as a Composite Analog
3.10​

Signal ​
​ an be used
Fourier analysis c
to decompose a digital signal. ​If
the digital signal is periodic, which
is rare in data c ​ ommunications,
the decomposed signal has a
frequency domain representation
with an i​ nfinite bandwidth and
discrete frequencies.​ If the digital
signal is non-periodic, the
decomposed signal still has an
infinite bandwidth​, but the
frequencies are continuous​.
Figure 3.17 ​The time and frequency
3.11​
domains of periodic and nonperiodic
digital signals

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