Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 29 views

    An Introduction To Electrical Instrumentation and Measurement Systems

    Uploaded by

    Farhan Ali

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    An Introduction To Electrical Instrumentation and Measurement Systems

    Uploaded by

    Farhan Ali
    29 views8 pages

    Original Title

    1981_Bookmatter_AnIntroductionToElectricalInst

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views8 pages

    An Introduction To Electrical Instrumentation and Measurement Systems

    Uploaded by

    Farhan Ali

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    An Introduction to

    Electrical Instrumentation
    and Measurement Systems
    An Introduction to
    Electrical Instrumentation
    and Measurement Systems
    A guide to the use, selection, and limitations of electrical instruments
    and measurement systems

    B.A. Gregory
    Senior Lecturer Specialising in Electrical Instrumentation, Department of
    Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Brighton Polytechnic

    Second Edition

    M
    MACMILLAN
    © B.A. Gregory 1973, 1981

    All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission


    of this pUblication may be made without written permission.

    No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied


    or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance
    with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended).

    Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to


    this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
    civil claims for damages.

    First edition 1973


    Reprinted 1975 (with corrections), 1977
    Second edition 1981
    Reprinted 1981, 1982 (twice), 1984 (with corrections), 1985
    Published by
    MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD
    Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
    and London
    Companies and representatives
    throughout the world

    ISBN 978-0-333-29384-3 ISBN 978-1-349-16482-0 (eBook)


    DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-16482-0
    Contents

    Preface ix

    1. Introduction
    1.1 Methods of Measurement 4
    1.2 Display Methods 16
    1.3 Accuracy 22
    1.4 Input Characteristics 37
    1.5 Waveform 41
    1.6 Interference 49
    1.7 Selection 51
    2. Analogue Instruments 53
    2.1 Moving Coil Instruments 53
    2.2 The Electrodynamic Instrument 97
    2.3 Other Pointer Instruments 103
    2.4 Energy Meters 113
    2.5 Solid State Indicators 114
    2.6 The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 115
    2.7 Instrumentation Tape Recorders 134
    3. Comparison Methods 146
    3.1 D.C. Potentiometer 146
    3.2 A.C. Potentiometer 155
    3.3 D.C. Bridges 156
    3.4 A.C. Bridges 166
    vi CONTENTS
    4. Digital Instruments 186
    4.1 Counters 186
    4.2 Multi·function Digital Voltmeters 205
    4.3 'Intelligent' Instruments 215
    4.4 Hybrid Instruments 221

    5. Transducers 234
    5.l Resistance Change Transducers 238
    5.2 Reactance Change Transducers 255
    5.3 Semiconductor Devices 261
    5.4 Self·generating Transducers 264
    5.5 Ultrasonic Transducers 272
    5.6 Digital Transducers 272

    6. Signal Conditioning 277


    6.l Voltage Scaling 277
    6.2 Current Scaling 287
    6.3 Attenuators 294
    6.4 Filters 299
    6.5 Probes 308
    6.6 Modulation and Sampling 316
    6.7 Analogue Processing 319
    6.8 Digital-Analogue Conversion 329

    7. Interference and Screening 331


    7.l Environmental Effects 331
    7.2 Component Impurities 334
    7.3 Coupled Interference 341
    7.4 Noise Rejection Specifications 349

    8. Instrument Selection and Specification Analysis 360


    8.1 Instrument Selection 360
    8.2 Specification Analysis 363

    9. Instrumentation Systems 379


    9.l System Design 379
    9.2 Analogue Systems 380
    9.3 Digital Systems 384
    CONTENTS vii
    10. Problems and Exercises 398
    10.1 Principles 398
    10.2 Analogue Instruments 400
    10.3 Null or Comparison Measurements 404
    10.4 Digital Instruments 408
    10.5 Transducers 410
    10.6 Signal Conditioning 411
    10.7 Interference 413
    10.8 Selection 415
    10.9 Systems 421
    10.1 0 Answers 422

    Appendix I: Units, Symbols and Conversion Factors 425

    Appendix II: Dynamic Behaviour ofMoving Coil Systems 430

    Appendix III: Equations to Determine the components of a Resistive


    'T' Attenuator Pad 437

    Index 439
    Preface

    Our ability to measure a quantity determines our knowledge of that quantity,


    and since the measuring of electrical quantities-or other parameters in terms of
    electrical quantities-is involved in an ever expanding circle of occupations of
    contemporary life, it is essential for the practising engineer to have a thorough
    knowledge of electrical instrumentation and measurement systems. This is
    especially so since in addition to his own requirements, he may be called upon
    to advise others who have no electrical knowledge at all.
    This book is primarily intended to assist the student following an electrical or
    electronic engineering degree course to adopt a practical approach to his measure-
    ment problems. It will also be of use to the engineer or technician, who now
    fmds himself involved with measurements in terms of volts, amperes, ohms, watts,
    etc., and faced with an ever increasing variety of instruments from a simple
    pointer instrument to a complex computer-controlled system. Thus, the object
    of this book is to help the engineer, or instrument user, to select the right form
    of instrument for an application, and then analyse the performance of the com-
    petitive instruments from the various manufacturers in order to obtain the
    optimum instrument performance for each measurement situation.
    During that period of my career when I was employed in the research depart-
    ment of an industrial organisation I was, at times, appalled by the lack of ability
    exhibited by some graduates in selecting a suitable, let alone the best, instrument
    to perform quite basic measurements. Since entering the field of higher education
    to lecture in electrical measurements and instrumentation, my philosophy has
    been to instruct students to consider each measurement situation on its merits
    and then select the best instrument for that particular set of circumstances. Such
    an approach must of course include descriptions of types of instruments, and be
    presented so that the student understands the functioning and limitations of
    each instrument in order to be able to make the optimum selection.
    There will undoubtedly be comments on and criticisms of this version and for
    those of the previous edition I am grateful. In this second edition, I have updated
    the material of the 1973 edition, taking into account the many changes that
    x PREFACE
    have occurred in instrumentation during the past six years; I have also added
    instructional problems (a deficiency of the first edition).
    I have made appreciable rearrangements to the book, largely to accommodate
    the changes in instrumentation that have resulted from the developments in
    integrated circuits, such as the microprocessor, which has made possible program-
    mable and calculating facilities within instruments. Hence, the general theme of
    the book is to describe the techniques used to produce the various types of
    instrument available and illustrate their description with examples of manu-
    facturers' specifications. Unfortunately there is a limit to the amount that can be
    included in a book of realistic size (and price). I have therefore omitted speciali-
    sed topics such as medical instruments, chemical analysis, radio frequency
    measurements, acoustic measurements and programming. The last of these topics
    it might be argued should be included, for more and more instrumentation will
    involve the use of programmable devices, be it the purpose-built microprocessor-
    controlled instrumentation system, or the computer-operated system in which a
    high level language is used. I would suggest that programming instruction is
    better documented by the expert rather than by myself. To assist the reader
    with difficulties of this and other kinds, there is a list of references for further
    reading at the end of each chapter.
    I would like to thank all the instrument manufacturers who have willingly
    assisted me in producing this volume by providing application notes, specifica-
    tions, reproductions of articles, and also their obliging field engineers. I have
    endeavoured to acknowledge all sources of diagrams and other material, but I
    hope that any oversights will be excused. I should also like to thank my
    colleagues in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Brighton
    Polytechnic for their assistance and encouragement; in particular my thanks are
    due to Doctors R. Miller, R. Thomas and K. Woodcock, for reading and comment-
    ing on various parts of the manuscript, also to Brenda Foster for patience and
    effort in typing the manuscript.

    B. A. GREGORY

    You might also like