JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ABOUT RADANG RESPONSE TO DISEASES

Oleh :

Arif Rahman Syaifullah

1710013
S1-1A

PROGRAM STUDI S1 KEPERAWATAN

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN HANG TUAH
SURABAYA
2020
 LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ABOUT RADANG RESPONSE TO DISEASES

Mengetahui, Surabaya, 25 Maret 2020

Dosen PJMK Dosen Fasilitator

Nisha D. R., S.Kep., Ns., M.Si. Nur Chabibah, S,Si., M.Si.

NIP. 03.045 NIP. 03.051
 IS-01

One Health

Sigit Priohutomo

Deputy for Health Improvement, the Coordinating Ministry

of Human Development and Culture

The world community is facing increasing threats from infectious diseases (infectious) derived
from animals (Zoonosis). Trigger most common to the emergence of new diseases is a growing
human and animal populations are fast, rapid urbanization, farming systems that change, the
integration of the approaching between domestic animals and wildlife, deforestation, changes in the
ecosystem, and the globalization of trade in animals and veterinary products. Control of zoonotic
diseases requires the collaboration of various sectors both locally, nationally, and globally to
achieve optimal health for people, animals, plants and the environment are often called "one health".
Zoonotic diseases are not addressed comprehensively and professionally can cause unexpected
effects,

IS-02

Ways of Managing Business Veterinary

Endang Sri Murtiyoningsih Ratiyo

General Manager, Zoetis Indonesia Contact:

[email protected]

Veterinary business in Indonesia has considerable growth potential, both for the pet and animal
production, in line with Indonesia's economic growth continues to improve. In many cases, formed
starting from the Veterinary Business self-employed,

where veterinary practitioners started the business of self-service, which then gradually evolved into
the business of animal health clinics. Therefore, in addition to medical technical capabilities,
business managerial ability veterinary practitioners who also works as a businessman also needs
to be developed in order to manage their business more profitable and

sustainable. To be a successful businessman, a veterinary needs to have sufficient working

capital, business skills, focus on managing the business and emotional maturity in facing the
challenges of doing business, both internal and external challenges. To minimize business risk,
businesses need to pay attention to several points of Veterinary important in managing the business;
a) on the Preparation, analysis and planning plays an important role to optimize the use of capital
and minimize risk, and b) the Operational Phase, operational management and regular
evaluation needs to be done, especially in terms of financial and human resource
management.
 IS-03

Sperm and Embryo Sexing Technologies: Opportunities and

Applications in
Cattle in Indonesia

Supreme Budiyanto

Lecturer Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Graduate School of Veterinary Sain

UGM
Contact: [email protected]

Keywords: sexing, embryo, sperm, AI, embryo transfer male, female, application requirements

Sperm and embryo sexing aims to help determine the sex of a child who wants to dairy cows and beef
cattle.
Commercially, this method can reduce the cost of management and livestock production costs.
Female gender is needed in dairy cows and beef cattle males needed on having a faster growth and
heavier. The current technology is based on the difference in the X and Y-sperm in the amount
of DNA. The technology uses a modified tool Flow cytometric instrumentation to sort X
and
Y-bearing sperm. The separation of the X chromosome Ysperma, then used in artificial insemination
(AI), in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (. Parati et al, 2006; Prasad et al, 2010). Percoll
degradation method and degradation of the molecular weight and concentration of the media is
the basis of separation of sperm-based X and Y chromosome, while for embryo using DNA from
blastomere embryo detection method based on PCR using the LAMP methods. In sexing embryos
using the technique of X and Y
chromosome detection in blastomeres of the embryo that is done invasive ( entered in the structure of
the cell) and Non-invasive ( outside the cellular system) Both of these methods can be validated on
the basis of live births, analytical laboratory with sorted sperm for
DNA content, and embryo biopsy for sex determination, while the analysis is based on the observation of
sexing ambryo calf birth gender. Currently, sex of animals have been determined with an accuracy of 90%
by using the sperm sexing flowcytometri methods.
To embryo several studies about the diameter of embryos and embryo oxygen consumption of
the sex or gender of the embryo into an interesting discussion related to some of sexing circulating
in the community. Application of this method in developed countries has been a lot of farm fields,
in Japan embryo sexing application mostly done by small-scale dairy farm until large enough
to use methods LAMP 36 minutes was able to determined the sex of the embryo. While the
sperm sexing has long been applied by the dairy farmer and wagyu. One consideration for the
application of this method is the fertility rate has been good IB results, since the manipulation of the
process of making sperm sexing spermatozoa resulting in decreased quality deterioration in the level
of fertilization so that the pregnancy rate is also declining. This becomes an important consideration
in Indonesia where the artificial insemination of sperm regular kebuntingannya level is still not
satisfactory, the use of sperm sexing which has undergone manipulation longer need to be
considered. Management systems established and stable to other requirements in order to be more
effective application. This paper-based review, to provide additional information about sexing and
applications so there needs to be a complete study before widespread application.
 IS-04

stem Cell As Therapy Future

Arief Boediono 1.4 *, roses Subangkit 2,4, Berry Juliandi 3.4

1 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, 2 Department of Clinic,

Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty
Veterinary, Jl. Agatis Campus IPB Bogor 16680;
3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Bogor Agricultural University;
4 Vet-Stem IPB, Research Center for Biological Resources and Biotechnology,
IPB.
* Contact: [email protected]

Keywords: stem cell, degenerative diseases, endangered, animal therapy

The development of technological advances in veterinary Indonesia, cases of animal

diseases both in poultry, small animals and large animals begin to shift from infectious diseases
towards increasing degenerative diseases. Increasing the life span of animals due to the improved
quality of life will increase the risk of degenerative disease predisposition. Degenerative disease
cases both the nervous system, urinary, circulatory, reproductive and metabolic become a
major problem in many countries. Including degenerative disease problems in wildlife endangered
the center of attention of various parties. For example, Sumatran rhino deaths Torgamba CIVAS
posted on the page, Tuesday, April 26, 2011, mention that Torgamba die (23/4) at the age of
32 years due to chronic renal failure and mentioned also that Torgamba been getting treatment
for many years to treat chronic renal failure, but it did not quite work [1]. The issue of wildlife
threatened with extinction such as the orangutan, the Javan rhino, and tapir is the same thing that
degenerative diseases or reduced quality of life due to aging followed by the low capacity of
reproduction, so that breeding of endangered it became quite hard to do, in addition to the factors
other causes of extinction.
Myocardial infarction, corneal ulcer, osteoarthritis, congenital chronic nephritis, liver
fibrosis
an example of a degenerative disease, which until now difficult to obtain medicine. Handling is done is
limited supporting teraphy. The incidence of osteoarthritis is also high on the horse. As a result of
high activity such as race and towing the burden of making the
joint destruction that is irreversible.

Study stem cell has been done since the mid-1800s but began to light after Dr. James
Thomson a professor from the University of Wisconsin isolate the cells in
the inner cell mass ( ICM) of human blastocysts. Thomson with these cells develop into
various types of cells and proved that these cells are pluripotent [2]. Until a Japanese
researcher, Sinya Yamanaka was able to prove that skin cells can be induced into cells that are
pluripotent, known as Induced Pluripotent stem cells

(IPSC; [3, 4]) and received the Nobel Prize in 2012. Various studies have aimed to do
medication or treatment of various diseases, especially degenerative diseases. Major degenerative
diseases in humans are not much different from the animals mentioned by Howe et al. [ 2]
which are stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's or other neurological
disorders, cardiovascular disease, and persembuhan wounds. On progress stem cell began to
be used for the treatment of various degenerative diseases in humans.

In 2010, Zucconi et al. [ 5] succeed megisolasi mesenchymal stem cells derived from the
umbilical cord vein in dogs. The purpose of this study was the dogs were used as models of
human diseases such as fractures, myocardial infarction and medullar lesion
can be done cell therapy with stem cell This [5]. This research is motivated by Schneider et al. [
6] stating that the dog is an animal that is suitable and most
widely used to model a wide range of human degenerative diseases requiring isolation stem cell from various sources in dogs were used to prove the success of therapy
stem cell. Scheneider et al. [ 6] mentions various models of disease in dogs that
intersect with stem cell is transplantation, gene therapy, stem cell, genetic, embryonic stem cell ( ICE) derived tissue replacement, comparative oncology, new
therapeutiyc and

regenerative medicine.
Mobasheri et al. [ 7] in a review trade journal mentions that based therapy
chondrocyte and mesenchymal stem cells a therapy that is able to create cartilage repair in the event of osteoarthritis, especially in humans. Horses are animals that
have a high predisposition of the incident osteoarthritis because the burden of high activity associated with the leg joints. osteoarthritis in dogs has also been proven
to be cured with therapy stem cell. The first case is the incidence elbow osteoarthritis and the second is coxofemoral joint arthritis. Bone marrow stem cell (
BMSC) also showed positive results in persembuhan osteoarthritis in horses with therapy focused on repairing the meniscus [8]. In addition to the joint McIlwraith
[8] also mentioned that

mesenchymal stem cells capable of being used as therapy tendon injury in horses.
Neural stem cells ( NSC) in mammals that are in certain areas of the central nervous system or brain, including in the area subventricular zone on the wall lateral
ventricle and
subgranular zone gyrus dentatus hyppocampus [ 9] and has been demonstrated by Uchida et al. [ 10] which isolates the NSC and the potential for
transplantation. One example is the use of NSC transplantation treatment spinal cord injury by using the NSC of the embryo into an animal model in mice [11].
In a subsequent study, NSC transplanted into an animal model of mice obtained from IPSC derived from human skin cells [12]. Adult Autologous mesenchymal
stem cells also can be used as therapy suspected noninflamatory canine disease of the central nervous system. stem cell were isolated from bone
marrow (BMSC) in dogs with impaired central nervous and are used for therapy in the same dog. The results showed improvement in clinical, MRI and
histopathological picture [13].

stem cell also used in the development of the world veterinary Ophthalmology. Wood et al.
[14] tried to inject mesenchymal stem cells the periocular area and intra-articular in dogs. stem cell are able to survive in the area, especially periocular injections
for 2 weeks and allegedly worked for persembuhan various eye diseases such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Kim et al. [ 15] proved that the transplant
subconjunctival allogenic mesenchymal stem cells on beagles show test results and good security in case corneal deffect. Beagles have performed surgery to
create corneal damage and culture of mesenchymal stem cells subconjunctiva injected in the area.

stem cell is a biological material that has great potential as a cell therapy for degenerative diseases. Along shifting from infectious diseases to degenerative both
in poultry, small animals, and large animals then the development of the study stem cell in the veterinary world will be increasingly necessary. Resources and technology
stem cell abundant become therapeutic development support stem cell in animals. Other than on the need for banks

stem cell in Indonesia for endangered animals is very necessary as support for the preservation and improvement of health quality endangered in Indonesia

References
[1] CIVAS. Death Grief Envelop 2011. The Sumatran rhino 'Torgamba'. CIVAS ed. 26 April 2011 [2] RJ Howe, Howe MA, Tankovich NI, DA
Howe, Tager JR. 2009. The Miracle of Stem Cell. Change Well.
California.
[3] Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. 2006. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult
fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell, 126: 663-676.
[4] Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S. 2007.
Induction of
pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell, 131: 861-872. [5]
Zucconi E, Vieira NM, DF Bueno, Secco M, Jazedje T, Ambrosio CE, Bueno MRP, Miglino
MA, M. Zatz, 2010.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From Umbilical Cord Vein Canine-A Novel Source for Cell
Therapy
[6] Mobasheri A, Kalamegame G, Musumecif G, Batt ME. 2014. Chondrocyte and
mesenchymal stem cell-
based therapies for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis and related orthopedic conditions. Maturity,
78: 188-198.

[7] McIlwraith WC. 2015. Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Appropriate Use in Equine Joint
Disease. AAEP RESORT
SYMPOSIUM Studies. Stem cells and development. 19 (3): 395-402.
[8] Schneider MR, Wolf E, Braun J, Kolb HJ, 2008. Canine H. Adler embryo-derived
stem cells and models for
human diseases. Human Molecular Genetics, 17 (1): R42-R47.
/ 2015
[9] Okano, Hideyuki. 2002. Stem Cell Biology of the Central Nervous System. Journal of
Neuroscience
Research, 69: 698-707.
[10] Uchida N, Buck DW, He D, Reitsma MJ, Masek M, Phan TV, US Tsukamoto, Gage
FH, Weissman IL. 2000.
Direct isolation of the human central nervous system stem cells. PNAS, 97 (26): 14720-14725.
[11] Abematsu M, Tsujimura K, Yamano M, Saito M, Kohno K, Kohyama J, Namihira M,
Komiya S, Nakashima
K. 2010. Neurons derived from transplanted neural stem cells restore disrupted neuronal circuitry in a
mouse models of spinal
cord injury. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120: 3255-3266. [12] Fujimoto Y, Abematsu
M, Falk A, Tsujimura K, Sanosaka T, Juliandi B, Semi K, Namihira M, Komiya S,
Smith A, Nakashima K. 2012. Treatment of a mouse models of spinal cord injury by
transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived long-term self-renewing
neuroepithelial-like stem cells. Stem Cells, 30: 1163-1173.

[13] Zeira O, Asiag N, Aralla M, Ghezzi E, Pettinari L, L Martinell, Zahirpour D, Dumas

MP, Lupi D, Scaccia S,
Konar M, Cantile C. 2015. Adult Autologous mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment
of suspected noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the canine central nervous system:
safety, feasibility and preliminary clinical findings. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 12: 181-
190.
[14] Wood JA, Chung DJ, Park SA, Zwingenberger AL, Reilly CM, Ly I, Walker NJ,
Vernau W, Hayashi K, Wisner
ER, Cannon MS, Kass PH, Cherry SR, Borjesson DL, Russell P, Murphy CJ. Periocular and
Intraarticular 2012. Injection of Canine adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An In Vivo
Imaging and Migration Study. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 28 (3): 307-
317. [15] Kim JW, Lee SY, Park HM. 2012. Safety and outcomes of allogenic
mesenchymal stem subconjunctival
cell transplantation in experimental canine corneal defects. http // agris.fao.org
 IS-05

Promoting Responsible Care and Use of Animal in Science through Accreditation:

AAALAC-International Perspective

Yasmina Arditi Paramastri 1 * and Montip Gettayacamin 2

1 Senior Associate Director / Head of Veterinary Services, Comparative Medicine, National

University of
Singapore; Member of the Council on Accreditation, AAALAC International
2 Senior Director for Southeast Asia, AAALAC-International
* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: accreditation, animal care and use program

Introduction
The use of animal in scientific activities, such as research, testing and teaching is still a
controversial topic, and some may raise animal welfare concerns. In scientific activities involving
animal, the quality of animal care is the key of quality of science. Reliable scientific results depend
on high quality and healthy animals, and excellent animal care. When non-animal models is not
available as an alternative, and the use of animal is justified, careful ethical review, humane
care, use and treatment are important keys in the use of animal.

AAALAC-International is a private, non-profit accrediting organization with a mission

"To Enhance the quality of research, teaching, and testing by promoting humane,
responsible animal care and use". Currently it is the only organization that offers
international accreditation for the
care and use program. Accreditation is awarded to organizations that meets or exceeds the standards.
" AAALAC International is where science and responsible animal care connect ".

Discussion
AAALAC International has Become a Recognized around the world as a gold standard of
quality of animal care and use, and good science. Today, more than 950 organisasi worldwide are
accredited by AAALAC International. Located in 41 countries / territories, organisasi that have
earned accreditation includes companies, universities, hospital, government agencies, contract
research organizations, and other research institutions. Among them, 161 institutions in 13 Pacific
Rim countries are accredited by AAALAC-International, and 2 are located in Indonesia.

The benefit of Achieving AAALAC International accreditation includes to promote scientific

validity, to provide assurance in a global marketplace, as a recruiting tool, demonstrates
accountability, and it Provides a confidential peer-review. There are many reasons for institutions
to Participate in AAALAC accreditation program, such as to commit to maintaining high
standards of animal care and use programs, to promote scientific validity, and to demonstrate a
strong commitment to go above and beyond the minimum standards.

AAALAC-International adopts Three Primary Standards in the assessment and

accreditation of animal care and used the program: a) the 8th Edition of the Guide for the Care
and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide), NRC 2011; b) the Guide for the Care and Use of
Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching (Ag Guide), FASS 2010; and c) the
European Convention for the
Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, Council of Europe
(ETS 123). AAALAC Frequently Asked Questions and position Statement Also are used by the Council
on Accreditation in the program evaluation. Also expects
AAALAC International accredited institutions to comply with national or regional regulations, and
requirements from funding institution. In addition, the importance of performance criteria and
standards are Considered when evaluating animal care and use program for research, testing or
teaching.

The primary objectives of this presentation are to feature AAALAC-International; Adopted and
endorsed the principles in the assessment and accreditation process; and the key components of a
high quality of animal care and use program for the high quality of science.

References
[1] www.aaalac.org [2] Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 2010. National
Research Council. 8 th edition. [3] Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in
Research and Teaching, FASS 2010

[4] The European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate

Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific
Purposes, Council of Europe (ETS 123) [5] Unpublished
Data - AAALAC-International

IS-06

Benefits of cytology for examination Skin Diseases in Dogs and Cats

iis Sulistiyani

DNA Animal Clinic,

Pandavas Jl Raya B1 No. 7 Earth Indraprasta, Bogor

Skin cytologic examination is an examination conducted on the skin by taking samples of the
suspect area to see the cells involved in the inflammatory process atapun neoplasia using a
microscope.

Some advantages of using skin cytology as a diagnostic tool:

1. The most common diagnostic test for dermatology
2. The risk is small
3. Cheap
4. Mudahuntukdilakukan
5. fast results
6. Provide nearly 70% of the initial diagnosis
7. One of the basic considerations in the use and selection of treatment
8. Provides detailed information about the types of cells and cell structures that exist
9. One of the basic consideration for culture and biopsy
10. Improving the quality of medical services and improve business practices

A. Collection and Sample Preparation Techniques Skin Cytology

Sampling technique:
• Fine needle aspiration
• Impression smears / imprint
• scrapping
• swab smears
• Brushing
The material should be prepared for cytology skin:
• glass objects
• oil emersi
• Diff quick staining or peripheral blood pillowcase
• Binocular microscope with a source of good lighting and a high quality lens

The sampling and preparation of slides:

• Skin lesions are oily, slimy smears were collected by imprint or smear swab technique

• Lesions appear dry and dandruff can be done with scrapping technique
• For lesions dry and oily surfaces are always performed in conjunction with a Pap tape

• To pustule using 25 G needle to open pustules and press the slide on the surface
pustule already open

• For ulcerated nodules and use the ear swab smear technique to obtain exudate

• For nodules and plaque samples were taken using the technique of fine-needle
aspiration using aspiration and non-aspiration technique
• Mechanical aspiration;
oPeriod localized with his left hand / right hand
next to it holding 3ml syringe injection of
no. 23
oStick a needle in the center of mass
oPull plunge to about ¾ volume syringe to
make pressure negative
oBy maintaining the negative pressure, take samples
at 3-5 direction different (without the needle tip
out of the mass)
o For each area, should not take more than 2 seconds
oWhen blood is inspired, stop sampling
oRemove the plunge back to negate the negative pressure
oExit an injection syringe of the masses and skin
o Remove the syringe from needle
oAspirasikan air into the syringe
oReplace the needle
oUse the syringe to remove air in the
cells tersampel the needle on the
prepared glass preparations
 • Mechanical non aspirations:
o A good method for sampling a wide range of
masses, especially the accompanied by
vascularization dominant
o 3-5 ml syringe with a tiny needle 23/24 G
o Aspirasikan air into the syringe to about ¾
volume or volume full
o Hold the syringe in the section close to the base
of the needle with using the thumb and index
finger for maximum control
o The needle is moved back and forth with a stable
stitch lines and end needle remains in mass
o An injection syringe is pulled out from the masses, the cells
in the needle tersampel issued to spread over the glass
preparations
• Samples were prepared in advance and ready dried colored
Making preparations:
• Slide over slide smears (squash preps) --- great for solid masses
• Blood smears good technique to mass liquid form
• Starfish preps alternative method on samples with a little liquid
staining technique
Staining performed on cytologic samples using quick diff consisting of a fixative solution, a solution
of eosin and methylene blue solution
• After the samples were dried, preparations dipped in a fixative solution for 5 seconds (5 dye)

• Jump eosin dipped back into the solution for 5-10 seconds, lift
• Direct dipped into a solution of methylene blue for approximately 5 seconds
• Wash with aqua bidest or with water flowing slowly
• be dried
• Ready to be examined under a microscope

B. General Principles of Interpretation Cytology Skin

Preliminary examination of samples of sample quality ------
• Performed with 10 x magnification (low magnification)
• Judging whether a sample contains cells that represent preparations or none at all-cell
 - - - too thin, too thick or just contain only blood
• Is the much-damaged cell sampling technique
• Is nice coloring done
• Is there any contamination of the sample
• Is the appropriate sample we expected
• Samples were so thick that it is difficult to read and interpret
• 40x magnification sufficient for identification of cell types and yeast
• 100x magnification place to evaluate bacteria
• Train to be able to distinguish what is normal and abnormal
• Train to recognize artifacts (hair, coloring precipitates, etc.) that often occurs when taking skin
samples

• Doing kroscek samples with pathological if it is not sure that we see under the microscope !!!

• Do a biopsy if the cytological not provide information, especially for the case of neoplasia and
auto-immune

identification of inflammatory
• See any inflammatory cells were predominant
• Viewed cell morphological abnormalities
• See whether there is any inflammation causes
inflammation netrofilic
• 70% of inflammatory cells are neutrophils
• > 85% neutrophils suppurative
• Neutrophil degenerative and non degenerative -----
• Karyolysis----degenerative neutrophil cell swelling and cell nuclei from exposure to
bacterial toxins or irritants
material such as urine, pancreatic enzymes or bile.
• Non degenerative neutrophils same picture as in the peripheral blood pillowcase, no
damage to the cell and the cell nucleus (there is no influence of external factors)
common in the case of sterile inflammatory response such as
meningitis or immune mediated polyarthritis
• In the case of degenerative neutrophils kausa agents typically found intra and
extracellular

granulomatous inflammation
• Macrophages are the predominant (approximately 50% macrophages)
• Overview responses chronic inflammatory process
• The existence of giant cells (multinucleated macrophages) inflammation continues
• Cause; fungal, FIP, protozoa, foreign body
inflammation pyogranulomatous
• The mix between neutrophil and macrophage inflammatory cells
• chronic response
• Cause; fungal, protozoal,
eosinophilic inflammation
• Eosinophils are above 20%
• Often associated with hypersensitivity reactions, parasites and tumor
Inflammatory lymphocytic / plasmacytic
• Contains 50% lymphocytes and plasma cells
• Associated with stimulation of the immune system Web vaccine reaction
• subcutaneous lymphoma
inflammatory mix
• There is no dominant inflammatory cells
• All inflammatory cells are occasionally found
neoplasia
• Not found inflammatory cells of the area taken
 • If found inflammatory cells, neoplastic cells more predominant amount above 80%
• Divided into ; epithelial tumors, mesenchymal tumors and tumor cells round
epithelial tumors
Cell size medium - large with a clear picture of the limits cytoplasm, the cell is usually
composed in the form of clusters and groups of cells.
mesenchymal tumors
Fusiform cell shape and is shaped like a whip at the end of the cytoplasm (except for fat
cells), cells are typically seen individually, not too obvious limitation sitoplasmic
Round cell tumor
Cells are round and divided into various sizes individually have different characteristics
depending on the color, content and size of the cytoplasm
normal skin
• <1 microorganisms perlapang view emersi oil (OIF)
• No inflammatory cells
Ear
• Mallasezia:
• Cats:> 1 Mallasezia / OIF significant -----
• Dogs:> 3 Mallasezia / OIF significant -----
• The epidermis:
• corneocytes; no cell nucleus, seen flat or sometimes like a roll
 • Basal and spinous keratinocytes; cell nucleus, the cell nucleus is round, basophilic
cytoplasm

• dermis:
• fibroblasts; Spindle shaped, oval-shaped cell nucleus
• subcutaneously; adipocytes (fat cells)

IS-07

Diagnostic Approach Clinical symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia

Maulana Ar Men Raniri

Together DVM Veterinarian Practice.

Grandchildren Sajuthi K., et al
Commercial Green Garden I.9
No. 35 Jakarta Barat Contact:
[email protected]

Keywords: polyuria, polydipsia, endocrinology, dogs, cats

Polydipsia or the increased amount of water you drink in dogs (> 90ml / kg / day)
and in cats (> 60 ml / kg / day) is generally an effect of polyuria condition as a form of
homeostasis of the body and prevent dehydration. The primary polydipsia rare. Meanwhile
polyuria is the increased frequency of urination in dogs and cats (> 50ml / kg / day). Polyuria
may occur through 6 (six) pathogenesis is increasing urine volume primary (primary
polydipsia), osmotic diuresis (glucosuria), reduced number of tubular function, impaired
hypertonisitas of renal medulla, the lack of secretion of ADH (vasopressin) and a
decrease in the sensitivity of the renal tubule to ADH , Kidney is one of the main organ
responsible for the clinical symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia. The ability of the
kidneys to thicken and dilute the urine becomes important to look at the function
description.
Urinalysis is a test that is very important to make the diagnosis of clinical symptoms of
polyuria and polydipsia. Besides urinalysis polyuria and polydipsia diagnostic approach
should also be linked and based on other clinical symptoms that follow and other ancillary
tests such as hematology, blood chemistry, hormonal tests, diagnostic imaging and

water deprivation test. The right approach and the selection of appropriate supporting test will
Prosiding KIVNAS ke-14, ICE-BSD City, Tangerang 22-25 September 2016 | 1
help in diagnosing the disease with clinical symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia.

IS-01

One Health

Sigit Priohutomo

Deputi Bidang Koordinasi Peningkatan Kesehatan,

Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan
Kebudayaan

Masyarakat dunia menghadapi peningkatan ancaman dari penyakit-penyakit

menular (infeksius) yang bersumber dari hewan (Zoonosis). Pemicu paling umum
terhadap munculnya penyakit baru adalah pertumbuhan populasi manusia dan
hewan yang cepat, urbanisasi yang cepat, sistem peternakan yang berubah, integrasi
yang semakin mendekat antara hewan domestik dan satwa liar, perusakan hutan,
perubahan-perubahan dalam ekosistem, dan globalisasi perdagangan hewan dan
produk-produk hewan. Pengendalian penyakit zoonosis memerlukan kolaborasi dari
berbagai sektor baik secara lokal, nasional, dan global untuk mencapai kesehatan
yang optimal bagi manusia, hewan, tumbuhan dan lingkungan yang sering disebut
“one health”. Penyakit Zoonosis yang tidak ditangani secara komprehensif dan
profesional dapat menimbulkan dampak yang tak terduga, khususnya dampak
terhadap kesehatan manusia, selain itu pengendalian zoonosis secara multi sektoral
akan lebih efektif.

IS-02

Kiat Sukses Mengelola Bisnis Veteriner

Endang Sri Murtiyoningsih Ratiyo

General Manager, Zoetis

Indonesia Korespondensi:
[email protected]

Bisnis Veteriner di Indonesia memiliki potensi pertumbuhan yang cukup besar,

baik untuk hewan kesayangan maupun hewan produksi, seiring dengan
pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia yang terus membaik. Dalam banyak kasus, Bisnis
Veteriner terbentuk diawali dari self-employed, dimana praktisi veteriner mengawali
bisnisnya dari pelayanan mandiri, yang kemudian lambat laun berkembang menjadi
bisnis klinik kesehatan hewan. Oleh karena itu, selain kemampuan teknis medis,
kemampuan manajerial bisnis para praktisi veteriner yang juga berprofesi sebagai
pebisnis juga perlu dikembangkan agar bisnis yang mereka kelola lebih profitable
2 | Prosiding KIVNAS ke-14, ICE-BSD City, Tangerang 22-25 September 2016
dan sustainable. Untuk menjadi pebisnis yang sukses, seorang veteriner perlu
memiliki modal usaha yang memadai, keahlian berbisnis, fokus dalam mengelola
bisnis, dan kematangan emosi dalam menghadapi tantangan berbisnis, baik
tantangan internal maupun eksternal. Untuk meminimalkan resiko bisnis, para
pebisnis Veteriner perlu memperhatikan beberapa poin penting dalam mengelola
bisnis; a) pada Tahap Persiapan, analisa dan perencanaan memegang peranan
penting untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan modal dan meminimalkan resiko, dan
b) pada Tahap Operasional, pengelolaan operasional dan evaluasi rutin perlu
dilakukan, terutama dalam hal pengelolaan keuangan dan sumberdaya manusia.

Prosiding KIVNAS ke-14, ICE-BSD City, Tangerang 22-25 September 2016 | 3

 IS-03

Teknologi Sexing Spermatozoa dan Embryo: Peluang dan Aplikasinya di Peternakan

Sapi di Indonesia

Agung Budiyanto

Dosen FKH dan Pasca Sarjana Sain Veteriner

UGM Korespondensi: [email protected]

Kata kunci: sexing, embryo, spermatozoa, IB , Transfer embryo jantan, betina, syarat
aplikasi

Sperma dan embrio sexing bertujuan untuk membantu menentukan jenis

kelamin yang diinginkan untuk anak sapi perah dan sapi potong. Secara komersial
metode ini dapat mengurangi biaya pengelolaan dan ongkos produksi peternakan.
Jenis kelamin betina dibutuhkan pada sapi perah dan jantan dibutuhkan pada sapi
potong yang mempunyai pertumbuhan yang lebih cepat dan lebih berat. Teknologi
saat ini didasarkan pada perbedaan di X dan Y-sperma dalam jumlah DNA.
Teknologi ini menggunakan alat dimodifikasi flow cytometric instrumentasi untuk
menyortir X dan Y-bearing sperma. Pemisahan dari X dari kromosom Y- sperma,
selanjutnya digunakan dalam inseminasi buatan (AI), fertilisasi in vitro, dan embrio
transfer (. Parati et al 2006; Prasad et al 2010). Metode degradasi percoll dan
degradasi berat molekul dan konsentrasi media menjadi dasar dari pemisahan sperm
berdasar X dan Y kromosom, sedangkan untuk embryo menggunakan deteksi DNA
dari blastomer embryo berbasis metode PCR menggunakan LAMP methods. Pada
sexing embryo menggunakan teknik deteksi kromosom X dan Y pada blastomer
embryo yang dilakukan secara invasive (masuk dalam strukur sel) dan non invasive
(di luar sistem seluler) Kedua metode ini dapat divalidasi atas dasar kelahiran hidup,
analisis laboratoris sperma dengan diurutkan untuk konten DNA, dan embrio biopsi
untuk penentuan seks, sedangkan analisis pada sexing ambryo adalah berdasar
pengamatan gender kelahiran pedet. Saat ini, jenis kelamin hewan telah ditentukan
dengan akurasi 90% oleh sexing spermatozoa menggunakan flowcytometri methods.
Untuk embryo beberapa kajian tentang diameter embryo dan oxygen consumption
embryo terhadap sex atau gender embryo menjadi bahasan yang menarik terkait
dengan beberapa tentang sexing yang beredar di masyarakat. Aplikasi metode ini di
negara maju bidang peternakan sudah banyak, di Jepang aplikasi sexing embryo
banyak dilakukan oleh dairy farm skala kecil sampai besar dengan menggunakan
LAMP methods cukup 36 menit sudah bisa ditentukan jenis kelamin embryo.
Sedangkan sexing sperm sudah lama diaplikasikan oleh peternak sapi perah dan
wagyu. Salah satu bahan pertimbangan untuk aplikasi metode ini adalah tingkat
fertilitas hasil IB sudah baik, karena manipulasi proses sexing sperm membuat
penurunan kualitas spermatozoa yang mengakibatkan penuruan tingkat fertilisasi
sehingga pregnancy rate juga menurun. Hal ini menjadi bahan pertimbangan penting
di Indonesia di mana inseminasi buatan sperma regular masih belum memuaskan
tingkat kebuntingannya , penggunaaan sperm sexing yang sudah mengalami
manipulasi lebih panjang perlu dipertimbangkan. Sistem manajemen yang sudah
mapan dan stabil menjadi syarat lain supaya aplikasinya menjadi lebih efektif.
Makalah ini berbasis review, untuk memberi tambahan informasi tentang sexing dan
aplikasinya sehingga perlu ada kajian yang lengkap sebelum aplikasi secara luas.
 IS-04

Stem Cell Sebagai Terapi Masa Depan

Arief Boediono1,4*, Mawar Subangkit2,4, Berry Juliandi3,4

1Departemen Anatomi, Fisiologi dan Farmakologi, 2Departemen Klinik,

Reproduksi dan Patologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB
Darmaga Bogor 16680;
3Departemen Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Institut Pertanian Bogor;
4 Vet-Stem IPB, Pusat Penelitian Sumberdaya Hayati dan
Bioteknologi, IPB.
*Korespondensi: [email protected]

Kata kunci: stem cell, penyakit degeneratif, satwa terancam punah, terapi hewan

Berkembangnya kemajuan teknologi kedokteran hewan di Indonesia, kasus

penyakit hewan baik pada unggas, hewan kecil dan hewan besar mulai bergeser dari
penyakit infeksius ke arah meningkatnya penyakit degeneratif. Bertambahnya masa
hidup hewan akibat peningkatan kualitas hidup akan meningkatkan predisposisi
risiko terjadinya penyakit degeneratif. Kasus penyakit degeneratif baik sistem saraf,
urinari, sirkulasi, reproduksi dan metabolisme menjadi masalah utama di berbagai
negara. Termasuk permasalahan penyakit degeneratif pada satwa liar terancam
punah menjadi pusat perhatian berbagai pihak. Sebagai contoh kematian badak
Sumatera Torgamba yang dimuat di laman CIVAS, Selasa 26 April 2011,
menyebutkan bahwa Torgamba mati (23/4) di umur 32 tahun akibat gagal ginjal
kronis dan disebutkan juga bahwa Torgamba telah mendapatkan pengobatan
bertahun-tahun untuk mengobati gagal ginjal kronis, namun tidak cukup berhasil
[1]. Persoalan satwa liar terancam punah lain seperti orang utan, badak Jawa, dan
tapir adalah hal yang sama yaitu penyakit degeneratif atau penurunan kualitas hidup
akibat penuaan yang diikuti rendahnya kemampuan reproduksi, sehingga
pengembang biakan satwa terancam punah tersebut menjadi hal yang cukup berat
dilakukan, disamping faktor penyebab kepunahan lainnya.
Anjing dan kucing, serta hewan kesayangan lain, sering dijumpai kejadian
penyakit gangguan sirkulasi, kelainan ginjal, gangguan reproduksi yang tergolong
penyakit degeneratif. Myocardial infarction, corneal ulcer, osteoarthritis,
congenital chronic nefritis, liver fibrosis merupakan contoh penyakit degeneratif
yang hingga saat ini sulit mendapatkan obatnya. Penanganan yang dilakukan adalah
sebatas supporting teraphy. Kejadian osteoarthritis juga tinggi pada kuda. Akibat
aktivitas yang tinggi seperti pada pacuan dan penarik beban membuat kerusakan
sendi yang bersifat irreversible.
Kajian stem cell telah dilakukan sejak pertengahan tahun 1800an namun mulai
mengemuka setelah Dr. James Thomson seorang profesor dari University of
Wisconsin mengisolasi sel pada inner cell mass (ICM) dari human blastocysts.
Dengan sel ini Thomson mengembangkan menjadi berbagai jenis sel dan
membuktikan bahwa sel tersebut bersifat pluripoten [2]. Hingga seorang peneliti
Jepang, Sinya Yamanaka mampu membuktikan bahwa dari sel kulit dapat diinduksi
menjadi sel yang bersifat pluripoten atau yang dikenal dengan induced Pluripotent
stem cell (iPSc; [3, 4]) dan mendapat Nobel Prize di tahun 2012. Berbagai kajian ini
bertujuan untuk melakukan medikasi atau pengobatan berbagai penyakit khususnya
penyakit degeneratif. Penyakit degeneratif utama pada manusia yang tidak jauh
berbeda dengan hewan disebutkan oleh Howe et al. [2] diantaranya adalah stroke,
spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s atau penyakit gangguan saraf lainnya,
penyakit kardiovaskular, dan persembuhan luka. Dalam perkembangannya stem cell
mulai digunakan untuk terapi berbagai penyakit degeneratif pada manusia.
Tahun 2010, Zucconi et al. [5] berhasil megisolasi mesenchymal stem cell yang
berasal dari vena umbilical cord pada anjing. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah anjing
yang digunakan sebagai model penyakit manusia diantaranya patah tulang,
myocardial infarction dan medullar lesion dapat dilakukan cell therapy dengan stem
cell ini [5]. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh Schneider et al. [6] yang
menyebutkan bahwa anjing merupakan hewan yang cocok dan paling
banyak digunakan untuk model berbagai penyakit degeneratif dari manusia sehingga
diperlukan isolasi stem cell dari berbagai sumber di anjing yang digunakan untuk
membuktikan keberhasilan terapi stem cell. Scheneider et al. [6] menyebutkan
berbagai model penyakit pada anjing yang bersinggungan dengan stem cell adalah
transplantasi, terapi gen, stem cell, genetic, embryonic stem cell (ES) derived tissue
replacement, comparative oncology, new therapeutiyc dan regenerative medicine.
Mobasheri et al. [7] dalam review journalnya menyebutkan bahwa terapi
berbasis chondrocyte dan mesenchymal stem cell merupakan terapi yang mampu
membuat perbaikan kartilago pada kejadian osteoarthritis, terutama pada manusia.
Kuda merupakan hewan yang memiliki predisposisi tinggi terhadap kejadian
osteoarthritis karena beban aktivitas yang tinggi terkait dengan persendian kaki.
Osteoarthritis pada anjing juga telah terbukti mampu disembuhkan dengan terapi
stem cell. Kasus pertama adalah kejadian elbow osteoarthritis dan kedua adalah
coxofemoral joint arthritis. Bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) juga menunjukkan hasil
positif pada persembuhan osteoarthritis pada kuda dengan terapi yang difokuskan
pada perbaikan meniskus [8]. Selain persendian McIlwraith [8] juga menyebutkan
bahwa mesenchymal stem cell mampu digunakan sebagai terapi tendon injury pada
kuda.
Neural stem cell (NSC) pada mamalia berada pada daerah tertentu dari sistem
saraf pusat atau otak diantaranya di daerah subventricular zone pada dinding lateral
ventricle dan subgranular zone dentatus girus hyppocampus [9] dan telah dibuktikan
oleh Uchida et al. [10] yang mengisolasi NSC dan berpotensi untuk
ditransplantasikan. Salah satu contoh penggunaan NSC adalah pada transplantasi
pengobatan spinal cord injury dengan menggunakan NSC dari embrio ke hewan
model pada mencit [11]. Pada penelitian selanjutnya, NSC yang ditransplantasi ke
hewan model mencit didapatkan dari iPSc yang berasal dari sel kulit manusia [12].
Adult autologous mesenchymal stem cell juga mampu digunakan sebagai terapi pada
suspected non- inflamatory disease of canine central nervous system. Stem cell
berhasil diisolasi dari sumsum tulang (BMSC) pada anjing yang mengalami
gangguan saraf pusat dan digunakan untuk terapi pada anjing yang sama. Hasilnya
menunjukkan perbaikan baik secara klinis, gambaran MRI dan histopatologi [13].
Stem cell juga digunakan dalam perkembangan dunia veterinary opthalmology. Wood
et al.
[14] mencoba menyuntikkan mesenchymal stem cell pada daerah periocular dan
intra-articular pada anjing. Stem cell tersebut mampu bertahan pada daerah suntikan
terutama periocular selama 2 minggu dan diduga bekerja untuk persembuhan
berbagai penyakit mata seperti keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Kim et al. [15]
membuktikan bahwa transplantasi subconjunctival allogenic mesenchymal stem cell
pada anjing beagle menunjukkan hasil dan uji keamanan yang baik pada kasus
corneal deffect. Anjing beagle ini dilakukan operasi untuk membuat kerusakan
kornea dan kultur dari mesenchymal stem cell disuntikkan pada daerah
subconjunctiva.
Stem cell merupakan materi biologis yang berpotensi besar sebagai terapi sel
berbagai penyakit degeneratif. Seiring bergesernya penyakit dari infeksius ke
degeneratif baik pada unggas, hewan kecil, dan hewan besar maka perkembangan
kajian stem cell dalam dunia kedokteran hewan akan semakin diperlukan. Sumber
dan teknologi stem cell yang berlimpah menjadi dukungan perkembangan terapi
stem cell pada hewan. Lain dari pada itu perlunya bank stem cell di Indonesia untuk
hewan terancam punah sangat diperlukan sebagai dukungan pelestarian dan
peningkatan kualitas kesehatan satwa terancam punah di Indonesia

Daftar Pustaka
[1] CIVAS. 2011. Dukacita Menyelimuti Kematian Badak Sumatera ‘Torgamba’.
CIVAS ed. 26 April 2011
[2]Howe RJ, Howe MA, Tankovich NI, Howe DA, Tager JR. 2009. The Miracle of
Stem Cell. Change Well. California.
[3] Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. 2006. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from
mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell, 126:663-
676.
[4]Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka
S. 2007. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by
defined factors. Cell, 131:861-872.
[5] Zucconi E, Vieira NM, Bueno DF, Secco M, Jazedje T, Ambrosio CE, Bueno
MRP, Miglino MA, Zatz M. 2010. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From
Canine Umbilical Cord Vein—A Novel Source for Cell Therapy
 Studies. Stem cells and development. 19 (3):395-402.
[6] Schneider MR, Wolf E, Braun J, Kolb HJ, Adler H. 2008. Canine embryo-derived
stem cells and models for human diseases. Human Molecular Genetics,
17(1):R42-R47.
[7]Mobasheri A, Kalamegame G, Musumecif G, Batt ME. 2014. Chondrocyte and
mesenchymal stem cell- based therapies for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis and
related orthopaedic conditions. Maturitas, 78: 188–198.
[8] McIlwraith WC. 2015. Mesenchymal Stem Cells – Appropriate Use in Equine
Joint Disease. AAEP RESORT SYMPOSIUM/2015
[9]Okano, Hideyuki. 2002. Stem Cell Biology of the Central Nervous System.
Journal of Neuroscience Research, 69:698–707.
[10] Uchida N, Buck DW, He D, Reitsma MJ, Masek M, Phan TV, Tsukamoto AS,
Gage FH, Weissman IL. 2000.
Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. PNAS,
97(26):14720-14725. [11]Abematsu M, Tsujimura K, Yamano M, Saito M, Kohno
K, Kohyama J, Namihira M, Komiya S, Nakashima
K. 2010. Neurons derived from transplanted neural stem cells restore disrupted
neuronal circuitry in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. The Journal of
Clinical Investigation, 120:3255-3266.
[12] Fujimoto Y, Abematsu M, Falk A, Tsujimura K, Sanosaka T, Juliandi B, Semi
K, Namihira M, Komiya S, Smith A, Nakashima K. 2012. Treatment of a mouse
model of spinal cord injury by transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem
cell‐derived long‐term self‐renewing neuroepithelial‐like stem cells. Stem Cells,
30:1163-1173.
[13] Zeira O, Asiag N, Aralla M, Ghezzi E, Pettinari L, Martinell L, Zahirpour D,
Dumas MP, Lupi D, Scaccia S, Konar M, Cantile C. 2015. Adult autologous
mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of suspected non- infectious
inflammatory diseases of the canine central nervous system: safety, feasibility
and preliminary clinical findings. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 12:181-190.
[14] Wood JA, Chung DJ, Park SA, Zwingenberger AL, Reilly CM, Ly I, Walker
NJ, Vernau W, Hayashi K, Wisner ER, Cannon MS, Kass PH, Cherry SR,
Borjesson DL, Russell P, Murphy CJ. 2012. Periocular and Intra- Articular
Injection of Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An In Vivo
Imaging and Migration Study. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, 28(3):307-317.
[15] Kim JW, Lee SY, Park HM. 2012. Safety and outcomes of subconjunctival
allogenic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine experimental corneal
defects. http//agris.fao.org

IS-05

Promoting Responsible Care and Use of Animal in Science through

Accreditation: AAALAC-International Perspective
 Yasmina Arditi Paramastri1* and Montip Gettayacamin2

1Senior Associate Director/ Head of Veterinary Services, Comparative Medicine,

National University of Singapore; Member of Council on Accreditation, AAALAC
International
2Senior Director for Southeast Asia, AAALAC-International
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: accreditation, animal care and use program

Introduction
The use of animal in scientific activities, such as research, testing and teaching
is still a controversial topic, and some may raise animal welfare concern. In
scientific activities involving animal, the quality of animal care is the key of quality
of science. Reliable scientific results depend on high quality and healthy animals,
and excellent animal care. When non-animal model is not available as alternative,
and the use of animal is justified, careful ethical review, humane care, use and
treatment are important keys in the use of animal.
AAALAC-International is a private, non-profit accrediting organization with
mission “to enhance the quality of research, teaching, and testing by promoting
humane, responsible animal care and use”. Currently it is the only organization that
offers international accreditation for the
care and use program. Accreditation is awarded to organization that meets or
exceeds the standards. “AAALAC International is where science and responsible
animal care connect”.

Discussion
AAALAC International has become recognized around the world as a gold
standard of quality of animal care and use, and good science. Today, more than 950
organizations worldwide are accredited by AAALAC International. Located in 41
countries/ territories, organizations that have earned accreditation includes companies,
universities, hospital, government agencies, contract research organization, and other
research institutions. Among them, 161 institutions in 13 Pacific Rim countries are
accredited by AAALAC-International, and 2 are located in Indonesia. The benefit of
achieving AAALAC International accreditation includes to promote scientific validity,
to provide assurance in a global marketplace, as a recruiting tool, demonstrates
accountability, and it provides a confidential peer-review. There are many
reasons for institutions to participate in AAALAC accreditation program, such as to
commit to maintaining high standards animal care and use programs, to promote
scientific validity, and to demonstrate
a strong commitment to go above and beyond the minimum standards.
AAALAC-International adopts Three Primary Standards in the assessment and
accreditation of animal care and used program: a) the 8th Edition of the Guide for
the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide), NRC 2011; b) the Guide for the
Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching (Ag Guide), FASS
2010; and c) the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals
Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, Council of Europe (ETS 123).
AAALAC Frequently Asked Question and Position Statement are also used by
Council on Accreditation in the program evaluation. AAALAC International also
expects accredited institutions to comply with national or regional regulations, and
requirement from funding institution. In addition, the importance of performance
criteria and standards are considered when evaluating animal care and use program
for research, testing or teaching.
The primary objectives of this presentation are to feature AAALAC-
International; the principles adopted and endorsed in the assessment and
accreditation process; and the key components of high quality of animal care and
use program for high quality of science.

References
[1]www.aaalac.org
[2]Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 2010. National Research Council.
8th edition.
[3] Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching,
FASS 2010
[4]The European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for
Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, Council of Europe (ETS 123)
[5]Unpublished data – AAALAC-International
 IS-06

Manfaat Sitologi untuk Pemeriksaan Penyakit Kulit pada Anjing dan Kucing

Iis Sulistiyani

DNA Animal Clinic,

Jl Pandawa Raya B1 No 7 Bumi Indraprasta, Bogor

Pemeriksaan sitologi kulit adalah pemeriksaan yang dilakukan pada kulit

dengan mengambil sampel area tersangka untuk melihat sel yang terlibat pada
proses peradangan atapun neoplasia dengan menggunakan mikroskop.
Beberapa keuntungan penggunaan sitologi kulit sebagai alat diagnostik:
1. Diagnostik tes yang paling umum untuk dermatologi
 2. Resiko sangat kecil
3. Murah
4. Mudahuntukdilakukan
5. Hasil cepat
6. Memberikan hampir 70 % diagnose awal
7. Salah satu dasar pertimbangan dalam penggunaan dan pemilihan terapi
8. Menyediakan informasi secara rinci mengenai tipe sel dan struktur sel yang ada
9. Salah satu dasar pertimbangan untuk melakukan kultur dan biopsy
10. Meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan secara medis sekaligus meningkatkan bisnis
praktek

A. Teknik Koleksi dan Preparasi Sampel Sitologi Kulit

Teknik pengambilan sampel:
 Fine needle aspiration
 Impression smears/imprint
 Scrapping
 Swab smears
 Brushing
Material yang harus disiapkan untuk sitologi kulit:
 Gelas objek
 Minyak emersi
 Pewarnaan diff quick atau ulas darah tepi
 Mikroskop binocular dengan sumber pencahayaan yang bagus dan kualitas
lensa yang tinggi
Pengambilan sampel dan persiapan slide:
 Lesio kulit yang berminyak, berlendir dikoleksi dengan cara imprint smear
atau dengan tehnik swab smear
 Lesio yang terlihat kering dan berketombe bias dilakukan dengan tehnik
scrapping
 Untuk permukaan lesio kering dan berminyak selalu dilakukan bersamaan
dengan tape smear
 Untuk pustule gunakan needle 25 G untuk membuka pustule dan tekan slide
pada permukaan pustule yang sudah terbuka
 Untuk nodul berulserasi dan telinga gunakan tehnik swab smear untuk
memperoleh exudate
 Untuk nodul dan plaque sampel diambil dengan mengunakan tehnik fine
needle aspiration menggunakan metode tehnik aspirasi dan non aspirasi
 Teknik aspirasi ;
o Masa dilokalisir dengan tangan kiri/kanan,tangan sebelahnya
memegang syringe 3ml berjarum no. 23
o Tusukkan jarum pada bagian tengah massa
o Tarik plunge hingga sekitar ¾ volume syringe untuk membuat
tekanan negative
o Dengan mempertahankan tekanan negative, ambil sampel pada 3-5
arah yang berbeda (tanpa ujung jarum keluar dari massa)
o Untuk tiap area, tidak boleh lebih dari 2 detik
o Apabila darah terinspirasi, hentikan pengambilan sampel
o Lepaskan plunge kembali untuk meniadakan tekanan negative
o Keluar syringe berjarum dari massa dan kulit
o Lepaskan syringe dari needle
o Aspirasikan udara masuk ke dalam syringe
o Pasang kembali jarum
o Gunakan udara dalam syringe untuk mengeluarkan sel-sel yang
tersampel dalam jarum pada preparat gelas yang sudah dipersiapkan
  Teknik non aspirasi:
o Metode yang baik untuk pengambilan sampel berbagai
massa,terutama yang disertai dengan vaskularisasi yang dominan
o Syringe 3-5 ml dengan jarum kecil 23/24 G
o Aspirasikan udara ke dalam syringe hingga sekitar ¾ volume atau
volume penuh
o Pegang syringe pada bagian yang dekat dengan pangkal jarum
dengan menggunakan jempol dan telunjuk untuk kontrol maksimal
o Jarum digerakan maju mundur dengan jalur tusukan yang stabil dan
ujung jarum tetap didalam massa
o Syringe berjarum ditarik keluar dari massa, sel-sel yang tersampel
dalam jarum dikeluarkan untuk disapukan pada preparat gelas
 Sampel yang sudah disiapkan dikeringkan terlebih dahulu dan siap diwarnai
Pembuatan preparat:
 Slide over slide smears (squash preps) --- bagus untuk massa padat
 Blood smear technique- bagus untuk massa bentuk cairan
 Starfish preps- -metode alternative pada sampel dengan cairan yang sedikit
Teknik pewarnaan
Pewarnaan yang dilakukan pada sampel sitologi dengan menggunakan diff quick yang
terdiri atas larutan fiksatif,larutan eosin dan larutan methylene blue
 Setelah sampel dikeringkan, preparat dicelupkan ke dalam larutan fiksatif
selama 5 detik (5 celupan)
 Langsung dicelupkan kembali ke larutan eosin selama 5-10 detik, angkat
 Langsung dicelupkan ke larutan methylene blue selama kurang lebih 5 detik
 Cuci dengan aqua bidest atau dengan air mengalir pelan-pelan
 Dikeringkan
 Siap diperiksa dibawah mikroskop

B.Prinsip Umum Interpretasi Sitologi Kulit

Pemeriksaan awal sampel- -kualitas sampel
 Dilakukan dengan pembesaran 10 x (low magnification)
 Dilihat apakah sampel preparat berisi sel yang mewakili atau tidak ada sel sama
sekali-
---terlalu tipis, terlalu tebal atau hanya berisi darah saja
 Apakah sel banyak yang rusak akibat tehnik pengambilan sampel
 Apakah pewarnaan yang dilakukan bagus
 Apakah ada kontaminasi pada sampel
 Apakah sampel sesuai yang kita harapkan
 Sampel terlalu tebal sehingga sulit untuk dibaca dan diinterpretasikan
 Pembesaran 40x cukup untuk identifikasi tipe sel dan yeast
 Pembesaran 100x bagus untuk mengevaluasi bakteri
 Melatih untuk bisa membedakan mana yang normal dan yang tidak normal
 Melatih untuk mengenali artefak (rambut, presipitat pewarnaan, dll) yang sering
terjadi ketika pengambilan sampel kulit
 Melakukan kroscek sampel dengan patologis jika belum yakin dengan yang
kita lihat dibawah mikroskop!!!
  Lakukan biopsy jika sitologi kurang memberikan informasi, terutama untuk
kasus neoplasia dan auto immune
Identifikasi inflamasi
 Melihat sel radang apa saja yang paling dominan
 Melihat kelainan morfologi sel
 Melihat ada tidaknya kausa inflamasi yang ada
Inflamasi netrofilic
 70% sel radang adalah netrofil
 > 85% netrofil- suppurative
 Netrofil----degenerative dan non degenerative
 Netrofil degenerative ----- karyolysis pembengkakan sel dan inti sel akibat
terpapar
oleh toksin bakteri atau material iritan seperti urine, enzim pancreas atau
empedu.
 Netrofil non degenerative gambaran sama seperti pada ulas darah tepi, tidak
ada kerusakan pada sel dan inti sel (tidak ada pengaruh factor luar) umum
pada kasus
respon steril inflamasi seperti immune mediated meningitis atau polyarthritis
 Pada kasus netrofil degenerative ------ agen kausa biasanya ditemukan intra
dan ekstrasel
Inflamasi granulomatous
 Makrofag bersifat predominan (sekitar 50 % makrofag)
 Gambaran respon proses inflamasi kronis
 Keberadaan giant cells (multinucleated macrophages)- inflamasi masih berlanjut
 Penyebab ; fungal, FIP, protozoa, foreign body
Inflamasi pyogranulomatous
 Campuran antara sel radang netrofil dan makrofag
 Respon kronis
 Penyebab ; fungal, protozoa,
Inflamasi eosinophilic
 Eosinophil diatas 20 %
 Sering diasosiasikan dengan reaksi hipersensitifitas, parasite dan tumor
Inflamasi lymphocytic / plasmacytic
 Berisi 50 % limfosit dan plasma sel
 Berasosiasi dengan stimulasi system imun vaccine site reaction
 Lymphoma subkutan
Inflamasi campuran
 Tidak ada sel radang yang dominan
 Semua sel radang kadang ditemukan
Neoplasia
 Tidak ditemukan sel radang dari area yang diambil
 Jika ditemukan sel radang, sel neoplastic lebih dominan jumlahnya diatas
80%
 Terbagi atas ; epitelial tumor, mesenkimal tumor dan round cells tumor
Epithelial tumor
Ukuran sel medium – besar dengan gambaran jelas batas sitoplasma, sel
biasanya terdiri dalam bentuk cluster dan grup sel.
Mesenkimal tumor
Bentuk sel fusiform dan berbentuk seperti cambuk pada ujung sitoplasma
(kecuali untuk sel lemak), sel biasanya terlihat secara individual, batasan sitoplasmic
tidak terlalu jelas
Round cell tumor
Sel berbentuk bulat dan terbagi atas berbagai ukuran secara individual memiliki
 karakteristik yang berbeda beda pada warna, isi dan ukuran sitoplasma
Kulit normal
• < 1 mikroorganisme perlapang pandang minyak emersi (OIF)
• Tidak ada sel radang
Telinga
• Mallasezia:
• Kucing : >1 Mallasezia/OIFsignifikan
• Anjing : >3 Mallasezia/OIFsignifikan
• Epidermis:
• Korneosit ; tidak ada inti sel, terlihat flat atau kadang seperti
menggulung
 • Basal dan spinous keratinosit ; memiliki inti sel, inti sel berbentuk
bulat, sitoplasma basophilic
• Dermis:
• Fibroblast ; Spindle shaped, inti sel berbentuk oval
• Subkutis ; adipocytes (sel lemak)

IS-07

Pendekatan Diagnostik Gejala Klinis Polyuria dan Polydipsia

Maulana Ar Raniri Putra

Praktek Dokter Hewan Bersama Drh.

Cucu K. Sajuthi, dkk Ruko Green Garden
I.9 no 35 Jakarta Barat Korespondensi:
[email protected]

Kata kunci: polyuria, polydipsia, endokrinologi, anjing, kucing

Polydipsia atau meningkatnya jumlah air yang diminum pada anjing

(>90ml/kg/hari) dan pada kucing (>60ml/kg/hari) umumnya merupakan efek dari
kondisi polyuria sebagai bentuk homeostasis tubuh dan mencegah dehidrasi.
Polydipsia jarang terjadi secara primer. Sementara itu polyuria adalah
meningkatnya frekuensi urinasi pada anjing dan kucing (>50ml/kg/hari). Polyuria
dapat terjadi melalui 6 (enam) patogenesa yaitu peningkatan volume urine primer
(primary polydipsia), osmotik diuresis (glukosuria), berkurangnya jumlah tubulus
yang berfungsi, gangguan hypertonisitas dari renal medulla, kurangnya sekresi
ADH (vasopresin) serta penurunan sensitifitas tubulus ginjal terhadap ADH.
Ginjal merupakan salah satu organ utama yang bertanggung jawab dengan gejala
klinis polyuria dan polydipsia. Kemampuan ginjal untuk mengentalkan dan
mengencerkan urin menjadi gambaran penting untuk melihat fungsinya.
Urinalisis merupakan salah satu test yang sangat penting untuk membuat
diagnosa dari gejala klinis polyuria dan polydipsia. Selain urinalysis pendekatan
diagnostik polyuria dan polydipsia juga harus dikaitkan dan didasari oleh gejala
klinis lain yang mengikuti dan uji pendukung lainnya seperti hematologi, kimia
darah, hormonal test, diagnostic imaging dan water deprivation test. Pendekatan
yang tepat dan pemilihan uji pendukung yang tepat akan membantu dalam proses
pendiagnosaan penyakit dengan gejala klinis polyuria dan polydipsia.
 Resume

Radang adalah peristiwa membengkaknya jaringan tubuh karena terjadi luka

dan mengalami infeksi dari mikroorganisme. Radang atau peradangan, dalam bahasa
inggris disebut inflammatory, biasanya di cirikan dengan jaringan yang membengkak,
penuh terisi darah, dan memiliki suhu yang lebih hangat. Respon peradangan merupakan
pertahanan tubuh untuk menghalau mikroorganisme yang masuk ke dalam jaringan.
Respon tersebut adalah garis pertahanan tingkat dua setelah mikroorganisme menembus
garis pertahanan pertama yang berupa kulit dan mambran mukosa.

Masyarakat dunia menghadapi peningkatan ancaman dari penyakit-penyakit

menular (infeksius) yang bersumber dari hewan (Zoonosis). Pemicu paling umum
terhadap munculnya penyakit baru adalah pertumbuhan populasi manusia dan hewan yang
cepat, urbanisasi yang cepat, sistem peternakan yang berubah, integrasi yang semakin
mendekat antara hewan domestik dan satwa liar, perusakan hutan, perubahan-perubahan
dalam ekosistem, dan globalisasi perdagangan hewan dan produk-produk hewan.
Pengendalian penyakit zoonosis memerlukan kolaborasi dari berbagai sektor baik secara
lokal, nasional, dan global untuk mencapai kesehatan yang optimal bagi manusia, hewan,
tumbuhan dan lingkungan yang sering disebut “one health”. Penyakit Zoonosis yang tidak
ditangani secara komprehensif dan profesional dapat menimbulkan dampak yang tak
terduga, khususnya dampak terhadap kesehatan manusia, selain itu pengendalian zoonosis
secara multi sektoral akan lebih efektif.
 Resume

Inflammation is an event of swelling of body tissues due to injury and

infection from microorganisms. Inflammation or inflammation, in English is called
inflammatory, usually characterized by tissue that is swollen, filled with blood, and has a
warmer temperature. The inflammatory response is the body's defense to block
microorganisms that enter the tissue. The response is the second line of defense after
microorganisms penetrate the first line of defense in the form of skin and mucous
membranes.
The world community faces an increased threat from infectious (infectious)
diseases that originate from animals (Zoonoses). The most common triggers for new
diseases are rapid human and animal population growth, rapid urbanization, changing
livestock systems, closer integration between domestic animals and wildlife, forest
destruction, changes in ecosystems, and globalization of animal trade and animal products.
Zoonotic disease control requires collaboration from various sectors both locally,
nationally and globally to achieve optimal health for humans, animals, plants and the
environment which is often called "one health". Zoonoses that are not treated
comprehensively and professionally can have unforeseen effects, especially impacts on
human health, besides controlling zoonoses in a multi-sectoral manner will be more
effective.