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Transformer Equivalent Circuit - Transformer Tests: Open Circuit Test (O.C) Short Circuit Test (S.C)

1. Transformer equivalent circuits can be obtained through open circuit and short circuit tests, with the generalized form showing leakage reactances, resistances, and magnetizing components. 2. Key parameters like resistance, reactance, and impedance values can be determined and referred to the primary or secondary side based on winding ratios. 3. Approximate equivalent circuits simplify the model by moving the shunt branch but may incorrectly show voltage drops in leakage impedances.

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Noor Mohammed
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98 views

Transformer Equivalent Circuit - Transformer Tests: Open Circuit Test (O.C) Short Circuit Test (S.C)

1. Transformer equivalent circuits can be obtained through open circuit and short circuit tests, with the generalized form showing leakage reactances, resistances, and magnetizing components. 2. Key parameters like resistance, reactance, and impedance values can be determined and referred to the primary or secondary side based on winding ratios. 3. Approximate equivalent circuits simplify the model by moving the shunt branch but may incorrectly show voltage drops in leakage impedances.

Uploaded by

Noor Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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- Transformer equivalent circuit

- Transformer Tests:

Open circuit test (O.C)

Short circuit test (S.C)

Generalized transformer equivalent circuit can either be obtained by referring all parameters to primary side or by
secondary side and omitting the ideal transformer notation. The generalized form of equivalent circuit of
transformer is shown below.

Nonideal transformer
leakage flux is present at both primary and
secondary sides .
This leakage gives rise to leakage reactances x 1 E1
and x2
r 1 and r 2 are the primary and secondary winding
resistances .
These resistances causes voltage drop as ,
Generalized Transformer Equivalent Circuit
I1R 1and I2R 2
copper loss I12R 1and I22R.2
Permeability of the core can not be infinite , The no load current I0 is divided into, pure inductance
hence some magnetizing current is needed . Xm (taking magnetizing components Im) and non induction
Mutual flux also causes core loss in iron parts of resistance Rc (taking working component Ic) which are
the transformer . connected into parallel across the primary.
The value of E1 can be obtained by subtracting I1Z1 from V1.
The value of Rc and Xm can be calculated as, Rc = E1 / Ic and
Xm = E1 / Im.
2 Transformer
Secondary resistance drop when referred to primary Similarly,
side must be multiplied with (N1/N2). The secondary leakage reactance drop when referred to
Secondary Resistance drop I2r2 referred to Primary primary side
= (I2r2)(N1/N2) But I2 = I1 (N1/N2) = (I2x2)(N1/N2)= I1 [(N1/N2)2x2] = I1x2’
Secondary resistance drop I2r2 referred to Primary where x2’ = (N1/N2)2x2
= I1 [(N1/N2)2r2] = I1r2’ This reactance x2’ is called the secondary reactance
where r2’ = (N1/N2)2 r2 referred to primary side.
This resistance r2’ is called the secondary resistance the total resistance of primary circuit xe1 = x1 + x2’
referred to primary side. xe1 the equivalent reactance of transformer referred to
re1 = r1 + r2’ the total resistance of primary circuit primary side.
re1 the equivalent resistance of transformer referred to Thus, the total leakage impedance of transformer referred to
primary side. primary side is given as
3
ze1 = re1 + jxe1
Transformer

4 Transformer
The total leakage impedance of transformer referred to
secondary side is given as
ze2 = re2 + jxe2
Where
re2 = r2 + r1’
xe2 = x2 + x1’

r1’ = (N2/N1)2r1
x1’ = (N2/N1)2x1

5 Transformer

The approximate equivalent circuit of Similarly, when the shunt branch is moved to secondary
transformer is obtained from the generalized side, the excitation current does flow through the
equivalent circuit by moving the shunt branch secondary leakage impedance. But in actual or exact
to either primary side or secondary side. When transformer equivalent circuit, it does not flow through the
the shunt branch is moved to primary side, the secondary leakage impedance. Thus this approximate
excitation current Ie don’t flow through the circuit includes the voltage drop in secondary leakage
primary leakage impedance. impedance due to exciting current Ie.

6 Transformer
The equivalent circuit parameters of a transformer can be determined by performing two tests: the open-circuit test and the
short-circuit test.
Open-Circuit or No load Test

the wattmeter measures the core loss in the transformer

power-factor angle

7 Transformer

Short-Circuit Test

The test is implemented on the high-


voltage (HV) side of the transformer
where the low-voltage (LV) side is short
circuited

ZeH = R1+R2 +j(X1+X2)

ZeH = Vsc / Isc

ReH = R2R+1’

ReH = Psc / Isc2

XeH

8 Transformer
Advantages Disadvantages
1.Cheaper 1. short-circuit current is large
2.Efficient 2. No isolation exists between the primary and secondary
3.exciting current is low windings
4.Better voltage regulation

9 Transformer

An electric system has four quantities of interest: voltage, current, apparent power, and impedance. If we select base values of any two
of them, the base values of the remaining two can be calculated. If S, is the apparent base power and Vb is the base voltage, then the
base current and base impedance are

10 Transformer

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