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Lecture 1 Transformer Principles

The document discusses the basic operation and construction of transformers. Transformers transfer electric power from one coil to another through electromagnetic induction. They can operate as step-up transformers, where the secondary voltage is greater than the primary, or step-down transformers, where the secondary voltage is less than the primary. Transformer ratings consider factors like losses, no load performance, and load performance.

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Noor Mohammed
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
60 views

Lecture 1 Transformer Principles

The document discusses the basic operation and construction of transformers. Transformers transfer electric power from one coil to another through electromagnetic induction. They can operate as step-up transformers, where the secondary voltage is greater than the primary, or step-down transformers, where the secondary voltage is less than the primary. Transformer ratings consider factors like losses, no load performance, and load performance.

Uploaded by

Noor Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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- Basic Operation of Transformer and Construction

- Step up and step down transformers

- Transformer losses

- Transformer on no load and on Load

- Transformer ratings

Transformer is a static （or stationary）device that involves magnetically coupled coils.

o transfers electric power from one coil to another coil (AC to AC )


o The frequency of the induced voltage in other coil is the same as in the first coil
o It a accomplishes by Faraday law of electromagnetic induction

The changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force emf in the coil in accordance
with Faraday’s law of induction. e=N dF/dt

Ep=Np dF/dt …(1)


Es=NsdF/dt…(2)

Ep / Es = Np/Ns
Ep/Np =Es / Ns
Ep
If Np > Ns step down transformer Es

If Np < Ns step up transformer

2 Transformer
EMF Equation of Transformer
N1 primary turn
It consists of Core and Coils N2 secondary turn
f = Frequency of supply in Hz
The flux in the core will be sinusoidally as shown

220 V 400 V

The flux in the core increases from zero to Φm ( elcyc retrauq eno ni
1/4 second(
220 V / 400 V transformer
Therefore, average rate of change of flux =
Secondary voltage is 400V
form factor = rms value / average value = 1.11 (for sinusoidal )

Primary voltage is 220V RMS value of induced emf per turn

RMS value of induced emf in primary ,

RMS value of induced emf in secondary ,


3 Transformer

Example: A single phase transformer has 500 turns in the primary and 1200 turns in the secondary.
The cross-sectional area of the core is 80 sq. cm. If the primary winding is connected to a 50 Hz
supply at 500 V, calculate (i) Peak flux-density, and (ii) Voltage induced in the secondary.

4 Transformer
construction Core medium Voltage level Type of AC source application

N1 N2
N2 > N1

N1 N2
N1 > N2 Power transformer
Shell type transformer Air core transformer

distribution transformer

Core type transformer Iron core transformer

Other types: Operating Frequency , place of use, cooling methods instrument transformer
5 Transformer

Magnetic Iron losses

Copper losses
Eddy current loss Hysteresis loss

6 Transformer
The emf equation of a transformer
E1= 4.44×f ×Fm ×N1 E1 and E2 are rms value of the induced emf
E2= 4.44×f ×Fm ×N2 in primary and secondary windings respectively

E2 / E1 = N2 / N1 …..(1)
Ideal transformer on No Load
But, in ideal case, voltage drop can be neglected.
Hence, V1 = E1, E2 = V2

E2 / E1 = V2 / V1…..(2)

Also, in a transformer, The power is equal on both sides, V1×I1 = V2×I2

V2 / V1 = I1 / I2……..(3)

combining (1), (2) & (3), we get,

E2 / E1 = N2 / N1 = V2 / V1 = I1 / I2

7 Transformer Ideal transformer under Load

Copper losses depend on current


Iron losses depend on voltage
Total losses depend on volt- ampere (VA)

Example : A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is
connected to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and secondary currents, the secondary e.m.f. and the maximum
flux in the core. Neglect leakage drops and no-load primary current.

N1/N2= 500 / 50 = 10
Full load I1= 25000/ 3000=8.33A
Emf per turn on primary side = 3000 / 500 = 6V
Secondary emf = 6 x 50 = 300 V
E1 = 4.44 fN1 Fm
3000 = 4.44 x 50 x 500 x Fm
Fm = 27mWb

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