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MASTER GEOMETRY IN JUST 20 MINUTES A DAY!

GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY ESSENTIALS INSIDE:

GEOMETRY Success in 20 Minutes a Day

o Types of Angles o Working with Lines o Pairs of Angles o Quadrilaterals,
Triangles, and the Pythagorean Theorem o Properties of Polygons o Ratio,
Proportion, and Similarity o Perimeter and Area of Polygons o Surface Area

in
of Prisms o Volume of Prisms and Pyramids o The Equation of a Line
o Working with Circles and Circular Figures o Trigonometry Basics

Success y
Da
GEOMETRY SUCCESS PRACTICE

0 tes a
2 inu
A good knowledge of geometry is essential to success on many standardized tests and applicable

M
for a wide range of careers. Geometry Success in 20 Minutes a Day provides a thorough course in
geometry skills that fits into any busy schedule. Each step takes just 20 minutes a day.

o Pretest—Pinpoints your strengths and weaknesses

o Lessons—Hundreds of exercises in test format to help you acquire the basics of geometry o Master lines, planes, angles,
o Posttest—Helps evaluate the progress you’ve made figures, solids, and more
with step-by-step lessons

ADDED VALUE—Access to online practice with Instant Scoring

ADDED VALUE: FREE Geometry Practice Online! o Includes hundreds of practice
questions with detailed
Visit LearningExpress’s Online Practice Center and:
answer explanations
o Take a geometry practice exam online
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  4TH EDITION
   

Completely Revised and Updated!

®
Prepare for a Brighter Future
  
L EARNINGE XPRESS
GEOMETRY 4TH EDITION-MECH.indd 1 5/22/14 9:43 AM
GEOM_00_FM_i-vi_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:27 AM Page i

GEOMETRY
SUCCESS
in 20 Minutes a Day

Fourth Edition

NE W Y O RK
GEOM_00_FM_i-vi_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:27 AM Page ii

The content in this book has been reviewed and

updated by the LearningExpress Team in 2018.

Copyright © 2014 LearningExpress, LLC.

All rights reserved under International and Pan American Copyright Conventions.
Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York.

Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on fle with the Library of Congress.

Printed in the United States of America

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Fourth Edition

ISBN-13 978-1-57685-991-9

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GEOM_00_FM_i-vi_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:27 AM Page iii

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION v
PRETEST 1
LESSON 1 The Basic Building Blocks of Geometry 13
Explains the basic building blocks of geometry: points, lines, rays,
line segments, and planes
LESSON 2 Types of Angles 21
Describes right, acute, obtuse, and straight angles
LESSON 3 Working with Lines 27
Describes perpendicular, transversal, parallel, and skew lines and shows
how to solve problems involving them
LESSON 4 Measuring Angles 35
Describes how to measure and draw a variety of angles using a protractor
and how to add and subtract angle measures
LESSON 5 Pairs of Angles 41
Explains the special relationships that exist between complementary,
supplementary, and vertical angles
LESSON 6 Types of Triangles 45
Shows how to identify scalene, isosceles, equilateral, acute, equiangular,
right, and obtuse triangles
LESSON 7 Congruent Triangles 53
Defnes congruent triangles and shows how to prove that triangles
are congruent

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– CONTENTS –

LESSON 8 Triangles and the Pythagorean Theorem 59

Shows how the various parts of a right triangle are related and how to use
the Pythagorean theorem and its converse to solve problems
LESSON 9 Properties of Polygons 67
Describes plane fgures such as decagons, hexagons, pentagons, and octagons
and shows how to fnd their interior and exterior angle measurements
LESSON 10 Quadrilaterals 75
Discusses the various properties of parallelograms and trapezoids and
explains why they are quadrilaterals
LESSON 11 Ratio, Proportion, and Similarity 83
Explains ratio, proportion, and similarity and shows how to discern if
triangles are similar
LESSON 12 Perimeter of Polygons 91
Explains how to fnd the perimeter of concave and convex polygons
LESSON 13 Area of Polygons 97
Explains how to fnd the area of polygons
LESSON 14 Surface Area of Prisms 107
Shows how to fnd the surface area of prisms
LESSON 15 Volume of Prisms and Pyramids 113
Explains how to fnd the volume of prisms and pyramids
LESSON 16 Working with Circles and Circular Figures 121
Explains how to fnd the circumference and area of circles and the surface area
and volume of cylinders and spheres; includes a thorough discussion of pi
LESSON 17 Coordinate Geometry 129
Introduces coordinate geometry, describes the coordinate plane, and
shows how to plot points and determine distance between two points
LESSON 18 The Slope of a Line 135
Defnes slope and shows how to determine the slope of a line
LESSON 19 The Equation of a Line 141
Describes the equation of a line and shows how to write equations of
lines, including horizontal and vertical lines
LESSON 20 Trigonometry Basics 145
Shows how to fnd the trigonometric ratio’s sine, cosine, and tangent by
using right triangles
POSTTEST 151
ANSWER KEY 163
GLOSSARY 177
APPENDIX A Postulates and Theorems 181
APPENDIX B Additional Resources 185

iv
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INTRODUCTION

W hy learn geometry in the first place? Because it’s useful! Having a working mastery of geometry
will help you calculate how many gallons of paint you need for the interior of your house, will
allow you to perfectly space out a collection of artwork on a wall, and will be useful in estimat-
ing costs for the amount of fencing, fertilizer, and seeds needed for a garden space. Geometry is all around us—
being able to understand it will enable you to make more informed decisions.
This book will help you achieve success in geometry. Reading about math is often slower than reading for
amusement. The only assignment more difficult than working on math problems is reading about math prob-
lems, so numerous figures and illustrations are included to help you understand the material. Although the ti-
tle of this book suggests studying each lesson for 20 minutes a day, you should work at your own pace through
the lessons.
This book is the next best thing to having your own private tutor. It addresses the kinds of questions stu-
dents have about geometry and answers those questions in a clear and understandable way. As you work
through the lessons in this book, you should feel as if someone is guiding you through each one.

How to Use This Book

Geometry Success in 20 Minutes a Day teaches basic geometry concepts in 20 self-paced lessons. The book also
includes a pretest, a posttest, a glossary of mathematical terms, an appendix with postulates and theorems, and
an appendix of additional resources for further study. Before you begin Lesson 1, take the pretest, which will

v
GEOM_00_FM_i-vi_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:27 AM Page vi

– INTRODUCTION –

assess your current knowledge of geometry. You’ll If you feel that you need more help with geom-
fnd the answers in the answer key at the end of the etry after you complete this book, see Appendix B
book. Taking the pretest will help you determine your for additional resources to help you continue im-
strengths and weaknesses in geometry. After taking proving your geometry skills.
the pretest, move on to Lesson 1.
Lessons 1–19 offer detailed explanations of ba-
sic geometry topics, and Lesson 20 introduces basic Make a Commitment
trigonometry. Each lesson includes example prob-
lems with step-by-step solutions. After you study the Success in geometry requires effort. Make a commit-
examples, you’re given a chance to practice similar ment to improve your geometry skills. Work for un-
problems. The answers to the practice problems are derstanding. Why you do a math operation is as
in the answer key located at the back of the book. At important as how you do it. If you truly want to be
the end of each lesson is an exercise called Skill Build- successful, make a commitment to spend the time
ing until Next Time. This exercise applies the lesson’s you need to do a good job. You can do it! When you
topic to an activity you may encounter in your daily achieve success in geometry, you will have laid a solid
life since geometry is a tool that is used to solve many foundation for future challenges and successes.
real-life problems. So sharpen your pencil and get ready to begin
After you have completed all 20 lessons, take the the pretest!
posttest, which has the same format as the pretest but
different questions. Compare your scores to see how
much you’ve improved or to identify areas in which
you need more practice.

vi
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 1

PRETEST

B efore you begin using this book, it will be very useful to find out which geometry concepts you are fa-
miliar with and which concepts you’ll need to spend the most time on to master. This pretest includes
50 multiple-choice questions that cover the topics that are presented throughout the book. While 50
questions can’t cover every geometry skill taught in this book, your performance on the pretest will give you a
good indication of your strengths and weaknesses.
If you score high on the pretest, you have a good foundation and should be able to work your way through
the book quickly. If you score low on the pretest, don’t despair. This book will take you through the geometry
concepts step-by-step. If you get a low score, you may need more than 20 minutes a day to work through a les-
son. However, this is a self-paced program, so you can spend as much time on a lesson as you need. You decide
when you fully comprehend the lesson and are ready to go on to the next one.
Take as much time as you need to complete the pretest. When you are finished, check your answers in the
answer key at the end of the book. Next to each answer, you’ll see the lesson that covers the material pertaining
to that question.

1
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BLANK PAGE
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 3

– LEARNINGEXPRESS ANSWER SHEET –

1. a b c d 18. a b c d 35. a b c d
2. a b c d 19. a b c d 36. a b c d
3. a b c d 20. a b c d 37. a b c d
4. a b c d 21. a b c d 38. a b c d
5. a b c d 22. a b c d 39. a b c d
6. a b c d 23. a b c d 40. a b c d
7. a b c d 24. a b c d 41. a b c d
8. a b c d 25. a b c d 42. a b c d
9. a b c d 26. a b c d 43. a b c d
10. a b c d 27. a b c d 44. a b c d
11. a b c d 28. a b c d 45. a b c d
12. a b c d 29. a b c d 46. a b c d
13. a b c d 30. a b c d 47. a b c d
14. a b c d 31. a b c d 48. a b c d
15. a b c d 32. a b c d 49. a b c d
16. a b c d 33. a b c d 50. a b c d
17. a b c d 34. a b c d

3
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 4

BLANK PAGE
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 5

– PRETEST –

Pre t e s t . Which is NOT a correct name for the angle?

1. Which of the following sets contains R

noncollinear points?

K
H

J L S T
I
a. –RST
a. H, J, L b. –TSR
b. H, J c. –S
c. J, L d. –R
d. J, K, L
6. Which line is a transversal?
2. Which is a correct name for this line?
r s
l
X Y Z
´ m
a. XZ
Æ
b. ZX n

c. �
X�Y
d. �
Y�
Z
a. line l
b. line m
3. Which is not a property of a plane?
c. line n
a. is a flat surface
d. line r
b. has no thickness
c. has boundaries
7. Which pairs of angles are congruent?
d. has two dimensions

4. Which is a correct name for this angle? 1 2

3 4
R 5 6
7 8

a. –1 and –2
S T b. –1 and –5
a. –R c. –1 and –3
b. –T d. –1 and –6
c. –TSR
d. –RTS

5
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 6

– PRETEST –

8. Which word gives the most information to 10. Find the measure of –BOD.
describe the pair of lines l and m?
90˚ C
l
D 55˚ B
130˚

m
180˚ 0˚
E O A

a. 55°
b. 90°
c. 75°
a. intersecting d. 130°
b. perpendicular
c. parallel 11. What is the measure of –RUS?
d. skew
R

9. Find the measure of –AOD.

S

90˚ C

55˚ B 25˚ T
D U
130˚
a. 25°
b. 65°
180˚ 0˚ c. 75°
E O A d. 90°

a. 55°
12. What is the measure of –JTK?
b. 90°
c. 50° J
A
d. 130°

B
60˚

a. 180°
b. 120°
c. 60°
d. 30°

6
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 7

– PRETEST –

13. What angle would be supplementary to ONP ? 16. DSAW is an isosceles triangle. What is the best
name for –W?
M
A
O

L 20˚ P
N
S W
a. –MNO
a. leg
b. –MNP
b. vertex angle
c. –MNL
c. base angle
d. –LNO
d. base
14. Classify the triangle by its sides.
17. –FEH is equal to ________?
4
F

3
5 5 5
4

a. scalene E G
3 H 3
b. isosceles
c. equilateral a. –FGE
d. none of the above b. –FGH
c. –HEF
1 . Classify DABC with the following measure- d. –HGF
ments, AB = 3, BC = 7, and AC = 7.
a. scalene 18. Which postulate could you use to prove
b. isosceles DFGH
DPQR?
c. equilateral F P
d. none of the above

H G R Q

a. angle-angle-angle
b. side-angle-side
c. angle-side-angle
d. side-side-side
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 8

– PRETEST –

19. The hypotenuse of DHLM is 21. Which figure is a convex polygon?

a.
H

L M

a. �
H�L.
b. ��.
L M
b.
c. �
H�M.
d. �
L�H.

20. A leg of DHLM is

c.

L M

a. –H.
b. –L. d.
c. �
H�L.
d. �
H�M.

22. What is the sum of the measures of the interior

angles of a convex quadrilateral?
a. 45°
b. 90°
c. 180°
d. 360°

23. What is the name for a polygon with six sides?

a. pentagon
b. hexagon
c. octagon
d. decagon

24. Which of the following is not necessarily a

parallelogram?
a. quadrilateral
b. rectangle
c. rhombus
d. square

8
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 9

– PRETEST –

2 . Which of the following is NOT a quadrilateral? 30. Find the perimeter of a square that measures
a. trapezoid 16 inches on one side.
b. parallelogram a. 16 in.
c. decagon b. 32 in.
d. square c. 64 in.
d. not enough information
26. Express the ratio ��
JL
JM in simplest form.
31. Find the area of a rectangle with base 7 inches
3 7
J L M
and height 11 inches.
a. 77 in.2
3
a. ��
7 b. 36 in.2
7 c. 18 in.2
b. ��
3
c. 3
�� d. 154 in.2
10
10
d. ��
3
32. Find the area of a parallelogram with base
5 cm and height 20 cm.
27. Solve for y: ��5y = �20
4
�
a. 100 cm 2
a. 1
b. 50 cm 2
b. 4
c. 25 cm 2
c. 5
d. 15 cm 2
d. 20

33. Find the area of the trapezoid in the figure.

28. Which of the following is a true proportion?
a. 3:7 = 5:8 5 cm
b. 1:2 = 4:9
c. 6:3 = 10:6 4 cm

d. 2:5 = 4:10
12 cm

29. Find the perimeter of the polygon. a. 18 cm2

b. 24 cm2
2 cm c. 34 cm2
2 cm d. 60 cm2
3 cm
2 cm

a. 9 cm
b. 18 cm
c. 36 cm
d. 72 cm

9
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 10

– PRETEST –

34. HKOL is a rectangular prism. Which segment 37. Find the volume of the triangular prism.
does not equal 3 m?

I J
7 cm
H K
1m

M N
3 cm 4 cm
2m
L
3m O
a. 14 cm 3
a. MN b. 21 cm 3
b. �H� K c. 42 cm 3
c. I��J d. 84 cm 3
d. �L� M
38. Find the volume of a pyramid whose base has a
3 . Use the formula SA = 2(lw + wh + lh) to find side length of 10 in. and whose height is 6 in.
the surface area of the prism. a. 200 in.3
b. 360 in.3
I J
c. 600 in.3
H K d. 3,600 in.3
1m

M N 39. Find the circumference of a circle with a

2m diameter of 21 inches. Use 3.14 for p.
L
3m O a. 32.47 in.
a. 22 m 2 b. 129.88 in.
b. 11 m 2 c. 756.74 in.
c. 44 m 2 d. 65.94 in.
d. 88 m 2
40. Find the area of a circle with a diameter of
36. Find the volume of a prism with length 12 20 cm. Use 3.14 for p.
inches, width 5 inches, and height 8 inches. a. 628 cm 2
a. 60 in.3 b. 62.8 cm 2
b. 40 in.3 c. 314 cm 2
c. 480 in.3 d. 31.4 cm 2
d. 96 in.3
41. In which quadrant would you graph the point
(5,–6)?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV

10
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 11

– PRETEST –

42. The coordinates for point A are 46. Which of the following is a linear equation?
10
a. ��
x =y
y
b. 3x + 2y 2 = 10
c. 3x 2 + 2y = 10
A d. 3x + 2y = 10

x 47. Which of the following is not a linear

equation?
a. x = 4
b. y = –4
c. ��21 x + ��31 y = 7
2
d. ��
x =y
a. (3,–2).
b. (–2,3). 48. Which ordered pair satisfies the equation
c. (–3,2). 3x + 4y = 12?
d. (–2,–3). a. (0,0)
b. (2,2)
43. Find the slope of a line that passes through the c. (1,4)
points (1,1) and (–3,5). d. (0,3)
a. 1
b. –1 49. In a right triangle, which of the following is the
c. �41� ratio of the leg opposite an acute angle to the
d. –��41 leg adjacent to that same acute angle?
a. sine
44. A line that points up to the right has a slope b. cosine
that is c. tangent
a. positive. d. hypotenuse
b. negative.
c. zero. 50. In a right triangle, the ratio of the leg adjacent
d. undefined. to an acute angle to the hypotenuse of the
triangle is defined by which trigonometric
4 . A vertical line has a slope that is ratio?
a. positive. a. sine
b. negative. b. cosine
c. zero. c. tangent
d. undefined. d. hypotenuse

11
GEOM_00_PRETEST_1-12_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:30 AM Page 12

blank page
GEOM_01_13-20_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:31 AM Page 13

1 THE BASIC
L E S S O N

BUILDING BLOCKS
OF GEOMETRY

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
This lesson explains the basic building blocks of geometry: points,
lines, rays, line segments, and planes. It also shows you the basic
properties you need to understand and apply these terms.

T he term geometry is derived from the two Greek words geo and metron. It means “to measure the
Earth.” The great irony is that the most basic building block in geometry, the point, has no measure-
ment at all. But you must accept that a point exists in order to have lines and planes, because lines and
planes are made up of an infnite number of points. Let’s begin this lesson by looking at each of the basic build-
ing blocks of geometry.

Points

A point has no size and no dimension; however, it indicates a definite location. Some real-life examples are a
pencil point, a corner of a room, and the period at the end of this sentence. A series of points is what makes up
lines, line segments, rays, and planes. There are countless points on any one line. A point is named with an
italicized uppercase letter placed next to it:
•A
If you want to discuss this point with someone, you would call it “point A.”

13
GEOM_01_13-20_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:31 AM Page 14

– THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOMETRY –

Lin e s 6. Why do you think the notation for a line has

two arrowheads?
A line is straight, but it has no thickness. It is an inf-
_____________________________________
nite set of points that extends in both directions.
Imagine a straight highway with no end and no be- _____________________________________
ginning; this is an example of a line. A line is named
_____________________________________
by any one italicized uppercase letter or by naming
any two points on the line. If the line is named by us- _____________________________________
ing two points on the line, a small symbol of a line
_____________________________________
(with two arrows) is written above the two letters. For
´
example, this line could be referred to as line AB or
´
line BA:
Rays
A B
A ray is a part of a line with one endpoint that con-
tinues indefnitely in the direction opposite the end-
Practice
point. It has an infnite number of points on it.
The answer key for practice exercises begins on p. 164.
Flashlights and laser beams are good ways to imagine
´ rays. When you refer to a ray, you always name the
1. Are there more points on AB than point A and Æ
endpoint frst. The ray shown here is ray AB, not ray
point B? Æ
BA.
2. How are points distinguished from one
A B
another?

_____________________________________
Line Segments
_____________________________________

A line segment is part of a line with two endpoints.

3. Why would lines, segments, rays, or planes not
Even though a line segment has a finite length, and
exist if points do not exist?
can be measured, it contains an infinite number of
_____________________________________ points that cannot be counted. A ruler and a base-
board are examples of ways you might picture a line
_____________________________________
segment. Like lines and rays, line segments are also
named with two italicized uppercase letters, but the
4. Write six different names for this line.
symbol above the letters has no arrows. This segment
X Y Z
could be referred to as �
A� ��
B or B A:

. How many points are on a line?

A B
_____________________________________

14
GEOM_01_13-20_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:31 AM Page 15

– THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOMETRY –

Practice When you talk to someone about this plane, you

7. Name two different rays with endpoint S. could call it “plane ABC.” However, the more com-
R S T mon practice is to name a plane with a single itali-
cized capital letter (no dot next to it) placed in the
8. Why is it important to name the endpoint of a upper-right corner of the fgure as shown here:
ray first?
Æ Æ
9. Why are ray AB and ray BA not the same? X

10. Name six different line segments shown.

L M N P

11. Why are arrowheads not included in line If you want to discuss this plane with someone, you
segment notation? would call it “plane X.”

12. How many points are on a line segment?

Pla n e s

A plane is a fat surface that has no thickness or

boundaries. Imagine a foor that extends in all direc-
tions as far as you can see. It takes two points to de-
fine a line, but a third point is needed to define a
plane. It is possible to contain any three points on a
single plane in the same way that any two points can
be contained on the same line. Below is an illustration
of how planes are drawn in geometry. Even though it
looks like a confined four-sided shape with bound-
aries, it actually expands infinitely and has no sides.

C
A

15
GEOM_01_13-20_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:31 AM Page 16

– THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOMETRY –

THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOMETRY

FIGURE NAME SYMBOL READ AS PROPERTIES EXAMPLES

•A Point •A point A • has no size • pencil point

• has no dimension • corner of a room
• indicates a definite
location
• named with an italicized
uppercase letter
´ ´
A B Line AB or BA line AB or BA • is straight • continuous highway
´ • has no thickness without boundaries
l line l • an infinite set of points • hallway without ends
´ that extends in
opposite directions
• one dimension
Æ
A B Ray AB ray AB • is part of a line • flashlight
Æ (endpoint is • has only one endpoint • laser beam
always first) • an infinite set of points
that extends in one
direction
• one dimension

A B Line AB or BA segment AB • is part of a line • edge of a ruler

——
segment or BA • has two endpoints • baseboard
• an infinite set of points
• one dimension

B Plane None plane ABC • is a flat surface • floor without boundaries

C or plane X • has no thickness • surface of a football field
A
• an infinite set of points without boundaries
that extends in all
X
directions
• two dimensions

16
GEOM_01_13-20_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:31 AM Page 17

– THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOMETRY –

Practice 16. A property of a line segment is

13. A line is different from a ray because ______________________________.
______________________________.
17. A plane is different from a line because
14. A beam of light from the sun is an example of ______________________________.
a ______________________________.

1 . A ray is different from a segment because

______________________________.

Wo r k in g w it h the Basic Building Blocks of Geo metry

Points, lines, rays, line segments, and planes are very important building blocks in geometry. Without them, you
cannot work many complex geometry problems. These fve items are closely related to one another. You will use
them in all the lessons that refer to plane fgures—fgures that are fat with one or two dimensions. For example,
a circle and a square are two-dimensional and can occur in a plane. Therefore, they are called plane fgures. Later
in the book, you will study three-dimensional fgures—fgures that occur in space. Space is the set of all possible
points and is three-dimensional. A sphere (ball) and a cube are examples of three-dimensional fgures that oc-
cur in space, not in a plane.
One way you can see how points and lines are related is to notice whether points lie in a straight line.
Collinear points are points on the same line. Noncollinear points are points not on the same line. Even though
you may not have heard these two terms before, you probably understand the following two fgures based on
the sound of the names collinear and noncollinear.

Collinear points Noncollinear points

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– THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOMETRY –

A way to see how points and planes are related is to notice whether points lie in the same plane. For in-
stance, see these two fgures:

Coplanar points Noncoplanar points

Again, you may have guessed which name is correct by looking at the fgures and seeing that in the fgure
labeled Coplanar points, all the points are on the same plane. In the fgure labeled Noncoplanar points, three of
the points are on one plane, but since two of the points are on a different plane, it would be said that the five
points are noncoplanar.

Practice 20. Can coplanar points be noncollinear? Why or

18. What are three examples of figures that occur why not?
in space?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
21. Are collinear points always coplanar? Why or
19. Can three points be noncollinear? Why or why why not?
not?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________

18
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– THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOMETRY –

Po s t u la t e s a n d Theorems 24. B, D, F

You need a few more tools before moving on to other 2 . A, E

lessons in this book. Understanding the terms of
geometry is only part of the battle. You must also be Determine whether each set of points is coplanar.
able to understand and apply certain facts about
D
geometry and geometric fgures. These facts are di-
vided into two categories: postulates and theorems. M C
Postulates (sometimes called axioms) are statements B
accepted without proof. Theorems are statements that A E
can be proved. You will be using both postulates and F
theorems in this book, but you will not be proving
the theorems.
26. A, B, C, E
Geometry is the application of defnitions, pos-
tulates, and theorems. Euclid is known for compiling
27. D, B, C, E
all the geometry of his time into postulates and theo-
rems. His masterwork, The Elements, written about
28. B, C, E, F
300 B . C ., is the basis for many geometry books today.
We often refer to this as Euclidean geometry.
29. A, B, E
Here are two examples of postulates:
Determine whether the following statements are true
Post late: Two points determine exactly one or false.
line.
´ ´
Post late: Three noncollinear points deter- 30. XY and YX are the same line.
mine exactly one plane. Æ Æ
31. XY and YX are the same ray.

Practice 32. �
X�
Y and �
Y�
X are the same segment.
State whether each set of points is collinear.
33. Any four points W, X, Y, and Z must lie in
D
exactly one plane.
M C
B Draw and label a fgure for the following two ques-
A E tions to ft each description, if possible. Otherwise,
F state “not possible.”

34. four collinear points

22. A, B, C

23. A, E, F

19
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– THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOMETRY –

3 . three noncoplanar points

36. Are three points that are collinear sometimes, always, or never coplanar?

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

If you place a four-legged table on a surface and it wobbles, then one of the legs is shorter than the
other three. You can use three legs to support something that must be kept steady. Why do you
think this is true?
Throughout the day, be on the lookout for some three-legged objects that support this principle.
Examples include a camera tripod and an artist’s easel. The bottoms of the three legs must represent
three noncollinear points and determine exactly one plane.

20
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2
L E S S O N

TYPES OF ANGLES

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
This lesson will teach you how to classify and name several types of
angles.

M any of us use the term angle in everyday conversations. For example, we talk about camera an-
gles, angles for pool shots and golf shots, and angles for furniture placement. In geometry, an
angle is formed by two rays with a common endpoint. The symbol used to indicate an angle is –.
The two rays are the sides of the angle. The common endpoint is the vertex of the angle. In the following fgure,
Æ Æ
the sides are RD and RY, and the vertex is R.

R Y

Naming Angles

People call you different names at different times. These different names don’t change who you are—just the
way others refer to you. For example, you may be called your given name at work, but your friends might call

21
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– TYPES OF ANGLES –

you by a nickname. Confusion can sometimes arise 3. Name the angle in four different ways.
when these names are different.
Just like you, an angle can be named in different
K T
ways. The different ways an angle can be named may
be confusing if you do not understand the logic be-
hind the different methods of naming. 1
If three letters are used to name an angle, then B
the middle letter always names the vertex. If the angle
does not share the vertex point with another angle,
then you can name the angle with only the letter of 4. All angles are made up of what components?
the vertex. If a number is written inside the angle that
is not the angle measurement, then you can name the _____________________________________
angle by that number. You can name the following _____________________________________
angle any one of these names: –WET, –TEW, –E,
or –1. _____________________________________

W _____________________________________

Right Angles
Angles that make a square corner are called right an-
1
E T
gles (see p. 23 for more details about what makes an
angle a right angle). In drawings, the following sym-
Practice bol is used to indicate a right angle:
1. Name the vertex and sides of the angle.

Y
Straight Angles
2. Name the vertex and sides of the angle. Opposite rays are two rays with the same endpoint
that extend in opposite directions and form a line.
T They form a straight angle. In the following fgure,
Æ Æ
HD and HS are opposite rays that form the straight
angle DHS.

D H S
A J

22
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– TYPES OF ANGLES –

Practice Classifying Angles

Use the following fgure to answer practice problems
5–8. Angles are often classifed by their measures. The de-
P gree is the most commonly used unit for measuring
angles. One full turn, or a circle, equals 360°.
N
Acute Angles
An acute angle has a measure between 0° and 90°.
O Here are two examples of acute angles:

M
45
5. Name two right angles.

. Name a straight angle.

89
7. Name a pair of opposite rays.

8. Why is –O an incorrect name for any of the Right Angles

angles shown? A right angle has a 90° measure. The corner of a piece
of paper will ft exactly into a right angle. Here are
Use the following fgure to answer practice problems two examples of right angles:
9 and 10.

L M N
Æ Æ
9. Are LM and MN opposite rays? Why or why
not?

10. If two rays share the same endpoint, do they

have to be opposite rays? Why or why not?

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– TYPES OF ANGLES –

Obtuse Angles Straight Angles

An obtuse angle has a measure between 90° and 180°. A straight angle has a 180° measure. –ABC is an ex-
Here are two examples of obtuse angles: ample of a straight angle:

180˚

A B C

91

170

Supplementary Angles
When two angles sum to 180°, they are called supplementary angles. When two angles share a side, they are
called adjacent angles. Supplementary angles can be adjacent, such as –BAD and –DAN, although sometimes
supplementary angles are not adjacent, like –TEN and –KAI.

T E
D 20°

I
130°
N 160°
50°
B N K
A A

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GEOM_02_21-26_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:32 AM Page 25

– TYPES OF ANGLES –

Practice Complete each statement.

Use the following fgure to answer practice problems
11–15. 1 . An angle with measure 90° is called a(n)
__________ angle.
J
17. An angle with measure 180° is called a(n)
K _________ angle.

18. An angle with a measure between 0° and 90° is

N O L called a(n) __________ angle.

19. An angle with a measure between 90° and 180°

M
is called a(n) ________ angle.

11. Name three different acute angles.

20. Two adjacent right angles combine to make
_____________________________________ a(n) ________ angle.

_____________________________________
21. A straight angle minus an acute angle would
_____________________________________ result in a(n) ________ angle.

12. Name three different obtuse angles. Questions 22–25 list the measurement of an angle.
Classify each angle as acute, right, obtuse, or straight.
_____________________________________

_____________________________________ 22. 10°

_____________________________________
23. 180°

13. Name two different straight angles.

24. 98°
_____________________________________
25. 90°
_____________________________________
You may want to use a corner of a piece of scratch pa-
14. Beginning with point L, name an angle that has
per for questions 26–29. Classify each angle as acute,
a measure greater than 180°. (Hint: This angle
right, obtuse, or straight.
is larger than 180° when it is measured going in
a counterclockwise direction.)
26. A

15. If –MON measures 27°, then –JOK measures

________ degrees.

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– TYPES OF ANGLES –

27. 29.

28. C 0. Take angles A, B, C, and D from questions

26–29, and list them in order from smallest to
largest.

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

In conversational English, the word ac te can mean sharp and the word obt se can mean dull or not
sharp. How can you relate these words with the drawings of acute and obtuse angles?

26
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3
L E S S O N

WORKING
WITH LINES

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
This lesson introduces you to perpendicular, transversal, parallel,
and skew lines. The angles formed by a pair of parallel lines and a
transversal are also explained.

B oth intersecting and nonintersecting lines surround you, but you probably don’t pay much attention
to them most of the time. In this lesson, you will focus on two different types of intersecting lines:
transversals and perpendicular lines. You will also study nonintersecting lines: parallel and skew lines.
You will learn about properties of lines that have many applications to this lesson and throughout this book.
You’ll soon start to notice the relationships of lines all around you in the real world.

Intersecting Lines

On a piece of scratch paper, draw two straight lines that cross. Can you make these straight lines cross at more
than one point? No, you can’t, because intersecting lines cross at only one point (unless they are the same line).
The point where they cross is called the point of intersection. They actually share this point because it is on both
lines. Two special types of intersecting lines are called transversals and perpendicular lines.

7
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– WORKING WITH LINES –

Transversals 1. Is line d a transversal? Why or why not?

A transversal is a line that intersects two or more
other lines, each at a different point. In the following 2. Is line y a transversal? Why or why not?
fgure, line t is a transversal; line s is not.
3. Is line t a transversal? Why or why not?

s 4. Is line r a transversal? Why or why not?

t Perpendicular Lines
Perpendicular lines are another type of intersecting
line. Everyday examples of perpendicular lines in-
m
n clude the horizontal and vertical lines of a plaid fabric
and the lines formed by panes in a window. Perpendi-
The prefx trans means across. In the previous cular lines meet to form right angles. Right angles al-
fgure, you can see that line t cuts across the two lines ways measure 90°. In the following fgure, lines x and
m and n. Line m is a transversal for lines s and t. Also, y are perpendicular:
line n is a transversal across lines s and t. Line s
crosses lines m and n at the same point (their point of
y
intersection); therefore, line s is not a transversal. A
transversal can cut across parallel as well as intersect-
ing lines, as shown here:

t
x
m

The symbol “^” means perpendicular. You

Practice could write x ^ y to show these lines are perpendicu-
Use the following fgure to answer questions 1–4. lar. Also, the symbol that makes a square in the corner
where lines x and y meet indicates a right angle. In
geometry, you shouldn’t assume anything without
being told. Never assume a pair of lines are perpendi-
d
cular without one of these symbols. A transversal can
y be perpendicular to a pair of lines, but it does not
have to be. In the following fgure, line t is perpendi-
cular to both line l and line m.
t r

8
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– WORKING WITH LINES –

t j

l Y

k
m

Lines j and k are noncoplanar lines.

Practice Lines j and k do not intersect.
State whether the following statements are true or Lines j and k are skew.
false.
The symbol “||” means parallel. So you can ab-
. Perpendicular lines always form multi- breviate the sentence, “Lines l and m are parallel,” by
ple right angles. writing “l || m.” Do not assume a pair of lines are
parallel unless it is indicated. Arrowheads on the
6. The symbol “^” means parallel. lines in a figure indicate that the lines are parallel.
Sometimes, double arrowheads are necessary to dif-
7. Transversals must always be parallel. ferentiate two sets of parallel lines, as shown in the
following figure:
8. Perpendicular lines can be formed by
intersecting or nonintersecting lines.

Nonintersecting Lines
There are two types of nonintersecting lines: parallel
and skew. Coplanar lines that do not intersect are
called parallel. Noncoplanar lines that do not inter-
sect are called skew.

X
l Everyday examples of parallel lines include rows
m of crops on a farm and railroad tracks. An example of
skew lines is the vapor trails of a northbound jet and
a westbound jet fying at different altitudes. One jet
would pass over the other, but their paths would not
Lines l and m are coplanar lines. cross.
Lines l and m do not intersect.
Lines l and m are parallel.

9
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– WORKING WITH LINES –

Practice gles, look for a Z-shaped fgure, as shown in the fol-

Complete the sentences with the correct word: al- lowing fgures:
ways, sometimes, or never.

9. Parallel lines are __________ coplanar.

10. Parallel lines __________ intersect.

11. Parallel lines are __________ cut by a transver-

sal.

12. Lines that are skewed __________ form right

angles.

13. Skew lines are __________ coplanar.

14. Skew lines __________ intersect.

Angles Formed by Parallel Lines and

a Transversal
If a pair of parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
eight angles are formed. In the following fgure, line l
is parallel to line m, and line t is a transversal forming
angles 1–8. Angles 3, 4, 5, and 6 are inside the parallel
lines and are called interior angles. Angles 1, 2, 7, and
Same-Side Interior Angles
8 are outside the parallel lines and are called exterior
Same-side interior angles are interior angles on the
angles.
same side of the transversal. To spot same-side inte-

1 2
rior angles, look for a U-shaped fgure in various po-
l
4 3
sitions, as shown in the following examples:

5 6 m
8 7

Alternate Interior Angles

Alternate interior angles are interior angles on oppo-
site sides of the transversal. In the previous fgure, an-
gles 3 and 5 and angles 4 and 6 are examples of
alternate interior angles. To spot alternate interior an-

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– WORKING WITH LINES –

Corresponding Angles Angles Formed by Nonparallel Lines

Corresponding angles are so named because they ap- and a Transversal
pear to be in corresponding positions in relation to Even when lines cut by a transversal are not parallel,
the two parallel lines. Examples of corresponding an- you still use the same terms to describe angles, such
gles in the following fgure are angles 1 and 5, 4 and 8, as corresponding, alternate interior, and same-side
2 and 6, and 3 and 7. interior angles. For example, look at the following
figure:

1 2
1 2
l
4 3 4 3

5 6 5 6
8 7
m
8 7

To spot corresponding angles, look for an F-shaped –1 and –5 are corresponding angles.
fgure in various positions, as shown in these examples: –3 and –5 are alternate interior angles.
–4 and –5 are same-side interior angles.

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– WORKING WITH LINES –

Po s t u la t e s a n d T h eorems m n

As mentioned in Lesson 1, postulates are statements 1 5 9 13

s
of fact that we accept without proof. Theorems are 2 6 10 14

statements of fact that can be proven. You will apply

both types of facts to problems in this book. Some 3 7 11 15
t
4 8 12 16
geometry books teach formal proofs of theorems. Al-
though you will not go through that process in this
book, you will still use both postulates and theorems
for applications. There are some important facts you
need to know about the special pairs of angles formed 15. –2 and –10
by two parallel lines and a transversal. If you noticed a.___________ b.___________
that some of those pairs of angles appear to have
equal measure, then you are on the right track. The 16. –6 and –7
term used for two angles with equal measure is a.___________ b.___________
congruent.
An important fact you should remember is that 17. –13 and –15
a pair of angles whose sum is 180° is called supple- a.___________ b.___________
mentary. Here are the theorems and the postulate
that you will apply to a figure in the next few prac- 18. –11 and –14
tice exercises. a.___________ b.___________

19. List all angles that are congruent to –1.

Postulate: If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then corresponding an- 20. List all angles that are supplementary to –11.
gles are congruent.
Theore : If two parallel lines are cut by a For questions 21–24, use the measure of the given an-
transversal, then alternate interior gle to find the missing angle.
angles are congruent.
Theore : If two parallel lines are cut by a 21. m–2 = 100°, so m–7 = ______
transversal, then same-side interior
angles are supplementary.
22. m–8 = 71°, so m–12 = ______

23. m–5 = 110°, so m–7 = ______

Practice
In the following fgure, m || n and s || t. For questions 24. m–2 = 125°, so m–11 = _____
15–18, (a) state the special name for each pair of an-
gles (alternate interior angles, corresponding angles,
or same-side interior angles), then (b) tell if the an-
gles are congruent or supplementary.

3
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– WORKING WITH LINES –

Complete the statement for practice problems 25–27. State whether the following statements are sometimes,
always, or never true.
2 . Alternate interior angles are similar to
corresponding angles because ____________. 8. When two parallel lines are intersected by a
transversal, all of the resulting acute angles are
26. Alternate interior angles differ from correspon- congruent. _______________
ding angles because ____________________.
9. When two parallel lines are intersected by a
27. Same-side interior angles are similar to transversal, any pair of a resulting acute and
alternate interior angles because obtuse angle will be supplementary.
____________________. _______________

30. When two parallel lines are intersected by a

transversal, all of the resulting angles will be
congruent. _______________

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Look around your neighborhood for a building under construction. Are the foor beams the same dis-
tance apart at the front of the building as they are at the back? Why is this important? If they were not
the same distance apart, how would this affect the foor? Of course, the foor would sag. Building codes
specify how far apart foor beams can be based on safety codes. You can see the importance of parallel
lines in construction.

33
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GEOM_04_35-40_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:34 AM Page 35

4
L E S S O N

MEASURING
ANGLES

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
This lesson focuses on using the protractor to measure and draw an-
gles. You will also add and subtract angle measures.

A n instrument called a protractor can be used to fnd the measure of degrees of an angle. Most pro-
tractors have two scales, one reading from left to right, and the other from right to left. Estimating
whether an angle is acute, right, obtuse, or straight before measuring will help you choose the cor-
rect scale. Here is an example of a protractor:
90
60 120

40 90 140
120 60
140 40
20 160
160 20

0 180 center point 0 180

Carefully line up your protractor by placing the center point of the protractor on the vertex of the angle.
Then line up one of the angle’s sides with the horizontal baseline of the protractor that extends through 0 de-
grees, so that the other side of the angle goes through the semicircular scale. (If the sides of the angle do not
reach the scale, you can extend them.) In order to measure the angle, use the inner scale if you are measuring
your angle in a counterclockwise fashion, and use the outer scale if you are measuring your angle in a clockwise

35
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– MEASURING ANGLES –

fashion. Read the measure of your angle and make Drawing Angles
sure that your measurement agrees with the estimate
you made when you were considering whether the You can use a protractor to draw an angle of a given
angle was acute, right, obtuse, or straight. When size. First, draw a ray and place the center point of the
measuring an angle, it is not necessary to have one of protractor on the endpoint of the ray. Align the ray
the rays passing through zero on the protractor scale. with the baseline of the protractor. Locate the degree
The angle can be measured by subtracting the smaller of the angle you wish to draw. Make a dot at that
measurement from the larger one. point and connect it to the endpoint of the ray.

Practice
Using the following fgure, fnd the measure of each 120°
angle.
60°
D 100˚ C
75˚
E
135˚
0° 180° center point 0° 180°
B
20˚ The resulting angle will have the correct degree of
180˚ 0˚ measurement:
F O A

_______ 1. –AOB

_______ 2. –FOA clockwise counterclockwise

120° 60°
_______ 3. –AOD
Practice
_______ 4. –FOB Use a protractor to draw angles with the given
measures.
_______ 5. –BOC
11. 45°
_______ 6. –BOD

_______ 7. –BOE

_______ 8. –BOF

_______ 9. –COD
12. 75°

_______ 10. –COE

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GEOM_04_35-40_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:34 AM Page 37

– MEASURING ANGLES –

13. 100°

180°

3 4

180° – –3 = –4
14. 125°

Adjacent angles are two angles in the same plane

that have the same vertex and a common side but do
not have any interior points in common.

Z
15. 32°

W
2
1
Y X

A d d in g a n d S u btracting In the previous figure, –1 and –2 are adjacent

A n g le Me a s ures angles. Angles 1 and XYZ are not adjacent.
Use a protractor to measure –1, –2, and –XYZ.
The following fgures show how you can add and What relationship do you notice among the measures
subtract angle measures: of the three angles? You should find that the measure
of –1 plus the measure of –2 equals the measure of
C –XYZ. The letter m is used before the angle symbol
to represent the word measure. For example, m–1 +
m–2 = m–XYZ. If you draw another pair of adjacent
angles and measure the angles, will the relationship
B
be the same? Try it and see.
2
1
O A

–1 + –2 = –AOC

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GEOM_04_35-40_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:34 AM Page 38

– MEASURING ANGLES –

Angle Addition Postulate

(1) If point B is in the interior of –AOC, then

A B

O C

m–AOB + m–BOC = m–AOC.

(2) If –AOC is a straight angle, then

A O C

m–AOB + m–BOC = 180°.

Examples: Find the measure of each angle. (b) m–DE = 35°

(a) m–1 = 40° m– EF = 145°
m–2 = 75° m–DEF = _____
m–RSW = ______
G

T W

D E F

2 m–DE + m– EF = m–DEF
1 m–DEF = 180°
R S

m–1 + m–2 = m–RSW

m–RSW = 115°

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GEOM_04_35-40_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:34 AM Page 39

– MEASURING ANGLES –

Practice 19. m–ACR = 25°

Find the measure of each angle. m–RCD = ______

A
16. m–KJB = 60°
R
m–BJT = 40°
m–KJT = ______

B T

C D
K J
20. m– EO = 100°
17. m–DOS = 120°
m– EM = 60°
m–DOH = 70°
m–MEO = ______
m–HOS = ______

D M

H G

O S E

18. m–RPM = 42° Use the following fgure to answer problems 21–27.
m–MPS = ______
M C
B
T S

A 35˚ D
R P S
P

21. m–BPC = ______

22. m–APC = ______

23. m–EPB = ______

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– MEASURING ANGLES –

24. m–CPE = ______ The U.S. Army uses a unit of angle measure called a
1
6,400 of a circle. The protractor
mil. A mil is defned as ��
25. m–APE = ______ is marked in mils. Find the measure in mils of each of
the following angles.
26. m–ETS = ______
28. 90° angle
27. m–STB = ______
29. 135° angle
Use the following fgure for practice problems 28–31.
30. 45° angle

1,600
2,000 1,200 31. 180° angle
2,400 800

2,800 400

3,200 0

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Look around your environment for angles, and estimate their measurements. For example, estimate
the size of an angle created by leaving your door open partway. An interesting application of angles is
when a ball strikes a wall: If you roll a ball against a wall, it will bounce off the wall in the other direction
at the same angle it hit the wall. A ball rolled at the wall at a 90° angle will bounce back at 90°, directly
to you. A ball that hits the wall at a wide angle will bounce off the wall at a wide angle in the other di-
rection. This understanding of angles is essential for those wishing to become skilled pool players!

4
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5
L E S S O N

PAIRS OF ANGLES

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to use the relationships among three
special pairs of angles: complementary angles, supplementary an-
gles, and vertical angles.

W hen two angles come together to form a 90° angle, the angle can be very useful for solving a va-
riety of problems. Angles measuring 90° are essential in construction and sewing, just to name
two areas.
Pairs of angles whose measures add up to 90° are called complementary angles. If you know the measure-
ment of one angle, then you can fnd the measurement of the other.
When two angles come together to form a 180° angle, or a straight line, the applications are endless. These
pairs of angles are called supplementary angles. You can fnd the measurement of one angle if the measurement
of the other is given.
When two lines intersect, two pairs of vertical angles are always formed. You can see pairs of intersecting
lines in fabric patterns, at construction sites, and on road maps. If you know the measurement of one of these
angles, you can fnd the measurements of the other three angles.

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– PAIRS OF ANGLES –

Co mp le me n t a r y Angles WÊ
150˚

Two angles are complementary angles if and only if Y

the sum of their measures is 90°. Each angle is a com-
plement of the other. To be complementary, a pair of 30˚
angles do not need to be adjacent. X O Z

In this figure, –XOY and –YOZ are supplementary

A
angles. –XOY and – are also supplementary an-
20˚ gles. –XOY is a supplement of –YOZ and – .
B

Practice
20˚ Find the measure of a supplement of –2 for each of
O C D the following measures of –2.
In the previous figure, –AOB and –BOC are a pair of
complementary angles. –AOB and –D are also a pair _______ . m–2 = 78°
of complementary angles. –AOB is a complement of
–BOC and –D. _______ 7. m–2 = 130°

Practice _______ 8. m–2 = 60°

Find the measure of a complement of –1 for each of
the following measures of –1. _______ 9. m–2 = 155°

_______ 1. m–1 = 44° _______ 10. m–2 = 1°

_______ 2. m–1 = 68°

Vertical Angles
_______ 3. m–1 = 80°
Vertical angles are two angles whose sides form two
_______ 4. m–1 = 25° pairs of opposite rays. When two lines intersect, they
form two pairs of vertical angles.
_______ 5. m–1 = 3°

1
S u p p le me n t a r y A ngles 4 2
3
Two angles are supplementary angles if and only if
the sum of their measures is 180°. Each angle is a
supplement of the other. Similar to complementary
angles, supplementary angles do not need to be
adjacent.

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– PAIRS OF ANGLES –

In the previous figure, the two pairs of vertical angles State whether the following statements are true or
are the obtuse pair, –1 and –3, as well as the acute false.
pair, –2 and –4. Notice that –1 and –2 are supple-
mentary angles and that –2 and –3 are also supple- _______ 14. Complementary angles must be acute.
mentary. Since –1 and –3 are both supplements to
–2, it can be determined that –1
–3. Looking at _______ 15. Supplementary angles must be obtuse.
the figure, notice that the pair of acute vertical angles,
–2 and –4, are also congruent by the same reason- _______ 1 . Two acute angles can be supplemen-
ing. The following is one of the most useful theorems tary.
in geometry:
_______ 17. A pair of vertical angles can be comple-
mentary.
Vertical Angles Theorem: Vertical angles are
congruent. _______ 18. A pair of vertical angles can be supple-
mentary.

Practice _______ 19. Vertical angles must have the same

Use the following fgure to answer practice problems measure.
11–13.
_______ 20. Complementary angles can be
B
adjacent.
C

_______ 21. Supplementary angles can be adjacent.

A D _______ 22. Any two right angles are supplemen-

O tary.

_______ 23. Two acute angles are always comple-

E mentary.

11. Name two supplement angles of –DOE. _______ 24. An acute and an obtuse angle are
always supplementary.
12. Name a pair of complementary angles.
_______ 25. The intersection of two lines creates
13. Name two pairs of vertical angles. two pairs of vertical angles and four
pairs of supplementary angles.

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– PAIRS OF ANGLES –

Use the following figure to answer practice Use the following fgure to answer practice problems
problem 26. 27–30.

1 2
Z

5 3
4
X 50° U

2 . A common error is assuming that any pair of

W
angles that are “across from each other” are
vertical. In this fgure, –1 and –3 are vertical
angles because they are formed by intersecting 27. List the supplementary angles of – AU.
lines. Angles 2 and 4 are not vertical angles.
Name three other pairs of nonadjacent angles 28. List the complementary angles of – AX.
that are also not vertical.
29. List two different pairs of vertical angles shown
in the fgure.

30. What is the measure of –ZAX.

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Find a pair of intersecting lines. You might use the lines in a foor tile, a fabric design, or a piece of fur-
niture, or you could draw your own. Measure the four angles that the intersecting lines form to confrm
the vertical angles theorem.

44
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6
L E S S O N

TYPES OF
TRIANGLES

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to classify triangles according to the
lengths of their sides and their angle measurements.

W hat shape do skyscrapers, bridges, and the Epcot Center ball all have in common? Their inner
or outer construction contains hundreds or thousands of triangles! Triangles are definitely one
of the most important shapes in engineering because of how strong and stable they are—just
ask the great pyramids in Egypt! One of the first important skills to master with triangles is learning how to
identify and classify them. Triangles can be classified by their sides or by their angles. Each type of triangle has
special properties that you will apply to solve increasingly complex geometry problems as you move through
this book.

Classification by Sides

You can classify triangles by the lengths of their sides. When classifying triangles by side length, every triangle
will fall into one of three categories: equilateral, isosceles, or scalene. Equilateral triangles have three congruent
sides, isosceles triangles have two congruent sides, and scalene triangles have no congruent sides.

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– TYPES OF TRIANGLES –

Practice
Classify each triangle shown or described as equilat-
eral, isosceles, or scalene.

1.
4

Isosceles 4

two
sides
4

2.

Equilateral
three
sides

3.

Scalene
no congruent sides

To show that two or more sides of a triangle

have the same measurement, a hatch mark is made
through the congruent sides. Sometimes, two hatch
marks are made on each congruent side, and some- 4.
times, three hatch marks are made on each congruent

5
side. You can match up the number of hatch marks to
3
find which sides are congruent. If a triangle has dif-
ferent numbers of hatch marks on each side, it means
none of the sides are congruent. You’ll see these hatch
marks in most geometry books. The symbol for con-
4
gruent is
.

4
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– TYPES OF TRIANGLES –

. Practice
Name the legs, vertex angle, base angles, and base of
the isosceles triangles.

9. X
11
8

Y Z
5
legs: ______
vertex angle: _______
6. DABC with AB = 10, BC = 10, and AC = 8.
base angles: _______
base: ______
7. DDEF with DE = 6, EF = 8, and DF = 10.
10. R
8. DXYZ with XY = 7, YZ = 7, and XZ = 7.

Isosceles Triangles
Isosceles triangles are important geometric figures to S
understand. Isosceles triangles have exactly two con-
gruent sides. The parts of isosceles triangles have spe-
cial names. The two congruent sides of an isosceles
triangle are called the legs. The angle formed by the T
two congruent sides is called the vertex angle. The
legs: ______
other two angles are called the base angles. And fi-
vertex angle: _______
nally, the side opposite the vertex angle is called the
base angles: _______
base.
base: ______
Exam le:
A

C B

legs: �
A�
C and �A�
B base angles: –B and –C
vertex angle: –A base: �
B�C

47
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– TYPES OF TRIANGLES –

11. D F

Equiangular
E three
angles

legs: ______
vertex angle: ______
base angles: ______
base: ______

Cla s s if ica t io n b y Angles

Right
You can also classify triangles by the measurements
one right angle
of their angles. Here are four examples of special tri-
angles. They are called acute, equiangular, right, and
obtuse.

Obtuse

6 6
one obtuse angle

To show that two or more angles of a triangle

have the same measurement, a small curve is made in
the congruent angles. You can also use two small
curves to show that angles are congruent.
5

Acute
three acute angles

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– TYPES OF TRIANGLES –

Equilateral and Equiangular Triangles

Did you notice that the equilateral triangle, which has three congruent sides, looks very similar to the equiangu-
lar triangle, which has three congruent angles? Any triangle that is equilateral is also guaranteed to be equiangu-
lar, and vice versa! So, when you are given a triangle that has three congruent angles, you can also draw the
conclusion that it has three congruent sides. The following figure illustrates this:

If then and also . . . If then

Practice 14.
Classify each triangle shown or described as acute,
right, obtuse, or equiangular.

12.
70°

55° 55°

60° 60°
13. 1 .

20°

135° 25°
60°

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– TYPES OF TRIANGLES –

16. DMNO with m–M = 91°, m–N = 30°, _______ 23. It is possible for a right triangle to be
and m–O = 59°. equilateral.

17. DRST with m–R = 80°, m–S = 45°, and _______ 24. It is possible for an obtuse triangle to
m–T = 55°. be isosceles.

18. DGHI with m–G = 20°, m–H = 70°, and _______ 2 . An equilateral triangle is always an
m–I = 90°. acute triangle.

Determine whether the following statements are true _______ 26. A triangle can have two obtuse angles.
or false. Try drawing each of the following triangles to
help you decide. _______ 27. A triangle cannot have more than one
right angle.
_______ 19. The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle
will always be the smallest angle. Give the answer to each question based on the read-
ings from the chapter.
_______ 20. An equilateral triangle is also an
equiangular triangle. 28. The noncongruent side of an isosceles triangle
is called the ______________.
_______ 21. An isosceles triangle may also be a right
triangle. 29. List the types of triangles with at least two
acute angles.
_______ 22. It is possible for a scalene triangle to be
equiangular. 30. A small curve made on an angle of a triangle
signifes ___________________.

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– TYPES OF TRIANGLES –

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

A triangle is called a rigid fgure because the length of at least one side of a triangle must be changed
before its shape changes. This is an important quality in construction. Notice the triangles you can see
in foor and roof trusses.
To prove the strength of a triangle, place two glasses about four inches apart. Bridge the cups
with a dollar bill.

Then try to balance a box of toothpicks on the dollar bill without the box of toothpicks touching the
glasses.

Fold the dollar bill like a fan.

Now try to balance the box of toothpicks on the folded dollar bill.

When you look at the folded dollar bill from the side, what shape do you see?

The view of the dollar bill from the side shows several triangles.

51
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blank page
GEOM_07_53-58_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:36 AM Page 53

7
L E S S O N

CONGRUENT
TRIANGLES

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
This lesson will help you identify corresponding parts of congruent tri-
angles. It will also present the three postulates that are used to prove
that two triangles are congruent.

C ongruent triangles are commonly used in the construction of quilts, buildings, and bridges.
Congruent triangles are also used to estimate inaccessible distances, such as the width of a river
or the distance across a canyon. In this lesson, you will learn simple ways to determine whether
two triangles are congruent.
When you buy foor tiles, you get tiles that are all the same shape and size. One tile will ft right on top of
another. In geometry, you would say one tile is congruent to another tile. Similarly, in the following figure, DABC
and DXYZ are congruent. They have the same size and shape.

B Y

A C X Z

5
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– CONGRUENT TRIANGLES –

B Example: Name the corresponding angles and

corresponding sides.

A C

Y R T

X Z
G E
Imagine sliding one triangle over to fit on top of
the other triangle. You would put point A on point X, DRST  DEFG
point B on point Y, and point C on point Z. When the
vertices are matched in this way, –A and –X are Solution:
called corresponding angles, and
A

B and
X
Y are called Corresponding angles: –R and –E; –S and
corresponding sides. –F; –T and –G
Corresponding angles and corresponding sides Corresponding sides:


RS and


EF;


ST and

F

G;
are often referred to as corresponding parts of the tri-


R
T and


EG
angles. In other words, you could say Corresponding
Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent. This Practice
statement is often referred to by the initials CPCTC. For practice problems 1–6, complete each statement,
When DABC is congruent to DXYZ, you write given DJKM  DPQR.
DABC  DXYZ. This means that all of the following
are true: J P

–A  –X –B  –Y –C  –Z

B 

A
X
Y

B
C 

Y

Z
C 

A
X
Z

Suppose instead of writing DABC  DXYZ, you

started to write DCAB  _____. Since you started M R
with C to name the first triangle, you must start with
the corresponding letter, Z, to name the second trian- K Q
gle. Corresponding parts are named in the same or-
der. If you name the first triangle DCAB, then the 1. –M corresponds to –_______.
second triangle must be named DZXY. In other
words, DCAB  DZXY. 2. –P corresponds to –_______.

3. –Q corresponds to –_______.

4.
J

K corresponds to ______.

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– CONGRUENT TRIANGLES –

5.

R
Q corresponds to ______. Take a look at the following triangles to see this
postulate in action:
.

P

R corresponds to ______. B

For practice problems 7–10, complete each state-

ment, given DGFH  DJFH.

F A C

R T
G H J

DABC  DRST
7. DFGH  D______
The hatch marks on the triangles show which
8. DHJF  D______
sides are congruent to which in the two triangles. For
example,
A

C and
R
T both have one hatch mark,
9. DFHJ  D______
which shows that these two segments are congruent.


B
C is congruent to
S
T, as shown by the two hatch
10. DJFH  D______
marks, and
A
B and

R
S are congruent as shown by the
three hatch marks.
Since the markings indicate that the three pairs
S id e - S id e - Side of sides are congruent, you can conclude that the
( S S S ) Po s t u late three pairs of angles are also congruent. From the
definition of congruent triangles, it follows that all six
If you have three sticks that make a triangle and a
parts of DABC are congruent to the corresponding
friend has identical sticks, would it be possible for
parts of DRST.
each of you to make different-looking triangles? No,
it is impossible to do this. A postulate of geometry
states this same idea. It is called the side-side-side
postulate.

Side-Side-Side Postulate: If three sides of one

triangle are congruent to three sides of an-
other triangle, then the two triangles are con-
gruent.

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– CONGRUENT TRIANGLES –

Practice Look at the following two triangles to see an ex-

Use the following figure to answer questions 11–15. ample of this postulate:

R F P

8 8

10
T V G H Q R

6 6 DFGH  DPQR

S
Practice
Use the following figure to answer practice problems
11.

R
S corresponds to _______. 16–20.

D
12.

T
S corresponds to _______.
A
13.

VR corresponds to _______.
C

14. Is DRTS  DRVS?

E

15. Is DRSV  DRTS? B

1 . What kind of angles are –ACB and –ECD?

S id e - A n g le - S ide
( S A S ) Po s t u la te 17. Is –ACB  –ECD?

If you put two sticks together at a certain angle, there 18.

C
E corresponds to _______.
is only one way to finish forming a triangle. Would it
be possible for a friend to form a different-looking 19.

B
C corresponds to _______.
triangle if he or she started with the same two lengths
and the same angle? No, it would be impossible. An- 20. Is DACB  DEDC?
other postulate of geometry states this same idea; it is
called the side-angle-side postulate.
Angle - Side - Angle
(ASA) Postulate
Side-Angle-Side Postulate: If two sides and
the included angle of one triangle are congru- There is one more postulate used to determine two
ent to the corresponding two sides and in- congruent triangles. Angle-side-angle involves two an-
cluded angle of another triangle, then the gles and a side between them. The side is called an in-
triangles are congruent. cluded side.

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– CONGRUENT TRIANGLES –

State which postulate you would use to prove the two

Angle-Side-Angle Postulate: If two angles and triangles congruent.
the included side of one triangle are congruent
to the corresponding two angles and included 2 .
side of another triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.

Take a look at the following two triangles:

27.
E D S R

F T Hint: One side is shared by two triangles.

DDEF  DRST
28.
Practice
Use the figure below to answer practice problems
21–25.

A
29.

B D C
30.
21. –BDA corresponds to ______.

22. DC corresponds to ______.

23. Is –ACD  –DBA?

24. Is –BAD  –CAD?

25. Is –B  –C?

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– CONGRUENT TRIANGLES –

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

A carpenter’s square is a tool used in carpentry. Similar tools are used for arts and crafts projects, as well
as for wallpaper hanging. With the recent craze for home improvement, you may either have a carpen-
ter’s square or may be able to borrow one from a neighbor. A carpenter’s square can be used to bisect

X
an angle at the corner of a board. Get a carpenter’s square and mark equal lengths W
and W


Z along



the edges. Put the carpenter’s square on a board so that X Y =

Y



Z. Mark point Y and draw W Y.
W

X Z

a) Which postulate can you use to show that DWXY  DWZY?

b) Why is –XWY  –ZWY?

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8
TRIANGLES
L E S S O N

AND THE
PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn the special names for the sides of a right
triangle. You will also learn how to use the Pythagorean theorem to
fnd missing side lengths of a right triangle and to determine
whether three segments will make a right triangle.

E arlier in this book, it was stated that triangles are a significant shape in architecture because of how
strong they are. Right triangles, in particular, are one of the most important triangles since they are
used in so many physical and scientific applications. The Pythagorean theorem uncovers a special and
important relationship between the lengths of the sides of right triangles. As you move forward in geometry,
you will see that right triangles are also used to solve problems involving other shapes such as trapezoids, rhom-
buses, and parallelograms.

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– TRIANGLES AND THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM –

Pa r t s o f a R ig h t Tr iangle DPQR is a right triangle.

R
In a right triangle, the sides that meet to form the
right angle are called the legs. The side opposite the
right angle is called the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is
always the longest of the three sides. It is important
that you can correctly identify the sides of a right tri- P Q
angle, regardless of what position the triangle is in.
3. Name the legs.
leg
4. Name the hypotenuse.

e
leg n us DHLM is a right triangle.
te
po
hy H L

e
tenus
hypo leg M

5. Name the legs.

leg

hypotenuse
. Name the hypotenuse.

leg
leg Review of Squares
and Square Roots
Practice Before you study the Pythagorean theorem, let’s
DABC is a right triangle. first review squares and square roots. Just like addi-
A tion and subtraction are inverses, so are squares
and square roots. In other words, they “undo” each
other. To square a number, you multiply it by itself.
For example, 52 means two factors of 5, or 5 times
B C 5, which is 25. Written algebraically, it looks like
this: 52 = 5 ¥ 5 = 25. A common mistake is to say
1. Name the legs. that you multiply by 2, since 2 is the exponent (the
small raised number). But the exponent tells you
2. Name the hypotenuse. how many times to multiply the base (bottom
number) by itself.
Twenty-fve is a perfect square. It can be written
as the product of two equal factors. It would be help-

60
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– TRIANGLES AND THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM –

ful for you to learn the frst 16 perfect squares. When The Pythagorean Theorem
completed, the following chart will be a useful refer-
ence. It is not necessarily important that you memo- The Pythagorean theorem is one of the most famous
rize the chart, but you need to understand how the theorems in mathematics. The Greek mathematician
numbers are generated. Even the most basic calcula- Pythagoras (circa 585–500 B.C.) is given credit for
tors can help you determine squares and square roots originating it. Evidence shows that it was used by the
of larger numbers. Egyptians and Babylonians for hundreds of years be-
fore Pythagoras.
Practice
7. Complete the chart.
Pythagorean Theorem: In a right triangle, the
NUMBER SQUARE
sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs is
1 1 equal to the square of the length of the hy-
potenuse.
2 4

3 9
c
4 a

5 25
b
3

7 49 a2 + b2 = c2

8
The Pythagorean theorem can be used to solve
81
many real-life problems. Any unknown length can be
10 100 found if you can make it a part of a right triangle. You
need to know only two of the sides of a right triangle
11
to find the third unknown side. A common mistake is
12 144 always adding the squares of the two known lengths.
You add the squares of the legs only when you are
1 9
looking for the hypotenuse. If you know the hy-
14 19 potenuse and one of the legs, then you subtract the
square of the leg from the square of the hypotenuse.
15
Another common mistake is forgetting to take the
1 square root as your final step. You need to remember
that important last calculation.

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– TRIANGLES AND THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM –

Examples: Find each missing length. 9. 15

a
12
12 9

c
10.

a2 + b2 = c2 10
6
12 2 + 9 2 = c 2
144 + 81 = c 2
225 = c 2
b

22�5� =
� c2
15 = c
Use this parallelogram to answer questions 11 and 12.

x
13
5
y
3 5
b
a2 + b2 = c2 13
5 2 + b 2 = 13 2
25 + b 2 = 169 11. Determine x.
b 2 = 144

� b 2� =
14
�4� 12. Using the information given, determine y2.
b = 12

Practice Converse of th e
Find each missing length. Pythagorean Theorem

8. Another practical use of the Pythagorean theorem in-

volves determining whether a triangle is a right trian-
gle or not. This involves using the converse of the
Pythagorean theorem.
c 24

Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem: If the

square of the length of the longest side of a
7 triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of
the lengths of the two shorter sides, then the
triangle is a right triangle.

6
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– TRIANGLES AND THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM –

Examples: Determine whether the following Practice

are right triangles. Note that c represents the The lengths of three sides of a triangle are given. De-
length of the longest side in each triangle. termine whether the triangles are right triangles.

13.
13
5
5 4

12

3
14.
2 2 2
c a +b 15 20
52 32 + 42
25 9 + 16
24

Since 25 = 9 + 16, the three sides with lengths of

5, 3, and 4 make a right triangle. _______ 15. 25, 24, 7

Here is another example: _______ 1 . 5, 7, 9

6
_______ 17. 15, 36, 39

4 5 _______ 18. 9, 40, 41

c2 a2 + b2
62 42 + 52
36 16 + 25

Since 36 � 16 + 25, the three sides with lengths

of 6, 4, and 5 do not make a right triangle.

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– TRIANGLES AND THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM –

A cu te and Obtuse Triangles

If you have determined that a triangle is not a right triangle, then you can determine whether it is an acute or
obtuse triangle by using one of the following theorems:

Theorem: If the square of the length of the longest side is greater than the sum of the squares of the
lengths of the other two shorter sides, then the triangle is obtuse.

c
a

c2 > a2 + b2

Theorem: If the square of the length of the longest side is less than the sum of the squares of the
lengths of the other two shorter sides, then the triangle is acute.

a c

c2 < a2 + b2

Let’s take a look at a couple of examples to see these theorems in action.

Example: In DABC, the lengths of the sides are c = 24, a = 15, b = 20.

c2 a2 + b2
24 2 15 2 + 20 2
576 225 + 400
576 625
Since 576 < 625, this is an acute triangle.

Example: In DABC, the lengths of the sides are c = 9, a = 5, b = 7.

c2 a2 + b2
9 52 + 72
81 25 + 49
81 74
Since 81 > 74, this is an obtuse triangle.

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– TRIANGLES AND THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM –

Practice 2 . IL = 41 cm and EL = 9 cm. Find EI.

The lengths of the three sides of a triangle are given.
Classify each triangle as acute, right, or obtuse. 27. EK = 36 ft. and EH = 27 ft. Find HK.

19. 30, 40, 50 Use the following fgure to answer questions 28–30.

20. 10, 11, 13

21. 2, 10, 11 18 ft.

22. 7, 7, 10
5 ft.
23. 40, 14, 28
28. How far up a building will an 18-foot ladder
24. 5, 6, 7 reach if the ladder’s base is 5 feet from the
building? Express your answer to the nearest
25. 8, 12, 7 foot. Solve the problem when the ladder is 3
feet from the building. Why would it be im-
Julie drew the following star, and wanted to know practical to solve the problem if the base of the
more about the properties of some of the triangles ladder was closer than 3 feet from the building?
she created in the process. Use the Pythagorean theo-
rem and the concepts of the lesson to answer ques- 29. If instead of an 18-foot ladder, a 25-foot ladder
tions 26 and 27. was used, how far would the ladder need to be
I from the base of the building in order for it to
G
reach a window that is 20 feet from the
ground?

30. If a ladder is going to be placed 6 feet from the

H
base of the wall and needs to reach a window
F that is 8 feet from the ground, how long must
the ladder be?
J
E

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– TRIANGLES AND THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM –

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Look around your home for examples of right triangles. How many can you fnd? Measure the three
sides of the triangle to make sure it is a right triangle.

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9
L E S S O N

PROPERTIES OF
POLYGONS

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to determine whether a fgure is a
polygon. You will also learn how to identify concave and convex
polygons. You will learn how to classify polygons by their sides and
how to fnd the measures of their interior and exterior angles.

T he word polygon comes from Greek words meaning “many angled.” A polygon is a closed plane figure
formed by line segments. The line segments are called sides that intersect only at their endpoints,
which are called vertex points.

Polygons

Not polygons

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– PROPERTIES OF POLYGONS –

A polygon is convex when no segment can be 5.

drawn between any two vertices (vertex points) that
contain points outside the polygon. In other words, if
you wrapped a rubber band around a convex poly-
gon, it would ft snugly without gaps. A concave poly-
gon has at least one place that “caves in.”
.

7.
Convex polygons

8.
Concave polygons

Practice
Classify each figure as a convex polygon, a concave
polygon, or not a polygon.

1. 9.

2.

Parts of a Polygon
3. Two sides of a polygon that intersect are called consec-
utive or adjacent sides. The two endpoints of a side are
called consecutive or adjacent vertices. The segment
that connects two nonconsecutive vertices is called a
diagonal of the polygon.
4.

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– PROPERTIES OF POLYGONS –

N a min g Po lygons Practice

Classify each polygon by the number of sides, and de-
When naming a polygon, you name its consecutive termine if each is correctly named.
vertices in clockwise or counterclockwise order. Here
are a few of the ways to name the following polygon: 10. A B
ABCDE, DEABC, or EDCBA.
A

C D
E B DCAB

11. J
D C

Although you can start at any vertex, you can-

not skip around when you name a polygon. For ex-
ample, you cannot name the polygon BDEAC, L K
ECBAD, or ACEDB. JKL

Polygons are classified by their number of sides. 12. W

V X
NUMBER OF SIDES POLYGON

3 triangle

4 quadrilateral
Z Y
WXYZ
5 pentagon

6 hexagon

7 heptagon

8 octagon

9 nonagon

10 decagon

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– PROPERTIES OF POLYGONS –

13. R Which of the following are acceptable names for each

polygon?
Q S D G
W T

Figure 1

V U
WQS E F

P S
14. M

L N Q R Figure 2

Q O

U T
P
_______ 1 . DGFE
QONMLP

15. E F _______ 17. FDGE

_______ 18. EFGD

L G
19. What type of polygon is Figure 1? Is it convex
or concave?

K H
_______ 20. UPQRST

_______ 21. RQSPUT

J I

IJKLEFGH _______ 22. UTSPQR

23. What type of polygon is Figure 2? Is it convex

or concave?

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– PROPERTIES OF POLYGONS –

F in d in g the Measure of Interior Angles

There are two theorems that you can use to find the measure of interior angles of a convex polygon. One theo-
rem works only for triangles. The other theorem works for all convex polygons, including triangles. Let’s take a
look at the theorem for triangles first.

The rem: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

To illustrate this, cut a triangle from a piece of paper. Tear off the three angles or points of the triangle.
Without overlapping the edges, put the vertex points together. They will form a straight line or straight angle.
Remember that a straight angle is 180°; therefore, the three angles of a triangle add up to 180°, as shown in the
following figures.

180°

You can find the sum of the interior angles of a convex polygon if you know how many sides the polygon
has. Look at these figures. Do you see a pattern?

180°

360° 540°

The diagram suggests that polygons can be divided into non-overlapping triangles. Since each triangle has
180°, multiply the number of non-overlapping triangles by 180 to get the sum of the interior angles.

Look for a pattern in the number of sides a polygon has and the number of triangles drawn from one ver-
tex point. You will always have two fewer triangles than the number of sides of the polygon. You can write this as
a general statement with the letter n representing the number of sides of the polygon.

The rem: If a convex polygon has n sides, then its angle sum is given by this formula:
S = 180(n – 2)

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– PROPERTIES OF POLYGONS –

Example: Find the sum of the interior angles of Finding the Measure
a polygon with 12 sides. of Interior Angles
Solution: n = 12
of Regular Polygons
S = 180(n – 2)
S = 180(12 – 2) A regular polygon is any polygon whose interior an-
S = 180(10) gles all have the same angle measurement. Recall
S = 1,800 that the formula to calculate the sum, S, of the inte-
rior angles of a polygon with n sides is S = 180(n – 2).
Therefore, the sum of the interior angles of a In order to calculate the measure of the interior an-
12-sided polygon is 1,800°. gle of a regular polygon, divide the sum, S, by the
number of sides, n.
Practice
Find the sum of the interior angles for each figure.
The rem: The measure of an interior angle,
x, of a regular polygon with n sides is given
24. by the formula:
180(n
2)
x=  
n

Example: Find the measure of an interior angle

of a regular pentagon.

25. Solution: n = 5
x = 1_80(n
_______
n
– 2)

________
x = 180(n
5
– 2)

x = ______
180(3)
5

x = 108

Each interior angle in a pentagon will measure

108°.

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– PROPERTIES OF POLYGONS –

F in d in g t h e Measure Practice
o f Ex t e r io r A ngles 6. Complete the table for convex polygons.

Use this theorem to find the measure of exterior an- NUMBER OF SIDES 6 10 14 16
gles of a convex polygon. An exterior angle is the an-
gle formed between the extension of one of the Interior  sum
polygon’s side, with the outside edge of its adjacent
Exterior  sum
side. Exterior angles sit outside the polygon.

27. The home plate used in baseball and softball

The rem: The sum of the exterior angles of a
has this shape:
convex polygon is always 360°.

To illustrate this theorem, picture yourself walk-

ing alongside a polygon. As you reach each vertex
point, you will turn the number of degrees in the ex-
terior angle. When you return to your starting point,
you will have rotated 360°.
As you can see, there are three right angles and
two congruent obtuse angles. What are the
measures of the two obtuse angles?

28. Find the measure of an interior angle of a reg-

ular octagon.

29. Find the measure of an interior angle of a reg-

ular decagon.

30. Find the measure of an exterior angle of a regu-

lar hexagon. (Hint: Recall the sum of the exte-
This figure shows this theorem using a penta- rior angles of a convex polygon.)
gon. Do you see that this would be true for all poly-
gons as stated in the theorem?

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Observe your surroundings today and see how many examples of convex and concave polygons you
can fnd.

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10
L E S S O N

QUADRILATERALS

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to name and classify special
quadrilaterals. You will also learn how to use the special proper-
ties associated with parallelograms, rectangles, rhombuses,
squares, and trapezoids.

Y ou may know that the prefix quad means four. A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides.
Quadrilaterals are one of the most commonly used figures in buildings, architecture, and de-
sign. The diagram on the next page shows the characteristics and relationships among the special
quadrilaterals.
All four-sided polygons are classified as quadrilaterals. Quadrilaterals branch off into two distinctive sub-
groups: parallelograms and trapezoids. Trapezoids are quadrilaterals that have only one pair of opposite parallel
sides. If the trapezoid has congruent legs, then the figure is an isosceles trapezoid. The diagram on page 76
shows that an isosceles trapezoid is one type of trapezoid, which is one type of quadrilateral. In other words, the
figures become more specialized as the chart flows downward.
The other main branch of quadrilaterals consists of parallelograms. Parallelograms have two pairs of op-
posite parallel sides. Parallelograms branch off into two special categories: rectangles and rhombuses. A rectan-
gle is a parallelogram with four congruent angles. A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides. A
square is a parallelogram with four right (90°) angles and four congruent sides. In other words, a square is also
a rectangle and a rhombus.

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– QUADRILATERALS –

four 90° ’s

four 90° ’s

Practice _______ 6. All rectangles are both parallelograms

Use the diagram to determine whether each state- and quadrilaterals.
ment is true or false.
_______ 7. All rhombuses are squares.
_______ 1. All trapezoids are quadrilaterals.
_______ 8. All isosceles trapezoids are
_______ 2. All parallelograms are rectangles. parallelograms.

_______ 3. All rectangles are quadrilaterals. _______ 9. All squares are trapezoids.

_______ 4. All parallelograms are squares. _______ 10. All quadrilaterals are squares.

_______ 5. All squares are both rectangles and

rhombuses.

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– QUADRILATERALS –

Properties of Parallelograms

The following properties of parallelograms will help you determine if a figure is a parallelogram or just a quadri-
lateral. The properties are also useful to determine measurements of angles, sides, and diagonals of parallelograms.

Properties of Parallelograms Theorem: Consecutive angles of a parallelogram

are supplementary.

120° 60°
Definition: Opposite sides of a parallelogram
are parallel.

60° 120°

Theorem: Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect

each other.

Theorem: Opposite sides of a parallelogram are

congruent.

Theorem: Opposite angles of a parallelogram Note that diagonals of a parallelogram are not
are congruent. necessarily congruent. Watch out for this, be-
cause it is a common error.

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– QUADRILATERALS –

Exa ples: BMAH is a parallelogram. WE KNOW

THAT BECAUSE
B H
135˚ m–XWZ = 90° Angle addition postulate.
+ 45° = 135°
3
m–XYZ = Opposite angles are
135° congruent.
M 5 A
m–WXY = 45° Consecutive angles are
supplementary.
WE KNOW
THAT BECAUSE m–WZY = 45° Opposite angles are
congruent.
BM = 3 Opposite sides are congruent.
W =2 Diagonals bisect each other.
BH = 5 Opposite sides are congruent.
Z =6 Diagonals bisect each other.
m–M = 135° Opposite angles are
congruent.
Practice
m–A = 45° Consecutive angles are
supplementary. Use the following figure of parallelogram ABCD to
answer questions 11–15.
m–B = 45° Opposite angles are
congruent.
A 12 B

WXYZ is a parallelogram.
8
X
115˚
D C

W
90˚
6 _______ 11. BC

45˚
_______ 12. DC
O
2
_______ 13. m–B
Y
_______ 14. m–A

_______ 15. m–D

Z

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– QUADRILATERALS –

Use the following figure of parallelogram PQRS to

answer questions 16–20. Theorem: The diagonals of a rectangle are
congruent.
P Q Theorem: The diagonals of a rhombus are per-
pendicular, and they bisect the an-
7 gles of the rhombus.
5

O Exa ples: NEWS is a rectangle.

N E

15˚

40˚ 6 X
S R
20˚
S W

_______ 16. SQ
WE KNOW
_______ 17. OR THAT BECAUSE

XE = 6 Diagonals bisect each other.

_______ 18. m–PQR
NW = 12 Diagonals of a rectangle are
congruent.
_______ 19. m–SPQ
–NES = 20° Alternate interior angles are
_______ 20. m–SRQ congruent, when formed by
parallel lines.

–NSW = 90° Definition of a rectangle.

Ot h e r S p e cia l Properties

The rectangle, rhombus, and square have a few other ABCD is a rhombus.
special properties. First, remember that these figures
B
are all parallelograms; therefore, they possess the
same properties as any parallelogram. However, be-
cause these figures are special parallelograms, they E 30˚
A C
also have additional properties. Since a square is both
a rectangle and a rhombus, a square possesses these
same special properties.
D

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– QUADRILATERALS –

WE KNOW Use the Pythagorean theorem to solve questions 25

THAT BECAUSE and 26.
m–BEC = 90° Diagonals of a rhombus are
perpendicular. 25. Find PQ, given OR = 5 and QR = 6.

m–DCE = 30° Diagonals of a rhombus 26. Determine the perimeter of rectangle PQRS.
bisect the angles.

m–BAD = 60° Opposite angles are Use the following figure to find the angle measures
congruent.
for rhombus GH K for questions 27–32.
m–ABC = 120° Consecutive angles are
supplementary. H

m–ADC = 120° Opposite angles are

congruent.

Practice 58˚
Use the following figure to find the side length and G J
M
angle measures for rectangle PQRS for questions
21–24.

P Q
25˚
K
6
O
15
_______ 27. m–HGK
S R
_______ 28. m–GH
_______ 21. QS
_______ 29. m– MK
_______ 22. OP
_______ 30. m–G K
_______ 23. m–QSR
_______ 31. m–H K
_______ 24. m–RPS
_______ 32. m–GKH

8
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– QUADRILATERALS –

Use the following Venn diagram to answer question 33.

Quadrilaterals

Parallelograms Trapezoids

Isosceles
Trapezoids
Rhombuses
es
aru

Rectangles
Sq

33. Explain how this Venn diagram and the flowchart shown at the beginning of this lesson show the rela-
tionships among quadrilaterals.

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Look around your environment to fnd examples of quadrilaterals and make a list of them. Then go
down your list and see how many correct geometric names you can give for each item. For example,
the state of Tennessee is a quadrilateral that is also a parallelogram. Your desktop may be a rectangle, a
parallelogram, and a quadrilateral. The Venn diagram shown in practice problem 33 may be useful to
you.

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11 RATIO,
L E S S O N

PROPORTION,
AND SIMILARITY

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to write and simplify ratios. You
will also learn how to determine whether two ratios are a propor-
tion and how to use proportions to solve problems. In addition,
you will learn how to determine whether two triangles are similar.

R atios and proportions have many applications. Architects use them when they make scale models of
buildings. Interior designers use scale drawings of rooms to decide furniture size and placement. Sim-
ilar triangles can be used to fnd indirect measurements. Measurements of distances such as heights
of tall buildings and the widths of large bodies of water can be found using similar triangles and proportions.
Let’s begin by looking at ratios.

What Is a Ratio?

If you compare two quantities, then you have used a ratio. A ratio is the comparison of two numbers using divi-
sion. The ratio of x to y can be written

xy or x:y. Ratios are usually expressed in simplest form.

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– RATIO, PROPORTION, AND SIMILARITY –

2 3
=
4 6
Examples: Express each ratio in simplest form.

4 12
D R Y means extremes

DR
(a)


RY
RY
(b)


DR
DR
(c)


DY
2:4 = 3:6
means
Solutions:
extremes
4 1 12 4 1
(a)


12 =


3 (b)


4 =3 16 =


(c)

4
Means -E xtremes Property
Practice In a proportion, the product of the means equals the
Express each ratio in simplest form. product of the extremes. When a proportion is ex-
pressed in fraction format, the cross products of the
10 5 proportion are equal. This means that the answers
K B T calculated when multiplying diagonally will be equal
to each other.
1. BT



KT
If

ab =

dc , then ad = bc.

2.


BT
KB
If a:b = c :d, then ad = bc.

3. KT



BT
Examples: Tell whether each of the following is
a proportion.
4. Write the ratio


KB
BT another way. (a)

63 =

21 (b) 2:5 = 4:10 (c)

31 =

92

. Write the ratio

BT
KB another way. Solutions:

6. Write the ratio

BT
KT another way.
(a) (b) (c)
3¥2=6¥1 2 ¥ 10 = 5 ¥ 4 1¥9=3¥2

6=6 20 = 20 96
W h a t Is a Pro p o r tion?
yes yes no
2 3 1
Since and are both equal to they are equal to



4


6 2,



each other. A statement that two ratios are equal is Practice
called a proportion. A proportion can be written in Determine whether each of the following is a pro-
one of the following ways: portion.
2



4 =

63 or 2:4 = 3:6
The first and last numbers in a proportion are
called the extremes. The middle numbers are called
the means.

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– RATIO, PROPORTION, AND SIMILARITY –

_______ 7.

72 =


4
14 _______ 17.

8b =

74

8. State the means for the proportion

72 =

4
14 . _______ 18.

9x =


36
4

_______ 9. 12:16 = 9:15

Triangle Similarity
10. State the extremes for the proportion
12:16 = 9:15. When two triangles have the same overall shape, they
are said to be similar. Similar triangles can be the
_______ 11. 2:3 = 3:2 same exact size or can be different sizes. Triangles that
are mirror images of each other are also defined as
12. State the means for the proportion 2:3 = 3:2. similar triangles.
You can prove that two figures are similar by us-
ing the definition of similar. Two figures are similar if
S o lvin g Pro p o r t io n Problems you can show that the following two statements are
true:
Proportions can also be used to solve problems. (1) Corresponding angles are congruent.
When three parts of a proportion are known, you can (2) Corresponding sides are in proportion.
find the fourth part by using the means-extremes In addition to using the definition of similar,
property. you can use three other methods for proving that
two triangles are similar: the angle-angle postulate,
Examples: Solve each proportion. the side-side-side postulate, and the side-angle-side
postulate.
(a)

4x =


2
10 (b)

7a =


12
21 (c)

25 =


15
y
If you know the measurements of two angles of
a triangle, can you fnd the measurement of the third
Solutions:
angle? Yes, from Lesson 9, you know that the sum of
(a) 2x = 4 ¥ 10 (b) 21a = 7 ¥ 12 (c) 5y = 2 ¥ 15 the three angles of a triangle is 180°. Therefore, if two
angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of
2x = 40 21a = 84 5y = 30
another triangle, then their third angles must also be
x = 20 a=4 y=6 congruent. This will help you understand the next
postulate. You should know that the symbol used for
Practice similarity is ~. Remember, when you are stating that
Solve each proportion. two triangles are similar, you must name their corre-
sponding vertices in the same order, or else your sim-
_______ 13.
8x
=

21 ilarity statement will be false!

_______ 14.

8y =

2
11
Angle-Angle Postulate (AA Postulate): If two

_______ 1 .

72 =

8z angles of one triangle are congruent to two

angles of another triangle, then the triangles
_______ 16.


52 =


a
20
are similar.

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– RATIO, PROPORTION, AND SIMILARITY –

Examples: Are these triangles similar? Practice

(a) Determine whether each pair of triangles is similar.
B E
_______ 19.
N K
C
50˚ 50˚

A D 70˚
J L
70˚
Solutions: O
M
(a) –A � –D, given
–BCA � –ECD, vertical –’s are � _______ 20.
DABC ~ DDEC, AA postulate B
E

(b)
X Y 20°
A C
60°
J 21°
D F

_______ 21.
80°
60° 40° 120°
A T Z 25°
45°
(b) m–J = 180 – (60 + 40)
m–J = 80 120°
DAJT ~ DYZX, AA postulate
_______ 22.

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– RATIO, PROPORTION, AND SIMILARITY –

_______ 23. Here are two more postulates you can use to prove
that two triangles are similar:

Side-Side-Side Postulate (SSS Postulate): If

30 the lengths of the corresponding sides of two
70 triangles are proportional, then the triangles
are similar.
Side-Angle-Side postulate (SAS postulate): If
the lengths of two pairs of corresponding
sides of two triangles are proportional and the
corresponding included angles are congruent,
then the triangles are similar.

There are two different ways to set up the sides of triangles to see if they are proportional. Consider the two tri-
angles below.

c x
a

b y

The first way to investigate if their sides make a The second way to compare sides is to put the
proportion is to compare a pair of sides from the small sides from both triangles in one fraction and
smaller triangle in one fraction to a pair of corre- compare that to the medium (or large) sides of both
sponding sides from the larger triangle in the other triangles in the other fraction. (When doing this, it is
fraction. Then see if those two fractions make a pro- necessary to keep the same triangles in the same part
portion. This method looks like this: of the fraction—notice how DABC is in the numera-
tor of both fractions.) Then see if those two fractions
small side of DABC
___________________ small side of DXYZ
___________________
medium side of DABC = medium side of DXYZ make a proportion. This would look like this:

a
__ x
__ small side of DABC
________________ large side of DABC
________________
which would translate to: b = y small side of DXYZ = large side of DXYZ

a
__ c
__
which would translate to: x = z

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– RATIO, PROPORTION, AND SIMILARITY –

In the following examples, you will notice that we (c)

set up the proportions using both of these methods.
10
9 4
Examples: Which postulate, if any, could you 3

7 8
use to prove that each pair of triangles is
similar?
3 ? 9



4 =


10
(a)
3 ¥ 10 = 4 ¥ 9
30  36

12
none

4
(d)
16 3

3 ? 12 2 4



4 =


16 30° 3
3 ¥ 16 = 4 ¥ 12 30°
48 = 48 6

SAS postulate 2 ?



3 =

64
2¥6=3¥4
(b)
12 = 12, but the included –’s are not
necessarily �
6
none

25
Practice
8 10 15 Which postulate, if any, could you use to prove that
the following pairs of triangles are similar?

24.

20

6 ? 10 6 ? 8 8 ? 10



15 =


25


15 =


20



20 =


25
6 ¥ 25 = 15 ¥ 10 6 ¥ 20 = 15 ¥ 8 8 ¥ 25 = 20 ¥ 10
150 = 150 120 = 120 200 = 200
SSS postulate

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– RATIO, PROPORTION, AND SIMILARITY –

2 . 29. 20
110°
15

100°
8
26.

30.
10

4 8

31.
75°

85°
20° 10 30
7 21

27. 5 15

28.

7
4 8

89
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– RATIO, PROPORTION, AND SIMILARITY –

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Outside your school, workplace, or home, fnd two objects that are fairly close to each other. One should
be short enough to measure with a measuring tape. Some good choices would be a stop sign or a fre hy-
drant. The other should be too tall to measure with a measuring tape. A fagpole or a light post would be
good choices. Measure the length of the shadows of the short and the tall objects. Set up a proportion:
height of the fagpole height of the stop sign




shadow of the fagpole =



shadow of the stop sign

Replace the height of the fagpole with x and the other parts of the proportion with the measurements
that you found. Solve by using the means-extremes property.

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12
L E S S O N

PERIMETER OF
POLYGONS

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to fnd the distance around
convex and concave polygons. You will also learn how to use
formulas to fnd the perimeter of polygons.

P erimeter is found by measuring the distance around an object. Crown molding around a room and a
fence around a garden are just two examples of where you might need to fnd a perimeter. To fnd the
perimeter of an irregular shape, simply add all the lengths of its sides. You can fnd the perimeters of
polygons that have a uniform shape by using formulas (not all polygons have uniform shapes and formulas for
perimeters). Carpenters and landscape architects use perimeters on a regular basis.

Examples: Find the perimeter of each polygon.

(a) (b)
1 cm

4 cm
5
6 cm

2 cm
4
5 cm 2

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– PERIMETER OF POLYGONS –

_______ 4.
4 6
Solut ons:
(a) perimeter = 1 + 4 + 2 + 5 + 6

3
= 18 cm
(b) 7 2
3 4 5
4

9
5 5
.
7
_______ 5

2 4
2
4

3
2 1

3
perimeter = 7 + 7 + 5 + 4 + 2 + 3
= 28

Practice Perimeter For mulas

Find the perimeter of each polygon.

3
For certain polygons, you can find the perimeter in a
_______ 1. more efficient manner. Using a standard formula for

3 3
a particular shape is faster and easier than adding all
the sides. Here are the most commonly used perime-

3
ter formulas:

9 Square

_______ 2.
3
s
5
5

5
p = 4s
_______ 3. Hint: Pythagorean theorem
Rectangle
5 l

4
4 w

p = 2l + 2w
or
p = 2(l + w)

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– PERIMETER OF POLYGONS –

Regular Pentagon (c)

s 4 cm

p = 5s
p = 5s p = 5(4)
p = 20 cm
Examples: Use a formula to find each
perimeter. A regular polygon is a polygon with all congru-
(a) ent angles and all congruent sides. So if you know the
length of one side of a regular polygon, all you need
to do to find its perimeter is multiply the number of
8 cm
sides by the length of a side. In other words, p = ns,
where n = number of sides and s = the length of each
side.
p = 4s
p = 4(8) Practice
p = 32 cm Use a formula to fnd the perimeter of each polygon.
(b)
_______ 6. 4 in.

3 cm

7 cm
7 in.
p = 2l + 2w or p = 2(l + w)
p = 2(7) + 2(3) p = 2(7 + 3)
p = 14 + 6 p = 2(10)
p = 20 cm p = 20 cm

Either of these formulas will always work.

_______ 7.
You can choose which one is easier for you.

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– PERIMETER OF POLYGONS –

_______ 8. Working Backward

3 cm If you know the perimeter of a polygon, you can also

use a perimeter formula to fnd the length of one of
its sides by working backward.

Example:
(a)
_______ 9.
9 ft. s

p = 20 cm
s = _____

Solut on:
_______ 10.
(a) p = 4s
20 = 4s
5 cm s = 5 cm

Example:
8 cm (b)

_______ 11. square: s = 20 cm w 5

_______ 12. parallelogram: l = 5 ft., w = 10 ft.

l

_______ 13. rectangle: l = 12 in., w = 6 in. p = 32

w = _____
_______ 14. regular octagon: s = 10 in. l = _____

_______ 1 . regular nonagon: s = 7 ft. Solut on:

(b) w = 5
p = 2l + 2w
32 = 2l + 2(5)
32 = 2l + 10
22 = 2l
l = 11

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– PERIMETER OF POLYGONS –

Example: 19.
(c) regular hexagon
p = 24 mm

Solut on:
(c) p = 6s
24 = 6s p = 32 yd
s = 4 mm s = _____

Practice 20. equilateral triangle: p = 60 cm s = _____

Find the length of the indicated side(s).
21. regular octagon: p = 80 cm s = _____
16.
1m 22. regular hexagon: p = 48 cm s = _____

p = 12 m 23. regular decagon: p = 230 cm s = _____

w = _____
l = _____ 4. rhombus: p = 44 cm s = _____

17. Find answers to these practical problems.

2 . Suppose you want to frame an 8-inch by 10-

10 cm inch picture. How much molding will you need
to buy?

p = 30 cm
w = _____
26. A fence must be placed around your vegetable
l = _____
garden. The dimensions of the garden are 30
feet by 10 feet. How much fencing will you
18.
need?

p = 35 in.
s = _____

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– PERIMETER OF POLYGONS –

27. You have a square dining room that you would 29. Suppose a bookshelf has three shelves that are
like to trim with crown molding. If the length each 3 feet long by 1 foot tall. You have books
of the room is 17 feet, how much crown mold- that are all 2 in. wide by 12 in. tall. How many
ing should you purchase? of your books will ft in the bookcase?

28. Suppose you want to hang holiday icicle lights 30. You have a wall that is 9 ft. tall that you want to
around your house. If your house is 32 feet by cover with posters. The posters you like each
40 feet and one package of lights is 9 feet long, measure 3 ft. by 3 ft. If you bought 15 posters
how many packages of lights should you buy? and placed them next to each other from foor
to ceiling on the wall, how wide would the
portion of the wall covered with posters be?

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Use a tape measure to fnd the perimeter of your room, the door of your room, and a window in your
room. Use formulas when possible.

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13
L E S S O N

AREA OF
POLYGONS

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to use formulas to fnd the ar-
eas of rectangles, parallelograms, triangles, and trapezoids.
You will also learn how to use the formulas to work backward
to fnd missing lengths of polygons.

P eople often confuse area and perimeter. As you learned in Lesson 12, perimeter is the distance around
an object. In this lesson, you’ll work with area, which is the amount of surface covered by an object.
For example, the number of tiles on a kitchen foor would be found by using an area formula, while
the number of feet of baseboard used to surround the room would be found by using a perimeter formula.
Perimeter is always expressed in linear units. Area is always expressed in square units. You cannot measure the
amount of surface that is covered by an object by simply measuring it in one direction; you need to measure the
object in two directions, like a square. A fat surface has two dimensions: length and width. When you multiply
a number by itself, the number is said to be squared. In the same way, when two units of measurement are mul-
tiplied by each other, as in area, the unit is expressed in square units. By looking at a tiled floor, it is easy to un-
derstand why the area of a surface is measured by the number of squares it takes to cover that surface. This way
of measuring area in squares is signified by writing an exponent of 2 after the unit of measurement. This expo-
nent is only a notation that the measurement is in squares and does not mean that you square the answer. For
example, 10 ft2 of tiles means 10 tiles that are each a 1-foot by 1-foot square; it does not mean 102 or 100 tiles.
Note that it is incorrect to write that the area of a carpet is 20 yards; since area measures objects in two-dimensional
squares, you would need to write that the area of a carpet is 20 yd2.

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– AREA OF POLYGONS –

F in d in g t h e A rea Practice
o f a R e ct a n g le Find the area of each rectangle.

For a rectangle, the base can be any side. The base _______ 1.
length is represented by b. The sides perpendicular to 4 cm
the base are referred to as the height. The height is re-
ferred to as h. The base is often called the length, l,
6 cm
and the height is often called the width, w. Length, l,
and width, w, are used in the same manner as base, b, _______ 2.
and height, h. This book uses base and height.
Here is a useful theorem you can use to fnd the
area of a rectangle.
16 m

Theorem: The area (A) of a rectangle is the

product of its base length (b) and its height
(h).
A = bh 1m

_______ 3.
Examples: Find the area of each rectangle.
(a)

14 in.

8 cm

14 in.

5 cm
_______ 4.
A = bh 3 ft.
A = 5(8)
A = 40 cm 2
(b)
2 ft.
7 ft.
10 ft.

A = bh
A = 10(2)
A = 20 ft.2

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– AREA OF POLYGONS –

F in d in g t h e Le n gth of an Solut on:

U n k n o w n S id e o f a Rectangle A = bh
84 = b(12)
You can also use the area formula for a rectangle to b = 7 ft.
find the length of an unknown side if you know the
area. Practice
For each fgure, fnd the length of the indicated side(s).
Examples: For each rectangle, find the length of
. b
the indicated sides.
(a)
7 in.
h

8 cm
A = 56 in.2
2
A = 32 cm b = _____
b = _____ h = _____
h = _____
6.
Solut on:
A = bh h

32 = 8h
h = 4 cm
15 m
(b)
A = 75 m 2
b = _____
12 ft.
h = _____

7. A = 25 yd2
b b = 4 yd
h = _____
A = 84 ft.2
b = _____
h = _____

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– AREA OF POLYGONS –

8. A = 150 cm 2 Finding the Area

b = _____ and Unknown Sides
h = 10 cm of a Parallelogram

9. Any side of a parallelogram can be called the base.

The height is the length of the altitude. The altitude
is a segment perpendicular to the base connecting
the base to the opposite side.
h

h
2 cm
A = 60 cm2
b = 2 cm b

h = _____
h

Draw an altitude of a parallelogram. Cut along the altitude to separate the parallelogram into two pieces.
Fit the two pieces together to form a rectangle. You’ll find that the base and height of the rectangle coincide with
the base and altitude of the parallelogram.
b b b

h h h

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– AREA OF POLYGONS –

Using this information, can you predict the area Practice

formula for a parallelogram? Take a moment to make Find the indicated information.
your prediction, then look at the following theorem.
10.

Theorem: The area (A) of a parallelogram is 3 cm 5 cm

the product of its base length (b) and its
height (h). 8 cm
A = bh A = _____
b = _____
h = _____
Examples: Find the area of the parallelogram.

11. 8.3 mm
9 in. 5 mm

12 in.
A = _____
Solut on: A = bh
b = _____
A = 12(9)
h = _____
A = 108 in.2

Find the indicated lengths.

12. 6 cm

h
5 cm
12 cm
10 cm h

A = 40 cm 2 Solut on: A = bh
b = _____ 40 = 10h
h = _____ h = 4 cm A = 60 cm 2
b = _____
Note that the 5 cm measurement is unnecessary h = _____
information for this problem. Recall that the base and
height must be perpendicular to each other. 13. 5 ft.

7 ft.

A = 28 ft.2
b = _____
h = _____

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– AREA OF POLYGONS –

F in d in g t h e A re a and Practice
U n k n o w n S id e s o f a Triangle Find the area of each triangle.

Look at the following figure and try to predict the _______ 14. 7 cm
area formula for a triangle.

6 cm
h

Now see if your prediction is correct by reading

_______ 1 .
the theorem below.

12 in.
Theorem: The area (A) of any triangle is half
the product of its base length (b) and height
(h). 5 in.
A = ��21 bh
_______ 16. Triangle: b = 10 feet, h = 7 feet
Examples: Find the area.
(a) 17. Triangle: b =13 inches, h = 26 inches

18.
6 in.

10 in.

A = ��21 bh
A = ��21 (10)(6)
Find the indicated length.
A = 30 in.2
(b)
19.
4 cm

h
7 cm

Note that the height is drawn as the

perpendicular line from the extended base 11 cm
to the opposite vertex. A = 77 cm 2
A = ��21 bh h = ______
A = ��21 (7)(4)
A = 14 cm 2

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– AREA OF POLYGONS –

20. 22. For a given triangle, A = 160 ft.2 with a base

of 8 ft. What is the height?

17 ft.
h

23. For a given triangle, A = 64 in.2 with a height

A = 68 ft.2 of 16 in. What is the base?
h = ______

21. b

6 in.

A = 51 in.2
b = ______

F in d in g t h e A rea and Unknown Sides of a Trapezoid

Can you predict the area formula for a trapezoid? Look at these fgures:
b2
A B A C

h h

D C D C A B
b1 b1 b2

A = 21 b1h A = 21 b2 h

Area of the trapezoid = area of two triangles

= ��21 b1h + ��21 b2h

= ��21 h(b1 + b2)

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– AREA OF POLYGONS –

Practice
Theorem: The area of a trapezoid is half the Find the area or indicated length.
product of the height and the sum of the base
lengths (b1 + b2). 24. 7m
1
A= ��h(b1
2 + b2)

12 m
Examples: Find the area or indicated length.
(a) 7 cm

15 m
6 cm A = _____

2 . b1
12 cm

A = ��21 h(b1 + b2)

A = ��21 (6)(7 + 12) 9 cm

A = ��21 (6)(19)
A = 57 cm 2
(b) 10 cm 15 cm
2
A = 90 cm
b1 = _____
16 cm 130 cm2 b1
26.

18 in.

1
A= ��h(b1 + b2)
2 8 in.
1
130 = ��(10)(b1 + 16)
2 8 in.
130 = 5(b1 + 16)
130 = 5b1 + 80
A = _____
50 = 5b1
b1 = 10 cm

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– AREA OF POLYGONS –

27. 10 in. 29. A = 92 m2

h =8m
h
b1 = 14 m
b2 = ______

15 in. 30. A = 360 in.2

A = 75 in.2 h = ______
h = _____ b1 = 3 in.
b2 = 12 in.
28. h = 6 cm
b1 = 5 cm
b2 = 10 cm
A = ______

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Try to fnd an object shaped like each of the polygons in this lesson. Examples would be a rectangular
window pane, a square foor tile, a table leg shaped like a trapezoid, a quilt piece shaped like a parallel-
ogram, and a triangular scarf. Measure and fnd the area of each.

105
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blank page
GEOM_14_107-112_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:43 AM Page 107

14
L E S S O N

SURFACE AREA
OF PRISMS

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to identify various parts of a
prism and how to use formulas to fnd the surface area of a
prism.

A prism is a solid, three-dimensional figure that has rectangular sides and two congruent polygons
as a top and bottom. In rectangular prisms, the top, bottom, and sides are all rectangles or squares.
(Recall that squares are just specialized rectangles.) A rectangular prism is a shape you see every
day. Examples are bricks, cereal boxes, and some buildings. Sometimes, it is necessary to completely cover
these objects. You might need to wrap a gift, determine how much siding is needed to cover a house, or make a
label for a box.
The rectangles or squares that are connected to make a three-dimensional shape are called the faces of a
prism. A rectangular prism has six faces. Where these faces meet, line segments are formed, which are called
edges. A rectangular prism has 12 edges. When 3 edges meet at a point, that point is called a vertex. A rectangu-
lar prism has eight vertices (plural of vertex). See the figure on the following page, which illustrates all of these
important parts of a rectangular prism.

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– SURFACE AREA OF PRISMS –

Exa ple: Practice

face Determine the length of each side.
B C
A D H I
edge
G J
F G 5 in.
vertex
E H L M
ABCD is a face.
4 in.
CG is an edge. K 9 in. N
G is a vertex.
1. HL = ______
Edges that are parallel to each other have the
same measurements. 2. KL = ______

Exa ple: 3. GJ = ______

M N
4. GK = ______
L
O

5. JI = ______
6 cm

. LM = ______
Q R
2 cm
7. How many edges does a rectangular solid have?
P 3 cm S
PQ = 2 cm 8. How many faces does a rectangular solid have?
LO = 3 cm
LP = 6 cm 9. How many vertices does a rectangular solid
have?

10. How many vertices does any face touch?

11. How many vertices have a length of 5 in.?

12. How many edges come together at each vertex?

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– SURFACE AREA OF PRISMS –

U s in g a For mula to Find the Surface Area

of a Rectangular Prism

If you take a box apart and fold out all the sides, you will have six rectangles. You will have three pairs of rec-
tangles that are the same size. You could find the area of each rectangle and add up all their areas to obtain the
total area.

4 4

4 4
4

2 2

4 4

2 4
3

2 2

You could make a chart to help you organize all the faces, or you could use a formula.

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– SURFACE AREA OF PRISMS –

_______ 14.
Theorem: The surface area (S.A.) of a rectangu- 1 ft

lar prism is twice the sum of the length (l ) times

4 ft
the width (w), the width (w) times the height (h),
and the length (l ) times the height (h).
7 ft
S.A. = 2(lw + wh + lh)
_______ 15.
h

w
8m
l

3m
5m
Exa ple: Find the surface area of the
rectangular prism.
_______ 1 .
6 cm

2 cm
5 cm 11 cm

_______ 17. l = 9 in., w = 3 in., h = 5 in.

2 cm
3 cm _______ 18. l = 5 ft, w = 10 ft, h = 4 ft
l = 3 cm, w = 2 cm, h = 5 cm
Working backward, find the missing edge length us-
S.A. = 2(lw + wh + lh)
ing the given information.
S.A. = 2[(3)(2) + (2)(5) + (3)(5)]
S.A. = 2(6 + 10 + 15)
19. A = 448 ft2
S.A. = 2(31) l = 14 ft
S.A. = 62 cm 2 w=?
h = 6 ft
Practice
Find the surface area of each rectangular prism. 20. A = 280 m2
l =4m
_______ 13. w=4m
h 2 in.
h =?

w 1 in.
l 3 in.

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– SURFACE AREA OF PRISMS –

T h e S u r f a ce A re a of a Cube Practice
Find the surface area of each cube.
A cube is a special rectangular prism. All the edges of
a cube have the same length, so all six faces have the _______ 21.
same area.
4 ft.

_______ 22. 6 cm
e
e

Theorem: The surface area of a cube is six

times the edge (e) squared.
S.A. = 6e 2
_______ 23.

Note: A common mistake to avoid with this formula 1

2 in.
is multiplying the edge length by 6 before the edge is
squared. Since the order of operations dictates that
exponents come before multiplication, make sure you
calculate e2 first, before multiplying it by 6!
_______ 24.
Exa ple: Find the surface area of the cube.

7m

3 cm

_______ 25. e = 5.8 cm

S.A. = 6e 2 Working backward, find the missing edge length us-

S.A. = 6(3) 2 ing the given information.
S.A. = 6(9)
S.A. = 54 cm 2 _______ 2 . If the surface area of a cube is 486 ft.2,
fnd the length of each edge.

_______ 27. If the surface area of a cube is 726 in.2,

fnd the length of one of its edges.

_______ 28. If the surface area of a cube is 73.5 ft.2,

fnd the perimeter of its front face.

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– SURFACE AREA OF PRISMS –

Use the following information to answer questions 29 _______ 29. How many square inches of wrapping
and 30. paper will Susie need to cover the
blender box?
Susie bought a blender that came in a
rectangular prism box with edges measuring _______ 30. What color paper will Susie use?
8 in., 12 in., and 18 in. She needs to wrap it as a
gift and wants to use her blue wrapping paper,
which measures 9 in. ¥ 100 in. If she doesn’t
have enough blue, she will use her green paper,
which is 12 in. ¥ 80 in. If she doesn’t have
enough green, she will use her yellow paper, of
which she has an endless supply. (Assume that
there’s no need for the edges of the wrapping
paper to overlap; Susie simply needs to cover the
entire box.)

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Take a juice box and measure its length, width, and height. Use the formula to fnd its surface area.
Now take a break and drink the juice. Unfold the empty juice box. Find the area of each rectangle that
made up the box and add all those areas up. Compare the two answers.

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15 VOLUME OF
L E S S O N

PRISMS AND
PYRAMIDS

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to fnd the volume of prisms
and pyramids using formulas.

W
a space.
hen you are interested in fnding out how much a refrigerator holds or the amount of storage
space in a closet, you are looking for the volume of a prism. Volume is expressed in cubic units.
Just like an ice tray is flled with cubes of ice, volume tells you how many cubic units will ft into

Do you remember that since area is measured in squares, it is written with an exponent of 2 after the unit
of measurement, such as 8 cm2? Since volume is a three-dimensional measurement of cubic space, an exponent
of 3 is similarly used after the unit of measurement. For example, if a box has a volume of 84 cm3, that means
it can hold 84 cubes that are each 1 cm wide by 1 cm deep by 1 cm tall. The way 84 cm3 is said is “84 cubic
centimeters.”

Volume of Prisms

Prisms can have bases in the shape of any polygon. A prism with a rectangle for its bases is called a rectangular
prism. A prism with triangles for its bases is referred to as a triangular prism. A prism with hexagons as its bases
is called a hexagonal prism, and so on. Prisms can be right or oblique. A right prism is a prism with its bases

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– VOLUME OF PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS –

perpendicular to its sides, meaning they form right (b) 4 in.

angles. Bases of oblique prisms do not form right an-
gles with their sides. An example of an oblique prism
would be a skyscraper that is leaning over. In this les- 8 in.
son, you will concentrate on the volume of right
prisms, so when we refer to prisms, you can assume
we mean a right prism.
3 in.

Theore : To fnd the volume (V ) of a rectan-

Solution: First, fnd the area of a base. As you
gular prism, multiply the length (l ), width (w),
remember from Lesson 13, the formula for
and height (h) together.
fnding the area of any triangle is A = ��21 bh.
V = lwh
A = ��21 (3)(4)
A = ��21 (12)
The volume of a rectangular prism could also be A = 6 in.2
calculated in another way. The area of the base of a The area, A, becomes the base, B, in the volume
rectangular prism is the length (l) times the width formula V = Bh.
(w). The volume of a rectangular prism can be calcu- V = Bh
lated by multiplying the area of the base (B) times the V = (6)(8)
height (h) of the prism. This approach of multiplying V = 48 in.3
the area of the base by the height can also be applied (c)
to other solid prisms where the base is not a rectangle.
When the base is a triangle, trapezoid, or other poly-
gon, use the area formula for that shape, then multi-
ply by the height (h) of the figure.

Theore : To fnd the volume (V ) of any prism, B = 30 ft.2Solution: V = Bh

multiply the area of a base (B) by the height h = 5 ft. V = (30)(5)
(h). V = 150 ft.3
V = Bh (d) Prism: B = 42 m 2, Solution: V = Bh
h = 10 m V = (42)(10)
V = 420 m 3
Examples: Find the volume of each prism.
(a)
6 in.

6 in.
12 in.

V = lwh
V = (12)(6)(6)
V = 432 in.3

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– VOLUME OF PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS –

Practice _______ .
Find the volume of each prism.

_______ 1. 4 ft.
9 in. 10 ft.
5 ft.
4 in.
12 in. _______ 7.

_______ 2.
1m
5 cm
2m
16 m 24 cm2

_______ 3.
_______ 8.
30 m2
7 cm
5m

7 cm

7 cm _______ 9.
12 in.2
_______ 4. 3 in.

10 ft.

_______ 10. Prism: B = 80 cm2, h = 14 cm

_______ 11. Prism: B = 48 ft.2, h = 12 ft.

6 ft. 8 ft.

_______ 12. Prism: B = 85 m2, h = 8 m

_______ 5. 6 m 6m

6m

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– VOLUME OF PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS –

For questions 13 and 14, use the given volume to de- Volume of a Cube
termine the length of the missing edge.
Recall that the edges (e) of a cube all have the same
13. In the following fgure, the area of the rectan- measurement; therefore, if you replace the length (l ),
gular base is 52 cm2 and the total volume is width (w ), and height (h) with the measurement of
468 cm3. the edge of the cube, then you will have the formula
for the volume of the cube, V = e 3.

Theore : The volume of a cube is determined

by cubing the length of the edge.
V = e3

Example: Find the volume of the cube.

52 cm 2 5m

V = 468 cm3
h = ______
V = e3
V = (5) 3
14. The following fgure has a height of 6 in., a
V = 125 m 3
length of 8 in., and a total volume of 336 in.3
Practice
Find the volume of each cube.

_______ 15.
10 m
6 in.
8 in.

w
w = ______

_______ 1 .

3 ft.

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– VOLUME OF PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS –

_______ 17. Cube: e = 4 in. Examples: Find the volume of each pyramid.
(a)
h = 6 cm
_______ 18. Find the edge of a cube with a volume
of 1,000 cm3. (Hint: You will not find
the edge length by just dividing the 3 cm
volume by 3!) 5 cm

V = ��31 lwh
19. Find the edge of a cube with volume 3,375 ft.3
V = ��31 (5)(3)(6)
V = 30 cm 3
Vo lu me o f a Pyramid (b)
h = 9 in.
A polyhedron is a three-dimensional fgure whose
surfaces are all polygons. A regular pyramid is a poly-
hedron with a base that is a regular polygon and a
vertex point that lies directly over the center of the
base. 50 in.2

V = ��31 Bh
V = ��31 (50)(9)
V = 150 in.3
(c) Regular pyramid: B = 36 ft.2, h = 8 ft.

Solution: V = ��31 Bh
If you have a pyramid and a rectangular prism
V = ��31 (36)(8)
with the same length, width, and height, you would
V = 96 ft.3
find that it would take three of the pyramids to fill the
prism. In other words, one-third of the volume of the
Practice
prism is the volume of the pyramid.
Find the volume of each pyramid.

_______ 20.
h
h

w w
h = 9 cm
l l

V = lwh or V = Bh V = ��31 lwh or V = ��31 Bh

8 cm

8 cm

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– VOLUME OF PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS –

_______ 21. _______ 25.

h = 15 m h = 5 cm

6m

6m 51 cm2

_______ 22. _______ 2 . Regular pyramid: B = 64 in.2, h= 6 in.

h = 12 in.
_______ 27. Regular pyramid: B = 156 ft.2, h = 8 ft.

_______ 28. Regular pyramid: B = 3 cm2, h = 1 cm

10 in.
For questions 29 and 30, use the given volume to de-
10 in. termine the missing value.
_______ 23.
29.
10 m
h = 5 ft.

7m
B = 36 ft. 2 w
V = 140 m3
w = ______
_______ 24.
h = 10 m 30.

81 m2 B = 70 ft.2

V = 210 ft.3
h = ______

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– VOLUME OF PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS –

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Take a box of saltine crackers, the kind with four packages of crackers inside. Measure the length,
width, and height of the cracker box and fnd its volume. Now measure the length, width, and height
of one of the sleeves of crackers and fnd the volume of a single sleeve. Multiply that volume by 4 to
fnd the combined volume of all four sleeves of crackers, and compare that volume to the original vol-
ume of the box you calculated.

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16 WORKING WITH
L E S S O N

CIRCLES AND
CIRCULAR FIGURES

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn about the irrational number pi, or π.
You will also learn to use formulas to fnd the circumference and
area of circles, the surface area and volume of cylinders and
spheres, and the volume of cones.

B efore you begin to work with circles and circular figures, you need to know about the irrational num-
ber p (pronounced “pie”). Over 2,000 years ago, mathematicians approximated the value of the ratio
of the distance around a circle to the distance across a circle to be approximately 3. By this estimate, it
would take three times as long to walk all the way around a circle as it would take to walk from one edge of it,
through the center, to the other side. Years later, this value was named with the Greek letter p. The exact value of
p is still a mathematical mystery. p is an irrational number. A rational number is a number that can be written as
a ratio, a fraction, or a terminating or repeating decimal. Although its value has been computed in various ways
over the past several hundred years, no one has been able to find a decimal value of p where the decimal termi-
nates or develops a repeating pattern. Computers have been used to calculate the value of p to over 50 billion
decimal places, but there is still no termination or repeating group of digits.

p = ��
circumference
diameter

The most commonly used numbers for p are �� 7 and 3.14. These are not the true values of p, only rounded
22

approximations. You may have a p key on your calculator. This key will give you an approximation for p that
varies according to how many digits your calculator displays.

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– WORKING WITH CIRCLES AND CIRCULAR FIGURES –

Circu mf e re n ce o f a Circle Solution: Use the C = pd formula, since the

diameter of the circle is given.
Now that you know about the irrational number p, C = pd
it’s time to start working with circles. The distance C  (3.14)(10)
around a circle is called its circumference. There are C  31.4 cm
many reasons why people need to find a circle’s cir- (b)
cumference. For example, the amount of lace edge
5 cm
around a circular skirt can be found by using the cir-
cumference formula. The amount of fencing for a cir-
cular garden is another example of when you need
the circumference formula.
The diameter of a circle is the distance across a cir-
cle through its center. Since p is the ratio of circum- Solution: Use the C = 2pr formula, since the
ference to diameter, the approximation of p times the radius of the circle is given.
diameter of the circle gives you the circumference of C = 2pr
the circle. A radius is the distance from the center to C  2(3.14)(5)
the edge. One-half the diameter is equal to the radius, C  31.4 cm
or two radii are equal to the length of the diameter.
Notice that these two circles have the same cir-
1
d = 2r or r = 2d
�� cumference because a circle with a diameter of 10 cm
has a radius of 5 cm. You pick which formula to use
Here is a theorem that will help you solve cir-
based on what information you are given—the cir-
cumference problems:
cle’s radius or its diameter.

Theorem: The circumference of any circle is

Practice
Find the approximate circumference of each circle
the product of its diameter and p.
shown or described. Use 3.14 for p.
C = pd or C = 2pr

_______ 1.
Since p is approximately (not exactly) equal to
15 ft.
3.14, after you substitute the value 3.14 for p in the
formula, you should use  instead of =. The symbol 
means approximately equal to.

Examples: Find the circumference of each _______ 2.

circle. Use the approximation of 3.14 for p.
11 in.
(a)

10 cm

_______ 3. d = 7 m

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– WORKING WITH CIRCLES AND CIRCULAR FIGURES –

_______ 4. r = 25 m Examples: Find the approximate area for each

circle. Use 3.14 for p.
_______ 5. 8 cm (a)

6 cm

8 cm

A = pr 2
A  (3.14)(6)2
A  (3.14)(36)
A  113.04 cm2
A re a o f a Circle (b)

To understand the area of a circle, take a look at the 14 in.

following figure. Imagine a circle that is cut into
wedges and rearranged to form a shape that resem-
bles a parallelogram. Remember that the area of a
parallelogram is calculated by multiplying the base
r = ��21 d
times the height.
r = ��21 (14)
r = 7 in.
A = pr 2
h=r
A  (3.14)(7)2
A  (3.14)(49)
b = 1 C = 1 (2πr) = πr A  153.86 in.2
2 2

Practice
Theorem: The area (A) of a circle is the prod-
Find the approximate area for each circle shown or
uct of p and the square of the radius (r). described. Use 3.14 for p.
A = pr 2
_______ .
Notice that this formula squares the radius, not 10 ft.
the diameter, so if you are given the diameter, you
should divide it by 2 to obtain the radius. Some peo-
ple will mistakenly think that squaring the radius and
doubling it to get the diameter are the same. They are
the same only when the radius is 2. Otherwise, 2 _______ 7.
times a number and the square of a number are very
8m
different.

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– WORKING WITH CIRCLES AND CIRCULAR FIGURES –

_______ 8. r = 13 cm _______ 10. 6 cm

_______ 9. d = 24 in.

6 cm

S u r face Area of a Cylinder

When you are looking for the surface area of a cylinder, you need to find the area of two circles (the bases) and
the area of the curved surface that makes up the side of the cylinder. The area of the curved surface is hard to vi-
sualize when it is rolled up. Picture a paper towel roll. It has a circular top and bottom. When you unroll a sheet
of the paper towel, it is shaped like a rectangle. The area of the curved surface is the area of a rectangle with the
same height as the cylinder, and the base measurement is the same as the circumference of the circle base.

πr 2 b

bh h

πr 2 Same as the C of the circle base:

2πr

Surface area of a cylinder = area of two circles + Examples: Find the surface area of each
area of rectangle cylinder. Use 3.14 for p.
= 2pr 2 + bh (a) 4 cm
= 2pr 2 + 2prh
5 cm

Theorem: The surface area (SA) of a cylinder is

determined by fnding the sum of the area of SA = 2pr 2 + 2prh
the bases and the product of the circumfer- SA  2(3.14)(4)2 + 2(3.14)(4)(5)
ence times the height. SA  100.48 + 125.6
SA = 2pr 2 + 2prh SA  226.08 cm2

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– WORKING WITH CIRCLES AND CIRCULAR FIGURES –

(b) 10 ft.
3 ft.
Theorem: The volume (V) of a cylinder is the
product of the area of the base (B) and the
height (h).
V = Bh or V = pr 2h

SA = 2pr 2 + 2prh
Examples: Find the volume of each cylinder.
SA  2(3.14)(3)2 + 2(3.14)(3)(10)
Use 3.14 for p.
SA  56.52 + 188.4
(a) 3 cm
SA  244.92 ft.2

Practice
Find the surface area of each cylinder. Use 3.14 for p.
9 cm

_______ 11. 4 cm V = pr 2h
V  (3.14)(3)2(9)
V  (3.14)(9)(9)
V  254.34 cm3
9 cm (b) 6 in.

_______ 12. 7 in. 8 in.

10 in.

V = pr 2h
V  (3.14)(6)2(8)
V  (3.14)(36)(8)
_______ 13. Cylinder: r = 6 ft., h = 16 ft.
V  904.32 in.3

_______ 14. Cylinder: d = 18 cm, h = 3 cm

Practice
Find the volume of each cylinder shown or described.
Use 3.14 for p.
Vo lu me o f a Cylinder
_______ 15. 9 cm
Similar to finding the volume of a prism, you can find
the volume of a cylinder by finding the product of the 5 cm
area of the base and the height of the figure. Of
course, the base of a cylinder is a circle, so you need to
find the area of a circle times the height.

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– WORKING WITH CIRCLES AND CIRCULAR FIGURES –

_______ 1 . 3 m Practice
Find the volume of each cone shown or described.
Use 3.14 for p.

12 m _______ 19.
6m

_______ 17. Cylinder: d = 10 ft., h = 10 ft.

_______ 18. Cylinder: d = 22 ft., h = 12 ft. 4m

_______ 20. 5 in.

Vo lu me o f a Cone
13 in.
A cone relates to a cylinder in the same way that a
pyramid relates to a prism. If you have a cone and a
cylinder with the same radius and height, it would
take three of the cones to fill the cylinder. In other
_______ 21. Cone: r = 6 cm, h = 12 cm
words, the cone holds one-third the amount of the
cylinder.
_______ 22. Cone: d = 14 ft., h = 5 ft.

h h
Surface Area of a Sphere
r A sphere is the set of all points that are the same dis-
tance from some point called the center. A sphere is
V = Bh or V = pr 2h V = ��31 Bh or V = ��31 pr 2h most likely to be called a ball. Try to find an old base-
ball and take the cover off of it. When you lay out the
Example: Find the volume of the cone. Use cover of the ball, it roughly appears to be four circles.
3.14 for p. Recall that the formula for finding the area of a circle
is A = pr2.

7 in. Theorem: The surface area (SA) formula for a

sphere is four times p times the radius
3 in. squared.
SA = 4pr 2
V = ��31 pr 2h
V  ��31 (3.14)(3)2(7)
V  65.94 in.3

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– WORKING WITH CIRCLES AND CIRCULAR FIGURES –

Example: Find the surface area of the sphere.

Use 3.14 for p.

2 cm

Volume of each pyramid = ��31 Bh

Sum of the volumes = n ¥ ��31 Br Substitute r for h of
SA = 4pr 2 n pyramids
SA  (4)(3.14)(2)2 = ��31 (nB)r Substitute nB with
SA  50.24 cm2 the SA of a sphere
= ��3 (4pr )r
1 2

Practice = ��34 pr 3
Find the surface area of each sphere shown or de-
scribed. Use 3.14 for p.
Theorem: The volume (V) of a sphere is deter-
mined by the product of ��34 p and the cube of
_______ 23.
the radius.
7m V = ��34 pr 3

Example: Find the volume of the sphere. Use

3.14 for p.
_______ 24.

16 in.
9 cm

_______ 25. Sphere: r = 16 cm V = ��34 pr 3

V  ��34 (3.14)(9)3
_______ 2 . Sphere: d = 40 ft.
V  3,052.08 cm3

Practice
Vo lu me o f a Sphere
Find the volume of each sphere. Use 3.14 for p.
If you were filling balloons with helium, it would be
_______ 27.
important for you to know the volume of a sphere. To
find the volume of a sphere, picture the sphere filled 5m
with numerous pyramids. The height of each pyra-
mid represents the radius (r) of the sphere. The sum
of the areas of all the bases represents the surface area
of the sphere.

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– WORKING WITH CIRCLES AND CIRCULAR FIGURES –

28. _______ 29. Sphere: r = 12 m

7 in.
_______ 30. Sphere: d = 9 ft.

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Find an example of a cylinder—an oatmeal box would be a good choice. Measure the height and ra-
dius of the cylinder. Use the formulas in this lesson to fnd the surface area and volume of the cylinder.

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17
L E S S O N

COORDINATE
GEOMETRY

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn to identify the -axis, y-axis, the
origin, and the four quadrants on a coordinate plane. You will
also learn how to plot or graph points on a coordinate plane
and name the coordinates of a point. The distance between
two points will also be found using a formula.

I f you have ever been the navigator on a road trip, then you have probably read a road map or grid map. A
grid map uses a horizontal and vertical axis in a similar manner as a coordinate plane.
On a coordinate plane, the horizontal axis is called the x-axis. The vertical axis is called the y-axis. The
point where the two axes cross is called the origin.

y-axis

Quadrant II Quadrant I

x-axis
origin
(0,0)

Quadrant III Quadrant IV

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– COORDINATE GEOMETRY –

The two axes divide the coordinate plane into Example: Graph point C(2,0) and point
four regions, which are called quadrants. The quad- D(0,–6). On which axis will each point lie?
rants are numbered counterclockwise beginning with
the upper-right region, and they are always written Solution:
with the Roman numerals I, II, III, and IV. The coor-
y
dinates (x,y) of a point are an ordered pair of num-
bers. The coordinates of the origin are (0,0) and
when graphing points, you always begin at the origin.
The first number is the x-coordinate. The x-coordinate
indicates how many spaces you will move to the right right 2
x
C
(positive numbers) or to the left (negative num-
bers). The second number is the y-coordinate. The
y-coordinate indicates how many spaces you will move down 6
up (positive numbers) or down (negative numbers).
D

Example: Graph point A(–4,1) and point

B(5,–3). In which quadrant would you find
each point? To graph point C, from the origin, go right 2
units, but do not move up or down. Label the point
Solution: C. Point C is on the x-axis. To graph point D, from
the origin, do not move right or left; move 6 units
y
down. Label the point D. Point D is on the y-axis.

Practice
Draw a set of axes on graph paper. Graph and label
A each point.
up 1
x
left 4 right 5
1. A(–6,2)
down 3
B
2. B(5,3)

3. C(4,–5)

To graph point A(–4,1), from the origin, go left 4. D(–1,–1)

4 units and up 1. Label the point A. Point A is in
quadrant II. To graph point B(5,–3), start from the 5. E(0,6)
origin, then go right 5 units and down 3. Label the
point B. Point B is in quadrant IV. . F(–3,0)
Some points may be graphed on the axes also.
7. G(1,4)

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– COORDINATE GEOMETRY –

8. H(–2,5) Finding the Coordinates

of a Point
9. I(–1,3)
Each point on the coordinate plane has its own
10. J(5,–3) unique ordered pair. You can think of an ordered pair
as an address. Now that you have located a point, you
11. K(2,0) can also fnd the coordinates of a point on a graph.

12. L(0,–5) Example: Find the coordinates of each point.

y
In which quadrant or axis does each of the following
points lie? C

A
_______ 13. A(–6,2) B
x
F
_______ 14. B(6,4)
D E

_______ 15. C(4,–5)

_______ 1 . D(–5,–5)

_______ 17. E(0,6) Solution: A(2,2); B(–3,1); C(0,4); D(–4,–2);

E(2,–3); F(5,0)
_______ 18. F(–3,0)
Practice
_______ 19. G(1,4) Find the coordinates of each point.

_______ 20. H(0,0) y

E

_______ 21. I(–1,–1) H

A
_______ 22. J(3,–2) x
C
G
_______ 23. K(2,0) F

D B
_______ 24. L(0,–5)

_______ 25. A

_______ 2 . B

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– COORDINATE GEOMETRY –

_______ 27. C necessary. You can use the following formula, which
comes from the Pythagorean theorem, to find the dis-
28. D tance between any two points. (The subscripts 1 and 2
are used to indicate which x- and y-coordinates belong
29. E to point A and which x- and y-coordinates belong to
point B.)
30. F
Theorem: The distance d between any two
31. G
points A( 1,y1) and B( 2,y2) is

32. H d =
�
( ����
2–
2
1)�+��(�
y2�
–�y� 2
1)�

F in d in g t h e D is t ance Example: Find the distance between R(–3,4)

b e t w e e n Tw o Points and S(–3,–7).

Solution: It helps to label the coordinates of the

You can easily count to fnd the distance between two points before you insert them into the formula.
points that are on the same horizontal or vertical line. x1 y1 x2 y2
For example, in the following fgure, �
X�Y = 3 and �YZ�= R(–3,4) S(–3,–7)
4. However, you cannot fnd � � simply by counting.
XZ
Since DXYZ is a right triangle, you can use the d =
(�x��
2 –�
x1�)2��
+�(y�2� 1)�
–�y� 2

Pythagorean theorem. d =
(–

�3��–�(–��
3))�2�
+�(–�7�–��4)�2
d =
(�
–3 + 3)�
2
11)2
+ (–�
y
d =
0� �
2 + 121
X
d =
12�1�
Y Z d = 11
x
Practice
Find the distance between the points with the given
coordinates.

_______ 33. (3,5) and (–1,5)

XZ2 = 32 + 42 _______ 34. (3,–2) and (–5,4)

XZ2 = 9 + 16
XZ2 = 25 _______ 35. (–3,–8) and (–6,–4)
XZ = 5
_______ 3 . (–1,–6) and (4,6)
You can create a right triangle and use this
method between any two points on a coordinate plane,
but doing so and marking up your illustration isn’t

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– COORDINATE GEOMETRY –

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Examine a city map to see if there are any streets that cut diagonally across horizontal and vertical
streets. If so, construct a coordinate plane for the map and determine the distance between two loca-
tions that are on the diagonal street.

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GEOM_18_135-140_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:48 AM Page 135

18
L E S S O N

THE SLOPE
OF A LINE

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to determine the slope of a
line from its graph or from two points on the line. You will also
learn how to tell by sight if the slope of a line is positive, nega-
tive, zero, or undefned.

T he slope of a line is the measure of its steepness. The slope of a line is determined by the ratio of its rise
to run. The slope is always calculated by how the line is changing as you move your eyes from left to
right over a line. It’s the same as how we read words—from left to right. When a line points up to the
right, it has a positive slope. When a line points down to the right, it has a negative slope. When a line is flat,
from left to right, it has a slope of zero.

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– THE SLOPE OF A LINE –

Examples: Find the slope of each line. Practice

(a) y Find the slope of each line.

_______ 1. y

run
rise W
V x

rise 1
Solution: Slope of �
V�
W=� � = ��
run 3
(b) y
_______ 2. y

X
rise x

run x
Y

rise –3
Solution: Slope of �
X�
Y = ��
run = 5
��

_______ 3. y

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– THE SLOPE OF A LINE –

_______ 4. y _______ 6. y

x x

_______ . y For questions 7 and 8, graph the line made by the

given coordinates and find its slope.

7. (3,2) and (–7,6)

x
8. (–1,5) and (3,–5)

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– THE SLOPE OF A LINE –

S pecial Cases of Slope

You may be wondering what the slope is for horizontal and vertical lines—these two types of lines do not slant
up toward the left or the right. They are special cases.

y y

x x

The horizontal line has a slope of zero, since the rise is equal to zero. (Remember that zero divided by any-
rise 0
thing equals zero, so ��
run = x = 0.) On the other hand, the vertical line has an undefned slope (sometimes said to
��
rise y
have “no slope”). In this case, the run is equal to zero, so �� 0 , and a number divided by zero is said to be
run = ��
undefined, since it doesn’t make sense to take something and divide it into zero parts. The following illustra-
tions may help you remember which type of line—horizontal or vertical—has an undefined (no slope) or a
slope of zero.

ero slope o slope

Practice 10.
Tell whether the slope of each line is positive, nega-
tive, zero, or undefned (no slope).

9.

11.

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– THE SLOPE OF A LINE –

12. 17.

13.

18.

14.
Using a For mula

You can also use a formula to determine the slope of a

line containing two points, point A(x1,y1) and point
B(x 2,y2). Here is the formula:
2y –y
slope = � �1
x –x
2 1

Example: Find the slope of the line through

For questions 15–18 use the shapes in the following
P(–6,5) and Q(–2,–1).
figures and label the type of slope of each line seg-
ment, moving from left to right. Solution: Begin by labeling the coordinates
before you insert the values into the formula.
1 .
P(–6,5) Q(–2,–1)
x 1 y1 x 2 y2
y –y
2 1 –1 – 5 –6 –6 –3
Slope = ��
x – x = –2 – (–6) = –2 + 6 = 4 = 2
�� �� �� ��
2 1

Note: After using this formula, it is standard to reduce

the fraction and represent the slope in the lowest pos-
sible terms. If your slope is an improper fraction,
16. keep it as an improper fraction and do not write it as
a mixed number.

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– THE SLOPE OF A LINE –

Practice For questions 29–30, graph the points of the triangle

Use a formula to fnd the slope of the line through and then calculate the slope of each side.
each pair of points.
29. DSTA: S(2,3); T(4,–1); A(2,–4)
_______ 19. (0,0) and (5,6) Slope of �
AT: ______

_______ 20. (–3,–2) and (–4,–3) Slope of �

SA: ______
Slope of �
ST: ______
_______ 21. (1,–3) and (–1,–3)
30. DABC: A(–4,–5); B(–4,–1); C(0,–5)
_______ 22. (5,–6) and (–2,8)
Slope of �
AC: ______

_______ 23. (–2,2) and (–2,3) Slope of �

AB: ______
�: ______
Slope of BC
_______ 24. (–3,0) and (–7,–3)

_______ 2 . (8,–5) and (–10,7)

_______ 26. (5,6) and (–1,6)

_______ 27. (5,3) and (–3,–5)

_______ 28. (–3,1) and (1,7)

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Locate a set of steps near your home or school. Measure the rise and run of the set of steps. Use these
measurements to fnd the slope of the steps.

height
(rise)

length (run)

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19
L E S S O N

THE EQUATION
OF A LINE

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to identify linear equations.
You will also learn how to use the equation of a line to fnd
points on the line. You will also determine if an ordered pair
is on a line using the equation of the line.

P eople in all professions use numbers to make comparisons and find patterns. For example, a nurse
looks at a patient’s temperature over a period of time. A salesperson will compare commissions from
sports cars and family vans. These types of comparisons can often be graphed in a straight line to
make predictions about future events. This straight line may be created by using a linear equation.

What Is a Linear Equation?

The standard form for a linear equation is Ax + By = C, where A, B, and C are constants and A and B cannot
both be equal to zero. Linear equations will not have exponents on the variables x and y. The product or quo-
tient of variables is not found in linear equations. Take a look at the following examples of linear and nonlinear
equations.

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– THE EQUATION OF A LINE –

Linear equations Nonlinear equations Examples: Determine if the ordered pairs

2x + 3y = 7 2x 2 + 3y = 7 satisfy the linear equation 2x – y = 4.
–3
__
x = –3 y =x
(a) (2,2) Solution: 2x – y = 4
y = ��32 x + 4 y 2 = ��32 x + 4 ?
2(2) – 2 = 4
y=7 xy = 7 ?
4–2= 4
2
4
Practice
no; (2,2) is not on the line
Identify each equation as linear or nonlinear.
2x – y = 4.

1. x – 3y = 0 (b) (0,–4) Solution: 2x – y = 4

?
2(0) – (–4) = 4
2. 3y2 = 2x
?
0+4= 4
4=4
3. x 2 + y 2 = 49 yes; (0,–4) is on the line
2x – y = 4.
4. x + y = 15
Practice
5. y = –12 Determine if the ordered pairs satisfy the linear equa-
tion 2x – 5y = 10.
. 1
��
y =2
11. (0,–2)
7. 1
3x
�� = 36
12. (10,1)
8. 4x – 7y = 28
13. (��25 ,3)
9. 3x + 2y2 = 12
14. (–5,–4)
10. x = 4y – 3
15. (15,4)

Po in t s o n a Line 1 . (3,–1)

When you graph multiple points on a coordinate 17. (–��25 ,–3)

plane, you can easily see if they could be connected to
form a straight line. However, it is possible for you to 18. (5,0)
determine whether a point is on a line or satisfies the
equation of a line without using a coordinate plane. If Determine whether each ordered pair satisfies the lin-
the ordered pair can replace x and y, and the result is ear equation y = –2(2x – 3).
a true statement, then the ordered pair is a point on
the line. 19. (–3,–6)

20. (–1,–10)

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– THE EQUATION OF A LINE –

21. (0,6) Practice

Find three ordered pairs that satisfy each equation.
22. (6,–18) Then graph each equation.

23. (2,2) 25. y = 2x + 3

x 2x + 3 y (x,y)
24. (3,–6)
2
0
–2
Gr a p h in g Lin e a r Equations
2 . y = –x
You can graph any linear equation you want by x –x y (x,y)
choosing several x- or y-coordinates to substitute into
2
the original equation, and then solve the equation to 0
find the other variable. This is easier if you organize –2
your work into a table. You could choose any values
you want and get a solution that would be an ordered 27. y = –2x + 4
pair or point on the line, but for this example, let’s x –2x + 4 y (x,y)
use the x-values.
1
You should always find at least three points be- 0
fore connecting them to make a graph of any line. –1

Example: Find three ordered pairs that satisfy 28. y = 4x – 5

the equation. Graph each equation. x 4x – 5 y (x,y)
y=x+4
1
Solution: 0
–1
x x+4 y (x,y) x x+4 y (x,y)
–2 –2 –2 + 4 2 (–2,2) 29. y = ��41 x + 6
0 0 0+4 4 (0,4)
2 2 2+4 6 (2,6) x 1 x+6 y (x,y)
4

2
y
0
–2

30. y = 5x – 1
2 x 5x – 1 y (x,y)
x
2 2
–2
–2 0
–2

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– THE EQUATION OF A LINE –

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

The distance that a lightning fash is from you and the time in seconds that it takes for you to hear the
t
thunder clap can be written in the following linear equation: d = ��
5 . In this equation, t stands for the
number of seconds it takes for the sound of lightning (which is thunder), to reach you, and d stands for
the distance, in miles, that the bolt of lighting was from you. This formula shows that for every fve sec-
onds it takes the sound of thunder to reach you, the lightning was one mile away. Find at least three or-
dered pairs (t,d) that satisfy the formula, then graph the line.

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20
L E S S O N

TRIGONOMETRY
BASICS

L E S S O N S U M M A RY
In this lesson, you will learn how to write the trigonometric
ratios sine, cosine, and tangent for a right triangle. You will
learn how to use the trigonometry ratios to fnd unknown
angles or side measurements.

P roperties of similar right triangles are the basis for trigonometry. Measurements sometimes cannot be
made by using a measuring tape. For example, the distance from a ship to an airplane can’t be deter-
mined this way; however, it could be found by using trigonometric ratios. The word trigonometry
comes from the Greek language; it means “triangle measurement.”
Recall that the hypotenuse is the side of the triangle across from the right angle. The other two sides of the
triangle are called legs. These two legs have special names in relation to a given angle: adjacent leg and opposite
leg. The word adjacent means beside, so the adjacent leg is the leg beside the angle. The opposite leg is across
from the angle. You can see in the following figure how the legs are named depending on which acute angle is
selected.

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– TRIGONOMETRY BASICS –

A Examples: Express each ratio as a decimal to

the nearest thousandth.
A
hypotenuse hypotenuse
opposite adjacent

A
adjacent 3 5
opposite

Sine, cosine, and tangent are the names of the

three principal ratios between the different pairs of C B
4
sides of a right triangle. These ratios are abbreviated
sin, cos, and tan, respectively. Sine, cosine, and tangent (a) sin A, cos A, tan A
ratios for the acute angle A in a right triangle are as (b) sin B, cos B, tan B
follows:
Solution:
opp 4
opposite leg (a) sin A = �
hyp = 5 = 0.800
sin A = �� � ��
hypotenuse
adj 3
adjacent leg cos A = ��
hyp = 5 = 0.600
cos A = � � ��
hypotenuse
opp
adj = 3 ª 1.33
opposite leg 4
tan A = �� tan A = �� ��
adjacent leg
opp3
(b) sin B = �
hyp = 5 = 0.600
� ��
Hint: A pneumonic that is commonly used to re- adj 4
member these ratios is SOHCAHTOA: cos B = ��
hyp = 5 = 0.800
��
o pp 3
tan B = ��
adj = 4 = 0.750
��
SOH stands for: Sin A equals pposite over
Hypotenuse Practice
CAH stands for: Cos A equals Adjacent over Express each ratio as a decimal to the nearest thou-
Hypotenuse sandth. Use the following figure to answer practice
problems 1–6.
TOA stands for: Tan A equals pposite over
Adjacent 4
X Y

3
5

_______ 1. sin Y

_______ 2. cos Y

_______ 3. tan Y

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– TRIGONOMETRY BASICS –

_______ 4. sin Z ANGLE SIN COS TAN

16° 0.2 6 0.961 0.28

_______ 5. cos Z
1 ° 0.292 0.956 0.306

_______ . tan Z 18° 0.309 0.951 0.325

19° 0.326 0.946 0.344

Use the following figure to answer practice problems
7–12. 20° 0.342 0.940 0.364

21° 0.358 0.934 0.384

L 24 M
22° 0.3 5 0.92 0.404

7 23° 0.391 0.921 0.424

25
24° 0.40 0.914 0.445
N
_______ 7. sin L 24° 0.40 0.914 0.445

25° 0.423 0.906 0.466

_______ 8. cos L
26° 0.438 0.899 0.488

_______ 9. tan L 2 ° 0.454 0.891 0.510

28° 0.4 0 0.883 0.532

_______ 10. sin N
29° 0.485 0.8 5 0.554
_______ 11. cos N 30° 0.500 0.866 0.5

31° 0.515 0.85 0.601

_______ 12. tan N
32° 0.530 0.848 0.625

33° 0.545 0.839 0.649

U s in g a Tr ig o n o metric Table
34° 0.559 0.829 0.6 5

After a trigonometric ratio is determined, it can then 35° 0.5 4 0.819 0. 00

be used to identify the measure of the angle used to
36° 0.588 0.809 0. 2
set up the ratio. Trigonometric ratios for all acute an-
gles are commonly listed in tables. Scientific calcula- 3 ° 0.602 0. 99 0. 54

tors also have functions for the trigonometric ratios. 38° 0.616 0. 88 0. 81
Consult your calculator handbook to make sure you
39° 0.629 0. 0.810
have your calculator in the degree and not the radian
setting. Part of a trigonometric table is given here. 40° 0.643 0. 66 0.839
Looking at the table, notice that sin 30 = 0.500. Since 41° 0.656 0. 55 0.869
opposite opposite
sin A = __________ __________
hypotenuse , whenever the ratio of hypotenuse sim-
42° 0.669 0. 43 0.900
plifies to __12 or 0.500, angle A will be 30°. This is how
the chart is used. 43° 0.682 0. 31 0.933

44° 0.695 0. 19 0.966

45° 0. 0 0. 0 1.000

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– TRIGONOMETRY BASICS –

Example: Find each value. Finding the Measure

(a) cos 44° (b) tan 42° of an Acute Angle
Solution: The trigonometric ratio used to find the measure of
(a) cos 44° = 0.719 (b) tan 42° = 0.900 an acute angle of a right triangle depends on which
side lengths are known.
Example: Find m–A.
(a) sin A = 0.656 (b) cos A = 0.731 Example: Find m–A.

Solution: B

(a) m–A = 41° (b) m–A = 43° 16

5

Practice A C
Now let’s combine the skills we’ve been working on.
Solution: The sin A involves the two lengths
Use the trigonometric table or a scientific calculator
known.
to find each value to the nearest thousandth or each opp
hyp = 16 ª 0.313
5
sin A = � � ��
angle measurement rounded to the nearest degree.

Note that the ª symbol is used in the previous

_______ 13. sin 18°
solution because the decimal 0.313 has been rounded
to the nearest thousandths place.
_______ 14. sin 32°
Using the sin column of a trigonometric table,
you’ll find:
_______ 15. cos 27°

sin A ª 0.313
_______ 1 . cos 20°
sin 18° = 0.309 } difference 0.004
sin 19° = 0.326 } difference 0.013
_______ 17. tan 36°
Since 0.313 is closer to 0.309, m–A ª 18° to the
_______ 18. tan 17° nearest degree.

_______ 19. sin A = 0.485 A scientific calculator typically has a button that
reads sin–1, which means inverse sine, and can be used
_______ 20. cos A = 0.743 to find an angle measure when the sine is known.
Calculator tip: Some calculators require that
_______ 21. tan A = 0.384 you type in 0.313 first, then hit the sin–1 button, in or-
der for the angle measurement to appear. With other
_______ 22. cos A = 0.788 calculators, you will have to select sin–1 first, then
type 0.313, and when you hit enter you should see a
_______ 23. sin A = 0.500 number that rounds to 18.2. (Sometimes the second
key needs to be used to access the sin–1 function.) Try
_______ 24. tan A = 0.306 these two methods now to make sure you know how
to use your calculator!

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– TRIGONOMETRY BASICS –

Example: Find m–C. Finding the Measure

B
of a Side

8 11
When you are given one angle and one side length of
A C
a right triangle, you can solve for the other missing
side lengths using trigonometry. The trigonometric
Solution: The tan C involves the two lengths ratio used to find the length of a side of a right trian-
known. gle depends on which side length and angle are
o pp
adj = 11 ª 0.727
tan C = �� 8
�� known.

Using the tan column, you’ll find: Example: Find the value of x to the nearest
tan 36 = 0.727 tenth.
(a) 35°
Therefore, m–C = 36°.
x
Again, the tan–1 button on a scientific calculator 10
can be used to find an angle measure when its tangent
is known.
opposite
x
Practice Solution: sin 35 = _______________
hypotenuse = 10
��
x
Find the measure of –A to the nearest degree. 0.574 = ��
10
x = 10(0.574)
_______ 25. x ª 5.7
10 (b)
7

A
28°

_______ 2 . 8 A x
9

10

_______ 27. adjacent

9
Solution: cos 28 = ___________
hypotenuse = ��
x
5
0.883 = ��9x
A x = ��9
12 0.883
x ª 10.2
_______ 28. 1

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– TRIGONOMETRY BASICS –

Practice 31.
Find the value of x to the nearest tenth. 8 x

42˚
_______ 29.
14
32.
20˚
x
x
_______ 30. 5

29°
x 3
38°

SKILL BUILDING UNTIL NEXT TIME

Find a set of steps near your home or school. Measure the length of the hypotenuse and the adjacent
leg. Then use cosine to fnd the angle of elevation of the steps. There are building codes that limit the
angle of elevation of a set of steps to help prevent accidents.

hypotenuse

adjacent

15
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POSTTEST

N ow that you have completed all the lessons, it is time to show off your new skills. Take the posttest in
this chapter to see how much your geometry skills have improved. The posttest has 50 multiple-
choice questions covering the topics you studied in this book. While the format of the posttest is
similar to that of the pretest, the questions are different.
After you complete the posttest, check your answers with the answer key at the end of the book. Noted
along with each answer is the lesson of this book that teaches you about the geometry skills needed for that
question. If you still have weak areas, go back and work through the applicable lessons again.

151
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GEOM_21_POST_151-162_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:51 AM Page 153

– LEARNINGEXPRESS ANSWER SHEET –

1. a b c d 18. a b c d 35. a b c d
2. a b c d 19. a b c d 36. a b c d
3. a b c d 20. a b c d 37. a b c d
4. a b c d 21. a b c d 38. a b c d
5. a b c d 22. a b c d 39. a b c d
6. a b c d 23. a b c d 40. a b c d
7. a b c d 24. a b c d 41. a b c d
8. a b c d 25. a b c d 42. a b c d
9. a b c d 26. a b c d 43. a b c d
10. a b c d 27. a b c d 44. a b c d
11. a b c d 28. a b c d 45. a b c d
12. a b c d 29. a b c d 46. a b c d
13. a b c d 30. a b c d 47. a b c d
14. a b c d 31. a b c d 48. a b c d
15. a b c d 32. a b c d 49. a b c d
16. a b c d 33. a b c d 50. a b c d
17. a b c d 34. a b c d

15
GEOM_21_POST_151-162_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:51 AM Page 154

blank page
GEOM_21_POST_151-162_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:51 AM Page 155

– POSTTEST –

Po s t t e s t 4. What is the measure of –MOL?

M N
1. Which of the following is not a correct name
for the line?
50˚
O

X Y Z L P
a. XZ�

a. 130°
b. �

ZX
b. 50°
c. X� YZ
c. 40°
d. YZ�

d. 120°

2. What is the range of degrees for an acute angle? . Classify DMNO with –M = 25°, –N = 65°, and
a. greater than 0, less than 90 –O = 90°.
b. greater than 90, less than 180 a. acute
c. greater than 0, less than 180 b. right
d. greater than 90, less than 360 c. obtuse
d. equiangular
3. In the fgure, –XWZ = 130° and –YWZ = 70°.
What is the measure of –XWY? 6. Which postulate would you use to prove
DMNO  DRST?
Y
X M T

N S

W
R
Z
O

a. AAA
a. 60°
b. SAS
b. 55°
c. ASA
c. 50°
d. SSS
d. 65°

7. Three sides of a triangle are 6, 8, and 10; what

type of triangle is it?
a. acute
b. right
c. obtuse
d. straight

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– POSTTEST –

8. Which of the following is not an acceptable 13. Find the surface area of a cube that measures
name for the pentagon? 5 inches on an edge. Use SA = 6e 2.
M
a. 300 in.2
b. 900 in.2
O E c. 150 in.2
d. 30 in.2

H S
14. Find the volume of the pyramid. Use V = _1_
3 Bh.
a. MESHO
b. SEMOH
c. HEMOS 6m
d. HOMES

9. Which of the following is a property of

rectangles? 5m

a. The diagonals are congruent. 6m

b. Opposite sides are congruent. a. 60 m 3

c. Opposite sides are parallel. b. 180 m 3

d. all of the above c. 30 m 3
d. 36 m 3
10. Solve for x: ��
11 x
25 = 100
��
a. 44 1 . Find the volume of a cone with radius 9 cm
b. 4 1
and height 2 cm. Use V = __3 pr2 and 3.14 for p.
c. 11 a. 508.68 cm 3
d. 25 b. 3194.51 cm 3
c. 56.52 cm 3
11. Find the perimeter of a rectangle with base d. 169.56 cm 3
5 cm and height 20 cm.
a. 100 cm 16. In which quadrant will you graph the point
b. 25 cm (–4,8)?
c. 50 cm a. I
d. 55 cm b. II
c. III
12. Find the area of a triangle with a base that d. IV
measures 35 feet and height 10 feet.
a. 350 ft.2 17. Find the slope of the line that passes through
b. 70 ft.2 the points (1,2) and (3,3).
c. 3.5 ft.2 a. ��54
d. 175 ft.2
b. 2
1
c. ��
2
5
d. ��
4

156
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– POSTTEST –

18. Which ordered pair does not satisfy the equa- 21. Which of the following is a pair of same-side
tion 2x – y = 6? interior angles?
a. (3,0)
b. (0,–6) A B
c. (1,–4) C D
d. (2,6)
E F

19. What is the sin B for this fgure? G H

A
a. –A and –B
5 b. –B and –D
3
c. –D and –E
C B d. –D and –F
4
4
a. ��
3 22. What is the correct classifcation for this angle?
3
b. ��
4
3
c. ��
5
4
d. ��
5
a. acute
20. Which of the following sets of points is b. right
collinear? c. obtuse
B
d. straight

A D
23. What type of angle is shaped like a corner of a
C
piece of paper?
E
a. acute
a. A, B, C
b. right
b. B, C, D
c. obtuse
c. B, C, E
d. straight
d. D, C, A

157
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– POSTTEST –

24. What is the measurement of –AOC? 27. Classify the triangle in the fgure by its angles.

A 140˚

B 20˚ 20˚

a. acute
20˚ b. right
40˚ C
c. obtuse
O d. equiangular
a. 20°
b. 80° 28. What description gives the most amount of
c. 60° accurate information about the triangle
d. 85° shown?

2 . In the fgure –OMN = 45°, what is the

measurement of –LMO? 80˚

45˚
L M N 50˚ 50˚

a. 120° a. acute
b. 125° b. scalene
c. 130° c. obtuse isosceles
d. 135° d. acute isosceles

26. What is the measure of –AXB? 29. Which postulate would you use to prove
DABD  DCBD?
A
B
B

F C
X
30°

A C
E 4 D 4
D
a. AAA
a. 30° b. SAS
b. 60° c. ASA
c. 90° d. SSS
d. 180°

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– POSTTEST –

30. Find the missing length. 33. Which of the following is not a property of
parallelograms?
a. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are
6 x congruent.
b. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are
parallel.
8
c. Opposite angles of a parallelogram are
a. 2
congruent.
b. 14
d. Diagonals of a parallelogram are congruent.
c. 12
d. 10
34. ABCD is a square. Which of the following is
not true?
31. Three sides of a triangle are 7, 7, and 10; what
type of triangle is it? A B
a. acute
b. right
c. obtuse X

d. straight

D C
32. Which fgure is a concave polygon?
a. a. m–BCD = 90°
b. �B �
A� A�
C
c. m–AXB = 90°
d. �C �
A� B�D

6
__ x
__
5. Solve the proportion: 8 = 20
b.
a. 24
b. 15
c. 18
c. d. 12

36. Find the perimeter of a regular pentagon that

measures 3 ft. on each side.
d. a. 3 ft.
b. 9 ft.
c. 12 ft.
d. 15 ft.

159
GEOM_21_POST_151-162_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:51 AM Page 160

– POSTTEST –

37. Find the length of a side of an equilateral trian- 41. Find the area of the triangle.
gle whose perimeter is 42 m.
a. 126 m
b. 21 m 8 ft. 10 ft.
7 ft.
c. 14 m
d. 7 m
12 ft.
38. Find the area of the trapezoid in the fgure. a. 19 ft.2

6 cm b. 38 ft.2
c. 42 ft.2
4 cm d. 84 ft.2
12 cm
42. Find the volume of a cylinder with radius 5 cm
a. 22 cm 2
and height 3 cm. Use 3.14 for p.
b. 72 cm 2
a. 47.1 cm 3
c. 36 cm 2
b. 78.5 cm 3
d. 18 cm 2
c. 141.3 cm 3
d. 235.5 cm 3
39. Find the surface area of a right rectangular
prism with length 4 m, width 2 m, and height
43. Find the surface area of a sphere with an 8-inch
8 m. Use the formula SA = 2(lw + wh + lh).
radius. Use SA = 4pr2 and 3.14 for p.
a. 64 m 2
a. 25.12 in.2
b. 112 m 2
b. 631.01 in.2
c. 56 m 2
c. 803.84 in.2
d. 32 m 2
d. 200.96 in.2
40. How many faces does a cube have?
44. Find the distance between (3,–2) and (–5,4).
a. 4
Use d =
(� x 2��–�x1�)2��
+�(y�2�
–�y1�)2�.
b. 6
a. 8
c. 8
b. 10
d. 12
c. 12
d. 13

160
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– POSTTEST –

4 . Find the slope of the line in the fgure. 49. In the following fgure, what is tan A?

3 5

C B
4
4
a. ��
3
3
b. ��
4
3
c. ��
5
4
d. ��
5

0. For the following fgure, what is the correct

2
a. ��
3
3 sequence of the slopes of the various line seg-
b. ��
2
c. –2
��
ments from left to right?
3
–3
d. ��
2

46. Find the volume of a rectangular prism with

base area 50 m2 and height 8 m.
a. 100 m3
b. 200 m3
a. undefined, negative, undefined, zero,
c. 400 m3
positive
d. 800 m3
b. zero, positive, zero, undefined, negative
c. zero, positive, zero, undefined, positive
47. If the x-value is 4, fnd the y-value in the
d. undefined, positive, undefined, zero,
equation –x + y = 5.
negative
a. 9
b. 1
c. 5
d. –1

48. What is the trigonometric ratio for sine?

opposite leg
___________
a. hypotenuse
adjacent leg
___________
b. hypotenuse
opposite leg
___________
c. adjacent leg
adjacent leg
___________
d. opposite leg

161
GEOM_21_POST_151-162_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:51 AM Page 162

blank page
GEOM_22_ANS_163-176_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:52 AM Page 163

ANSWER KEY

Pretest

If you miss any of the answers, you can find help for that kind of question in the lesson shown to the right of the
answer.

1. d Lesson 1 18. d Lesson 7

2. a Lesson 1 19. c Lesson 8
3. c Lesson 1 20. c Lesson 8
4. c Lesson 2 21. d Lesson 9
. d Lesson 2 22. d Lesson 9
6. d Lesson 3 23. b Lesson 9
7. b Lesson 3 24. a Lesson 10
8. b Lesson 3 2 . c Lesson 10
9. d Lesson 4 26. c Lesson 11
10. c Lesson 4 27. a Lesson 11
11. b Lesson 5 28. d Lesson 11
12. b Lesson 5 29. b Lesson 12
13. d Lesson 5 30. c Lesson 12
14. a Lesson 6 31. a Lesson 13
1 . b Lesson 6 32. a Lesson 13
16. c Lesson 6 33. c Lesson 13
17. b Lesson 7 34. d Lesson 14

1 3
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– ANSWER KEY –

3 . a Lesson 14 14. A beam of sunlight is an example of a ray,

36. c Lesson 15 because it has one endpoint (the sun) that
37. c Lesson 15 continues in one direction.
38. a Lesson 15 1 . A ray extends indefinitely in one direction, but
39. d Lesson 16 a segment has two endpoints.
40. c Lesson 16 16. A line segment is part of a line, has endpoints,
41. d Lesson 17 includes an infinite set of points, and is one-
42. b Lesson 17 dimensional.
43. b Lesson 17 17. A plane has two dimensions; a line has one
44. a Lesson 18 dimension.
4 . d Lesson 18 18. Answers will vary but could include a sphere,
46. d Lesson 19 cube, rectangular prism, or triangular prism.
47. d Lesson 19 19. Yes, a third point could be off the line.
48. d Lesson 19 20. Yes, coplanar points can be noncollinear
49. c Lesson 20 because two points could be on one line with a
0. b Lesson 20 third point that lies in the same plane but not
on the same line.
21. Yes, collinear points must be coplanar because
Le s s o n 1 if a line is in a plane, then all points on that line
are in the same plane.
1. Yes; there are countless points on any line. 22. yes
2. Points are distinguished from one another by 23. no
the names assigned to them: A, B, C, and so on. 24. yes
3. Lines, segments, rays, and planes are made up 2 . Yes; remember that any two points determine a
of a series of points. line, even if it is not drawn.
´ ´´ ´ ´ ´
4. XY, YZ, XZ, YX, ZY, ZX 26. yes
. An infinite number of points are on a line. 27. no
6. The notation for a line has two arrowheads 28. no
because a line extends forever in both 29. Yes; remember that any three noncollinear
directions. points determine a plane, even if it is not
ÆÆ
7. SR; ST drawn.
8. The endpoint is the beginning of a ray. 30. true
9. They are different because they have different 31. false
endpoints and extend in different directions. 32. true
10. �
L�
M; �M� N; �
N� ��
P; L N; �
M� ��
P; L P 33. False; sometimes they do, but not always.
11. Line segments do not extend indefinitely. They 34.
have starting points and stopping points. 3 . Not possible; any three points are coplanar.
12. An infinite number of points are on a line 36. always
segment.
13. A line has no endpoints; a ray has one
endpoint.

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– ANSWER KEY –

Le s s o n 2 Lesson 3
Æ Æ
1. Vertex: Y; sides: YX; YZ 1. Yes; line d cuts across lines t and r.
Æ Æ
2. Vertex: J; sides: JA; JT 2. Yes; line y cuts across lines t and r.
3. –KBT, –TBK, –B, –1 3. No; line t intersects lines d and y at the same
4. two rays with a common endpoint point, not two different points.
. –PON (–NOP) and –POM (–MOP) 4. Yes; line r cuts across lines d and y at two
6. –MON (–NOM) different points.
Æ Æ
7. ON and OM . true
8. More than one angle uses the letter O as a 6. False; the symbol means perpendicular.
vertex; therefore, no one would know which 7. False; transversals can be perpendicular, but
–O you meant. they do not have to be perpendicular.
9. No; they don’t share the same endpoint. 8. false
10. No; they may not form a line or they may not 9. always
extend in opposite directions. 10. never
11. –KOL; –JOK; –NOM 11. sometimes
12. –NOK; –MOJ; –MOL 12. never
13. –NOL; –MOK 13. never
14. –LOM; –LOJ; –LOK 14. never
1 . 63° (180°
27°
90°) 1 . corresponding angles; congruent
16. right 16. same-side interior angles; supplementary
17. straight 17. corresponding angles; congruent
18. acute 18. alternate interior angles; congruent
19. obtuse 19. 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, and 16
20. straight angle 20. 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, and 15
21. obtuse angle 21. 80°
22. acute 22. 109°
23. straight 23. 70°
24. obtuse 24. 55°
2 . right 2 . They are both pairs of congruent angles when
26. acute formed by parallel lines and a transversal.
27. obtuse 26. Alternate interior angles are both “inside” the
28. right parallel lines. Corresponding angles are a pair
29. straight of angles with one angle “inside” the parallel
30. The angle measures, from smallest to largest, lines and one “outside” the parallel lines.
are –A, –C, –B, and –D. 27. They are both pairs of interior angles.
28. always
29. always
30. sometimes (This is only true when the
transversal is perpendicular to the pair of
parallel lines.)

1 5
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– ANSWER KEY –

Le s s o n 4 1 .

1. 20°
2. 180°
3. 100° 32˚
4. 160°
16. 100°
. 55°
17. 50°
6. 80°
18. 138°
7. 115°
19. 65°
8. 160°
20. 40°
9. 25°
21. 55°
10. 60°
22. 90°
11.
23. 180°
24. 125°
2 . 145°
26. 35°
27. 145°
45° 28. 1,600 mils
29. 2,400 mils
12.
30. 800 mils
31. 3,200 mils

75°
Lesson 5

13. 1. 46°
2. 22°
3. 10°
4. 65°
. 87°
100° 6. 102°
7. 50°
14. 8. 120°
9. 25°
10. 179°
11. –AOE and –COD
125° 12. –BOC and –COD
13. –AOE and –COD; –EOD and –AOC
14. true

1
GEOM_22_ANS_163-176_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:52 AM Page 167

– ANSWER KEY –

1 . false 14. right

16. false 1 . obtuse
17. true 16. obtuse
18. true 17. acute
19. true 18. right
20. true 19. false
21. true 20. true
22. true 21. true
23. false 22. false
24. false 23. false
2 . true 24. true
26. –2 and –5; –3 and –5; –1 and –4 2 . true
27. –XAW and –YAU 26. false
28. –XAZ and –ZAX 27. true
29. –XAY and –WAU; –XAW and –YAU 28. base
30. 40° 29. acute, equiangular, right, obtuse, isosceles,
equilateral, and scalene (All triangles have at
least two acute angles.)
Le s s o n 6 30. a congruent angle

1. equilateral
2. isosceles Lesson 7
3. scalene
4. scalene 1. –R
. scalene 2. –J
6. isosceles 3. –K
7. scalene 4. ��
PQ
8. equilateral . �M� K
9. legs: �
X�Y and �Y�
Z 6. �J�
M
vertex angle: –Y 7. DFJH
base angles: –X and –Z 8. DHGF
base: �
X� Z 9. DFHG
10. legs: �
R�S and �S�
T 10. DGFH
vertex angle: –S 11. �R�S
base angles: –R and –T 12. ��S
V
base: �
R�T 13. ���
TR
11. �E
legs: D � and E��
F 14. yes
vertex angle: –E 1 . no, DRSV
DRST
base angles: –D and –F 16. vertical angles that are congruent
��
base: D F 17. yes, because vertical angles are always
12. acute congruent
13. equiangular and acute 18. C��A (�A�
C is not a correct answer.)

1 7
GEOM_22_ANS_163-176_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:52 AM Page 168

– ANSWER KEY –

19. D
��C (�
C�D is not correct because –C does not 14. no
correspond with –B.) 1 . yes
20. no (should be DACB
DECD) 16. no
21. –CDA 17. yes
22. �
DB 18. yes
23. no, –ACD
–ABD 19. right
24. yes 20. acute
2 . yes 21. obtuse
26. SAS 22. obtuse
27. ASA 23. obtuse
28. ASA 24. acute
29. SSS 2 . obtuse
30. SAS 26. �
EI = 40 cm
27. ���
HK = 45 ft.
28. When the ladder is placed 5 feet from the
Le s s o n 8 building, the ladder extends a little over 17 feet
up the building. When the ladder is placed 3
1. �
A�B and ��
BC feet from the building, it reaches about 1743 feet
2. ��
A C up the building. It would be impractical to
3. �
P�
R and �R�
Q place the ladder that close or even closer
4. �
P�
Q because it would not be stable. You would not
. �
H�L and �
L�
M go very far up the ladder before you would be
6. ��
H M falling back down!
7. 29. The ladder would need to be 15 feet from the
NUMBER SQUARE NUMBER SQUARE base of the wall. (152 + 202 = 252)
30. The ladder would need to be 10 feet tall.
1 1 9 81
(62 + 82 = 102)
2 4 10 100

3 9 11 121

4 16 12 144 Lesson 9
5 25 13 169
1. not a polygon
6 36 14 196
2. convex polygon
7 49 15 225 3. concave polygon
8 64 16 256 4. convex polygon
. not a polygon
8. 25
6. convex polygon
9. 9
7. concave polygon
10. 8
8. not a polygon
11. 4
9. not a polygon
12. 178
10. quadrilateral, yes
13. yes
11. triangle, yes

1 8
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– ANSWER KEY –

12. pentagon, no Lesson 10

13. heptagon, no
14. hexagon, no 1. true
1 . octagon, yes 2. false
16. yes 3. true
17. no 4. false
18. yes . true
19. quadrilateral, convex 6. true
20. yes 7. false
21. no 8. false
22. no 9. false
23. hexagon, concave 10. false
24. 540° 11. 8
2 . 900° 12. 12
26. NUMBER OF 13. 65°
SIDES 6 10 14 16 14. 115°
Interior – sum 720 1,440 2,160 2,520 1 . 65°
Exterior – sum 360 360 360 360
16. 14
17. 5
27. Home plate is a pentagon, so use the formula 18. 55°
with n = 5. 19. 125°
S = 180(n – 2) 20. 125°
S = 180(5 – 2) 21. 30
S = 180(3) 22. 15
S = 540 23. 25°
3(right angles) + 2(obtuse angles) = 540 24. 65°
3(90) + 2(obtuse angles) = 540 2 . 8
270 + 2(obtuse angles) = 540 26. 28
Subtract the 3 right angles to see how much of 27. 116°
the original 540 is left. 28. 64°
2(obtuse angles) = 540 – 270 = 270 29. 90°
obtuse angle = 135 (divide by 2 because the 30. 58°
two angles share the 270 evenly) 31. 116°
Therefore, each obtuse angle equals 135°. You 32. 32°
can check to see that your answer is correct: 33. Parallelograms and trapezoids are both
90 + 90 + 90 + 135 + 135 = 540. quadrilaterals, but a trapezoid can never be a
28. x = 
180(10 – 2)
 8 = 135° parallelogram or vice versa. Rhombuses and
rectangles are parallelograms, with squares
29. x = 
180(10 – 2)
10 = 144°
being both rhombuses and rectangles. Isosceles
30. x = 
360
6 = 60° (The sum of the exterior angles trapezoids are a special type of trapezoid.
of a convex polygon is 360°.)

1 9
GEOM_22_ANS_163-176_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:52 AM Page 170

– ANSWER KEY –

Le s s o n 11 6. 22 in.
7. 21
1. 5 1
 = 
15 3 8. 18 cm
2. 5 1
 = 
10 2 9. 36 ft.
3. 15 3
 = 
5 1 =3 10. 26 cm
4. KB:BT 11. 80 cm
. BT:KB 12. 30 ft.
6.
BT
____
KT 13. 36 in.
7. yes 14. 80 in.
8. 7 and 4 1 . 63 ft.
9. no 16. w = 1 m; l = 5 m
10. 12 and 15 17. w = 5 cm; l = 10 cm
11. no 18. s = 7 in.
12. 3 and 3 19. s = 8 yd
13. x=4 20. s = 20 cm
14. y = 44 21. s = 10 cm
1 . z = 28 22. s = 8 cm
16. a=8 23. s = 23 cm
17. b = 14 24. s = 11 cm
18. x=1 2 . 36 in.
19. yes 26. 80 ft.
20. no 27. 68 ft.
21. no 28. 16 packages
22. yes 29. 54 books (18 on each shelf)
23. yes 30. 15 ft.
24. SAS
2 . AA, SAS, or SSS
26. AA Lesson 13
27. AA
28. none (angle is not included) 1. 24 cm2
29. none 2. 16 m2
30. SAS 3. 196 in.2
31. SSS 4. 21 ft.2
. b = 8 in.; h = 7 in.
6. b = 15 m; h = 5 m
Le s s o n 12 7. h = 6.25 yd.
8. b = 15 cm
1. 21 9. h = 30 cm
2. 36 10. A = 24 cm2; b = 8 cm; h = 3 cm
3. 24 11. A = 41.5 mm2; b = 8.3 mm; h = 5 mm
4. 33 12. b = 6 cm; h = 10 cm
. 30 13. b = 7 ft.; h = 4 ft.

170
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– ANSWER KEY –

14. A = 21 cm2 22. 216 cm2

1 . A = 30 in.2 23. 121 in.2
16. A = 35 ft.2 24. 294 m2
17. A = 169 in.2 2 . 201.84 cm2
18. A = 32 cm2 26. 6e2 = 486; e2 = 81; e = 9 ft.
19. h = 14 cm 27. 11 in.
20. h = 8 ft. 28. 14 ft.
21. b = 17 in. 29. 912 in.2
22. 40 ft. 30. green
23. 8 in.
24. A = 132 m2
2 . b1 = 5 cm Lesson 15
26. A = 104 in.2
27. h = 6 in. 1. 432 in.3
28. A = 45 cm2 2. 32 m3
29. b2 = 9 m 3. 343 cm3
30. h = 48 in. 4. 240 ft.3
. 108 m3
6. 100 ft.3
Le s s o n 14 7. 120 cm3
8. 150 m3
1. 5 in. 9. 36 in.3
2. 4 in. 10. 1,120 cm3
3. 9 in. 11. 576 ft.3
4. 5 in. 12. 680 m3
. 4 in. 13. 9 cm
6. 9 in. 14. Bh = 336; B8 = 336; B = 42;
7. 12 edges A(Triangle) = 21 bh; 42 = 21 w6; 42 = 3w;
8. 6 faces w = 14 in.
9. 8 vertices 1 . 1,000 m3
10. 4 vertices 16. 27 ft.3
11. 4 vertices 17. 64 in.3
12. 3 edges 18. e = 10 cm since 10 ¥ 10 ¥ 10 = 1,000
13. 22 in.2 19. e = 15 ft.
14. 78 ft.2 20. 192 cm3
1 . 158 m2 21. 180 m3
16. 200 cm2 22. 400 in.3
17. 174 in.2 23. 60 ft.3
18. 220 ft.2 24. 270 m3
19. w = 7 ft. 2 . 85 cm3
20. h = 16 m 26. 128 in.3
21. 96 ft.2 27. 416 ft.3

171
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– ANSWER KEY –

28. 1 cm3 Lesson 17

29. 6 m
30. 9 ft. 1.–12.
y

E
Le s s o n 16 H
I G
A B
1. 47.1 ft.
x
2. 69.08 in. F K
3. 21.98 m D
J
4. 157 m
. c = 25.12 cm L
C
6. 78.5 ft.2
7. 200.96 m2
8. 530.66 cm2 13. II
9. 452.16 in.2 14. I
10. 28.26 cm2 1 . IV
11. 326.56 cm2 16. III
12. 747.32 in.2 17. y-axis
13. 828.96 ft.2 18. x-axis
14. 678.24 cm2 19. I
1 . 1,271.7 cm3 20. The origin point (0,0) rests on both axes and is
16. 339.12 m3 not in any specific quadrant.
17. 785 ft.3 21. III
18. 4,559.28 ft.3 22. IV
19. 100.48 m3 23. x-axis
20. 340.17 in.3 24. y-axis
21. 452.16 cm3 2 . A(–4,2)
22. 256.43 ft.3 26. B(1,–5)
23. 615.44 m2 27. C(4,0)
24. 803.84 in.2 28. D(–6,–4)
2 . 3,215.36 cm2 29. E(–2,6)
26. 5,024 ft.2 30. F(0,–2)
27. 523.33 m3 31. G(6,–1)
28. 1,436.03 in.3 32. H(3,4)
29. 7,234.56 m3 33. 4
30. 381.51 ft.3 34. 10
3 . 5
36. 13

172
GEOM_22_ANS_163-176_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:52 AM Page 173

– ANSWER KEY –

Le s s o n 18 17. negative, positive, negative, zero, undefined

18. undefined, zero, undefined, zero, positive
1. 1

3 19. 6

5
2. 2
 = –2 20. 1
–1
21. 0
3. 4
 = –4
–1 22. –2
4. 3

2 23. undefined (no slope)
. 2 1
 = 
8 4 24. 3

4
6. 2
 or –2 2 . –32
26.
–5 5
0
7.
–5
__ 5
__
or
2 –2
27. 1
y
28. 6 3
4 = 
2
29. slope �T = 23 ; slope �
A� S�A = undefined;
slope �
S�
T = –2
30. slope �� = 0; slope �
AC A�
B = undefined;
x
slope �
B�
C = –1

Lesson 19

1. linear
2. nonlinear
8. –5

2
3. nonlinear
y
4. linear
. linear
6. linear
7. linear
x 8. linear
9. nonlinear
10. linear
11. yes
12. no
13. no
9. positive 14. yes
10. negative 1 . yes
11. zero 16. no
12. positive 17. yes
13. undefined (no slope) 18. yes
14. negative 19. no
1 . negative, zero, positive, undefined 20. no
16. zero, positive, zero, negative, zero 21. yes
22. yes

173
GEOM_22_ANS_163-176_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:52 AM Page 174

– ANSWER KEY –

23. no 27. y
24. yes
2 . y

2
x
–2 2
2 –2

x
–2 2
–2

(1,2)
(0,4)
(–1,6)
28. y
(2,7)
(0,3) 2
x
(–2,–1)
–2 2
26. y

2
x –9
–2 2
–2
(1,–1)
(0,–5)
(–1,–9)
29. y
6
(2,–2)
(0,0)
(–2,2)
x
–2 2
–2

(2,6.5)
(0,6)
(–2,5.5)

174
GEOM_22_ANS_163-176_Layout 1 5/28/14 11:52 AM Page 175

– ANSWER KEY –

30. y 1 . 0.891
16. 0.940
17. 0.727
18. 0.306
5 19. 29°
20. 42°
21. 21°
x 22. 38°
–2 2 23. 30°
24. 17°
2 . 44°
–5
26. 37°
27. 23°
28. 60°
29. 13.2
30. 8.1
31. 7.2
(2,9) 32. 3.4
(0,–1)
(–2,–11)
Posttest

Le s s o n 20 If you miss any of the answers, you can find help in

the lesson shown to the right of the answer.
1. 3
5 = 0.600
 1. c Lesson 1
2. 4 2. a Lesson 2
5 = 0.800

3. a Lesson 4
3. 3
4 = 0.750

4. b Lesson 5
4. 4
5 = 0.800
 . b Lesson 6
. 3
5 = 0.600
 6. b Lesson 7
6. 7. b Lesson 8
3  1.333
4

8. c Lesson 9
7. 7
25 = 0.280 9. d Lesson 10


8. 24
25 = 0.960
 10. a Lesson 11
9. 24  0.292
7
 11. c Lesson 12
12. d Lesson 13
10. 24
25 = 0.960

13. c Lesson 14
11. 7
25 = 0.280

14. a Lesson 15
12. 7  3.429
24
 1 . d Lesson 16
13. 0.309 16. b Lesson 17
14. 0.530 17. c Lesson 18
18. d Lesson 19

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– ANSWER KEY –

19. c Lesson 20 3 . b Lesson 11

20. d Lesson 1 36. d Lesson 12
21. d Lesson 3 37. c Lesson 12
22. c Lesson 2 38. c Lesson 13
23. b Lesson 2 39. b Lesson 14
24. c Lesson 4 40. b Lesson 14
2 . d Lesson 4 41. c Lesson 13
26. b Lesson 5 42. d Lesson 16
27. c Lesson 6 43. c Lesson 16
28. d Lesson 6 44. b Lesson 17
29. b Lesson 7 4 . b Lesson 18
30. d Lesson 8 46. c Lesson 15
31. c Lesson 8 47. a Lesson 19
32. a Lesson 9 48. a Lesson 20
33. d Lesson 10 49. a Lesson 20
34. b Lesson 10 0. b Lesson 18

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GLOSSARY

Acute angle: An angle that measures between 0° and 90°.

Acute triangle: A triangle with three acute angles.
Angle: A fgure formed by two rays or two segments with a common endpoint.
Area: The amount of surface in a region. Area is expressed in square units.
Base angles of an isosceles triangle: The two angles that have the base as part of one side.
Base of a cone: Its circular face.
Base of an isosceles triangle: In an isosceles triangle with two congruent sides, the third side is called the base
of the isosceles triangle.
Base of a trapezoid: Either of the parallel sides.
Circle: All points in a plane that are the same distance from some point called the center.
Circumference: The distance around a circle.
Collinear points: Points that lie on a line.
Complementary angles: Two angles whose measures sum to 90°.
Congruent (): Being the same or equal to.
Coordinates (x,y): An ordered pair of numbers used to name (locate) a point in a plane.
Coordinate plane: A plane that contains a horizontal number line (the x-axis) and a vertical number line (the
y-axis). Every point in the coordinate plane can be named by a pair of numbers.
Coplanar points: Points that lie on a plane.
Corresponding parts: Any pair of sides or angles in congruent or similar polygons having the same relative position.
Cosine (cos): The ratio of the length of the leg adjacent to an acute angle of a right triangle to the length of the
hypotenuse.
Cube: A rectangular prism in which all faces are congruent squares.

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GLOSSARY

Diagonal of a polygon: A segment that joins two Parallelogram (�): A quadrilateral with two pairs of
nonconsecutive vertices of the polygon. opposite sides parallel. Rectangles, rhombuses,
Diameter of a circle: A segment that joins two points and squares are special types of parallelograms.
on the circle and passes through the center. Pentagon: A polygon with fve sides.
Edge: A segment formed by the intersection of two Perimeter: The distance around a two-dimensional
faces of a three-dimensional fgure. fgure.
Equiangular triangle: A triangle with all angles Perpendicular (^): Lines, segments, or rays that in-
equal. tersect to form right angles.
Equilateral triangle: A triangle with all sides equal. Pi (p): The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
Extremes: The frst and fourth terms of a proportion. diameter. The most commonly used approxi-
Face: A part of a plane forming a side of a three- mations for p are ��
22
7 and 3.14.
dimensional fgure. Plane: An undefned term for a fat surface that ex-
Graph of an equation: The geometric fgure that tends indefnitely in all directions.
contains all the points whose coordinates make Point: An undefned term for a fgure that indicates a
the equation a true statement. defnite location.
Hexagon: A polygon with six sides. Polygon: A simple, closed, two-dimensional fgure
Hypotenuse: The side opposite the right angle of a formed only by line segments that meet at
right triangle. points called vertices.
Intersecting lines: Lines that meet in one point. Polyhedron: A three-dimensional fgure in which
Isosceles triangle: A triangle with two congruent each surface is a polygon.
sides. Postulate: A statement that is accepted without
Legs of a right triangle: Sides that determine the proof.
right angle. Proportion: A statement that two ratios are equal.
Line (´): A line is an undefned term for a set of Protractor: An instrument used to measure angles.
points that extend indefnitely in two directions. Pythagorean theorem: For any right triangle, the
Linear equation: An equation whose graph is a line. square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal
Means: The second and third terms of a proportion. to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the
Measure of an angle: The number of degrees of an legs.
angle. Shown by the notation m–ABC. Quadrant: One of the four regions, labeled I–IV, into
Noncollinear points: A set of points through which a which the coordinate axes divide a coordinate
line cannot be drawn. plane.
Noncoplanar points: A set of points through which a Quadrilateral: A polygon with four sides.
plane cannot be drawn. Radius of a circle: A segment joining the center of the
Obtuse angle: An angle that measures between 90° circle to any point on the circle.
and 180°. Radius of a sphere: A segment joining the center of
Obtuse triangle: A triangle with one obtuse angle. the sphere to any point on the sphere.
Octagon: A polygon with eight sides. Ratio: A comparison of two numbers by division. If
Opposite rays: Two rays that have a common end- � 0, the ratio of a to is denoted by ��a , a: , or
point and form a line. a to .
Parallel lines (

): Coplanar lines that do not intersect.

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GLOSSARY

Ray (Æ): Part of a line with one endpoint. It extends Square: A parallelogram with four right angles and
indefnitely in one direction. A ray is named by four congruent sides. A square can also be de-
its endpoint and any other point on the ray. The fned as a parallelogram that is both a rectangle
endpoint is named frst. and a rhombus.
Rectangle: A parallelogram with four right angles. A Square of a number (n 2): A number multiplied by it-
square is a special type of rectangle. self.
Regular polygon: A polygon in which all sides are Square root (���): The positive number which
congruent and all angles are congruent. when multiplied by itself gives the original
Rhombus: A parallelogram with four congruent number as a product. The square root of 25 is
sides. A square is a special type of rhombus. 5 because 5 ¥ 5 = 25.
Right angle: An angle that measures 90°. Straight angle: An angle that measures 180°.
Right triangle: A triangle that contains one right Supplementary angles: Two angles that together
angle. measure 180°.
Rise: The vertical distance from a given point to a sec- Tangent (tan): The ratio of the length of the leg op-
ond given point. posite an acute angle of a right triangle to the
Run: The horizontal distance from a given point to a adjacent leg.
second given point. Theorem: A statement that can be proved.
Scalene triangle: A triangle with no sides equal. Transversal: A line that intersects two or more copla-
Segment: Part of a line with two endpoints. A seg- nar lines at different points.
ment is named by its endpoints. Trapezoid: A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of
Sides of an angle: The rays that meet to form an opposite sides parallel.
angle. Triangle: A polygon with three sides.
Sine (sin): The ratio of the length of the leg opposite Trigonometry: Mathematical principles based on the
an acute angle of a right triangle to the length of properties of similar right triangles.
the hypotenuse. Vertex: The intersection of two sides of a polygon.
Skew lines: Two lines that are not coplanar and do Vertical angles: Two angles with sides forming two
not intersect. pairs of opposite rays. Vertical angles are congruent.
Slope of a line: The measure of the steepness of a line. Volume: The amount of space in a solid. Volume is
It is also the ratio of rise to run. Also, if a line expressed in cubic units.
contains points (x 1,x 2) and (y1,y2), then the
y –y
2 1
x 2 – x1 , provided x 1 � x 2.
slope of the line is � �

Sphere: A fgure in space whose points are the same

distance from a particular point. This point is
called the center.

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A
A P P E N D I X

POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS

Postulates

Lesson 1
n Two points determine exactly one line.
n Three noncollinear points determine exactly one plane.

Lesson 3
n If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then corresponding angles are congruent.

Lesson 4
n If point B is in the interior of �AOC, then m�AOB + m�BOC = m�AOC. (See page 38 for diagram.)
n If �AOC is a straight line, then m�AOB + m�BOC = 180°. (See page 38 for diagram.)

Lesson 7
n If three sides of one triangle are congruent with three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent (SSS postulate).

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– POSTULATES AND THEOREMS –

n If two sides and the included angle of one triangle n If the square of the length of the longest side is
are congruent to the corresponding parts of an- greater than the sum of the squares of the lengths
other triangle, then the triangles are congruent of the other two shorter sides, then the triangle is
(SAS postulate). obtuse (c2 > a2 + b2). (See page 64 for diagram.)
n If two angles and the included side of one triangle n If the square of the length of the longest side is less
are congruent to corresponding parts of another than the sum of the squares of the lengths of the
triangle, the triangles are congruent (ASA two shorter other sides, then the triangle is acute
postulate). (c2 < a2 + b2). (See page 64 for diagram.)

Lesson 11 Lesson 9
n If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two n The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
angles of another triangle, then the triangles are n If a convex polygon has n sides, then its angle sum
similar (AA postulate). is given by the formula S = 180(n – 2).
n If the lengths of the corresponding sides of two n The sum of exterior angles of a convex polygon is
triangles are proportional, then the triangles are always 360°.
similar (SSS postulate).
n If the lengths of two pairs of corresponding sides Lesson 10
of two triangles are proportional and the corre- n Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
sponding included angles are congruent, then the n Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
triangles are similar (SAS postulate). n Consecutive angles of a parallelogram are
supplementary.
n Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
T h e o re ms n Diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
n The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular,
Lesson 3 and they bisect the angles of the rhombus.
n If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
alternate interior angles are congruent. Lesson 13
n If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then n The area (A) of a rectangle is the product of its
same-side interior angles are supplementary. base length (b) and its height (h): A = bh.
n The area of a parallelogram (A) is the product of
Lesson 5 its base length (b) and its height (h): A = bh.
n Vertical angles are congruent. n The area (A) of any triangle is half the product of
its base length (b) and its height (h): A = ��21 bh.
Lesson 8 n The area of a trapezoid is half the product of the
n Pythagorean theorem: In a right triangle, the sum height and the sum of the base lengths (b1 + b2):
of the squares of the lengths of the legs is equal to A = ��21 bh(b1 + b2).
the square of the length of the hypotenuse
(a2 + b2 = c2). Lesson 1 4
n Converse of the Pythagorean theorem: If the square n The surface area (SA) of a rectangular prism is
of the length of the longest side of a triangle is equal twice the sum of the length (l) times the width (w),
to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two the width (w) times the height (h), and the length
shorter sides, then the triangle is a right triangle. (l) times the height (h): SA = 2(lw + wh + lh).

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– POSTULATES AND THEOREMS –

n The surface area of a cube is six times the edge (e) n The surface area (SA) of a cylinder is determined
squared: SA = 6e2. by fnding the sum of the area of the bases and the
product of the circumference times the height:
Lesson 1 5 SA = 2pr2 + 2prh.
n To fnd the volume (V) of a rectangular prism, n The volume (V) of a cylinder is the product of the
multiply the length (l) by the width (w) and by the area of the base (B) and the height (h): V = Bh or
height (h): V = lwh. V = pr2h.
n To fnd the volume (V) of any prism, multiply the n The surface area (SA) formula for a sphere is four
area of the base (B) by the height (h): V = Bh. times p times the radius squared: SA = 4pr2.
n The volume of a cube is determined by cubing the n The volume (V) of a sphere is determined by the
length of the edge: V = e3. product of ��34 p times the radius cubed: V = ��34 pr3.

Lesson 16 Lesson 1 7
n The circumference of any circle is the product of n The distance d between any two points A(x1,y1)
its diameter and p: C = pd or C = 2pr. and B(x2,y2) is d =
(�
x2 – x1)�
2
+ (y2�
– y1)2 .
n The area (A) of a circle is the product of and the
square of the radius (r): A = pr2.

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B
A P P E N D I X

ADDITIONAL
RESOURCES

M any resources are available to help you if you need additional practice with geometry. Your local
high school is a valuable resource. A high school math teacher might assist you if you asked for
help with a lesson, provide you with practice sets of problems on a lesson that proved diffcult
for you, or suggest a tutor for you. You could also check the classifed ads in your local newspaper or the yellow
pages to search for a tutor.
Colleges are also a valuable resource. They often have learning centers or tutor programs available. To fnd
out what is available in your community, call your local college’s math department or learning center.
If you would like to continue working geometry problems on your own, your local bookstore or library
has books that can help you. You may also be able to borrow a textbook from your local high school. Check your
local bookstore or library for availability.

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ADDITIONAL
ONLINE PRACTICE

W hether you need help building basic skills or preparing for an exam, visit the LearningExpress
Practice Center! On this site, you can access FREE additional practice materials. This online
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