API 653 Exam Preparatory Course

API 650: Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

1.0 SCOPE
1.1 General

1.1.1 This standard covers material, design, fabrication, erection and testing requirements for
vertical, cylindrical, aboveground, closed- and open-top, welded steel storage tanks in
various sizes and capacities for internal pressures approximating atmospheric pressure
(internal pressures not exceeding the weight of the roof plates).

(NOTE: This standard applies only to tanks whose entire bottom is uniformly
supported and to tanks in non-refrigerated service that have a maximum operating
temperature of 90°C (200° F).

1.1.2 To help purchasers and manufacturers in ordering, fabricating and erecting tanks.
1.1.4 The appendices provide a number of design options requiring decisions by the
purchaser, standard requirements, recommendations, and information that supplement
the basic standard. An appendix becomes a requirement only when the purchaser
specifies an option covered by that appendix.

Table 1-1

Appendix Title Remarks Status

Simplified design for
Optional design basis for small
A thickness limit of Purchaser’s options
tanks
12.5mm
Recommendations for design
& construction of foundations
B Recommendations
for above ground oil storage
tanks
Pan-type, Pontoon type
C External Floating Roofs Purchasers’ options
and double-deck-type
D Technical Enquires Required procedures
Seismic design of storage
E Purchaser’s options
tanks
Design of tanks for small
F Requirements
internal pressure
Structurally supported
G Purchaser’s options
aluminum doom roofs
Fixed roof at the top of
H Internal floating roof Purchaser’s options
the tank shell
Under tank leak detection and
I Purchaser’s options
sub-grade protection
J Shop-assemble storage tanks For tank dia < 6 meters Requirements

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 API 653 Exam Preparatory Course
API 650: Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

Appendix Title Remarks Status

Sample applications of the

variable design point method
K Information
to determine shell – plate
fitness
API Standard 650 storage tank
L Requirements
data sheets
Requirements for tanks
900C > temperature <
M operating at elevated Requirements
2600 C
temperatures
Use of new materials that are
N Requirements
not identified
Recommendation for under-
O Purchaser’s Option
bottom connections
Allowable external load on Subject to external
P Purchaser’s Option
tank shell openings piping loads
Austenitic stainless steel
S Requirements
storage tanks
Weld requiring
inspection and
T NDE Requirements Summary Referencing section are
given. To be used with
caution

Mandatory: Required sections of the standard become mandatory if the standard has been
adopted by a Legal Jurisdiction or if the purchaser and the manufacturer choose to make
reference to this standard on the nameplate or in the manufacturer’s certification.

Requirement: The outlined design criteria must be used unless the purchaser and
manufacturer agree upon a more stringent alternative design.

Recommendation: The outlined criteria provide a good acceptable design and may be used
at the option of the purchaser and manufacturer.

Purchaser’s Option: When the purchaser specifies an option covered by an appendix, the
appendix then becomes a requirement.

1.2 Limitations

The rules of this standard are not applicable beyond the following limits:
a. The face of the first flange in bolted flanged connections (unless blinded /
covered)
b. The first sealing surface for proprietary connections or fittings
c. The first threaded joint on the pipe in a threaded connection to the tank shell
d. The first circumferential joint in welding-end pipe connections if not welded to a
flange

1.3 Compliance

The manufacturer is responsible for complying with all provisions of this standard.
Inspection by the purchaser's inspector does not negate the manufacturer's
obligation.
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 API 653 Exam Preparatory Course
API 650: Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

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1.2 Limitations

The rules of this standard are not applicable beyond the following limits:
b. The face of the first flange in bolted flanged connections (unless blinded /
covered)
e. The first sealing surface for proprietary connections or fittings
f. The first threaded joint on the pipe in a threaded connection to the tank shell
g. The first circumferential joint in welding-end pipe connections if not welded to a
flange

1.3 Compliance

The manufacturer is responsible for complying with all provisions of this standard.
Inspection by the purchaser's inspector does not negate the manufacturer's
obligation.

2.0 MATERIALS

2.1 General

2.1.1 Materials used in the construction of tanks shall conform to the specifications listed
i.e. ASTM, CSA, ISO Specifications or National Standards. Other materials may be
used provided' that the material is certified to meet all of the requirements of a
material specification listed in this standard and the purchaser approves its use.

2.1.2 When any new or unused plate and pipe material cannot be completely identified by
records that are satisfactory to the purchaser, the material may be used only if it
passes the tests prescribed in Appendix N.
2.2.1.2 Plate for shells, roofs and bottoms may be ordered on an edge-thickness basis or on a
weight (pounds per square foot) basis.

2.2.1.2.3
Whether an edge-thickness or a weight basis is used, an under run of not more than
0.25 mm (0.01 ") from the computed design thickness or the minimum permitted
thickness is acceptable.

2.2.1.3 All plates shall be manufactured by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or oxygen process.
Steels produced by the thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP) may be used
subject to mutual acceptance by the purchaser and manufacturer.

(NOTE: Most commonly used plates: ASTM A283 Gr. C. ASTM A36. Alternate
Design Basis (ADB) tanks (See Appendix K) require higher tensile strength
material.)

2.2.1.4
 Shell plate thickness limited to a maximum of 45 mm (1.75") unless otherwise
permitted.
 Plates used as inserts or flanges may be thicker than 45 mm (1.75").
 Plates thicker than 40 mm (1.5") shall be normalized or quench tempered, killed,
made to fine-grain practice, and impact tested.

2.2.6 General Requirements

 Materials shall conform to the specifications listed but not restricted by the place of
manufacture.
 Repair of surface defects by welding is permitted provided done using low--
hydrogen welding electrodes compatible with the plate material.
 When specified by the plate purchaser, the steel shall be fully killed.

2..2.7 Heat Treatment of Plates

 When specified by the plate purchaser, fully killed plates shall be heat treated to
produce grain refinement by either normalizing or heating uniformly for hot forming.
 Heat treatment requirement shall be specified on the Purchase order.
 Tensile tests shall be performed on plates as heat treated.
 When controlled-rolled plate is used, each plate shall have been Charpy V -notch
tested.

2.2.8 Impact testing of plates

 When required by the purchaser or for controlled-rolled plates
 Requirements and acceptance criteria for impact test are given under 2.2.8.3 ~
2.2.8.6

2.2.9 Toughness Requirements

 The thickness and design metal temperature of shell plates, shell reinforcing plates,
shell insert plates, bottom plates welded to the shell, plates used for manhole and
nozzle necks, flanges, and manhole cover plates shall be in according with figure 2-
1 (Minimum permissible Design Metal Temperature for Materials used in tank shells
without impact testing).
 Design metal temperature shall be assumed to be 8°C (15°F) above the lowest one-
day mean ambient temperature of the locality where the tank is to be installed. (Fig.
2-2 for USA).

2.2.9.4 Plate used to reinforce shell openings and insert plates shall be of the same material as
the shell plate to which they are attached or shall be of any appropriate material listed in
 Table 2-3 and Figure 2-1. This requirement does not apply to roof nozzles and manholes.

2.2.10.4
The manufacturer must furnish mill test data demonstrating that the material has provided
the required toughness at the design metal temperature.

2.3 Sheets
Sheets for fixed and floating roofs shall conform to ASTM A 570M/ A 570 Grade 33.

2.4 Structural Shapes

ASTM or other specifications/standards as specified.

2.5 Piping and Forgings

API, ASTM or other specifications as specified.

2.6 Flanges
ASME B 1 6.5 requirements or better

2.7 Bolting
ASTM Specifications + Purchaser's specifications

2.8 Welding Electrodes

For welding materials with a minimum tensile strength less than 550 Mpa (80 ksi), manual
arc-welding electrodes shall conform to the E60 and E70 series, A. WS 5.1.

3.0 DESIGN

3.1 Joints (Tank Design)

3.1.1 Definitions
No detailed discussion. Be knowledgeable about the eight (8) types listed.
a. Double-welded butt joint
b. Single-welded butt joint with backing
c. Double-welded lap joint
d. Single-welded lap joint
e. Butt-weld (groove weld)
f. Fillet-weld (as in a lap joint, tee joint or corner joint)
g. Full-fillet weld
h. Tack weld
3.1.3.2 Tack welds are not considered as having any strength value in the finished structure.

3.1.3.3 On plates 5 mm (3/16") thick, a full fillet weld is required. On plates thicker than 5 mm
(3/16"), the weld shall not be less than one-third the "t" of the thinner plate at the joint,
with a minimum of 5 mm (3/16").

3.1.3.4 Single-welded lap joints are permissible only on bottom plates and roof plates.

3.1.3.5 Lap-welded joints shall be lapped not less than "5t" of the thinner plate, but need not
exceed 25 mm (1 ") for single-welded lap joints and 50 mm (2") for double-welded lap
joints.

3.1.4 AWS weld symbols are required on drawings.

3.1.5 Typical Joints

3.1.5.2 Vertical Shell Joints

a. Verticals shall be butt joints with complete penetration and fusion that will provide
the same quality of deposited metal on both outside and inside weld surfaces.
b. Vertical joints in adjacent shell courses shall not be in alignment. An off-set from
each other of minimum "5t" (where "t" is the thicker course at the point of offset).
3. 1.5.3 Horizontal shell joints

Same criteria as for verticals above, except that top angles may be double-lap welded.
Unless otherwise specified, abutting shell plates at horizontal joints shall have a
common vertical centerline.

3.1.5.4 Lap-welded Bottom Joints

a. Three-plate laps shall not be closer than 300 mm (12") from each other, from the
tank shell, from butt-welded annular plate joints and from joints between annular
plate and the bottom.
b. Need to be welded on top side only (continuous full-fillet).
c. On other than annular (doughnut) rings the plate under the shell must have the
outer end of the joint fitted and welded to form a smooth bearing for the shell plate.
Note: Called a "BREAK-OVER." (Fig 3. 3. b)

(NOTE: When annular plates are used or required, butt welding is required with a
minimum distance 600 mm (24") between shell and any bottom lap.)

3.1.5.5 Butt-welded bottom joints

 Parallel edges - either square or V-groove beveled.

 If square, root opening not less than 6 mm (1/4").
 Minimum 3mm (1/8") thick back-up strip, tack welded to the underside of the plate is
permitted.
 Three plate joints in the tank bottom shall be at least 300 mm (12") from each other
or tank shell.

3.1.5.6 Bottom Annular-plate joints

Butt-welded, complete penetration and fusion. Backing strip, if used shall be compatible
 for welding.

3.1.5.7 Shell-to-Bottom Fillet Welds

a. For bottom and annular plates, 12.5 mm (1/2") thick and less, fillets not more than -
12.5mm (1/2") and not less than the nominal "t" of the thinner plate joined or less than
the values given.
b. For bottom and annular plates > 12.5 mm (1/2") thick, see 3.1.5.7 b and Figure 3-
3C.
Not to exceed the shell plate thickness.
c. Minimum two (2) weld passes are required.

3.1.5.8 Wind Girder joints

a. Full-penetration butt-welds for joining ring sections
b. Continuous welds for all horizontal top-side joints and for all vertical joints.
Horizontal bottom-side joints shall be seal-welded if specified by the purchaser.

3.1.5.9 Roof and Top-Angle Joints

a. Shall be welded on the top side only (as a minimum) with continuous full-fillet.
Butt-welds are also permitted.
b. Roof plates shell be attached to the top angle of a tank with a continuous fillet weld
on the top side only (see 3.10)
c. Top angle (horizontal leg) may extend either inside or outside.

3.2 Design Considerations

3.2.1 The purchaser shall state the design metal temperature, the design specific gravity, the
corrosion allowance (if any), and the design wind velocity.

3.2.2 The purchaser shall state the magnitude and direction of external loads or restraint, if
any, for which the shell or shell connections must be designed.

3.2.3 The purchaser should give special consideration to foundations, corrosion allowance,
hardness testing, and any other protective measures deemed necessary.

3.2.4 Tanks that meet the minimum requirements of this standard may be subjected to a
partial vacuum of 0.25 kPa (1 in. of water) of water pressure.

3.2.5 The purchaser to specify the maximum tank capacity and overfill protection level
requirement.
3.4 Bottom Plates
3.4.1 All bottom plates shall have a minimum nominal thickness of 6 mm (¼ ") exclusive of
any corrosion allowance (CA) specified.

3.4.2 Bottom plates shall project at least 25 mm (1") width beyond the outside edge of the
shell to bottom weld. (Changed)

3.5 Annular Bottom Plates

3.5.1 Requirements for the use of butt-welded annular plates (or) use of lap-welded bottom
plates.

3.5.2 Annular bottom plates shall have a radial width that provides at least 600 mm (24")
between the inside of the shell and any lap-weld on the tank bottom and at least 50
mm (2") projection outside the shell. (Note: 25 mm (1 ") projection for Bottom plates
welded to the shell- 3.4.2)

3.6 Shell Design

3.6.1.3 The design shell thickness shall be computed on the basis that the tank is filled to a
level "H" (fill level) with a liquid of specific gravity (G) specified by the purchaser.

3.6.1.4 The hydrostatic test shell thickness shall be computed on the basis that the tank is
filled to a level "H" with water.

3.6.1.1 The required shell thickness shall be the greater of the design shell thickness,
including any corrosion allowance, or the hydrostatic test shell thickness (but not less
than the values given in 3.6.1.1).

3.6.1.1 Manufacturer must furnish a drawing that lists:

a. Required shell "t" (including CA) for design product and hydrostatic test
b. Nominal "t" used, (i.e. shell "t" as constructed)
c. Material specification
d. Allowable stresses

3.6.2 Allowable Stress

3.6.2.1 Maximum allowable product design stress (S d) - from Table 3-2. To be familiar about
this table for plate specifications, yield/tensile strength and stress involved.
(NOTE: ASTM A283 Gr.C, A285 Gr. C and A36 are the most common plate materials)

3.6.3 One-Foot Method

Calculates the "t" required at design points, 0.3 m (1 ft) above the bottom of each
shell course. This method shall not be used for tanks larger than 60 m (200 ft) in
diameter.
3.6.4 Variable-Design-Point Method
(Note: This procedure normally provides a reduction in shell-course thicknesses and total
material weight, but more important is its potential to permit construction of larger
diameter tanks within the maximum plate thickness limitation.)

3.7 Shell Openings

3.7.1.6 Man way necks, nozzle necks and shell plate openings shall be uniform and smooth,
with the corners rounded, except where the surfaces are fully covered by attachment
welds.

3.7.1.9 The flange facing shall be suitable for the gasket and bolting employed. Gaskets
shall be selected to meet the service environment.

3.7.2.1 Openings in tank shells larger than required to accommodate a NPS 2 flanged or
threaded nozzle shall be reinforced.

3.7.2.2 Reinforcement may be provided by anyone or any combination of the following:

a. The attachment flange of the fitting
 b. The reinforcing plate
c. A portion of the neck of the fitting (3.7.2.3)
d. Excess shell-plate thickness
e. The material in the nozzle neck

3.7.2.3 By design, nozzle necks (i.e. outside extension, within the shell plate "t" and inside
extension) may provide the necessary reinforcement.

3.7.4 Thermal Stress Relief

3.7.5 Shell Manholes

3.7.5.1 Manhole reinforcing plate(s) shall be provided with a 6 mm (¼”) diameter telltale hole
(for leak detection) located on the horizontal centerline.

3.7.5.4 The gasket materials shall meet service requirements based on the product stored,
temperature and fire resistance.

3.7.6 Shell Nozzles and Flanges

3.7.6.1 Nozzle reinforcing plate(s) shall be provided with a 6 mm (¼ ") diameter telltale hole.
 3.7.6.2 A nozzle may be installed at an angle other than 90° to the shell plate in a
horizontal plane, provided the width of the reinforcing plate is increased accordingly.

3.7.6.3 The minimum thickness of nozzle neck to be used shall be equal to the required
thickness as identified by the term tn in Table 3-6, Column 3.

3.8 Shell Attachments and Tank Appurtenances

3.8.1.2

a. The edge of any permanent attachment welds shall be at least 75 mm (3") from
the· horizontal joints of the shell and at least 150 mm (6") from vertical joints,
insert-plate joints or reinforcing-plate fillet welds (general requirement)
b. Weld spacing for temporary attachments made after welding of the shell joints, shall
be the same as that required for permanent attachments. Temporary attachments to
shell courses shall be removed, and any resulting damage shall be repaired and
ground to a smooth profile.

3.8.2 Bottom Connections

Connections to the tank bottom are permitted subject to agreement between the
purchaser and the manufacturer.

3.8.5 Figure 3-16: When the roof nozzle is used for venting, the neck shall be trimmed
flush with the roof line.

3.9 Top and Intermediate Wind Girders

3.9.2 Types of Stiffening rings, see Figure 3-20 also.

3.10 Roofs

3.10.1 Types of roofs

Supported cone roof, self-supporting cone roof, self-supporting dome roof, self--
supporting umbrella roof. To familiarize with the definitions see 3. 10.1

3.10.2.1
All roofs and supporting structures shall be designed to support dead load (i.e. roof
deck and appurtenances), plus a uniform live load of not less than 1.2 kPa (25
Ibf/ft2) of projected area.

3.10.2.2
Roof plates - minimum nominal "t" of 5 mm (3/16") 7-gauge sheet. Thicker roof
plates may be required for self-supporting roofs.

3.10.2.3
Supported cone roof plates shall not be attached to the supporting
members.
'
. 3.10.2.4
Internal and External structural members must have a minimum nominal "t" of 4.3 mm
(0.17 in) in any component.

3.10.2.5
Roof plates shall be attached to the top angle of the tank with a continuous fillet weld
on the top side only (frangible joint if satisfying the conditions of 3.10.2.5.1 + weld size
not to exceed 5 mm (3/16")).

3.10.2.6
Roof plates may be stiffened by welded sections, but not connected to girders or
rafters.

3.10.4 to 3.10.7
Design requirements for Supported cone roofs, Self-Supporting cone roofs, Self--
supporting dome and umbrella roofs

3.10.4.5
Roof Columns - Structural shapes or steel pipe is acceptable. If pipe, it must be sealed
(or provisions for draining or venting made).

3.1 0.8 Tank Venting

3.10.8.1
 Tanks having a fixed roof shall be vented for both normal and emergency
conditions.
 Tanks with both a fixed roof and a floating roof - Appendix H.
 All other tanks having a fixed roof shall meet the requirements of 3.10.8.2 and
3.10.8.3

3.10.8.2
Normal venting shall be adequate to prevent internal or external pressure from
exceeding the tank design pressures and shall meet the requirements of API 2000 for
normal venting.

3.10.8.3
Emergency venting requirements are satisfied if the tank is equipped with a weak roof-
to-shell attachment (frangible joint) in accordance with 3.10.2.5, or if the tank is
equipped with pressure relief devices adequate to prevent internal pressure from
exceeding the tank design pressure and meeting the requirements of API 2000 for
emergency venting.
4.0 FABRICATION

4.1 General

4.1.1.2 When material requires straightening:

  Shall be done by pressing or another non-injurious method prior to any layout or
shaping.
 Heating or hammering is not permitted, unless maintained at forging temperature
during straightening.

5.0 ERECTION

5.1 General

5.1.1 The sub grade for the tank shall be uniform and level.
5.1.5 Erection lugs shall be removed, noticeable projections or weld metal removed. The
plate shall not be gouged or torn in the process of removing the lugs.

5.2 Details of Welding

5.2.1.1
 Acceptable welding processes: shielded metal-arc, gas metal-arc, gas tungsten-
arc, oxyfuel, flux-cored are, submerged-arc, electro gas or electro gas process
using suitable equipment.

 Use of the oxyfuel process is not permitted when impact testing of the material is
required.

 Welding may be performed manually, automatically or semi-automatically

according to the procedures described in ASME Sec.IX.

 Complete fusion with base metal required.

 All tank welding shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of Section
7 and WPS requirements as given by ASME Sec.IX.

5.2.1.2
Welding prohibited when:

a. surfaces are wet or moisture falling on surfaces

b. during high winds (unless properly shielded)
c. when base metal temperature is less than -20°C (0°F)
 When base metal temperature is -200C to 0°C (0°F to 32°F) or the thickness of
the base metal exceeds 32 mm (1 ¼ ., in.), the base metal within 75 mm (3") of the
place where welding is to be started shall be heated to a temperature warm to the
hand.

5.2.1.3 Multilayer welds require slag and other deposits removal before next layer is applied.

5.2.1.4 All weld edges must merge with plate surface without a sharp angle.

a. Maximum acceptable undercut - 0.4 mm (1/64") for vertical butt joints

 b. Maximum acceptable undercut - 0.8mm (1/32") for horizontal butt joints

5.2.1.5 Gives maximum reinforcement thickness values.

e.g. For a 1/2" thick plate, a horizontal joint can have a maximum reinforcement of
3mm while a vertical joint can have 2.5 mm only. For this case, if radiographic
examination of the weld is required (1/2” thick plate). reinforcement cannot exceed
1.5 mm.

5.2.1.8
Tack welds, used in vertical joints, shall be removed and not remain in the finished
joints when the joints are welded manually. If sound, cleaned and fused, tack welds can
remain when the submerged-arc process is used.

Whether tack welds ore removed or left in place, they shall be made using a fillet-
weld or butt-weld procedure qualified in accordance with ASME Sec. IX. Tack
welds to be left in place shall be made by qualified welders and visually examined
for defects.

5.2.1.10
Low-hydrogen electrodes shall be used for manual metal-arc welds, including shell to
bottom junction for all shell courses over 12.5 mm ( ½ ”) thick made of Groups l- III
material. .

5.2.2 Bottoms

5.2.2.1 After layout / tacking, welding may proceed with some shrinkage seams left open.

5.2.2.2
Shell to bottom welding shall be practically completed, before shrinkage openings (in
5.2.2.1 above) are welded.

5.2.3 Shells

5.2.3.1
Misalignment in completed vertical joints for plates greater than 16 mm (5/8") thick, shall
not exceed 10% of plate "t", or 3 mm (1/8") whichever is less; misalignment for plates
less than or equal to 16 mm (5/8") thick shall not exceed 1.5 mm (1/16")

5.2.3.3
The reverse side of double-welded joints (prior to the application of the first bead to the
second side), must be cleaned by chipping, grinding or melting out.
5.2.3.4
For joints exceeding 38 mm (1 ½ “) base metal "t"

a. multipass weld procedures are required

b. no pass over 19 mm ( ¾ ") thick is permitted
c. minimum preheat of 93°C (200°F) is required

5.2.3.5
 The requirements of this section shall be followed when welding to Group IV, IVA,
V and VI materials.
 Permanent and temporary attachments shall be welded with low-hydrogen
electrodes.
 Use a welding procedure that minimizes the potential for under bead cracking.
 Need for preheat shall be considered - thick plates, welding during low
atmospheric temperatures.
 Visual and MT or PT required (see 6.2, 6.4 or 6.5 for appropriate criteria)

5.2.3.6
Completed welds of stress-relieved assemblies shall be examined by visual, as well
as by magnetic particle or penetrant methods, after stress relief, but before
hydrostatic test.

5.2.4 Shell-to-bottom welds

5.2.4.1
Testing requirements for Shell-to-bottom weld:
The initial weld pass inside the shell shall have all slag and non-metals removed from
the surface of the weld and then examined for its entire circumference prior to
welding the first weld pass outside the shell, both visually and by one of the following
methods to be agreed to by the purchaser and manufacturer:

a. Magnetic particle
b. Applying a solvent liquid penetrant to the weld and developer to the gap on the
other side and examining for leaks after a minimum dwell time of 1 hour
c. Applying a water soluble liquid penetrant to either side of the joint and developer
to the other side and examining for leaks after a minimum dwell time of t hour
d. Applying a high flash point penetrating oil such as light diesel to the gap between
the shell and the bottom, letting stand for at least 4 hours and examining the weld
for evidence of wicking.
e. Applying a bubble-forming solution to the weld, using a right angle vacuum box,
and examining for bubbles

Thoroughly clean all residual examination materials

5.2.4.3
By agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, the examinations of
5.2.4.1 may be waived and substituted by:
a. Visual examination of the initial pass (inside or outside)
b. Visual examination of the finished joint welded surfaces, both inside and outside
5.3.6 Testing of the Roof

Shall be tested by one of the following methods:

a. Applying internal air pressure not exceeding the weight of the roof plates and applying
to the weld joints a soap solution or other material suitable for leak detection
b. Vacuum testing the weld joints in accordance with 6.6 to detect any leaks

5.3.6.2 For a tank not designed to be gastight, visual inspection of roof welds shall suffice unless
otherwise specified by the purchaser.

5.4 Repairs to welds

5.4.1 All defects found in welds shall be called to the attention of the purchaser's inspector, and
the inspector's approval shall be obtained before the defects are repaired. All completed
repairs shall be subject to the approval of the purchaser's inspector.

5.4.2 Pinhole leaks or porosity in a tank bottom - repaired by applying an additional weld bead
over the defective area.
Other defects or cracks in tank bottom or tank roof joints shall be repaired as required by
6.1.7. Mechanical caulking is not permitted.

5.4.3 All defects, cracks, or leaks in shell joints or the shell-to-bottom joint shall be repaired in
accordance with 6.1.7.

5.5 Dimensional Tolerances

5.5.2 Plumbness
The maximum out-of-plumbness of the top of the shell relative to the bottom of the shell
shall not exceed 1/200 of the total tank height.

5.5.3 Roundness

5.5.4 Local Deviations

a. Weld "peaking" at vertical weld joints shall not exceed 13 mm ( ½ “). Measured using
a horizontal sweep board 900 mm long.
b. Weld "banding" at horizontal weld joint shall not exceed 13mm ( ½ ”). Measured using
a straight edge vertical sweep board 900 mm long.

5.5.5 Foundations
Requirements for foundations

6.0 METHODS OF INSPECTING JOINTS

6.1 Radiographic Method

6.1.2 Number and Location of Radiographs

6.1.2.2
Requirements for vertical joints: for butt-weld joints with the thinner plate 10
mm (3/8") or less:
One spot radiograph in the first 3 m (10ft) of each type and thickness welded by
each welder or operator. (Spot = 3 "). Thereafter, one additional spot in each
additional 30m (100 ft).

NOTE: At least 25% of spots must be at junctions of verticals and horizol1tal joints
– minimum two per tank. Additionally, one random spot in each bottom ring
vertical.

b. for plates greater than 10 mm (3/8") and through to 25 mm (1") thickness - same
as thinner plate above plus all junctions of vertical and horizontal joints.
Additionally, two spots in all bottom ring verticals (one as near to bottom as
practical, the other random).

c. Plates thicker than 25 mm (1 ") - full radiography of all verticals, plus all junctions of
verticals and horizontal joints.

d. Butt weld around periphery of insert manhole or nozzle - complete radiography.

6.1.2.3

Requirements for horizontal shell joints

One spot radiograph in the first 3m (10 ft) of weld of the same type and thickness
without regard to welder or operator. Thereafter, one spot in each additional 60 m (200
ft).

6.1.2.4
Multi-tank erection (at same location) may use aggregate footage values of same type
and thickness.
(NOTE: See Fig. 6-1 Radiographic Layout)

6.1.2.8
Each radiograph shall clearly show a minimum of 150mm (6") of weld length. The film
shall be centered on the weld and shall be of sufficient width to permit adequate space
for the location of identification marks and an IQI.

6.1.2.9
Tank bottom annular ring (see 3.5.1), the radial joints shall be radiographed as follows:

a. Double-butt-weld joints - one spot on 10% of radial joints

b. Single weld joints with back-up bar - one spot on 50% of radial joints

(NOTE: Preferable spot - at the outer edge, near shell)

6.1.3 Technique:

6.1.3.1
Radiographic examination in accordance with ASME Sec. V, Article 2.
6.1.3.2
Radiographers to meet ASNT's SNT-TC-l A requirements.
6.1.3.3
Final acceptance of radiographs shall be based on the ability to see the prescribed
image quality indicator and the specified hole or wire.

6.1.3.4
Permitted weld reinforcement values are given. Page 6-3

6.1.5 Radiographic Standards

Acceptance / rejection as per UW-51 (b), ASME Sec.VIII.

6.1.6 Unacceptable radiographs (under 6.1.5), or the limits of the deficient radiograph are not
defined, 2 adjacent shots are required.

6.1.7.1
Weld defects shall be repaired by chipping or melting out from one or both sides, and
rewelding.

6.1.7.2 All repaired welds in joints shall be checked by repeating the original inspection
procedure and by repeating one of the testing methods of 5.3, subject to the approval of
the purchaser.

6.1.8.1 The manufacturer shall prepare an as-built radiograph map showing the location of all
radiographs taken along with the film identification marks.

6.2 Magnetic Particle Examination

6.2.1 When specified, shall be in accordance with ASME Sec.V, Article 7

6.2.4 Acceptance standards and the removal and repair of defects shall be in accordance with
ASME Sec. VIII, Appendix 6

6.3 Ultrasonic Examination

6.3.1 When specified, shall be in accordance with ASME Sec. V, Article 5

6.3.4 Acceptance standards shall be agreed upon by the: purchaser and the manufacturer

6.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination

6.4.1 When specified, shall be in accordance with ASME Sec. V, Article 6

6.4.4 Acceptance standards and the removal and repair of defects shall be in
accordance with ASME Sec. VIII, Appendix 8

6.5 Visual Examination

6.5.1 A weld shall be acceptable by visual inspection if the inspection shows the following:

a. No crater cracks, other surface cracks or arc strikes in or adjacent to the welded
joints

b. Undercutting does not exceed the limits given in 5.2.1.4 for vertical and horizontal
butt joints.
(5.2.1. 4 - Maximum acceptable undercut - 0.4 mm (1/64") for vertical butt joints,
0.8 mm (1132'') for horizontal butt joints)
 (NOTE: 0.4 mm (1/64") maximum allowable undercut on attached nozzles, man ways,
cleanout openings and permanent attachments)

c. Frequency of surface porosity does not exceed one "cluster" in any 100 mm (4") of
length and the diameter of each cluster does not exceed 2.5 mm (3/32").

6.5.2 All welds failing to meet 6.5.1 requirements shall be reworked prior to hydro-
testing.
6.6 Vacuum testing

6.6.1 Gives details on the possible design of vacuum box.

6.6.2 Vacuum testing shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure prepared by
the manufacturer.

The procedure shall require:

 Visual examination before performing the vacuum box test
 Verifying the condition of the vacuum box and its seals
 Verifying that there is no quick bubble or spitting response to large leaks and
 Applying the film solution to a dry area, such that the area is thoroughly wetted

6.6.3 A partial vacuum of 3 to 5 psi gauge shall be used for the test. If specified by the
purchaser, a second partial vacuum test of 8 to 10 psi shall be performed for the
detection of very small leaks.

6.6.4 Vacuum box operator qualifications

6.6.5 The vacuum box test shall have at least 50 mm (2") overlap of previously examined
surface on each application.

6.6.6 The metal surface temperature limits shall be between 4°C (40°F) and 52°C (125°F),
unless the film solution is proven to work at temperatures outside these limits,

6.6.7 Minimum light intensity of 1000 Lux (100 fc) at the point of examination is required.

6.6.8 The vacuum shall be maintained for 5 seconds or more.

6.6.9 Any leak is unacceptable and shall be repaired and retested.

6.6.10 A record / report of the test shall be completed and furnished to the customer upon
request.

6.6.11 A suitable tracer gas and compatible detector can be used in lieu of the vacuum box
test.

7.0 WELDING PROCEDURE AND WELDER QUALIFICATIONS

7.2.1.2
The welding procedures used shall produce weldments with the mechanical properties
required by the design.

7.3.2 The welders and welding operators who weld pressure parts and join non pressure
parts, such as all permanent and temporary clips and lugs, to pressure parts shall be
qualified in accordance with ASME Sec.IX.
7.4 Identification of Welded Joints
Welder or welding operator's identification mark shall be hand- or machine-stamped
adjacent to and at intervals not exceeding 1 m (3 ft) along the completed welds. In lieu
of stamping, records may be maintained. Roof plate welds and flange-to-nozzle-neck
welds do not require welder identification.

8.0 MARKING

8.1 Nameplates
No specific information for discussion.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: OPTIONAL DESIGN BASIS FOR SMALL TANKS

,

A.1 Scope
A.1.1 Requirements for field-erected tanks of relatively small capacity in which the stressed
components have a maximum nominal thickness of 12.5 mm ( ½ “) including corrosion
allowance.
Stressed components - shell & reinforcing plates, bottom and shell reinforcing plates ,
for flush-type cleanout fittings and flush-type connections, bottom plates welded to shell.

A.1.4 The overturning effect of a wind load should be considered.

A.1.5 Typical sizes, capacities, and shell-plate thicknesses are listed in Tables A-1 through
A-4.
A.2 Materials
A.2.1 Shell-plate materials shall not be more than 12.5 mm ( ½ “) thick, as stated in A.1.1

A.4 Thickness of Shell Plates

A.4.1 Formula given for minimum thickness

A.5 Tank Joints

A.5.I Vertical and horizontal joints, bottom, shell-to-bottom, roof and top angle - same
provisions as normal size (3.1.5).

A.5.2 Normal weld spacing restrictions are relaxed.

A.5.3 Radiographic inspection - slightly relaxed.

APPENDIX H: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS FOR ASTs

B.l Scope
B.I.I Considerations for the design and construction of foundations for aboveground steel
oil storage tanks with flat bottoms.

B.2 Subsurface Investigation and Construction

B.2.1 The subsurface conditions must be known to estimate the soil bearing capacity and
settlement that will be experienced. Obtained from soil borings, load tests, sampling,
laboratory testing and analysis by an experienced geotechnical engineer.
\

B.2.3 Some of the many conditions that require special engineering consideration:
a. Sites on hillsides
b. Sites on swampy or filled ground
c. Sites underlain by layers of plastic clay
d. Sites adjacent to water courses or deep excavations
e. Sites immediately adjacent to heavy structures
f. Sites exposed to floodwaters

B.2.4 General methods to improve non-acceptable subsoil

a. Removal and replacement with suitable, compacted subsoil
b. Compacting the soft material with short piles
c. Compacting the soft material by preloading with an overburden of suitably drained
earth
d. Stabilizing the soft material by chemical methods or injection of cement grout
e. Transferring the load to a more stable material underneath (concrete slab on piles)
f. Slab foundation to distribute the load over a large area
g. Improving soil properties by vibrocompaction, vibroreplacement, or deep dynamic
compaction

B.3 Tank Grades

B.3.1 The grade or surface on which a tank bottom will rest should be constructed at least
0.3 m (1 ft) above the surrounding ground surface.
B.3.2 To minimize future corrosion problems and maximize the effect of corrosion prevention
systems such as cathodic protection, the material in contact with the tank bottom
should be fine and uniform. Gravel or large particles shall be avoided.

B.3.3 Finished grade shall have a slope of one inch in ten feet (crowned at the tank centre)
unless otherwise specified by the owner.
 B.4 Typical Foundation Types
B.4.1 Earth Foundations without a ring wall
B.4.2 Earth Foundations with a concrete ring wall
B.4.3 Earth Foundations with a crushed stone and gravel ring wall
B.4.4 Slab Foundations
B.5 Tank Foundations for Leak Detection See Appendix I
PPEN

APPENDIX C: EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS

Apply to pan type, pontoon type and double-deck type floating roofs.

C.2 Material
Material requirements of Section 2 unless otherwise stated.

C.3 Design
C.3.1 If a wind skirt or top-shell extension is used for the purpose of containing roof seal
at its highest point of travel, appropriate alarm devices are required. Emergency
overflow openings may be provided to protect the tank and floating roof from
damage.

C.3.2 Joints
Same as required in 3.1 (i.e., single lap, full fillet, 1”I minimum lap, etc.)

C.3.3 Decks

C.3.3.1
Roofs in corrosive service, such as covering sour crude oil, should be the contact
type designed to eliminate the presence of any air-vapor mixture under the deck.

C.3.3.2
All deck plates shall have a minimum nominal thickness of 5 mm (3/16").

C.3.3.3
Deck plates shall be joined by continuous full-fillet welds on the top side. On the
bottom side, where flexure is anticipated adjacent to girders, support legs, or other
relatively rigid members, full-fillet welds not less than 50 mm (2") long on 250 mm
(10") centers shall be used on any plate laps that occur within 300 mm (12") of any
such members.
C.3.3.4
Decks (double and pontoon) designed for drainage, shall have a minimum slope of 1
in 64 (3/16" in 12") and shall be lapped to provide the best drainage. Plate buckles to
be kept to a minimum.

C.3.4 Pontoon Design

C.3.4.1

Pontoon roofs shall have sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat on a 0.7 specific gravity
product and with primary drains inoperative for following conditions:

a. 250 mm (10”) of rainfall in a 24 hour period with roof intact, except for double
deck floating roofs that have emergency drains.

b. Single-deck (i.e. diaphragm) and any 2 adjacent compartments punctured in

double-deck roofs, both types with no water or live load.

C.3.5 Pontoon Openings

a. Each compartment provided with liquid-tight manhole
b. Manhole covers provided with suitable hold-down fixtures
c. Each compartment to have a vent
C.3.8 Roof Drains
a. Primary drains may be hose, jointed or siphon type.
b. Check valve required (hose and jointed pipe type) on pontoon and pan type roofs to
prevent backflow
c. Hose drain types designed, to permit replacement without personnel entering the tank
(*Not Normal). The swing joints of pipe drains shall be packed to prevent leakage.
d. Minimum roof drain size-
 At least NPS 3 for roofs with dia =< 36 m (120 fl)
 At least NPS 4 for roofs with dia > 36 m (120 ft)

C.3.9 Vents
Purchaser to specify liquid withdrawal rates so that the fabricator can size the vents
accordingly. Vents, bleeder valves, or other suitable means shall be adequate to evacuate
air and gases from underneath the roof during initial filling.

C.3.10 Supporting Legs

a. Pipe legs - notched or perforated at bottom
b. Adjustable length from rooftop side
c. Designed to support roof and a uniform live load
d. Sleeves, gussets, etc., required at deck entry points
e. Load distribution members required on tank bottom (pads with continuous weld)

C.3.1.1 Roof Manholes

 At least one roof manhole
 Minimum nominal diameter of 600 mm (24") with tight-gasketted, bolted cover

C.3. 1.2 Centering and Antirotation devices Suitable devices shall be provided.
 C.3.13 Seals
a. The space (rim) between outer roof periphery and shell - sealed by a flexible device
providing a reasonable close fit to shell, surfaces
b. No plain (i.e. bare) carbon steel shoes allowed (NOTE: Must be galvanized or coated)
c. Adequate expansion joints (i.e. secondary seal strips) required
d. Must be durable to environment and must not containment the product

C.4 Fabrication, Erection, Welding, Inspection and Testing

C.4.1 Deck and other joint seams to be tested for leaks with vacuum box, penetrating oil, etc.

C.4.2 Roof requires a water flotation test at initial erection; Examine for leaks

C4.5 Drainpipe and hose systems shall be tested with water at a pressure of 350 kPa (50 Ibf/in 2)
gauge. During the floatation test, the roof drain valves shall be kept open to observe any
leakage of tank contents.
APPENDIX D: TECHNICAL INQUIRIES

No specific comments

APPENDIX E: SEISMIC DESIGN OF STORAGE TANKS

No specific comments

APPENDIX F: DESIGN OF TANKS FOR SMALL INTERNAL PRESSURES

F.l Scope
F.I.1 The maximum internal pressure may be increased by using this appendix.

F.1.2 This appendix covers tanks anchored and non-anchored.

F.1.3 Internal pressures that exceed the weight of the shell, roof, and framing but do not
exceed 18 kPa (2 ½ Ibf/in2) gauge when the shell is anchored to a counterbalancing
weight, such as a concrete ring wall are also covered.

APPENDIX G: STRUCTURALLY SUPPORTED ALUMINUM DOME ROOFS

No specific comments

APPENDIX H: INTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS

11.1 Scope
 Minimum requirements for a tank with an internal floating roof and a fixed roof at the
top of the tank shell.
 For a new tank or to an existing fixed-roof lank.
 Section 3.10 is applicable, except as modified herein.
11.2 Types
a. Metallic pan roofs - in contact with the liquid and have a peripheral rim
b. Metallic bulk headed roofs - in contact with the liquid and. have open-top
bulkheads
c. Metallic pontoon roofs - in contact with the liquid and have closed pontoons
d. Metallic double-deck roofs
e. Metallic roofs on floats - deck above the liquid, made of aluminum alloys or
stainless steel
f. Metallic sandwich-panel roofs - surface-coated honeycomb panels in contact with
the liquid
g. Hybrid ,internal floating roofs - combination of types described above

11.3 Material

H.3.1 Internal floating roof materials shall be selected by the purchaser after careful
consideration.

H.3.2 Steel
Steel shall conform to the requirements of Section 2. Steel in contact with vapor or
liquid shall be 5 mm minimum nominal thickness. Other steel shall be 2.5 mm
minimum nominal thickness.

H.3.3 Aluminium
Aluminum shall conform to the requirements of Section 2 of ASME B96.1. Aluminum
skin shall be 0.51 mm minimum nominal thickness. Aluminum floats shall be 1.3 mm
minimum nominal thickness.

H.3.4 Stainless Steel

Stainless steel shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A240 / A240M (austenitic
type only). Stainless steel skin shall be 0.46 mm minimum nominal thickness.
Stainless steel floats shall be 1.2 mm minimum nominal thickness.

H.4 Requirements for all types

H.5 Openings and Appurtenances

H.6 Fabrication, Erection, Welding, Inspection and Testing

Useful to read through these parts from API 650. Major amendment made in
Addendum 2 (Nov 2001).

APPENDIX I: UNDER TANK LEAK DETECTION AND SUB GRADE PROTECTION

(No specific comments. Refer to API RP 652 and 651 for more guidelines)

APPENDIX J: SHOP-ASSEMBLED STORAGE TANKS

(No specific comments)

APPENDIX K: SAMPLE APPLICATION OF THE VARIABLE-DESIGN-POINT

METHOD TO DETERMINE SHELL-PLATE THICKNESS
(No specific comments - Engineering data)
APPENDIX L: API 650 STORAGE TANK DATA SHEETS
(No specific comments)

APPENDIX M: REQUIREMENTS FOR TANKS OPERATING AT ELEVATED

TEMPERATURES
(No specific comments)

APPENDIX N: USE OF NEW MATERIALS THAT ARE NOT IDENTIFIED

(No specific comments)

APPENDIX O: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UNDER-BOTTOM CONNECTIONS

(No specific comments)

APPENDIX P: ALLOWABLE EXTERNAL LOADS ON TANK SHELL OPENINGS

(No specific comments)

APPENDIX S: AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL STORAGE TANKS

S.1 Scope
S.1.1 This appendix covers tank construction of material grades 304, 304L, 316, 316L,
317, and 317L.

S.I.2 Applies only to tanks in no refrigerated services with a maximum operating

temperature not exceeding 260°C (5000 F). Ambient temperature tanks shall have
a design temperature of 40°C (I OOO F).

S.I.4 Minimum thickness docs not include any corrosion allowance.

S.2.3 Impact tests are not required for austenitic stainless steel base metals.

APPENDIX T: NDE REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY

Course Facilitator:

Muhammad Aqeel
Assistant Manager (Assets Integrity Management)
API 510, 570, 653 & 571 Certified

SGS Pakistan (Private) Ltd.

Industrial Services

22/D, Block 6, P.E.C.H.S., 

Karachi - 75400, Pakistan

Phone: +92 214540260-230

Fax +92 214523474
mailto : [email protected]
A

C.1
Scope

pply to
pan-
type,
pontoo
n-t