Elements of Frequency Distribution Organising Data

Class Intervals or
Classes (K) The groupings of the datapoints or rows in a frequency distribution.

Lower Class Limit (LCL) : Starting value of a class interval

Class Limits &
Upper Class Limit (UCL) : Ending value of a class interval
Class Width ( i )
Descriptive Statistics The LCL and UCL for each class is determined by the class width.
Boundaries between the class limits of succeeding class intervals.

Frequency
Class Boundaries
Lower Class Boundary (LCB), Upper Class Boundary (UCB)
Organising and
Class Mark (Xm) The midpoint value of a class interval or between the LCL and UCL.
Distributions Summarising Data
Frequency ( f ) The number of samples or datapoints in each class interval.
Chapters: 2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Cumulative
Frequency ( cf ) The accumulation of the frequencies by class interval.
Elementary Statistics by Alan Bluman

The ratio of the frequency of each class interval to the total sample or
Proportion ( p )
population.
Cumulative
Proportion ( cp ) The accumulation of the proportions by class interval.
by; prof.r.q.!a.ma"a

by; prof.r.q.!a.ma"a

1 2

Frequency Distributions Frequency Distributions

Steps in Constructing a Quantitative or Numeric Frequency Distribution Steps in Constructing a Quantitative or Numeric Frequency Distribution

Step 1: Sort data from lowest (X1) to highest (Xn) Compute for the Class Limits (LCL and UCL)
Step 5: LCL1 = X1; LCL2 = LCL1 + i; LCL3 = LCL2 + i; …; LCLk = LCLk-1 + i
Step 2: Compute for the Range: R = Xn X1 + (1 or 0.1 or 0.01 or…) UCL = LCL + i (1 or 0.1 or 0.01 or…) (For each class interval)
Preparatory

Interval Steps

Step 3: Decide on the number of class intervals (K) → # of rows in the frequency distribution Compute for the Class Boundaries Class Boundary: Midpoint between class limits
Step 6: LCB = LCL (0.5 or 0.05 or 0.005 or…) (For each class interval)
Compute for the Class Width (i): i = R ÷ K (Always roundup to same decimals as data!) UCB = UCL + (0.5 or 0.05 or 0.005 or…) (For each class interval)
Step 4:
Class Width: Range of each class interval

Compute for the Class Marks: Xm = (LCL + UCL) ÷ 2 (For each class interval)
Step 7:
Class Mark: Midpoint value of a class interval
Preparing the Data

Setting up the Intervals

by; prof.r.q.!a.ma"a by; prof.r.q.!a.ma"a

3 4

Frequency Distributions Frequency Distributions

Shapes of a Distribution
Steps in Constructing a Quantitative or Numeric Frequency Distribution Symmetrical

(Normal)

Step 7:
Count and tabulate the frequencies ( f ) for each class interval
Frequency: Count of samples or population per class interval

Compute for the cumulative (or relative) frequencies

Distribution Steps

Step 8: Increasing: (from the first going to the last class interval) cfk = cfk-1 + fk
Positive Skew
Decreasing: (from the last going to the first class interval) cfk = cfk+1 + fk

Compute for the proportions (p): p = f ÷ n (For each class interval)

Proportion: a.k.a. p-Value, percent or proportion of f against n of each class interval
Step 9:
May be shown either in decimals or in percent
You may also show cumulative proportions (increasing and decreasing) Negative Skew

Input and Summary of the Data

by; prof.r.q.!a.ma"a by; prof.r.q.!a.ma"a

5 6
 ORGANIZING DATA
Categorical or Qualitative Frequency Distribution

Population: People of a certain area

(Population Size) N = Uncertain

Samples: Actual blood donors

(Sample Size) n = 25

Random Variable: X = { blood type }

INDIVIDUAL (or Ungrouped) DATA

A B B AB O
O O B AB B
B B O AB O
A O O O AB
AB A O B A

Sample Distribution

GROUPED DATA (Frequency Distribution)

Classes Frequency p=f÷n

Blood Types Donors Proportion Percentage
A 4 0.16 16%
AB 5 0.20 20%
B 7 0.28 28%
O 9 0.36 36%
25 1.00 100%

Donor Blood Types

Pareto Chart
9
16%
6.75 36%

20%
4.5

2.25
28%

0
A AB B O A AB B O
 ORGANIZING DATA
Numeric or Quantitative Frequency Distribution

Population: All sandwiches made and sold in the state of

California, U.S.A.
(Population Size) N = Virtually infinite. Includes all that has been
produced and consumed and those which are
still being made and sold.

Samples: Actual sandwiches tested for the survey

(Sample Size) n = 50

Random Variable: X = { grams of protein }

INDIVIDUAL (or Ungrouped) DATA

X1 = 12 X11 = 22 X21 = 27 X31 = 34 X41 = 42

X2 = 12 X12 = 22 X22 = 27 X32 = 35 X42 = 43
X3 = 14 X13 = 23 X23 = 27 X33 = 35 X43 = 44
X4 = 15 X14 = 23 X24 = 27 X34 = 35 X44 = 45
X5 = 15 X15 = 24 X25 = 28 X35 = 35 X45 = 46
X6 = 18 X16 = 24 X26 = 30 X36 = 38 X46 = 48
X7 = 19 X17 = 25 X27 = 30 X37 = 40 X47 = 48
X8 = 20 X18 = 26 X28 = 31 X38 = 40 X48 = 52
X9 = 20 X19 = 26 X29 = 31 X39 = 42 X49 = 54
X10 = 21 X20 = 27 X30 = 33 X40 = 42 X50 = 55

Sample Distribution

GROUPED DATA (Frequency Distribution)

R = 44

K= 6 LCL UCL f p=f÷n

i= 8 LCB Protein (grams) UCB Xm Sandwiches f Xm cf cf p cp p cp

11.5 12 19 19.5 15.5 7 108.5 7 50 0.14 0.14 14% 14%
19.5 20 27 27.5 23.5 17 399.5 24 43 0.34 0.48 34% 48%
27.5 28 35 35.5 31.5 11 346.5 35 26 0.22 0.70 22% 70%
35.5 36 43 43.5 39.5 7 276.5 42 15 0.14 0.84 14% 84%
43.5 44 51 51.5 47.5 5 237.5 47 8 0.10 0.94 10% 94%
51.5 52 59 59.5 55.5 3 166.5 50 3 0.06 1.00 6% 100%
59.5 60 67 ∑ 50 1.00 100%

Frequency Curve: Protein Content of Sandwiches Histogram: Protein Content of Sandwiches

18 18
Sandwiches (Frequency)

Sandwiches (Frequency)

13.5 13.5

9 9

4.5 4.5

0 0
15.5 23.5 31.5 39.5 47.5 55.5 19.5 27.5 35.5 43.5 51.5 59.5
Grams of Protein (Class Marks) Grams of Protein (UCB)

Ogive Curves: Protein Content of Sandwiches

50
Sandwiches (Frequency)

37.5

Increasing Cumulative Frequency

Decreasing Cumulative Frequency

25

12.5

Grams of Protein (UCB)