FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

___________________________________________________________________

Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220) Course

Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Profesor Madya Dr Solehuddin Shuib
Group : EMD4M4A
___________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE: Forced Vibration Experiment – Resonance of spring -
Dashpot System with spring

No NAME STUDENT ID
1. MUHAMAD AIDIL TASNIM BIN ROSLAN 2018250956
2. MIOR MUHAMMAD MUAZ BIN MIOR HANIP 2018660092
MOHAMAD AIDIL HAZIEM BIN MOHAMED
3. 2018260026
ASRI
MUHAMMAD ALHAM SODIQ BIN
4. 2018801486
ALIMUDDIN
IZATUL AINA AFIQAH BINTI MOHD
5. 2018801416
ROHAZID

REPORT SUBMISSION: 08 / 06 / 2020

(DATE)
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Marking Scheme
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
ABSTRACT

The experiment is done to determine the natural frequency and resonance of

spring in different damping condition. To run this experiment, we used Control Unit to
control the Universal Vibration System Apparatus. First of all, we adjusted control
unit to desired frequency, 5 Hz to 14 Hz. Then, set the damper to off condition. After
that, we set the unbalance exciter on and set the frequency from 5Hz to 14Hz. And
lastly, we recorded the oscillation produced on drum recorder for each frequency.
We collected the data from different condition of damping which is, no damper, open
damper with length 150mm, closed damper with length 150mm, and lastly, closed
damper with length 550mm. The natural frequency for this experiment is constant
which is 46.95 Hz. In order for resonance to happen, the applied frequency and the
natural frequency of the object must be the same. From this experiment, we found
that the resonance will happen if the applied frequency and the natural frequency of
the object is the same. The knowledge of calculating the resonance frequency and
natural frequency is very important in order for us to prevent catastrophic disaster
such as the collapsed of Tacoma narrow bridge in the future.
Table of contents
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................2
List of Figure.................................................................................................................4
List of Table..................................................................................................................4
1.0 TITLE..................................................................................................................5
2.0 OBJECTIVE........................................................................................................5
3.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................5
4.0 THEORY.............................................................................................................6
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE........................................................................9
5.1 Location of Experiment....................................................................................9
5.2 Apparatus........................................................................................................9
5.3 Experimental procedure................................................................................10
6.0 Data and Result................................................................................................11
7.0 Discussion........................................................................................................19
8.0 Conclusion........................................................................................................20
9.0 References.......................................................................................................21
10.0 Appendix........................................................................................................22

List of Figure
Figure 1 Universal system vibration.............................................................................8

List of Table
Table 1 experiment data.............................................................................................11
Table 2 result for condition 1......................................................................................12
Table 3 result for condition 2......................................................................................13
Table 4 result for condition 3......................................................................................14
Table 5 result for condition 4......................................................................................15
1.0 TITLE
I. Forced Vibration Experiment – Resonance of spring - Dashpot System with
spring

2.0 OBJECTIVE
I. The objective for this experiment is to determine the resonance of Spring-
Dashpot System in different damping condition.

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Forced vibration is vibration that takes place under excitation of external

forces. The system will vibrate at the excitation frequency when the excitation is
oscillatory. Resonance will occur if the frequency of excitation coincides with one of
the natural frequencies of the system and dangerously large oscillations may result.
The failure of major structures such as bridges, buildings, or airplane wings is an
awesome possibility under resonance.

Damping has very little effect on natural frequency of the system, and hence
the calculations for natural frequencies are generally made on the basis of no
damping. Damping is of great importance in limiting the amplitude of oscillation at
resonance.

By that, we need to determine the resonance of Spring-Dashpot System in

different damping conditions in order to analyses and understand the risks of
resonance, the way to overcame it and manage it accordingly. That makes a lot of
things safer for human usage and benefits afterwards
4.0 THEORY

Forced vibrations occur when the object is forced to vibrate at a particular

frequency by a periodic input of force. Objects which are free to vibrate will have one
or more natural frequency at which they vibrate. If an object is being forced to vibrate
at its natural frequency, resonance will occur and you will observe large amplitude
vibrations.

In order to define the resonance in Spring-Dashpot System, first of all we

need to find the natural frequency of the system in free vibration state. By that we
know theoretically value of the natural frequency. Next, the exciter will be used to
give desired force to the system.

The effect of damping is to limit the maximum response amplitude and to

reduce the sharpness of resonance.

The experiment will be repeated with two condition, both with closed damped
condition but with different distance between the damper and the initial points of
moments.

Theoretical Background:
Ay Fm (exciter) Fs (spring)
Ax
| |
| | |
| Fd (damper) | |
| b | | FBD
| | |
| L/2 | |
| |
| a |
| |
L
| L/2 | Í α= Í θ̈ KD
| |
man

mat

L = 0.7 m
L/2 = 0.35 m

+ Σ Mα =Σ Mε
WL F m L (ma t ) L
-Fdb + + – Fsa = Ια +
2 2 2
mgL F m L
-Cvb + + – k(δ st + x)α = Ί α + m¿
2 2
mgL F m L
-Cb2θ̇ + + + k(δ st + y)α = Ι´θ̈ + mθ̈ ¿
2 2

In static equilibrium F=kδ st

+ Σ M A =0
( WL/2 )= k(δ st )α
B W= (2kδ st α / L)
A mg

2 k δ st α L F mL
-Cb2θ̇ + . + - k(δ st + x)α =¿= Ι´θ̈ + mθ̈ ¿
L 2 2
F mL
-Cb2θ+¿
˙ ¿ - kα 2 θ= Ί θ+m
¨ ¿¿
2
F mL 2 1 2 + m L2
˙2
-Cb θ̇+¿ ¿ -kα θ= m L θ̈ θ̈
2 12 2
1 L
m L2 θ̈+c b2 θ̇+k α 2 θ=F m ( )
3 2

3 k α2
Wn =
√ m L2
 k 2
Cc = 2m
√ m 3
2
= m L ¿ n)

Damping Factor:

C 3 c b2 cb2
∨D= =
Cc 2 m L2 W n 2 Ι o W n

C 2
W d =W n
√ 1−( )
Cc
L
F m=mb ( )¿
2

Total moment of inertia:

I 0=I 0 beam+ I 0 exciter

¿ ( 13 ml +m k ) +( 13 ml +m k )
2 2

beam
2 2

exciter

Period, T:

1
T=
fn

Angular frequency applied, f n:

ω f =f n ×2 π

Frequency ratio, r:

ωd
r=
ωn

Amplitude ratio, M :

x
M=
F0 / k
Unbalanced force, F 0:

F 0=ma ωn

Damped frequency, ω d :

ω d=ωn √ 1−ζ 2
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

5.1 Location of Experiment

i. Via Youtube / Dynamic laboratory.

5.2 Apparatus

i. Universal system vibration apparatus (TM155) which includes

ii. Frame
iii. Control unit (TM150)
iv. Spring
v. Mechanical recorder
vi. Unbalanced exciter
vii. Beam
viii. Damper

Figure 1 Universal system vibration

5.3 Experimental procedure

1 A table tabulated that consist value of the desire frequency and

responding values, the amplitude. A suitable frequency interval plotted
in order to keep a good record keeping afterward.
2 The distance set of the damper between the initial points to 150 mm.
3 Mechanical drum recorder set up on the Spring-Dashpot system for
plotting the graph.
4 The control unit switched on and adjusted the desire frequency on the
ten-turn potentiometer.
5 Switched on the exciter with the frequency adjustable on the ten-turn
potentiometer as the mechanical drum recorder record the graph
plotted.
6 After the graph plotted, switch of the control unit and analyses the data
on the graph to find the amplitude.
7 For the same distance of 150mm, the damper was put off.
8 Step 1-7 repeated with the distance between the damper and the initial
points to be 550 mm.
9 Step 8 repeated with the distance between the damper and the initial
points to be 650mm.
6.0 Data and Result

Damper setting for resonance curves

spring setting, c = 3.00N/mm, a = 650mm
Experiment No Position Needle Valve Lever arm b in mm
1 No damper No damper
2 Open 150
3 Close 150
4 Close 550
Table 1 experiment data

TECHNICAL DATA
Unbalance mass of exciter, Me : 0.772 kg
Recorded speed : 20 mm/s
Radius of Gy reaction, e : a ~ 0.01 m
Unbalance force, Fm : Me eω f 2
Spring constant : 3000 N/m
Beam Length : 0.7 mm
Beam Weight : 1.68 g
Damper Constant : Open = 5 Ns/m
Close = 15 Ns/m

No Damped → 650mm
 Frequency, Applied Amplitude, x Frequency Amplitude
Hz Frequency, (cm) Ratio, r Ratio, M
(rad/s) x
Fm
k
5.0 31.42 0.050 1.49 1.356 X 10−3
6.0 37.70 0.064 1.24 1.736 X 10−3
7.0 43.98 0.090 1.07 2.441 X 10−3
8.0 50.27 0.205 0.93 5.560 X 10−3
8.1 50.89 0.235 0.92 6.374 X 10−3
8.2 51.52 0.314 0.91 8.516 X 10−3
8.3 52.15 0.435 0.90 11.798 X 10−3
8.4 52.78 0.496 0.89 13.453 X 10−3
8.5 53.41 0.741 0.88 20.097 X 10−3
8.6 54.04 0.765 0.87 20.749 X 10−3
8.7 54.66 1.035 0.86 28.072 X 10−3
8.8 55.29 0.775 0.85 21.020 X 10−3
8.9 55.92 0.625 0.84 16.951 X 10−3
9.0 56.55 0.563 0.83 15.270 X 10−3
10.0 62.83 0.215 0.75 5.831 X 10−3
11.0 69.12 0.125 0.68 3.390 X 10−3
12.0 75.40 0.125 0.62 3.390 X 10−3
13.0 81.68 0.103 0.57 2.794 X 10−3
14.0 87.96 0.090 0.53 2.441 X 10−3
Table 2 result for condition 1

Damped (open) → 150 mm

Frequency, Hz Applied Amplitude, x Frequency Amplitude

Frequency, (m) Ratio, r Ratio, M
(rad/s) x
Fo
k
 5.0 31.42 0.001 1.49 2.71 X 10−3
6.0 37.70 0.003 1.25 8.14 X 10−3
7.0 43.98 0.0031 1.08 8.41 X 10−3
8.0 50.27 0.0015 0.93 4.07 X 10−3
8.1 50.89 0.0015 0.92 4.07 X 10−3
8.2 51.52 0.0015 0.91 4.07 X 10−3
8.3 52.15 0.0014 0.90 3.80 X 10−3
8.4 52.78 0.0014 0.89 3.80 X 10−3
8.5 53.41 0.00125 0.88 3.39 X 10−3
8.6 54.04 0.0011 0.87 2.98 X 10−3
8.7 54.66 0.0011 0.86 2.98 X 10−3
8.8 55.29 0.001 0.85 2.71 X 10−3
8.9 55.92 0.001 0.84 2.71 X 10−3
9.0 56.55 0.001 0.83 2.71 X 10−3
10.0 62.83 0.00095 0.75 2.58 X 10−3
11.0 69.12 0.00075 0.68 2.03 X 10
−3

12.0 75.40 0.0075 0.62 20.34 X 10−3

13.0 81.68 0.0075 0.57 20.34 X 10−3
14.0 87.96 0.00075 0.53 2.03 X 10−3
Table 3 result for condition 2

Damped (closed) → 150 mm

Frequency, Hz Applied Amplitude, x Frequency Amplitude

Frequency, (m) Ratio, r Ratio, M
rad/s) x
Fo
k
5.0 31.42 0.00065 1.49 1.76 X 10−3
6.0 37.70 0.004 1.25 10.85 X 10−3
7.0 43.98 0.003 1.08 8.12 X 10−3
8.0 50.27 0.0015 0.93 4.07 X 10−3
8.1 50.89 0.0015 0.92 4.07 X 10−3
8.2 51.52 0.0015 0.91 4.07 X 10−3
8.3 52.15 0.00125 0.90 3.39 X 10−3
 8.4 52.78 0.00125 0.89 3.39 X 10−3
8.5 53.41 0.00125 0.88 3.39 X 10−3
8.6 54.04 0.00125 0.87 3.39 X 10−3
8.7 54.66 0.001 0.86 2.71 X 10−3
8.8 55.29 0.001 0.85 2.71 X 10−3
8.9 55.92 0.001 0.84 2.71 X 10−3
9.0 56.55 0.014 0.83 37.97 X 10−3
10.0 62.83 0.012 0.75 32.55 X 10−3
11.0 69.12 0.00075 0.68 2.03 X 10−3
12.0 75.40 0.00075 0.62 2.03 X 10−3
13.0 81.68 0.00075 0.57 2.03 X 10−3
14.0 87.96 0.009 0.53 24.41 X 10−3
Table 4 result for condition 3

Damped (closed) → 550 mm

Frequency, Hz Applied Amplitude, x Frequency Amplitude

Frequency, (m) Ratio, r Ratio, M
(rad/s) x
Fo
k
5.0 31.42 0.00025 1.49 0.68 X 10−3
6.0 37.70 0.0005 1.24 1.36 X 10−3
7.0 43.98 0.001 1.06 2.71 X 10−3
8.0 50.27 0.008 0.93 21.70 X 10−3
8.1 50.89 0.008 0.92 21.70 X 10−3
8.2 51.52 0.009 0.91 24.41 X 10−3
8.3 52.15 0.009 0.90 24.41 X 10−3
8.4 52.78 0.008 0.89 21.70 X 10−3
8.5 53.41 0.007 0.88 18.99 X 10−3
8.6 54.04 0.006 0.87 18.27 X 10−3
8.7 54.66 0.005 0.86 13.56 X 10−3
8.8 55.29 0.005 0.85 13.56 X 10−3
8.9 55.92 0.004 0.84 10.85 X 10−3
9.0 56.55 0.004 0.83 10.85 X 10−3
 10.0 62.83 0.002 0.74 5.42 X 10−3
11.0 69.12 0.002 0.68 5.42 X 10−3
12.0 75.40 0.0015 0.62 4.07 X 10−3
13.0 81.68 0.001 0.57 2.71 X 10−3
14.0 87.96 0.008 0.53 21.70 X 10−3
Table 5 result for condition 4

SAMPLE CALCULATION

The moment inertia of the system:

I 0=I 0 beam+ I 0 exciter

¿ ( 13 ml +m k ) +( 13 ml +m k )
2 2

beam
2 2

exciter

1 1
¿ ⌊ ( 1.680 kg ) ( 0.65 m )2 + ( 1.680 kg )( 350 )2 ⌋+ ⌊ ( 0.722 kg )( 0.02 m )2+ ( 0.840 kg ) ( 0.35 m )2 ⌋
3 3
I 0=0.575 kg m2
I 0=¿ Meq

The natural frequency of the system:

(3000 Nm )( 0.65 m )
√
2

ω n=
0.575 kg m2
¿ 46.95

The frequency of the system:

ω n=2 πf
ωn
f=
2π
 46.95
¿
2π
¿ 7.472 Hz

Unbalanced force, F 0:
F 0=ma ωn
2
¿ ( 0.772 ) ( 0.65 )( 46.95 )
¿ 1106.12 N

CONDITION 1 : No Damped
Ns
Damper constant, c = 5
m
b = 650 mm
rad
ω n=46.95
s
Damping Ratio :
C 3 c b2 cb2
∨D= =
Cc 2 m L2 W n 2 Ι o W n
( 5 ) ( 0.65 )2
¿
( 2 )( 0.575 ) ( 46.95 )
¿ 0.039
Damped frequency :

C 2

2
W d =W n
√ 1−( )
Cc

¿ 46.95 √ 1−( 0.039 )

rad
¿ 46.91
s

CONDITION 2 : Damped (Open)

Ns
Damper constant, c = 5
m
 b = 150 mm
rad
ω n=46.95
s
Damping Ratio :
C 3 c b2 cb2
∨D= =
Cc 2 m L2 W n 2 Ι o W n
( 5 ) ( 0.15 )2
¿
( 2 )( 0.575 ) ( 46.95 )
¿ 2.08 ×10−3
Damped frequency :

C 2
√
W d =W n 1−(
Cc
)

2
√
¿ 46.95 1−( 2.08 × 10−3 )
rad
¿ 46.94
s

CONDITION 3 : Damped (Closed)

Ns
Damper constant, c = 15
m
b = 150 mm
rad
ω n=46.95
s
Damping Ratio :
C 3 c b2 cb2
∨D= =
Cc 2 m L2 W n 2 Ι o W n
( 15 ) ( 0.15 )2
¿
( 2 )( 0.575 ) ( 46.95 )
¿ 6.25 ×10−3
Damped frequency :

C 2
√
W d =W n 1−(
Cc
)

2
√
¿ 46.95 1−( 6.25 × 10−3 )
rad
¿ 46.95
s
CONDITION 4 : Damped (Closed)
Ns
Damper constant, c = 15
m
b = 550 mm
rad
ω n=46.95
s
Damping Ratio :
C 3 c b2 cb2
∨D= =
Cc 2 m L2 W n 2 Ι o W n
( 15 ) ( 0.55 )2
¿
( 2 )( 0.575 ) ( 46.95 )
¿ 0.084
Damped frequency :

C 2
√
W d =W n 1−(
Cc
)

2
¿ 46.95 √ 1−( 0.084 )
rad
¿ 46.78
s

7.0 Discussion
In this experiment, we had to determine the resonance of Spring-Dashpot
System in different damping conditions. By that, we need have the natural frequency
of the system. From our theory, we had summarized some of the basic
understanding about the objectives of this experiment and we come out with some
several equations that may help to find the natural frequency of the system. The
frequency calculated is 7.472 Hz.

We know that the resonance will occurs if the frequency coincides with the
natural frequency of the system. Based on that, we had to calculate the theoretical
value of the natural frequency of the system. By using that value, we manage to
tabulate a table of data that consists the input frequency and the responding values
i.e. the amplitude. The occurrence of the resonance happen such a short time. So,
we decide that the value of input frequency given properly. By do that, we manage to
record the resonance amplitude.

The differences that occur maybe due to the systematic and random error. As
for random error, we can said that the elasticity of spring in the machine has
decrease from the actual value because it had been used for many times before.
This may affect the oscillation of the rod during the experiment and this also may
result in the variant of data. Random error also occurred when the frequency of the
control unit system become higher. In that condition, the sensitivity of the pencil that
is attached to the graph paper becomes loose and this caused the graph to be
inaccurate. However, for the systematic error, we can say that there are no
possibilities of systematic error occurred during this experiment.

There are several precautions that need to be taken in order to improve the
accuracy of this experiment. Firstly, the spring needs to be replaced with a good
elasticity of spring. Lastly, the pencil also must be attached tightly to the holder so
that it does not loose from the holder in order for the graph to be tabulate properly on
the graph paper during the high frequency oscillation of the rod.

8.0 Conclusion
In this experiment, we need to understand the resonance phenomenon, the
concept of the natural frequency, damped frequency and all the parameters involved
in this experiment. We had to understand and do some revision about all the theory
of this experiment before it conducted.

Based on our results, perhaps it does fulfill our objectives. The main important
things are the understanding of the concept involve and how to practical it in prefer
way. The apparatus use for this experiment is well maintained for our use. Besides
that, we use different angles in order to see the different result that we get.
 Besides that, the data that we calculated may vary from the theoretical values.
In future, a better understanding about the apparatus and theory involved is vital for
getting precise and accurate result. Consider the surrounding that may disturb the
natural frequency of the system. Other than that, time management is very important
during this experiment conducted.

9.0 References

1 Beer, Johnston, Cornwell, Vector Mechanics for Engineers, Ninth Edition,

2010,Mc Graw Hill publications.

2 http;//www.brown.edu/Departments/Engineering/Courses/En4/Notes/vibration
s_forced/vibrations _forced .html

3 Vector dynamics and vibration notes, PM dr.zamri,Faculty Of Mechanical

Engineering,Uitm Shah Alam,2008.
 4 http://fsinet.fsid.cvut.cz/en/u2052/node117.html

5 Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, R.C.Hibbeler, Prentice Hall, Third Edition,

2002.

10.0
Appendix
Condition 1 :
Condition 2:
Condition 3:
Condition 4:
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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