Exercise: Open channel flow and bridge hydraulics

There are a number of fundamental formulas and hydraulic equations to be used for open
channel flow calculations:

Mannings equation

This equation is most commonly used for open channel flow calculations. In the IS unit form
it is written as

where V = mean flow velocity in the channel (m/s)

R = A/Pw , with Pw being the wetted perimeter (m) and A the surface area of the channel
cross section. The formula for calculating the A and Pw depends on the channel geometry.
Below the most important cases are shown.

For natural streams the values either have to be measured or estimated. Trapezoidal cross
sections are usually the best guess for alluvial natural stream.

The formula Q (m3/s) = V (m/s) * A (m2) is used to connect flow speed with water level in the
channel.
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Example Calculation

A trapezoidal concrete channel has a bottom width of 4 meters and 45° side slopes. If the
channel is on a 1% slope and is flowing 1 meter deep throughout its length, how much flow is
being carried ? How much flow would the same channel take if it was rectangular ?

What would be the flow for a natural channel material?

Solution, for trapezoidal channel:

A = ( 4m * 1m) + 2*(0.5*1m*1m) = 5 m2

Pw = 4m + 2* (1m * 20.5 ) = 6.83 m.

R = A / Pw = 5.0m2 / 6.83 m = 0.73m

For a concrete channel n = 0.013 is assumed.

V= (1/0.013)* 0.732/3 * 0.010.5 = 6.25 m/s

Q=V*A = 6.25 m/s * 5m2 = 31.2 m3/s

For the rectangular channel:

A=

Pw =

R=

V=

Q = 23.5 m3/s

For easy calculations like this a simple calculator can be used. If more calculations are
required it is useful to set up an Excel table for repeated calculations.

Wetted Hydraulic
Width Depth Slope Area Perimeter Radius Manning Velocity Flow
B d, or y s A Pw R n V Q
(m) (m) (m/m) (m2) (m) (m)   (m/s) (m3/s)
4 1 0.01 4 6 0.67 0.013 5.8703 23.5

The Manning coefficient for different materials and surfaces can be looked up on various
sources (textbooks, internet etc..). Some n - values can be found on the table attached.

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For the design of small bridges the calculation has to be re-arranged. Often the design flow,
or an estimation of it, is known from the hydrological analysis and the maximum water level
is requested.

In this case a value for d ( or y, depending on the textbook) has to be found which satisfies
the Equation:

AR2/3 = Q * n/s0.5

Usually a small number of trials is sufficient.

Exercise:

Adjust the above shown Excel table for trapezoidal channels as shown below so that trials
can be carried out

MANNING's                          
1.0
Left Slope 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0
Right Slope 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
Floor width (m) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10  
water flow depth d 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.51 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
(m) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.100 1.200 1.300  
10.6 13.7 14.4 15.0
wetted P (m) 3 11.3 11.9 12.5 13.2 9 3 6 15.7 16.3 17.0 17.6 18.22  
11.0
Area at d (m2) 1.0 2.04 3.09 4.16 5.36 6.36 7.49 8.64 9.81 0 12.21 13.44 14.69  
S (%) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  
n 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06  
V (m/s) 0.25 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.81 0.86 0.9 0.9 0.98 1.02  
0.24 0.77 1.48 2.35 3.45 4.47 5.70 7.03 8.45 9.96 11.56 13.23 14.99
Q (m3/s) 8 0 2 1 9 3 2 0 3 4 0 8 6  

Alternatively: Look up on the internet under:

http://www.hawsedc.com/engcalcs/Manning-Trap.php,

or use hydraulic software Flow Master

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Manning's n for Channels (Chow, 1959).
Type of Channel and Description Minimum Normal Maximum

Natural streams - minor streams (top width at floodstage < 100 ft)

1. Main Channels      
  a. clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools 0.025 0.030 0.033
  b. same as above, but more stones and weeds 0.030 0.035 0.040
  c. clean, winding, some pools and shoals 0.033 0.040 0.045
  d. same as above, but some weeds and stones 0.035 0.045 0.050
  e. same as above, lower stages, more ineffective
0.040 0.048 0.055
  slopes and sections
  f. same as "d" with more stones 0.045 0.050 0.060
  g. sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools 0.050 0.070 0.080
  h. very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways
0.075 0.100 0.150
  with heavy stand of timber and underbrush
2. Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks usually steep, trees and brush along
banks submerged at high stages
  a. bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders 0.030 0.040 0.050
  b. bottom: cobbles with large boulders 0.040 0.050 0.070
3. Floodplains      
  a. Pasture, no brush      
  1.short grass 0.025 0.030 0.035
  2. high grass 0.030 0.035 0.050
   b. Cultivated areas      
  1. no crop 0.020 0.030 0.040
  2. mature row crops 0.025 0.035 0.045
  3. mature field crops 0.030 0.040 0.050
    c. Brush      
  1. scattered brush, heavy weeds 0.035 0.050 0.070
  2. light brush and trees, in winter 0.035 0.050 0.060
  3. light brush and trees, in summer 0.040 0.060 0.080
  4. medium to dense brush, in winter 0.045 0.070 0.110
  5. medium to dense brush, in summer 0.070 0.100 0.160
    d. Trees      
  1. dense willows, summer, straight 0.110 0.150 0.200
  2. cleared land with tree stumps, no sprouts 0.030 0.040 0.050
  3. same as above, but with heavy growth of
0.050 0.060 0.080
sprouts
  4. heavy stand of timber, a few down trees, little
0.080 0.100 0.120
  undergrowth, flood stage below branches
  5. same as 4. with flood stage reaching  branches 0.100 0.120 0.160

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4. Excavated or Dredged Channels      
a. Earth, straight, and uniform      
 1. clean, recently completed 0.016 0.018 0.020
 2. clean, after weathering 0.018 0.022 0.025
 3. gravel, uniform section, clean 0.022 0.025 0.030
 4. with short grass, few weeds 0.022 0.027 0.033
b. Earth winding and sluggish      
 1.  no vegetation 0.023 0.025 0.030
 2. grass, some weeds 0.025 0.030 0.033
 3. dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep channels 0.030 0.035 0.040
 4. earth bottom and rubble sides 0.028 0.030 0.035
 5. stony bottom and weedy banks 0.025 0.035 0.040
 6. cobble bottom and clean sides 0.030 0.040 0.050
c. Dragline-excavated or dredged      
 1.  no vegetation 0.025 0.028 0.033
 2. light brush on banks 0.035 0.050 0.060
d. Rock cuts      
 1. smooth and uniform 0.025 0.035 0.040
 2. jagged and irregular 0.035 0.040 0.050
e. Channels not maintained, weeds and brush uncut      
  1. dense weeds, high as flow depth 0.050 0.080 0.120
  2. clean bottom, brush on sides 0.040 0.050 0.080
  3. same as above, highest stage of flow 0.045 0.070 0.110
  4. dense brush, high stage 0.080 0.100 0.140
5. Lined or Constructed Channels      
a. Cement      
 1.  neat surface 0.010 0.011 0.013
 2. mortar 0.011 0.013 0.015
b. Wood      
 1. planed, untreated 0.010 0.012 0.014
 2.  planed, creosoted 0.011 0.012 0.015
 3. unplaned 0.011 0.013 0.015
 4. plank with battens 0.012 0.015 0.018
 5. lined with roofing paper 0.010 0.014 0.017
c. Concrete      
  1. trowel finish 0.011 0.013 0.015
  2. float finish 0.013 0.015 0.016
  3. finished, with gravel on bottom 0.015 0.017 0.020
  4. unfinished 0.014 0.017 0.020
  5. gunite, good section 0.016 0.019 0.023
  6. gunite, wavy section 0.018 0.022 0.025
  7. on good excavated rock 0.017 0.020  

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   8. on irregular excavated rock 0.022 0.027  
d. Concrete bottom float finish with sides of:      
  1. dressed stone in mortar 0.015 0.017 0.020
  2. random stone in mortar 0.017 0.020 0.024
  3. cement rubble masonry, plastered 0.016 0.020 0.024
  4. cement rubble masonry 0.020 0.025 0.030
  5. dry rubble or riprap 0.020 0.030 0.035
e. Gravel bottom with sides of:      
  1. formed concrete 0.017 0.020 0.025
  2. random stone mortar 0.020 0.023 0.026
  3. dry rubble or riprap 0.023 0.033 0.036
f. Brick      
  1. glazed 0.011 0.013 0.015
  2. in cement mortar 0.012 0.015 0.018
g. Masonry      
  1. cemented rubble 0.017 0.025 0.030
  2. dry rubble 0.023 0.032 0.035
h. Dressed ashlar/stone paving 0.013 0.015 0.017
i. Asphalt      
  1. smooth 0.013 0.013  
  2. rough 0.016 0.016  
j. Vegetal lining 0.030   0.500